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Tasdighian S, Bechtold V, Essaghir A, Saeys Y, Burny W. An innate immune signature induced by AS01- or AS03-adjuvanted vaccines predicts the antibody response magnitude and quality consistently over time. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1412732. [PMID: 39206189 PMCID: PMC11349632 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1412732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Antibody-mediated protection can depend on mechanisms varying from neutralization to Fc-dependent innate immune-cell recruitment. Adjuvanted vaccine development relies on a holistic understanding of how adjuvants modulate the quantity/titer and quality of the antibody response. Methods A Phase 2 trial (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT00805389) evaluated hepatitis B vaccines formulated with licensed adjuvants (AS01B, AS01E, AS03, AS04 or Alum) in antigen-naïve adults. The trial investigated the role of adjuvants in shaping antibody-effector functions, and identified an innate transcriptional response shared by AS01B, AS01E and AS03. We integrated previously reported data on the innate response (gene expression, cytokine/C-reactive protein levels) and on quantitative/qualitative features of the mature antibody response (Fc-related parameters, immunoglobulin titers, avidity). Associations between the innate and humoral parameters were explored using systems vaccinology and a machine-learning framework. Results A dichotomy in responses between AS01/AS03 and AS04/Alum (with the former two contributing most to the association with the humoral response) was observed across all timepoints of this longitudinal study. The consistent patterns over time suggested a similarity in the impacts of the two-dose immunization regimen, year-long interval, and non-adjuvanted antigenic challenge given one year later. An innate signature characterized by interferon pathway-related gene expression and secreted interferon-γ-induced protein 10 and C-reactive protein, which was shared by AS01 and AS03, consistently predicted both the qualitative antibody response features and the titers. The signature also predicted from the antibody response quality, the group of adjuvants from which the administered vaccine was derived. Conclusion An innate signature induced by AS01- or AS03-adjuvanted vaccines predicts the antibody response magnitude and quality consistently over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Setareh Tasdighian
- Center for Inflammation Research, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Computer Science and Statistics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | | | - Yvan Saeys
- Center for Inflammation Research, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Computer Science and Statistics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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2
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Desai N, Chavda V, Singh TRR, Thorat ND, Vora LK. Cancer Nanovaccines: Nanomaterials and Clinical Perspectives. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2401631. [PMID: 38693099 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202401631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Cancer nanovaccines represent a promising frontier in cancer immunotherapy, utilizing nanotechnology to augment traditional vaccine efficacy. This review comprehensively examines the current state-of-the-art in cancer nanovaccine development, elucidating innovative strategies and technologies employed in their design. It explores both preclinical and clinical advancements, emphasizing key studies demonstrating their potential to elicit robust anti-tumor immune responses. The study encompasses various facets, including integrating biomaterial-based nanocarriers for antigen delivery, adjuvant selection, and the impact of nanoscale properties on vaccine performance. Detailed insights into the complex interplay between the tumor microenvironment and nanovaccine responses are provided, highlighting challenges and opportunities in optimizing therapeutic outcomes. Additionally, the study presents a thorough analysis of ongoing clinical trials, presenting a snapshot of the current clinical landscape. By curating the latest scientific findings and clinical developments, this study aims to serve as a comprehensive resource for researchers and clinicians engaged in advancing cancer immunotherapy. Integrating nanotechnology into vaccine design holds immense promise for revolutionizing cancer treatment paradigms, and this review provides a timely update on the evolving landscape of cancer nanovaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nimeet Desai
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Kandi, Telangana, 502285, India
| | - Vivek Chavda
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, L M College of Pharmacy, Ahmedabad, 380009, India
| | | | - Nanasaheb D Thorat
- Limerick Digital Cancer Research Centre (LDCRC), University of Limerick, Castletroy, Limerick, V94T9PX, Ireland
- Department of Physics, Bernal Institute, Castletroy, Limerick, V94T9PX, Ireland
- Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health, Medical Science Division, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Lalitkumar K Vora
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7BL, UK
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3
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Lemdani K, Marlin R, Mayet C, Perkov V, Pascal Q, Ripoll M, Relouzat F, Dhooge N, Bossevot L, Dereuddre-Bosquet N, Dargazanli G, Thibaut-Duprey K, Haensler J, Chapon C, Prost C, Le Grand R. Distinct dynamics of mRNA LNPs in mice and nonhuman primates revealed by in vivo imaging. NPJ Vaccines 2024; 9:113. [PMID: 38902327 PMCID: PMC11189915 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-024-00900-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024] Open
Abstract
The characterization of vaccine distribution to relevant tissues after in vivo administration is critical to understanding their mechanisms of action. Vaccines based on mRNA lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) are now being widely considered against infectious diseases and cancer. Here, we used in vivo imaging approaches to compare the trafficking of two LNP formulations encapsulating mRNA following intramuscular administration: DLin-MC3-DMA (MC3) and the recently developed DOG-IM4. The mRNA formulated in DOG-IM4 LNPs persisted at the injection site, whereas mRNA formulated in MC3 LNPs rapidly migrated to the draining lymph nodes. Furthermore, MC3 LNPs induced the fastest increase in blood neutrophil counts after injection and greater inflammation, as shown by IL-1RA, IL-15, CCL-1, and IL-6 concentrations in nonhuman primate sera. These observations highlight the influence of the nature of the LNP on mRNA vaccine distribution and early immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katia Lemdani
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-Immune, Hematological and Bacterial Diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Fontenay-aux-Roses & Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
- Sanofi, Marcy-L'étoile, France
| | - Romain Marlin
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-Immune, Hematological and Bacterial Diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Fontenay-aux-Roses & Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Céline Mayet
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-Immune, Hematological and Bacterial Diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Fontenay-aux-Roses & Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | | | - Quentin Pascal
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-Immune, Hematological and Bacterial Diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Fontenay-aux-Roses & Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | | | - Francis Relouzat
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-Immune, Hematological and Bacterial Diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Fontenay-aux-Roses & Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Nina Dhooge
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-Immune, Hematological and Bacterial Diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Fontenay-aux-Roses & Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Laetitia Bossevot
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-Immune, Hematological and Bacterial Diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Fontenay-aux-Roses & Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Nathalie Dereuddre-Bosquet
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-Immune, Hematological and Bacterial Diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Fontenay-aux-Roses & Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | | | | | | | - Catherine Chapon
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-Immune, Hematological and Bacterial Diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Fontenay-aux-Roses & Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | | | - Roger Le Grand
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-Immune, Hematological and Bacterial Diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Fontenay-aux-Roses & Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.
