1
|
Acharya A, Devkota B, Basnet HB, Barsila SR. Effect of different synbiotic administration methods on growth, carcass characteristics, ileum histomorphometry, and blood biochemistry of Cobb-500 broilers. Vet World 2024; 17:1238-1250. [PMID: 39077438 PMCID: PMC11283621 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2024.1238-1250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim To combat enteric infections and antibiotic resistance in the poultry industry, researchers seek alternatives such as probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics as growth promoters. Synbiotics support probiotic growth through the supply of essential nutrients. The study's objectives were to assess the most effective delivery methods for synbiotics and evaluate their growth, histomorphometric, and hematological impacts on Cobb-500 broilers. Materials and Methods Two studies, independently conducted, employed a completely randomized design. One hundred and eighty viable eggs in the first trial were assigned to three groups: Control (T1), sterile water (T2), and synbiotic in sterile water (T3). On the 21st day of hatching, hatchability, day-old body weights, and ileum samples for histomorphometric analysis were recorded. In the second trial, out of 500 viable eggs, 200 eggs were fed in ovo with synbiotics (PoultryStar® sol, Biomin Singapore Pte Ltd, Singapore) on 17.5 days and 300 were set aside without in ovo injection. The treatments were control (T1), in water synbiotic (T2), in ovo synbiotic (T3), combination of in ovo synbiotic and synbiotic in feed (T4), and synbiotic in feed only (T5). On 21 and 42 days, blood, ileum, and visceral organ samples were collected for laboratory analysis. Data on weight gain, daily feed intake, and water consumption were recorded for 42 days. Results The initial experiment's results revealed a decrease in hatchability, slight weight increase, and significant intestinal morphological changes with the use of an in ovo synbiotic. Applying synbiotic through various methods in the second trial yielded better growth results, lower blood cholesterol, and significantly longer (p < 0.05) villi on 21 days. Conclusion Using the in ovo method to administer synbiotics lowered hatchability. Use of synbiotics with any method or in combination enhances growth, ileum structure, dressing yield, feed efficiency, and cholesterol levels in blood. Synbiotics enhance gut health and overall performance in broilers when used through diverse approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arjun Acharya
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Fodder Production, Agriculture and Forestry University, Faculty of Animal Science, Veterinary Science and Fisheries, Rampur, Chitwan, 00977 Nepal
| | - Bhuminand Devkota
- Department of Theriogenology, Agriculture and Forestry University, Faculty of Animal Science, Veterinary Science and Fisheries, Rampur Chitwan, 00977 Nepal
| | - Hom Bahadur Basnet
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Agriculture and Forestry University, Faculty of Animal Science, Veterinary Science and Fisheries, Rampur Chitwan, 00977 Nepal
| | - Shanker Raj Barsila
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Fodder Production, Faculty of Animal Science, Veterinary Science and Fisheries, Rampur, Chitwan, Nepal
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Shrestha SP, Chaisowwong W, Upadhyaya M, Shrestha SP, Punyapornwithaya V. Cross-correlation and time series analysis of rabies in different animal species in Nepal from 2005 to 2018. Heliyon 2024; 10:e25773. [PMID: 38356558 PMCID: PMC10864965 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e25773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Rabies is a fatal zoonotic disease, resulting in human and livestock deaths. In Nepal, animal rabies has posed a significant challenge to public health. Because animals are the primary source of rabies in humans, a better understanding of rabies epidemiology in animals is necessary. The objectives of this study were to determine the correlation between rabies occurrences in dogs and livestock animals and to detect the trends and change points of the disease using longitudinal data. The nationwide rabies dataset from 2005 to 2018 was analyzed using cross-correlation, multiple change points, and time series methods. Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) and Neural Network Autoregression (NNAR) were applied to the time series data. The results show a positive correlation between canine rabies and livestock rabies occurrences. Three significant change points were detected in the time series data, demonstrating that the occurrences were high in the initial years but stabilized before peaking to an upward trend in the final years of the study period. Nonetheless, there was no seasonality pattern in rabies occurrences. The most suitable models were ARIMA (2,1,2) and NNAR (5,1,4) (12). Based on the study findings, both locals and tourists in Nepal need to have enhanced awareness of the potential dangers posed by rabies in canines and livestock. This study offers much-needed insight into the patterns and epidemiology of animal rabies which will be helpful for policymakers in drafting rabies control plans for Nepal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Swochhal Prakash Shrestha
- Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety Centre for Asia Pacific (VPHCAP), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50100, Thailand
| | - Warangkhana Chaisowwong
- Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety Centre for Asia Pacific (VPHCAP), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50100, Thailand
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50100, Thailand
- Research Center for Veterinary Biosciences and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50100, Thailand
