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Scott GY, Worku D. HIV vaccination: Navigating the path to a transformative breakthrough-A review of current evidence. Health Sci Rep 2024; 7:e70089. [PMID: 39319247 PMCID: PMC11420300 DOI: 10.1002/hsr2.70089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 08/09/2024] [Accepted: 09/05/2024] [Indexed: 09/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) remains a significant global health challenge, with approximately 39 million people living with HIV worldwide as of 2022. Despite progress in antiretroviral therapy, achieving the UNAIDS "95-95-95" target to end the HIV epidemic by 2025 faces challenges, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa. The pursuit of an HIV vaccine is crucial, offering durable immunity and the potential to end the epidemic. Challenges in vaccine development include the lack of known immune correlates, suitable animal models, and HIV's high mutation rate. This study aims to explore the current state of HIV vaccine development, focusing on the challenges and innovative approaches being investigated. Methods In writing this review, we conducted a search of medical databases such as PubMed, ResearchGate, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and Scopus. The exploration of messenger ribonucleic acid vaccines, which have proven successful in the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, presents a promising avenue for HIV vaccine development. Understanding HIV-1's ability to infiltrate various bodily compartments, establish reservoirs, and manipulate immune responses is critical. Robust cytotoxic T lymphocytes and broadly neutralizing antibodies are identified as key components, though their production faces challenges. Innovative approaches, including computational learning and advanced drug delivery systems, are being investigated to effectively activate the immune system. Results and Conclusions Discrepancies between animal models and human responses have hindered the progress of vaccine development. Despite these challenges, ongoing research is focused on overcoming these obstacles through advanced methodologies and technologies. Addressing the challenges in HIV vaccine development is paramount to realizing an effective HIV-1 vaccine and achieving the goal of ending the epidemic. The integration of innovative approaches and a deeper understanding of HIV-1's mechanisms are essential steps toward this transformative breakthrough.
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Affiliation(s)
- Godfred Yawson Scott
- Department of Medical DiagnosticsKwame Nkrumah University of Science and TechnologyKumasiGhana
| | - Dominic Worku
- Infectious Diseases DepartmentMorriston Hospital, Heol Maes EglwysMorristonUnited Kingdom
- Public Health WalesCardiffUnited Kingdom
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Zimmerman A, Fawole A, Shahid M, Dow D, Ogbuoji O. Evidence Gaps in Economic Evaluations of HIV Interventions Targeting Young People: A Systematic Review. J Adolesc Health 2024:S1054-139X(24)00296-9. [PMID: 39140926 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2024.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Young people living with HIV (YPLWH) face the burden of navigating the unique physical, psychological, and social challenges of adolescence while coping with a stigmatized infectious disease that requires lifelong care. Consequently, YPLWH experience worse HIV outcomes compared to children and adults. This systematic review seeks to collate evidence on the health and economic impact of HIV interventions targeting YPLWH and to identify gaps in the available evidence that may inform future economic evaluations of interventions for YPLWH. METHODS We searched the MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, and Global Index Medicus databases for peer-reviewed articles published through April 24, 2022 (PROSPERO ID: CRD42022356244). Our inclusion criteria encompassed economic evaluations of HIV interventions that report health and economic outcomes among individuals ages 10-24 years. Three investigators screened articles at the title, abstract, and full-text levels. The data were extracted in accordance with the Consolidated Health Economic Evaluation Reporting Standards 2022. RESULTS Of the 3,735 unique articles retrieved through our search, 32 met our inclusion criteria. Of these 32 articles, 8 (25%) evaluated a behavioral, educational, or financial intervention, 6 (19%) voluntary medical male circumcision, 5 (16%) HIV screening or testing, 4 (13%) pre-exposure prophylaxis, 3 (9%) a hypothetical HIV vaccine, 2 (6%) antiretroviral therapy, 1 (3%) condom distribution, and 3 (9%) a combination of interventions. Twenty-two studies (69%) focused on Africa, 9 (28%) on North America, and 1 (3%) on Europe. Thirty studies (94%) were cost-effectiveness analyses and 2 (6%) were cost-utility analyses. Of the intervention types captured by this review, most were deemed cost-saving or cost-effective. Only two studies-one evaluating a financial intervention and one evaluating HIV testing-concluded that the intervention was not cost-effective. DISCUSSION Evidence presented by this review suggests that investments in HIV prevention and treatment for young people can be a cost-effective, and sometimes cost-saving, solution to combating the global HIV epidemic. However, additional evaluations of HIV interventions targeting young people, which adhere to standardized reporting practices, are needed to permit comparability of cost-effectiveness outcomes between interventions and settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armand Zimmerman
- Center for Policy Impact in Global Health, Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina; Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Ayodamope Fawole
- Center for Policy Impact in Global Health, Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina; Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Minahil Shahid
- Center for Policy Impact in Global Health, Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina; Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Dorothy Dow
- Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina; Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi, Tanzania
| | - Osondu Ogbuoji
- Center for Policy Impact in Global Health, Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina; Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina.