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4
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Cai Z, Kalkeri R, Wang M, Haner B, Dent D, Osman B, Skonieczny P, Ross J, Feng SL, Cai R, Zhu M, Cloney-Clark S, Plested JS. Validation of a Pseudovirus Neutralization Assay for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2: A High-Throughput Method for the Evaluation of Vaccine Immunogenicity. Microorganisms 2024; 12:1201. [PMID: 38930583 PMCID: PMC11205394 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12061201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The evaluation of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine immunogenicity remains essential as the severe acute respiratory syncytial virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic continues to evolve and as additional variants emerge. Neutralizing antibodies are a known correlate of protection for SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. A pseudovirus neutralization (PNT) assay was developed and validated at Novavax Clinical Immunology Laboratories to allow for the detection of neutralizing antibodies in vaccine clinical trial sera. The PNT assay was precise, accurate, linear, and specific in measuring SARS-CoV-2 neutralization titers in human serum for ancestral strain and the Omicron subvariants BA.5 and XBB.1.5, with an overall geometric coefficient of variation of ≤43.4%, a percent relative bias within the expected range of -60% to 150%, and a linearity value of R2 > 0.98 for all three strains. This pseudovirus assay will be useful for the analysis of vaccine clinical trial samples to assess vaccine immunogenicity. Future work will focus on modifying the assay for emerging variants, including XBB.1.16, EG.5.1, BA.2.86, and any other variants that emerge in the ongoing pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Mingzhu Zhu
- Novavax, Inc., Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA; (Z.C.); (R.K.); (M.W.); (B.H.); (D.D.); (B.O.); (P.S.); (J.R.); (S.-L.F.); (R.C.); (S.C.-C.)
| | | | - Joyce S. Plested
- Novavax, Inc., Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA; (Z.C.); (R.K.); (M.W.); (B.H.); (D.D.); (B.O.); (P.S.); (J.R.); (S.-L.F.); (R.C.); (S.C.-C.)
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5
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Zhu M, Cloney-Clark S, Feng SL, Parekh A, Gorinson D, Silva D, Skonieczny P, Wilson A, Kalkeri R, Woo W, Cai MR, Fries L, Glenn G, Plested JS. A Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Anti-Spike Immunoglobulin G Assay: A Robust Method for Evaluation of Vaccine Immunogenicity Using an Established Correlate of Protection. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1789. [PMID: 37512961 PMCID: PMC10383018 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11071789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
As the COVID-19 pandemic continues, variants of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) continue to emerge. Immunogenicity evaluation of vaccines and identification of correlates of protection for vaccine effectiveness is critical to aid the development of vaccines against emerging variants. Anti-recombinant spike (rS) protein immunoglobulin G (IgG) quantitation in the systemic circulation (serum/plasma) is shown to correlate with vaccine efficacy. Thus, an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)-based binding assay to detect SARS-CoV-2 (ancestral and variant strains) anti-rS IgG in human serum samples was developed and validated. This assay successfully met acceptance criteria for inter/intra-assay precision, specificity, selectivity, linearity, lower/upper limits of quantitation, matrix effects, and assay robustness. The analyte in serum was stable for up to 8 freeze/thaw cycles and 2 years in -80 °C storage. Similar results were observed for the Beta, Delta, and Omicron BA.1/BA.5/XBB.1.5 variant-adapted assays. Anti-rS IgG assay results correlated significantly with neutralization and receptor binding inhibition assays. In addition, usage of international reference standards allows data extrapolation to WHO international units (BAU/mL), facilitating comparison of results with other IgG assays. This anti-rS IgG assay is a robust, high-throughput method to evaluate binding IgG responses to S protein in serum, enabling rapid development of effective vaccines against emerging COVID-19 variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingzhu Zhu
- Clinical Immunology, Novavax, Inc., Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | | | - Sheau-Line Feng
- Clinical Immunology, Novavax, Inc., Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Anand Parekh
- Clinical Immunology, Novavax, Inc., Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Drew Gorinson
- Clinical Immunology, Novavax, Inc., Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - David Silva
- Clinical Immunology, Novavax, Inc., Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Paul Skonieczny
- Clinical Immunology, Novavax, Inc., Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Adjele Wilson
- Clinical Immunology, Novavax, Inc., Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Raj Kalkeri
- Clinical Immunology, Novavax, Inc., Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Wayne Woo
- Biostatistics, Novavax, Inc., Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Miranda R Cai
- Biostatistics, Novavax, Inc., Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Louis Fries
- Clinical Development, Novavax, Inc., Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Greg Glenn
- Discovery, Novavax, Inc., Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Joyce S Plested
- Clinical Immunology, Novavax, Inc., Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
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6
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Rachman A, Iriani A, Irawan C, Sukrisman L, Rajabto W, Mulansari NA, Lubis AM, Prasetyawaty F, Cahyanur R, Priantono D, Rumondor BB, Betsy R, Juanputra S. Complete blood count derived inflammatory biomarkers and the level of anti-SARS-CoV-2 NAb and S-RBD IgG among cancer survivors receiving COVID-19 vaccines. ELECTRONIC JOURNAL OF GENERAL MEDICINE 2023. [DOI: 10.29333/ejgm/12851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
<b>Background</b>: In the era of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), it is mandatory to identify vulnerable people with cancers as they have impaired immune system that can lead to high mortality. This study analyzes the complete blood count (CBC) derived inflammatory biomarkers and the level of anti-SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody (NAb) and spike protein’s receptor-binding domain immunoglobulin G (S-RBD IgG) among cancer survivors.<br />
<b>Methods</b>: A cross-sectional study was conducted in patients with either solid or hematological cancers who had received two-doses of COVID-19 vaccinations within six months.<br />
<b>Results</b>: From 119 subjects, the COVID-19 vaccines demonstrated laboratory efficacy (median NAb=129.03 AU/mL; median S-RBD IgG=270.53 AU/mL). The seropositive conversion of NAb reached 94.1% and S-RBD IgG reached 93.3%. Additionally, the S-RBD IgG had very weak correlation with absolute monocyte count (R=-0.185; <i>p</i>-value=0.044). The NAb also had very weak correlation with leukocyte (Kendall’s tau-b (τb)=-0.147; <i>p</i>-value=0.019), absolute neutrophil count (τb=-0.126; <i>p</i>-value=0.044), absolute eosinophil count (τb=-0.132; <i>p</i>-value=0.034).<br />
<b>Conclusion</b>: The seropositivity rate of anti-SARS-CoV-2 NAb and S-RBD IgG were significantly high. However, the CBC derived inflammatory biomarkers had poor correlation with anti-SARS-CoV-2 NAb and S-RBD IgG. Thus, anti-SARS-CoV-2 NAb and S-RBD IgG are currently the only reliable markers for measuring the COVID-19 vaccine efficacy which should be widely accessible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andhika Rachman
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo General Hospital-Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, INDONESIA
| | - Anggraini Iriani
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Yarsi University, Jakarta, INDONESIA
| | - Cosphiadi Irawan
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo General Hospital-Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, INDONESIA
| | - Lugyanti Sukrisman
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo General Hospital-Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, INDONESIA
| | - Wulyo Rajabto
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo General Hospital-Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, INDONESIA
| | - Nadia Ayu Mulansari