| | - Mukul Upadhyaya
- Veterinary Epidemiology Section (VES), Department of Livestock Services (DLS), Kathmandu, 44600, Nepal
| | - Swoyam Prakash Shrestha
- National Animal Science Research Institute (NASRI), Nepal Agricultural Research Council (NARC), Lalitpur, 44700, Nepal
| | - Veerasak Punyapornwithaya
- Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety Centre for Asia Pacific (VPHCAP), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50100, Thailand
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50100, Thailand
- Research Center for Veterinary Biosciences and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50100, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Domínguez-Odio A, Rodríguez Martínez E, Cala Delgado DL. Commercial vaccines used in poultry, cattle, and aquaculture: a multidirectional comparison. Front Vet Sci 2024; 10:1307585. [PMID: 38234985 PMCID: PMC10791835 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1307585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
|
4
|
Kappes A, Tozooneyi T, Shakil G, Railey AF, McIntyre KM, Mayberry DE, Rushton J, Pendell DL, Marsh TL. Livestock health and disease economics: a scoping review of selected literature. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1168649. [PMID: 37795016 PMCID: PMC10546065 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1168649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Animal diseases in production and subsistence environments have the potential to negatively affect consumers, producers, and economies as a whole. A growing global demand for animal sourced food requires safe and efficient production systems. Understanding the burden of animal disease and the distribution of burden throughout a value chain informs policy that promotes safe consumption and efficient markets, as well as providing more effective pathways for investment. This paper surveys existing knowledge on the burden of animal disease across economic categories of production, prevention and treatment, animal welfare, and trade and regulation. Our scoping review covers 192 papers across peer-reviewed journals and reports published by organizations. We find there exists a gap in knowledge in evaluating what the global burdens of animal diseases are and how these burdens are distributed in value chains. We also point to a need for creating an analytical framework based on established methods that guides future evaluation of animal disease burden, which will provide improved access to information on animal health impacts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Kappes
- The Lewin Group, Falls Church, VA, United States
- School of Economic Sciences and Paul G. Allen School for Global Health, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Takesure Tozooneyi
- Department of Agricultural Economics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Golam Shakil
- School of Economic Sciences and Paul G. Allen School for Global Health, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Ashley F. Railey
- Department of Sociology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States
| | - K. Marie McIntyre
- Modelling, Evidence and Policy Group, School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | | | - Jonathan Rushton
- Institution of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Dustin L. Pendell
- Department of Agricultural Economics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Thomas L. Marsh
- School of Economic Sciences and Paul G. Allen School for Global Health, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Dhakal M, Gompo TR, Devkota P, Kafle SC, Subedi JR, Gong H, Arima H, Culleton R, Asada M, Pandey K. Molecular Detection and Identification of Piroplasm in Cattle from Kathmandu Valley, Nepal. Pathogens 2023; 12:1045. [PMID: 37624005 PMCID: PMC10458267 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12081045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tick-borne protozoan parasites (TBPPs) cause significant problems for domestic animals' health in Nepal. TBPPs are routinely diagnosed by labor-intensive blood smear microscopy. In Nepal, there are some reports of Babesia and Theileria in cattle, although species identification is rarely performed. Therefore, we performed conventional nested PCR (nPCR) followed by sequence analysis to identify TBPP species infecting cattle in Nepal. METHODS One hundred and six blood samples were collected from cattle in the Kathmandu Valley. Thin blood smears were prepared for microscopic examination. Parasite DNA was extracted from the blood, and nPCR and sequencing were performed to identify the TBPPs present. RESULTS Among the 106 samples, 45 (42.5%) were positive for piroplasm (Babesia spp. and Theileria spp.) via microscope observation and 56 (52.8%) samples were positive via nPCR. The obtained PCR products were used for direct sequencing, and we identified the species as B. bigemina, B. bovis, T. annulate and T. orientalis. Phylogenetic analyses showed that the B. bovis, B. bigemina and T. orientalis sequences from this study belonged to each species clade. On the other hand, T. annulate was divided into two clades in the analysis, and our T. annulate sequences were also divided in these two clades. The piroplasm-positive cattle showed lower hemoglobin and red blood cells than healthy cattle. CONCLUSIONS To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to apply molecular detection and species determination of TBPPs in cattle in Nepal. The results of this study may be used as a starting point for the development of successful TBPP surveillance and prevention programs in Nepal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Medhavi Dhakal
- Central Department of Zoology, Institute of Science and Technology, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu 44601, Nepal; (M.D.); (J.R.S.)