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo General Hospital-Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, INDONESIA
| | - Anna Mira Lubis
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo General Hospital-Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, INDONESIA
| | - Findy Prasetyawaty
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo General Hospital-Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, INDONESIA
| | - Rahmat Cahyanur
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo General Hospital-Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, INDONESIA
| | - Dimas Priantono
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo General Hospital-Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, INDONESIA
| | - Bayu Bijaksana Rumondor
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo General Hospital-Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, INDONESIA
| | - Rachelle Betsy
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo General Hospital-Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, INDONESIA
| | - Samuel Juanputra
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo General Hospital-Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, INDONESIA
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7
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In Silico Studies to Support Vaccine Development. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15020654. [PMID: 36839975 PMCID: PMC9963741 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15020654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The progress that has been made in computer science positioned in silico studies as an important and well-recognized methodology in the drug discovery and development process. It has numerous advantages in terms of costs and also plays a huge impact on the way the research is conducted since it can limit the use of animal models leading to more sustainable research. Currently, human trials are already being partly replaced by in silico trials. EMA and FDA are both endorsing these studies and have been providing webinars and guidance to support them. For instance, PBPK modeling studies are being used to gather data on drug interactions with other drugs and are also being used to support clinical and regulatory requirements for the pediatric population, pregnant women, and personalized medicine. This trend evokes the need to understand the role of in silico studies in vaccines, considering the importance that these products achieved during the pandemic and their promising hope in oncology. Vaccines are safer than other current oncology treatments. There is a huge variety of strategies for developing a cancer vaccine, and some of the points that should be considered when designing the vaccine technology are the following: delivery platforms (peptides, lipid-based carriers, polymers, dendritic cells, viral vectors, etc.), adjuvants (to boost and promote inflammation at the delivery site, facilitating immune cell recruitment and activation), choice of the targeted antigen, the timing of vaccination, the manipulation of the tumor environment, and the combination with other treatments that might cause additive or even synergistic anti-tumor effects. These and many other points should be put together to outline the best vaccine design. The aim of this article is to perform a review and comprehensive analysis of the role of in silico studies to support the development of and design of vaccines in the field of oncology and infectious diseases. The authors intend to perform a literature review of all the studies that have been conducted so far in preparing in silico models and methods to support the development of vaccines. From this point, it was possible to conclude that there are few in silico studies on vaccines. Despite this, an overview of how the existing work could support the design of vaccines is described.
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8
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Talbot SR, Kumstel S, Schulz B, Tang G, Abdelrahman A, Seume N, Wendt EHU, Eichberg J, Häger C, Bleich A, Vollmar B, Zechner D. Robustness of a multivariate composite score when evaluating distress of animal models for gastrointestinal diseases. Sci Rep 2023; 13:2605. [PMID: 36788346 PMCID: PMC9929045 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-29623-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The fundament of an evidence-based severity assessment in laboratory animal science is reliable distress parameters. Many readouts are used to evaluate and determine animal distress and the severity of experimental procedures. Therefore, we analyzed four distinct parameters like the body weight, burrowing behavior, nesting, and distress score in the four gastrointestinal animal models (pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA), pancreatitis, CCl4 intoxication, and bile duct ligation (BDL)). Further, we determined the parameters' robustness in various experimental subgroups due to slight variations like drug treatment or telemeter implantations. We used non-parametric bootstrapping to get robust estimates and 95% confidence intervals for the experimental groups. It was found that the performance of the readout parameters is model-dependent and that the distress score is prone to experimental variation. On the other hand, we also found that burrowing and nesting can be more robust than, e.g., the body weight when evaluating PDA. However, the body weight still was highly robust in BDL, pancreatitis, and CCl4 intoxication. To address the complex nature of the multi-dimensional severity space, we used the Relative Severity Assessment (RELSA) procedure to combine multiple distress parameters into a score and mapped the subgroups and models against a defined reference set obtained by telemeter implantation. This approach allowed us to compare the severity of individual animals in the experimental subgroups using the maximum achieved severity (RELSAmax). With this, the following order of severity was found for the animal models: CCl4 < PDA ≈ Pancreatitis < BDL. Furthermore, the robustness of the RELSA procedure and outcome was externally validated with a reference set from another laboratory also obtained from telemeter implantation. Since the RELSA procedure reflects the multi-dimensional severity information and is highly robust in estimating the quantitative severity within and between models, it can be deemed a valuable tool for laboratory animal severity assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven R Talbot
- Hannover Medical School, Institute for Laboratory Animal Science, Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Simone Kumstel
- Rostock University Medical Center, Rudolf-Zenker-Institute for Experimental Surgery, Schillingallee 69a, 18057, Rostock, Germany
| | - Benjamin Schulz
- Rostock University Medical Center, Rudolf-Zenker-Institute for Experimental Surgery, Schillingallee 69a, 18057, Rostock, Germany
| | - Guanglin Tang
- Rostock University Medical Center, Rudolf-Zenker-Institute for Experimental Surgery, Schillingallee 69a, 18057, Rostock, Germany
| | - Ahmed Abdelrahman
- Rostock University Medical Center, Rudolf-Zenker-Institute for Experimental Surgery, Schillingallee 69a, 18057, Rostock, Germany
| | - Nico Seume
- Rostock University Medical Center, Rudolf-Zenker-Institute for Experimental Surgery, Schillingallee 69a, 18057, Rostock, Germany
| | - Edgar H U Wendt
- Rostock University Medical Center, Rudolf-Zenker-Institute for Experimental Surgery, Schillingallee 69a, 18057, Rostock, Germany
| | - Johanna Eichberg
- Rostock University Medical Center, Rudolf-Zenker-Institute for Experimental Surgery, Schillingallee 69a, 18057, Rostock, Germany
| | - Christine Häger
- Hannover Medical School, Institute for Laboratory Animal Science, Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - André Bleich
- Hannover Medical School, Institute for Laboratory Animal Science, Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Brigitte Vollmar
- Rostock University Medical Center, Rudolf-Zenker-Institute for Experimental Surgery, Schillingallee 69a, 18057, Rostock, Germany
| | - Dietmar Zechner
- Rostock University Medical Center, Rudolf-Zenker-Institute for Experimental Surgery, Schillingallee 69a, 18057, Rostock, Germany
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9
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Plested JS, Zhu M, Cloney-Clark S, Massuda E, Patel U, Klindworth A, Massare MJ, Cai R, Fries L, Glenn G, Kalkeri R. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Receptor (Human Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2) Binding Inhibition Assay: A Rapid, High-Throughput Assay Useful for Vaccine Immunogenicity Evaluation. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11020368. [PMID: 36838333 PMCID: PMC9965183 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11020368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging variants of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) show immune evasion of vaccine-derived immunity, highlighting the need for better clinical immunogenicity biomarkers. To address this need, an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay-based, human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (hACE2) binding inhibition assay was developed to measure antibodies against the ancestral strain of SARS-CoV-2 and was validated for precision, specificity, linearity, and other parameters. This assay measures the inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein binding to the receptor, hACE2, by serum from vaccine clinical trials. Inter- and intra-assay precision, specificity, linearity, lower limit of quantitation, and assay robustness parameters successfully met the acceptance criteria. Heme and lipid matrix effects showed minimal interference on the assay. Samples were stable for testing in the assay even with 8 freeze/thaws and up to 24 months in -80 °C storage. The assay was also adapted for variants (Delta and Omicron BA.1/BA.5), with similar validation results. The hACE2 assay showed significant correlation with anti-recombinant S immunoglobulin G levels and neutralizing antibody titers. This assay provides a rapid, high-throughput option to evaluate vaccine immunogenicity. Along with other clinical biomarkers, it can provide valuable insights into immune evasion and correlates of protection and enable vaccine development against emerging COVID-19 variants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mingzhu Zhu
- Clinical Immunology, Novavax, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | | | - Edmond Massuda
- Clinical Immunology, Novavax, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Urvashi Patel
- Clinical Immunology, Novavax, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | | | | | - Rongman Cai
- Biostatistics, Novavax, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Louis Fries
- Clinical Immunology, Novavax, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Greg Glenn
- Discovery, Novavax, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Raj Kalkeri
- Clinical Immunology, Novavax, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
- Correspondence:
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10
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Madi S, Xie F, Farhangi K, Hsu CY, Cheng SH, Aweda T, Radaram B, Slania S, Lambert T, Rambo M, Skedzielewski T, Cole A, Sherina V, McKearnan S, Tran H, Alsaid H, Doan M, Stokes AH, O’Hagan DT, Maruggi G, Bertholet S, Temmerman ST, Johnson R, Jucker BM. MRI/PET multimodal imaging of the innate immune response in skeletal muscle and draining lymph node post vaccination in rats. Front Immunol 2023; 13:1081156. [PMID: 36713458 PMCID: PMC9874296 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1081156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The goal of this study was to utilize a multimodal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and positron emission tomography (PET) imaging approach to assess the local innate immune response in skeletal muscle and draining lymph node following vaccination in rats using two different vaccine platforms (AS01 adjuvanted protein and lipid nanoparticle (LNP) encapsulated Self-Amplifying mRNA (SAM)). MRI and 18FDG PET imaging were performed temporally at baseline, 4, 24, 48, and 72 hr post Prime and Prime-Boost vaccination in hindlimb with Cytomegalovirus (CMV) gB and pentamer proteins formulated with AS01, LNP encapsulated CMV gB protein-encoding SAM (CMV SAM), AS01 or with LNP carrier controls. Both CMV AS01 and CMV SAM resulted in a rapid MRI and PET signal enhancement in hindlimb muscles and draining popliteal lymph node reflecting innate and possibly adaptive immune response. MRI signal enhancement and total 18FDG uptake observed in the hindlimb was greater in the CMV SAM vs CMV AS01 group (↑2.3 - 4.3-fold in AUC) and the MRI signal enhancement peak and duration were temporally shifted right in the CMV SAM group following both Prime and Prime-Boost administration. While cytokine profiles were similar among groups, there was good temporal correlation only between IL-6, IL-13, and MRI/PET endpoints. Imaging mass cytometry was performed on lymph node sections at 72 hr post Prime and Prime-Boost vaccination to characterize the innate and adaptive immune cell signatures. Cell proximity analysis indicated that each follicular dendritic cell interacted with more follicular B cells in the CMV AS01 than in the CMV SAM group, supporting the stronger humoral immune response observed in the CMV AS01 group. A strong correlation between lymph node MRI T2 value and nearest-neighbor analysis of follicular dendritic cell and follicular B cells was observed (r=0.808, P<0.01). These data suggest that spatiotemporal imaging data together with AI/ML approaches may help establish whether in vivo imaging biomarkers can predict local and systemic immune responses following vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fang Xie
- Bioimaging, GSK, Collegeville, PA, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Tammy Lambert
- Non Clinical Safety, GSK, Collegeville, PA, United States
| | - Mary Rambo
- Bioimaging, GSK, Collegeville, PA, United States
| | | | - Austin Cole
- Research Statistics, GSK, Collegeville, PA, United States
| | | | | | - Hoang Tran
- Research Statistics, GSK, Collegeville, PA, United States
| | - Hasan Alsaid
- Bioimaging, GSK, Collegeville, PA, United States
| | - Minh Doan
- Bioimaging, GSK, Collegeville, PA, United States
| | - Alan H. Stokes
- Non Clinical Safety, GSK, Collegeville, PA, United States
| | - Derek T. O’Hagan
- Vaccines Research & Development, GSK, Rockville, MD, United States
| | | | - Sylvie Bertholet
- Vaccines Research & Development, GSK, Rockville, MD, United States
| | | | - Russell Johnson
- Vaccines Research & Development, GSK, Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Beat M. Jucker
- Clinical Imaging, GSK, Collegeville, PA, United States,*Correspondence: Beat M. Jucker,
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11
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Ruggeri EM, Nelli F, Giannarelli D, Fabbri A, Giron Berrios JR, Virtuoso A, Marrucci E, Mazzotta M, Schirripa M, Signorelli C, Chilelli MG, Primi F, Fiore C, Panichi V, Topini G, Silvestri MA. Dynamic changes in peripheral lymphocytes and antibody response following a third dose of SARS-CoV-2 mRNA-BNT162b2 vaccine in cancer patients. Sci Rep 2022; 12:21908. [PMID: 36535985 PMCID: PMC9761743 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-25558-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the association of circulating lymphocytes profiling with antibody response in cancer patients receiving the third dose of COVID-19 mRNA-BNT162b2 vaccine. Immunophenotyping of peripheral blood was used to determine absolute counts of lymphocyte subsets, alongside detection of IgG antibodies against receptor-binding-domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein (S1) before booster dosing (timepoint-1) and four weeks afterward (timepoint-2). An IgG titer ≥ 50 AU/mL defined a positive seroconversion response. An IgG titer ≥ 4446 AU/mL was assumed as a correlate of 50% vaccine efficacy against symptomatic infections. A total of 258 patients on active treatment within the previous six months were enrolled between September 23 and October 7, 2021. The third dose resulted in an exponential increase in median anti-RBD-S1 IgG titer (P < 0.001), seroconversion rates (P < 0.001), and 50% vaccine efficacy rates (P < 0.001). According to ROC curve analysis, T helper and B cells were significantly associated with seroconversion responses at timepoint-1, whereas only B cells were relevant to 50% vaccine efficacy rates at timepoint-2. A positive linear correlation was shown between anti-RBD-S1 IgG titers and these lymphocyte subset counts. Multivariate analysis ruled out a potential role of T helper cells but confirmed a significant interaction between higher B cell levels and improved antibody response. These findings suggest that peripheral counts of B cells correlate with humoral response to the third dose of mRNA-BNT162b2 vaccine in actively treated cancer patients and could provide insights into a more comprehensive assessment of vaccination efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enzo Maria Ruggeri
- Medical Oncology Unit, Department of Oncology and Hematology, Central Hospital of Belcolle, Strada Sammartinese Snc, 01100, Viterbo, Italy.