| | - Tulsi Ram Gompo
- Central Veterinary Laboratory, Kathmandu 44600, Nepal; (T.R.G.); (P.D.); (S.C.K.)
| | - Prakash Devkota
- Central Veterinary Laboratory, Kathmandu 44600, Nepal; (T.R.G.); (P.D.); (S.C.K.)
| | | | - Janak Raj Subedi
- Central Department of Zoology, Institute of Science and Technology, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu 44601, Nepal; (M.D.); (J.R.S.)
| | - Haiyan Gong
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China;
| | - Hiroaki Arima
- Department of International Health and Medical Anthropology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan;
| | - Richard Culleton
- Division of Molecular Parasitology, Proteo-Science Centre, Ehime University, Ehime, Matsuyama 791-0295, Japan;
| | - Masahito Asada
- Research Unit for Global Infection Control, National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro 080-8555, Japan;
| | - Kishor Pandey
- Central Department of Zoology, Institute of Science and Technology, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu 44601, Nepal; (M.D.); (J.R.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Gupta M, Raut R, Manandhar S, Chaudhary A, Shrestha U, Dangol S, G. C. S, Budha KR, Karki G, Díaz-Sánchez S, Gortazar C, de la Fuente J, Rajbhandari P, Manandhar P, Napit R, Karmacharya D. Identification and characterization of probiotics isolated from indigenous chicken (Gallus domesticus) of Nepal. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0280412. [PMID: 36656809 PMCID: PMC9851537 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0280412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Excessive and irrational use of antibiotics as growth promoters in poultry has been one of key factors contributing to increased emergence of antibiotics resistant bacteria. Several alternatives for antibiotic growth promoters are being sought, and the search for effective probiotics to be used as feed additives is amongst the promising ones. Our study aimed to isolate and test potential probiotics bacteria from cloacal swabs of various indigenous chicken (Gallus domesticus) breeds from rural outskirts of the Kathmandu valley (Nepal). METHODS Selective isolation of probiotics was conducted by micro-aerophilic enrichment of sample in MRS Broth at 37°C, followed by culturing on MRS agar supplemented with 5 g/L of CaCO3. Isolated bacterial colonies producing transparent halo were selected as potential lactic acid bacteria (LAB), and tested for their antibacterial activity, phenotypic and biochemical characteristics, acidic yield, and tolerance to acid and bile. RESULTS A total of 90 potential LAB were isolated from cloacal samples collected from 41 free-ranging chickens of indigenous breeds. Of these, 52 LAB isolates (57%) showed variable antibacterial activity to at least one bacterial pathogen. Of 52 LAB, 46 isolates fulfilled phenotypic and biochemical criteria of Lactobacillus spp. Of these, 37 isolates produced varying percentage yields of lactic acid, 27 isolates showed survival at pH 3.0, and 17 isolates showed survival tolerances in the presence of 0.3% and 0.5% bile salts for 24 hours. Phylogenetic analysis of 16S rDNA sequencing of LAB isolates fulfilling in vitro probiotics properties showed that 3 isolates had genetic identity of 99.38% with Lactobacillus plantarum, while one isolate was genetically similar (99.85%) with the clade of L. reuteri, L. antri and L. panis. CONCLUSION Our study identified four Lactobacillus spp. strains having potential probiotics properties. Further investigations are needed to evaluate these isolates to be used as poultry probiotics feed supplement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohan Gupta
- Purbanchal University (PU), Bhatkekopul, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Roji Raut
- Center for Molecular Dynamics Nepal (CMDN), Kathmandu, Nepal
| | | | - Ashok Chaudhary
- Center for Molecular Dynamics Nepal (CMDN), Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Ujwal Shrestha
- Purbanchal University (PU), Bhatkekopul, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | | | - Sudarshan G. C.
- Purbanchal University (PU), Bhatkekopul, Kathmandu, Nepal
- Centre for Research and Interdisciplinarity (CRI), Rue Charles V, Paris, France
| | | | - Gaurab Karki
- Kathmandu Research Institute for Biological Science, Lalitpur, Nepal
- University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Sandra Díaz-Sánchez
- SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC-CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Christian Gortazar
- SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC-CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - José de la Fuente
- SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC-CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ciudad Real, Spain
- The Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | | | | | - Rajindra Napit
- Center for Molecular Dynamics Nepal (CMDN), Kathmandu, Nepal
- BIOVAC Nepal, Banepa, Nepal
| | - Dibesh Karmacharya
- Center for Molecular Dynamics Nepal (CMDN), Kathmandu, Nepal
- BIOVAC Nepal, Banepa, Nepal
- The School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Newcastle disease burden in Nepal and efficacy of Tablet I2 vaccine in commercial and backyard poultry production. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0280688. [PMID: 36897867 PMCID: PMC10004539 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0280688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Poultry (Gallus domesticus) farming plays an important role as an income generating enterprise in a developing country like Nepal, contributing more than 4% to the national Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Newcastle Disease (ND) is a major poultry disease affecting both commercial and backyard poultry production worldwide. There were more than 90 reported ND outbreaks in Nepal in 2018 with over 74,986 birds being affected. ND is responsible for over 7% of total poultry mortality in the country. Recent outbreaks of ND in 2021 affected many farms throughout Nepal and caused massive loss in poultry production. ND is caused by a single-stranded ribonucleic acid (RNA) virus that presents very similar clinical symptoms as Influenza A (commonly known as bird flu) adding much complexity to clinical disease identification and intervention. We conducted a nationwide ND and Influenza A (IA) prevalence study, collecting samples from representative commercial and backyard poultry farms from across the major poultry production hubs of Nepal. We used both serological and molecular assessments to determine disease exposure history and identification of strains of ND Virus (NDV). Of the 40 commercial farms tested, both NDV (n = 28, 70%) and IAV (n = 11, 27.5%) antibodies were detected in majority of the samples. In the backyard farms (n = 36), sero-prevalence of NDV and IAV were 17.5% (n = 7) and 7.5% (n = 3) respectively. Genotype II NDV was present in most of the commercial farms, which was likely due to live vaccine usage. We detected never reported Genotype I NDV in two backyard farm samples. Our investigation into 2021 ND outbreak implicated Genotype VII.2 NDV strain as the causative pathogen. Additionally, we developed a Tablet formulation of the thermostable I2-NDV vaccine (Ranigoldunga™) and assessed its efficacy on various (mixed) breeds of chicken (Gallus domesticus). Ranigoldunga™ demonstrated an overall efficacy >85% with a stability of 30 days at room temperature (25°C). The intraocularly administered vaccine was highly effective in preventing ND, including Genotype VII.2 NDV strain.