| | - Fabrizio Nelli
- Medical Oncology Unit, Department of Oncology and Hematology, Central Hospital of Belcolle, Strada Sammartinese Snc, 01100, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Diana Giannarelli
- Biostatistics Unit, Scientific Directorate, IRCCS, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, Rome, Italy
| | - Agnese Fabbri
- Medical Oncology Unit, Department of Oncology and Hematology, Central Hospital of Belcolle, Strada Sammartinese Snc, 01100, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Julio Rodrigo Giron Berrios
- Medical Oncology Unit, Department of Oncology and Hematology, Central Hospital of Belcolle, Strada Sammartinese Snc, 01100, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Antonella Virtuoso
- Medical Oncology Unit, Department of Oncology and Hematology, Central Hospital of Belcolle, Strada Sammartinese Snc, 01100, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Eleonora Marrucci
- Medical Oncology Unit, Department of Oncology and Hematology, Central Hospital of Belcolle, Strada Sammartinese Snc, 01100, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Marco Mazzotta
- Medical Oncology Unit, Department of Oncology and Hematology, Central Hospital of Belcolle, Strada Sammartinese Snc, 01100, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Marta Schirripa
- Medical Oncology Unit, Department of Oncology and Hematology, Central Hospital of Belcolle, Strada Sammartinese Snc, 01100, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Carlo Signorelli
- Medical Oncology Unit, Department of Oncology and Hematology, Central Hospital of Belcolle, Strada Sammartinese Snc, 01100, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Mario Giovanni Chilelli
- Medical Oncology Unit, Department of Oncology and Hematology, Central Hospital of Belcolle, Strada Sammartinese Snc, 01100, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Francesca Primi
- Medical Oncology Unit, Department of Oncology and Hematology, Central Hospital of Belcolle, Strada Sammartinese Snc, 01100, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Cristina Fiore
- Medical Oncology Unit, Department of Oncology and Hematology, Central Hospital of Belcolle, Strada Sammartinese Snc, 01100, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Valentina Panichi
- Cytofluorimetry Unit, Department of Oncology and Hematology, Central Hospital of Belcolle, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Topini
- Cytofluorimetry Unit, Department of Oncology and Hematology, Central Hospital of Belcolle, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Maria Assunta Silvestri
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, Microbiology and Virology Unit, Central Hospital of Belcolle, Viterbo, Italy
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12
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Longitudinal dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 anti-receptor binding domain IgG antibodies in a wide population of health care workers after BNT162b2 vaccination. Int J Infect Dis 2022; 122:174-177. [PMID: 35661687 PMCID: PMC9153179 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2022.05.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES With the availability of vaccines, commercial assays detecting anti-severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) antibodies evolved toward quantitative assays directed to the spike glycoprotein or its receptor-binding domain (RBD). The objective was to perform a large-scale, longitudinal study involving health care workers (HCWs), with the aim of establishing the kinetics of immune response throughout the 9-month period after receipt of the second dose of the BNT162b2 vaccine. METHODS Quantitative determination of immunoglobulin (Ig) G antibodies against the RBD of the S1 subunit of the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 on the Alinity systems. RESULTS The highest levels of anti-RBD IgG were measured after 1 month from full vaccination (median: 1432 binding antibody units/ml [BAU/ml]); subsequently, a steep decrease (7.4-fold decrease) in IgG levels was observed at 6 months (median: 194.3 BAU/ml), with a further 2.5-fold decrease at 9 months (median: 79.3 BAU/ml). Furthermore, the same data, when analyzed for sex, showed significant differences between male and female participants at both 1 and 9 months from vaccination, but not at 6 months. CONCLUSION Our results confirm the tendency of anti-RBD antibodies to decrease over time, also when extending the analysis up to 9 months, and highlight a better ability of the female sex to produce antibodies 1 month and 9 months after vaccination. Overall, these data, obtained in a wide population of HCWs, support the importance of having increased the vaccine doses.
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13
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Bigay J, Le Grand R, Martinon F, Maisonnasse P. Vaccine-associated enhanced disease in humans and animal models: Lessons and challenges for vaccine development. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:932408. [PMID: 36033843 PMCID: PMC9399815 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.932408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The fight against infectious diseases calls for the development of safe and effective vaccines that generate long-lasting protective immunity. In a few situations, vaccine-mediated immune responses may have led to exacerbated pathology upon subsequent infection with the pathogen targeted by the vaccine. Such vaccine-associated enhanced disease (VAED) has been reported, or at least suspected, in animal models, and in a few instances in humans, for vaccine candidates against the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), measles virus (MV), dengue virus (DENV), HIV-1, simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV), severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 1 (SARS-CoV-1), and the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). Although alleviated by clinical and epidemiological evidence, a number of concerns were also initially raised concerning the short- and long-term safety of vaccines against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which is causing the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. Although the mechanisms leading to this phenomenon are not yet completely understood, the individual and/or collective role of antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE), complement-dependent enhancement, and cell-dependent enhancement have been highlighted. Here, we review mechanisms that may be associated with the risk of VAED, which are important to take into consideration, both in the assessment of vaccine safety and in finding ways to define models and immunization strategies that can alleviate such concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Frédéric Martinon
- Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases (IMVA), IDMIT Department, Institut de Biologie François-Jacob (IBJF), University Paris-Sud-INSERM U1184, CEA, Fontenay-Aux-Roses, France
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14
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Hadigal S, Colombo L, Haughie S. Reply letter to "Immunogenicity and safety of a quadrivalent high-dose inactivated influenza vaccine compared with a standard-dose quadrivalent influenza vaccine in healthy people aged 60 years or older: a randomized Phase III trial". Hum Vaccin Immunother 2022; 18:2085470. [PMID: 35674507 PMCID: PMC9624209 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2022.2085470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A recent study reported that the high-dose quadrivalent influenza vaccine provided superior immunogenicity and efficacy versus the standard-dose quadrivalent vaccine in the elderly. However, we need to view these results in terms of public health benefits as well. The Number Needed to Vaccinate (NNV) is an important tool to measure the benefit of a given vaccine. Further, NNV evaluates the benefits of a vaccine in preventing and controlling communicable diseases. Considering the target of vaccination and coverage of 75% not met in the elderly in Europe, it is important not to prioritize one vaccine over the other, but rather to increase the vaccine coverage with all the available vaccines.
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15
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Perspective Technologies of Vaccination: Do We Still Need Old Vaccines? Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10060891. [PMID: 35746498 PMCID: PMC9230923 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10060891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
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16
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Polvere I, Parrella A, Zerillo L, Voccola S, Cardinale G, D’Andrea S, Madera JR, Stilo R, Vito P, Zotti T. Humoral Immune Response Diversity to Different COVID-19 Vaccines: Implications for the "Green Pass" Policy. Front Immunol 2022; 13:833085. [PMID: 35634315 PMCID: PMC9130843 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.833085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
In the COVID-19 pandemic year 2021, several countries have implemented a vaccine certificate policy, the "Green Pass Policy" (GPP), to reduce virus spread and to allow safe relaxation of COVID-19 restrictions and reopening of social and economic activities. The rationale for the GPP is based on the assumption that vaccinated people should maintain a certain degree of immunity to SARS-CoV-2. Here we describe and compare, for the first time, the humoral immune response to mRNA-1273, BNT162b2, Ad26.COV2.S, and ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccines in terms of antibody titer elicited, neutralizing activity, and epitope reactogenicity among 369 individuals aged 19 to 94 years. In parallel, we also considered the use of a rapid test for the determination of neutralizing antibodies as a tool to guide policymakers in defining booster vaccination strategies and eligibility for Green Pass. Our analysis demonstrates that the titer of antibodies directed towards the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2 Spike is significantly associated with age and vaccine type. Moreover, natural COVID-19 infection combined with vaccination results, on average, in higher antibody titer and higher neutralizing activity as compared to fully vaccinated individuals without prior COVID-19. We also found that levels of anti-Spike RBD antibodies are not always strictly associated with the extent of inhibition of RBD-ACE2 binding, as we could observe different neutralizing activities in sera with similar anti-RBD concentrations. Finally, we evaluated the reactivity to four synthetic peptides derived from Spike protein on a randomly selected serum sample and observed that similar to SARS-CoV-2 infection, vaccination elicits a heterogeneous antibody response with qualitative individual features. On the basis of our results, the use of rapid devices to detect the presence of neutralizing antibodies, even on a large scale and repeatedly over time, appears helpful in determining the duration of the humoral protection elicited by vaccination. These aspects and their implications for the GPP are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Immacolata Polvere
- Department of Science and Technology, University of Sannio, Benevento, Italy
| | | | - Lucrezia Zerillo
- Department of Science and Technology, University of Sannio, Benevento, Italy
- Genus Biotech srls, University of Sannio, Benevento, Italy
| | - Serena Voccola
- Consorzio Sannio Tech, Apollosa, Italy
- Genus Biotech srls, University of Sannio, Benevento, Italy
| | - Gaetano Cardinale
- Consorzio Sannio Tech, Apollosa, Italy
- Tecno Bios srl, Apollosa, Italy
| | - Silvia D’Andrea
- Department of Science and Technology, University of Sannio, Benevento, Italy
- Genus Biotech srls, University of Sannio, Benevento, Italy
| | | | - Romania Stilo
- Department of Science and Technology, University of Sannio, Benevento, Italy
| | - Pasquale Vito
- Department of Science and Technology, University of Sannio, Benevento, Italy
- Genus Biotech srls, University of Sannio, Benevento, Italy
| | - Tiziana Zotti
- Department of Science and Technology, University of Sannio, Benevento, Italy
- Genus Biotech srls, University of Sannio, Benevento, Italy
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17
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Nelli F, Fabbri A, Panichi V, Giannarelli D, Topini G, Giron Berrios JR, Virtuoso A, Marrucci E, Mazzotta M, Schirripa M, Signorelli C, Chilelli MG, Primi F, Silvestri MA, Ruggeri EM. Peripheral lymphocyte subset counts predict antibody response after SARS-CoV-2 mRNA-BNT162b2 vaccine in cancer patients: results from the Vax-On-Profile study. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 108:108774. [PMID: 35461110 PMCID: PMC9008127 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.108774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Background The adaptive immune response following COVID-19 vaccination is essential for humoral immunogenicity and clinical protection against symptomatic infections. We present the results of circulating lymphocyte profiling and their correlation with antibody response in cancer patients tested serologically six months after receiving a two-dose schedule of mRNA-BNT162b2 vaccine. Methods Absolute counts of lymphocyte subsets were determined using peripheral blood immunophenotyping. We collected samples for flow cytometry analysis alongside quantitative detection of IgG antibodies against the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein (S1). An IgG titer ≥ 50 AU/mL defined a positive seroconversion response. Results 311 patients were evaluable for lymphocyte profiling and serologic testing. A preliminary multivariate analysis revealed that cytotoxic chemotherapy was the most consistent factor associated with lower counts of all lymphocyte subpopulations. T helper and B cells were found to be useful in predicting the occurrence of a positive seroconversion response using ROC curve analysis. A significant positive linear correlation was shown when anti-RBD-S1 IgG titers were compared to these lymphocyte subset counts. Univariate analysis indicated that antibody titers and seroconversion rates were significantly improved in the high-level T and B cell subgroups. Multivariate analysis confirmed these significant interactions, as well as the negative predictive value of immunosuppressive corticosteroid therapy. Conclusions These findings suggest that simple and widely available peripheral counts of T helper and B cells correlate with humoral response to mRNA-BNT162b2 vaccine in actively treated cancer patients. Upon validation, our results could provide additional insights into the predictive assessment of vaccination efficacy.