Collapse
|
8
|
Screening for Escherichia coli in Chopping Board Meat Samples and Survey for Sanitary and Hygienic Practices in Retail Meat Shops of Bharatpur Metropolitan City, Nepal. MICROBIOLOGY RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/microbiolres13040061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, chopping board meat samples collected from meat shops of Bharatpur Metropolitan City, Nepal, were screened for the presence of Escherichia coli (E. coli), with a special emphasis on the identification of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing strains. Representatives from the meat shops were also interviewed to understand the sanitary status and hygienic practices. E. coli bacteria were detected in one third (33/99) of the meat samples, while none of the samples had ESBL-producing strains. While 60.6% (60/99) of the meat shop personnel wore protective clothing, 15.15% (15/99) used gloves, and only 5.05% (5/99) had separate equipment for cleaning the viscera of animals. This study highlights the need for the regular screening of meat samples to identify pathogenic bacteria such as E. coli and for improvements in the sanitary status and hygienic practices of retail meat shops in Bharatpur Metropolitan City, Nepal.
Collapse
|
9
|
Koju P, Shrestha R, Shrestha A, Tamrakar S, Rai A, Shrestha P, Madhup SK, Katuwal N, Shrestha A, Shrestha A, Shrestha S, K.C S, Karki P, Tamang P, Thekkur P, Shakya Shrestha S. Antimicrobial Resistance in E. coli Isolated from Chicken Cecum Samples and Factors Contributing to Antimicrobial Resistance in Nepal. Trop Med Infect Dis 2022; 7:tropicalmed7090249. [PMID: 36136660 PMCID: PMC9504632 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed7090249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Microorganisms with antimicrobial resistance (AMR) are prevalent among humans and animals, and also found in the environment. Though organisms with AMR can spread to humans via food from animal sources, the burden of AMR in food-producing animals remains largely unknown. Thus, we assessed the resistance pattern among Escherichia coli isolated from chicken cecum samples and explored issues contributing to AMR in animals in the Dhulikhel Municipality of Nepal. We conducted a mixed-methods study, comprising a cross-sectional quantitative component, with collection of chicken cecal samples from slaughter houses/shops. In addition, a descriptive qualitative component was undertaken, with a focus group discussion and key informant interviews among stakeholders involved in animal husbandry. Of the 190 chicken cecum samples collected, 170 (89%) were subjected to culture and drug sensitivity testing, of which E. coli was isolated from 159 (94%) samples. Of the 159 isolates, 113 (71%) had resistance to ≥3 antimicrobial class. Resistance to tetracycline (86%) and ciprofloxacin (66%) were most prevalent. Overuse of antimicrobials, easy availability of antimicrobials, and lack of awareness among farmers about AMR were major issues contributing to AMR. The high prevalence of resistance among E. coli in chicken cecal samples calls for rational use of antimicrobials, educating farmers, and multi-sectoral coordination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pramesh Koju
- Pharmacovigilance Unit, Dhulikhel Hospital, Dhulikhel 45210, Nepal
- Department of Public Health and Community Programs, Dhulikhel Hospital, Dhulikhel 45210, Nepal
| | - Rajeev Shrestha
- Pharmacovigilance Unit, Dhulikhel Hospital, Dhulikhel 45210, Nepal
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, Kathmandu University, Dhulikhel 45210, Nepal
- Research and Development Division, Dhulikhel Hospital, Dhulikhel 45210, Nepal
| | - Abha Shrestha
- Department of Public Health and Community Programs, Dhulikhel Hospital, Dhulikhel 45210, Nepal
- Department of Community Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, Kathmandu University, Dhulikhel 45210, Nepal
| | - Sudichhya Tamrakar
- Research and Development Division, Dhulikhel Hospital, Dhulikhel 45210, Nepal
| | - Anisha Rai
- Research and Development Division, Dhulikhel Hospital, Dhulikhel 45210, Nepal
| | - Priyanka Shrestha
- World Health Emergencies Programme, WHO Country Office, Kathmandu 41825, Nepal
| | | | - Nishan Katuwal
- Research and Development Division, Dhulikhel Hospital, Dhulikhel 45210, Nepal
| | - Archana Shrestha
- Department of Public Health and Community Programs, Dhulikhel Hospital, Dhulikhel 45210, Nepal
| | - Akina Shrestha
- Department of Public Health and Community Programs, Dhulikhel Hospital, Dhulikhel 45210, Nepal
| | - Sunaina Shrestha
- Department of Microbiology, Dhulikhel Hospital, Dhulikhel 45210, Nepal
| | - Sandip K.C
- Health Unit, Dhulikhel Municipality, Dhulikhel 45210, Nepal
| | - Prashamsa Karki
- Department of Microbiology, Dhulikhel Hospital, Dhulikhel 45210, Nepal
| | - Pooja Tamang
- Research and Development Division, Dhulikhel Hospital, Dhulikhel 45210, Nepal
| | - Pruthu Thekkur
- Centre for Operational Research, International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease (The Union), 75000 Paris, France
| | - Sony Shakya Shrestha
- Pharmacovigilance Unit, Dhulikhel Hospital, Dhulikhel 45210, Nepal
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, Kathmandu University, Dhulikhel 45210, Nepal
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +977-9841276045