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18
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Feraoun Y, Palgen JL, Joly C, Tchitchek N, Marcos-Lopez E, Dereuddre-Bosquet N, Gallouet AS, Contreras V, Lévy Y, Martinon F, Le Grand R, Beignon AS. The Route of Vaccine Administration Determines Whether Blood Neutrophils Undergo Long-Term Phenotypic Modifications. Front Immunol 2022; 12:784813. [PMID: 35058925 PMCID: PMC8764446 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.784813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate immunity modulates adaptive immunity and defines the magnitude, quality, and longevity of antigen-specific T- and B- cell immune memory. Various vaccine and administration factors influence the immune response to vaccination, including the route of vaccine delivery. We studied the dynamics of innate cell responses in blood using a preclinical model of non-human primates immunized with a live attenuated vaccinia virus, a recombinant Modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) expressing a gag-pol-nef fusion of HIV-1, and mass cytometry. We previously showed that it induces a strong, early, and transient innate response, but also late phenotypic modifications of blood myeloid cells after two months when injected subcutaneously. Here, we show that the early innate effector cell responses and plasma inflammatory cytokine profiles differ between subcutaneous and intradermal vaccine injection. Additionally, we show that the intradermal administration fails to induce more highly activated/mature neutrophils long after immunization, in contrast to subcutaneous administration. Different batches of antibodies, staining protocols and generations of mass cytometers were used to generate the two datasets. Mass cytometry data were analyzed in parallel using the same analytical pipeline based on three successive clustering steps, including SPADE, and categorical heatmaps were compared using the Manhattan distance to measure the similarity between cell cluster phenotypes. Overall, we show that the vaccine per se is not sufficient for the late phenotypic modifications of innate myeloid cells, which are evocative of innate immune training. Its route of administration is also crucial, likely by influencing the early innate response, and systemic inflammation, and vaccine biodistribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanis Feraoun
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-Immune, Hematological and Bacterial Diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Jean-Louis Palgen
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-Immune, Hematological and Bacterial Diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Candie Joly
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-Immune, Hematological and Bacterial Diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Nicolas Tchitchek
- UMR_S 959, Immunology-Immunopathology-Immunotherapy (i3), Sorbonne Université and Inserm, Paris, France
| | - Ernesto Marcos-Lopez
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-Immune, Hematological and Bacterial Diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Nathalie Dereuddre-Bosquet
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-Immune, Hematological and Bacterial Diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Anne-Sophie Gallouet
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-Immune, Hematological and Bacterial Diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Vanessa Contreras
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-Immune, Hematological and Bacterial Diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Yves Lévy
- INSERM U955, Henri Mondor Hospital, University of Paris East, Créteil, France.,Vaccine Research Institute (VRI), Créteil, France
| | - Frédéric Martinon
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-Immune, Hematological and Bacterial Diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Roger Le Grand
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-Immune, Hematological and Bacterial Diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Anne-Sophie Beignon
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-Immune, Hematological and Bacterial Diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
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19
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Malik JA, Aroosa M, Ahmed S, Shinde M, Alghamdi S, Almansour K, Hagbani TA, Alanazi MS, Anwar S. SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines: clinical endpoints and psychological perspectives: A literature review. J Infect Public Health 2022; 15:515-525. [PMID: 35429790 PMCID: PMC8969448 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2022.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background About 270 million cases have been confirmed, and 5.3 million fatalities Worldwide due to SARS-CoV-2. Several vaccine candidates have entered phase 3 of the clinical trial and are being investigated to provide immunity to the maximum percentage of people. A safe and effective vaccine is required to tackle the current COVID-19 waves. There have been reports that clinical endpoints and psychological parameters are necessary to consider vaccine efficacy. This review examines the clinical endpoints required for a successful SARS-CoV-2 vaccine and the influences of psychological parameters on its efficacy. Methods The main research question was to find out the clinical endpoints that determine the vaccine efficacy? And what kind of psychological parameters affect the vaccine efficacy? The information was taken from several journals, databases, and scientific search engines like Googe scholar, Pubmed, Scopus, Web of Science, Science direct, WHO website, and other various sites. The research studies were searched using keywords; SAR-CoV-2 vaccine efficacy, psychological effect on SARS-CoV-2 vaccine, SARS-CoV-2 vaccine endpoints. Results This review has highlighted various clinical endpoints that are the main determinants of clinical vaccine efficacy. Currently, vaccinations are being carried out throughout the world; it is important to investigate the main determinants affecting vaccine efficacy. We have focused on the clinical endpoints and the influence of psychological parameters that affect the vaccine efficacy in clinical settings. The primary endpoints include the risk of infection, symptoms, and severity of COVID-19, while hospitalization length, supplemental oxygen requirement, and mechanical ventilation are secondary endpoints in the clinical endpoints. Some tangential endpoints were also considered, including organ dysfunction, stroke, and MI. Many psychological associated things have influenced the vaccine efficacy, like the lower antibody titers in the vaccinated people. In addition to that, Short- and long-term stress and sleep deprivation were also found to affect the vaccine efficacy. Conclusion The review summarizes the important clinical endpoints required for a successful vaccine candidate. In addition to primary and secondary endpoints, auxiliary endpoints and the disease burden also play an important role in modulating vaccine efficacy. Moreover, the psychological perspective also influences vaccine efficacy. Effective follow-up of participants should follow to examine the clinical endpoints to reach any conclusion about vaccine efficacy.
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20
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Matusali G, Sberna G, Meschi S, Gramigna G, Colavita F, Lapa D, Francalancia M, Bettini A, Capobianchi MR, Puro V, Castilletti C, Vaia F, Bordi L. Differential Dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 Binding and Functional Antibodies upon BNT162b2 Vaccine: A 6-Month Follow-Up. Viruses 2022; 14:312. [PMID: 35215903 PMCID: PMC8878369 DOI: 10.3390/v14020312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
To investigate the dynamic association among binding and functional antibodies in health-care-workers receiving two doses of BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19-vaccine, SARS-CoV-2 anti-RBD IgG, anti-Trimeric-S IgG, and neutralizing antibodies (Nabs) were measured in serum samples collected at 2 weeks, 3 months, and 6 months from full vaccination. Despite the high correlation, results for anti-RBD and anti-Trimeric S IgG were numerically different even after recalculation to BAU/mL following WHO standards indications. Moreover, after a peak response at 2 weeks, anti-RBD IgG levels showed a 4.5 and 13 fold decrease at 3 and 6 months, respectively, while the anti-Trimeric S IgG presented a less pronounced decay of 2.8 and 4.7 fold. Further different dynamics were observed for Nabs titers, resulting comparable at 3 and 6 months from vaccination. We also demonstrated that at NAbs titers ≥40, the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve and the optimal cutoff point decreased with time from vaccination for both anti-RBD and anti-Trimeric S IgG. The mutating relation among the anti-RBD IgG, anti-Trimeric S IgG, and neutralizing antibodies are indicative of antibody maturation upon vaccination. The lack of standardized laboratory procedures is one factor interfering with the definition of a correlate of protection from COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Matusali
- Laboratory of Virology and Biosafety Laboratories, National Institute for Infectious Diseases “Lazzaro Spallanzani” IRCCS, Via Portuense 292, 00149 Rome, Italy; (G.M.); (G.S.); (G.G.); (F.C.); (D.L.); (M.F.); (A.B.); (M.R.C.); (C.C.); (L.B.)
| | - Giuseppe Sberna
- Laboratory of Virology and Biosafety Laboratories, National Institute for Infectious Diseases “Lazzaro Spallanzani” IRCCS, Via Portuense 292, 00149 Rome, Italy; (G.M.); (G.S.); (G.G.); (F.C.); (D.L.); (M.F.); (A.B.); (M.R.C.); (C.C.); (L.B.)
| | - Silvia Meschi
- Laboratory of Virology and Biosafety Laboratories, National Institute for Infectious Diseases “Lazzaro Spallanzani” IRCCS, Via Portuense 292, 00149 Rome, Italy; (G.M.); (G.S.); (G.G.); (F.C.); (D.L.); (M.F.); (A.B.); (M.R.C.); (C.C.); (L.B.)
| | - Giulia Gramigna
- Laboratory of Virology and Biosafety Laboratories, National Institute for Infectious Diseases “Lazzaro Spallanzani” IRCCS, Via Portuense 292, 00149 Rome, Italy; (G.M.); (G.S.); (G.G.); (F.C.); (D.L.); (M.F.); (A.B.); (M.R.C.); (C.C.); (L.B.)
| | - Francesca Colavita
- Laboratory of Virology and Biosafety Laboratories, National Institute for Infectious Diseases “Lazzaro Spallanzani” IRCCS, Via Portuense 292, 00149 Rome, Italy; (G.M.); (G.S.); (G.G.); (F.C.); (D.L.); (M.F.); (A.B.); (M.R.C.); (C.C.); (L.B.)
| | - Daniele Lapa
- Laboratory of Virology and Biosafety Laboratories, National Institute for Infectious Diseases “Lazzaro Spallanzani” IRCCS, Via Portuense 292, 00149 Rome, Italy; (G.M.); (G.S.); (G.G.); (F.C.); (D.L.); (M.F.); (A.B.); (M.R.C.); (C.C.); (L.B.)
| | - Massimo Francalancia
- Laboratory of Virology and Biosafety Laboratories, National Institute for Infectious Diseases “Lazzaro Spallanzani” IRCCS, Via Portuense 292, 00149 Rome, Italy; (G.M.); (G.S.); (G.G.); (F.C.); (D.L.); (M.F.); (A.B.); (M.R.C.); (C.C.); (L.B.)
| | - Aurora Bettini
- Laboratory of Virology and Biosafety Laboratories, National Institute for Infectious Diseases “Lazzaro Spallanzani” IRCCS, Via Portuense 292, 00149 Rome, Italy; (G.M.); (G.S.); (G.G.); (F.C.); (D.L.); (M.F.); (A.B.); (M.R.C.); (C.C.); (L.B.)
| | - Maria R. Capobianchi
- Laboratory of Virology and Biosafety Laboratories, National Institute for Infectious Diseases “Lazzaro Spallanzani” IRCCS, Via Portuense 292, 00149 Rome, Italy; (G.M.); (G.S.); (G.G.); (F.C.); (D.L.); (M.F.); (A.B.); (M.R.C.); (C.C.); (L.B.)
| | - Vincenzo Puro
- Risk Management Unit, National Institute for Infectious Diseases “Lazzaro Spallanzani” IRCCS, Via Portuense 292, 00149 Rome, Italy;
| | - Concetta Castilletti
- Laboratory of Virology and Biosafety Laboratories, National Institute for Infectious Diseases “Lazzaro Spallanzani” IRCCS, Via Portuense 292, 00149 Rome, Italy; (G.M.); (G.S.); (G.G.); (F.C.); (D.L.); (M.F.); (A.B.); (M.R.C.); (C.C.); (L.B.)
| | - Francesco Vaia
- General Direction, National Institute for Infectious Diseases “Lazzaro Spallanzani” IRCCS, Via Portuense 292, 00149 Rome, Italy;
| | - Licia Bordi
- Laboratory of Virology and Biosafety Laboratories, National Institute for Infectious Diseases “Lazzaro Spallanzani” IRCCS, Via Portuense 292, 00149 Rome, Italy; (G.M.); (G.S.); (G.G.); (F.C.); (D.L.); (M.F.); (A.B.); (M.R.C.); (C.C.); (L.B.)
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21
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Anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody levels and kinetics of vaccine response: potential role for unresolved inflammation following recovery from SARS-CoV-2 infection. Sci Rep 2022; 12:385. [PMID: 35013457 PMCID: PMC8749002 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-04344-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune response after SARS-CoV-2 vaccine administration appears to be characterized by high inter-individual variation, even in SARS-CoV-2 positive subjects, who could have experienced different post-infection, unresolved conditions. We monitored anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG levels and kinetics along with circulating biomarkers in a cohort of 175 healthcare workers during early immunization with COVID-19 mRNA-LNP BNT162b2 vaccine, to identify the associated factors. Subjects with a previous SARS-CoV-2 infection were characterized by higher BMI and CRP levels and lower neutrophil count with respect to naïve subjects. Baseline IgG levels resulted associated with CRP independently on BMI and inflammatory diseases. Among 137 subjects undergoing vaccination and monitored after the first and the second dose, three kinetic patterns were identified. The pattern showing a rapid growth was characterized by higher IgG levels at baseline and higher CRP and MCHC levels than negative subjects. Subjects previously exposed to SARS-CoV-2 showed higher levels of CRP, suggesting persistence of unresolved inflammation. These levels are the main determinant of IgG levels at baseline and characterized subjects belonging to the best performing, post-vaccine antibody kinetic pattern.
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22
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Reactogenicity Correlates Only Weakly with Humoral Immunogenicity after COVID-19 Vaccination with BNT162b2 mRNA (Comirnaty ®). Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9101063. [PMID: 34696171 PMCID: PMC8539109 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9101063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
mRNA vaccines against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), such as BNT162b2 (Comirnaty®), have proven to be highly immunogenic and efficient but also show marked reactogenicity, leading to adverse effects (AEs). Here, we analyzed whether the severity of AEs predicts the antibody response against the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. Healthcare workers without prior SARS-CoV-2 infection, who received a prime-boost vaccination with BNT162b2, completed a standardized electronic questionnaire on the duration and severity of AEs. Serum specimens were collected two to four weeks after the boost vaccination and tested with the COVID-19 ELISA IgG (Vircell-IgG), the LIAISON® SARS-CoV-2 S1/S2 IgG CLIA (DiaSorin-IgG) and the iFlash-2019-nCoV NAb surrogate neutralization assay (Yhlo-NAb). A penalized linear regression model fitted by machine learning was used to correlate AEs with antibody levels. Eighty subjects were enrolled in the study. Systemic, but not local, AEs occurred more frequently after the boost vaccination. Elevated SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody levels were measured in 92.5% of subjects with Vircell-IgG and in all subjects with DiaSorin-IgG and Yhlo-NAb. Gender, age and BMI showed no association with the antibody levels or with the AEs. The linear regression model identified headache, malaise and nausea as AEs with the greatest variable importance for higher antibody levels (Vircell-IgG and DiaSorin-IgG). However, the model performance for predicting antibody levels from AEs was very low for Vircell-IgG (squared correlation coefficient r2 = 0.04) and DiaSorin-IgG (r2 = 0.06). AEs did not predict the surrogate neutralization (Yhlo-NAb) results. In conclusion, AEs correlate only weakly with the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein antibody levels after COVID-19 vaccination with BNT162b2 mRNA.
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