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Uprety Y, Karki S, Poudel RC, Kunwar RM. Ethnoveterinary use of plants and its implication for sustainable livestock management in Nepal. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:930533. [PMID: 36157185 PMCID: PMC9500146 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.930533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditional herbal remedies are used worldwide for treating both human and livestock health issues. Though such uses are relatively well-explored for humans, the ethnoveterinary uses of plant-based remedies in the healthcare choices of livestock in Nepal and associated knowledge are largely ignored. This is important as sustainable livestock production is an emerging issue. This study reviews the existing ethnobotanical studies conducted in Nepal and reports the use of 393 species of plants from 114 botanical families in ethnoveterinary practices. Thirty-four different ailments were treated using these plants. The present review revealed that Nepal has a rich diversity of ethnoveterinary plants. This study shows that traditional herbal medicine plays a significant role in meeting the livestock healthcare needs of Nepali farmers and hence is a viable practice. The study also contributes a wealth of knowledge about ethnoveterinary practices for further planning and use. This will provide an option for livestock farmers who cannot afford allopathic medicine or who are not allowed to use such medicine under organic farming schemes that are likely to be a part of sustainable livestock farming programs in Nepal soon.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yadav Uprety
- Central Department of Botany, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal
- *Correspondence: Yadav Uprety
| | - Sangram Karki
- Forest Research and Training Centre, Ministry of Forests and Environment, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Ram C. Poudel
- Nepal Academy of Science and Technology, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Ripu M. Kunwar
- Ethnobotanical Society of Nepal, Kathmandu, Nepal
- Ripu M. Kunwar
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Koc S, Polat B, Cengiz A, Kahraman S, Tufan-Cetin O, Cetin H. Pathogenicity of an Entomopathogenic Nematode, Steinernema carpocapsae on Alphitobius diaperinus (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) Strains From Turkey. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2022; 115:1303-1309. [PMID: 35762678 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toac100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Alphitobius diaperinus Panzer (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) is an insect pest in poultry production systems. This insect has developed resistance to many chemical insecticides. As an alternative to chemicals, entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) are one of the most commonly used agents against several pest arthropods. The pathogenicity of the EPN Steinernema carpocapsae Weiser on four field strains of lesser mealworm, A. diaperinus, from Turkey was studied. In the experiments, larvae of A. diaperinus were found to be more sensitive than adults to S. carpocapsae infection. In terms of LC50 values in both larval and adult insects, Balikesir strain was found to be the most susceptible, Manisa strain the most resistant. The calculated LC50 values for adults were 85.9, 205.6, 135.4, and 418.8 IJs/ml, and for larvae 31.2, 39.8, 34.8, and 70.9 IJs/ml for the Balikesir, Canakkale, İzmir, and Manisa strains, respectively. This is the first report about the pathogenicity of EPNs against larvae and adults of lesser mealworm A. diaperinus strains from Turkey. We conclude that S. carpocapsae can be used as a control agent for lesser mealworms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samed Koc
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Akdeniz University, Antalya 07070, Turkey
- Laboratory Animals Application and Research Centre, Akdeniz University, Antalya 07070, Turkey
| | - Burak Polat
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Akdeniz University, Antalya 07070, Turkey
| | - Aysegul Cengiz
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Akdeniz University, Antalya 07070, Turkey
| | - Sevval Kahraman
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Akdeniz University, Antalya 07070, Turkey
| | - Ozge Tufan-Cetin
- Department of Environmental Protection Technology, Vocational School of Technical Sciences, Akdeniz University, Antalya 07070, Turkey
| | - Huseyin Cetin
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Akdeniz University, Antalya 07070, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is a highly contagious viral infection of domestic and wild pigs with high mortality. First reported in East Africa in the early 1900s, ASF was largely controlled in domestic pigs in many countries. However, in recent years ASF outbreaks have been reported in several countries in Europe and Asia. The occurrence of ASF in China, the largest pork producer in the world, in 2018 and in India, the country that surrounds and shares open borders with Nepal, has increased the risk of ASF transmission to Nepal. Lately, the pork industry has been growing in Nepal, overcoming traditional religious and cultural biases against it. However, the emergence of viral infections such as ASF could severely affect the industry’s growth and sustainability. Because there are no effective vaccines available to prevent ASF, the government should focus on preventing entry of the virus through strict quarantine measures at the borders, controls on illegal trade, and effective management practices, including biosecurity measures.
Collapse
|
13
|
Lambrou AS, Luitel H, Bhattarai RK, Basnet HB, Heaney CD. Informing influenza pandemic preparedness using commercial poultry farmer knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) surrounding biosecurity and self-reported avian influenza outbreaks in Nepal. One Health 2020; 11:100189. [PMID: 33392379 PMCID: PMC7772628 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2020.100189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian influenza (AI) is a global health obstacle of critical concern as novel viruses are capable of initiating a pandemic. Recent spillover events of AI into human populations have occurred at human-poultry food system interfaces. As Nepal's poultry sector transitions to more intensified commercial production systems, it is important to examine the epidemiology of AI and the knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) of poultry sector workers. We conducted a cross-sectional KAP study utilizing a structured survey to interview 150 commercial poultry farmers in Chitwan District, Nepal. All commercial poultry farmers had knowledge of AI previous to the study and the majority farmers were able to identify farm-farm and poultry-human transmission mechanisms of AI. Farmers had more knowledge surrounding poultry AI symptoms as compared to human AI symptoms. Most farmers believe that AI is serious, contagious and a threat to everyone, yet only half believe it can be prevented. Individual-level personal protective equipment (PPE) uptake, such as facemask, glove and boot usage, on the enrolled farms was low and farm-level biosecurity practices varied greatly. Nine commercial poultry farms (6%) self-reported having an HPAI outbreak and 60 farms (40%) self-reported having an LPAI outbreak in the past 5 years. Layer farms had higher odds (OR: 5.4, 95% CI: 2.3–12.8) of self-reported LPAI as compared broiler farms. Poultry sector farmers face multiple obstacles when attempting to report AI to government authorities such as the fear of flock culling and the perceived lack of monetary compensation for culling. Our study provides updated KAP surrounding AI of farmers and self-reported AI farm-level epidemiology in Nepal's highest density commercial poultry production district. Commercial poultry farmers are fairly knowledgeable on AI, but do not take further protective practice efforts to implement their knowledge and prevent AI. Due to the potential role that human-poultry interfaces may play in AI emergence, it is critical to collaborate with the commercial poultry industry when planning and conducting AI pandemic preparedness mechanisms. Farmers had more knowledge surrounding poultry avian influenza symptoms as compared to human avian influenza symptoms. Farmer personal protective equipment (PPE) uptake, such as facemask, glove and boot usage, was low. 6% of poultry farms self-reported having an HPAI outbreak and 40% self-reported having an LPAI outbreak in the past 5 years. Layer farms had higher odds of self-reported LPAI as compared broiler farms. Poultry farmers fear potential flock culling and lack of monetary compensation for culling when reporting avian influenza.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia S Lambrou
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Himal Luitel
- Center for Biotechnology, Agriculture and Forestry University, Rampur, Chitwan, Nepal
| | - Rebanta K Bhattarai
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, Agriculture and Forestry University, Rampur, Chitwan, Nepal
| | - Hom B Basnet
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, Agriculture and Forestry University, Rampur, Chitwan, Nepal
| | - Christopher D Heaney
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Department of Environmental Health & Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| |
Collapse
|