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Libera M, Caputo V, Laterza G, Moudoud L, Soggiu A, Bonizzi L, Diotti RA. The Question of HIV Vaccine: Why Is a Solution Not Yet Available? J Immunol Res 2024; 2024:2147912. [PMID: 38628675 PMCID: PMC11019575 DOI: 10.1155/2024/2147912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Ever since its discovery, human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection has remained a significant public health concern. The number of HIV-1 seropositive individuals currently stands at 40.1 million, yet definitive treatment for the virus is still unavailable on the market. Vaccination has proven to be a potent tool in combating infectious diseases, as evidenced by its success against other pathogens. However, despite ongoing efforts and research, the unique viral characteristics have prevented the development of an effective anti-HIV-1 vaccine. In this review, we aim to provide an historical overview of the various approaches attempted to create an effective anti-HIV-1 vaccine. Our objective is to explore the reasons why specific methods have failed to induce a protective immune response and to analyze the different modalities of immunogen presentation. This trial is registered with NCT05414786, NCT05471076, NCT04224701, and NCT01937455.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Libera
- One Health Unit, Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Milan, Via Pascal 36, 20133 Milan, Italy
- Pomona Ricerca S.r.l, Via Assarotti 7, 10122 Turin, Italy
| | - Valeria Caputo
- One Health Unit, Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Milan, Via Pascal 36, 20133 Milan, Italy
- Pomona Ricerca S.r.l, Via Assarotti 7, 10122 Turin, Italy
| | - Giulia Laterza
- One Health Unit, Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Milan, Via Pascal 36, 20133 Milan, Italy
- Department of Clinical and Community Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Milan, Via Celoria 22, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Louiza Moudoud
- One Health Unit, Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Milan, Via Pascal 36, 20133 Milan, Italy
- Pomona Ricerca S.r.l, Via Assarotti 7, 10122 Turin, Italy
| | - Alessio Soggiu
- One Health Unit, Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Milan, Via Pascal 36, 20133 Milan, Italy
- SC Maxillo-Facial Surgery and Dentistry, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via Francesco Sforza 35, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Luigi Bonizzi
- One Health Unit, Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Milan, Via Pascal 36, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Roberta A. Diotti
- One Health Unit, Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Milan, Via Pascal 36, 20133 Milan, Italy
- Pomona Ricerca S.r.l, Via Assarotti 7, 10122 Turin, Italy
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4
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Bokharaei-Salim F, Khanaliha K, Monavari SH, Kiani SJ, Tavakoli A, Jafari E, Chavoshpour S, Razizadeh MH, Kalantari S. Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 Drug Resistance Mutations in Iranian Treatment-experienced Individuals. Curr HIV Res 2024; 22:53-64. [PMID: 38310469 DOI: 10.2174/011570162x273321240105081444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human immunodeficiency virus-1 infection still remains a global health threat. While antiretroviral therapy is the primary treatment option, concerns about the emergence of drug-resistance mutations and treatment failure in HIV-infected patients persist. OBJECTIVE In this study, we investigated the development of drug resistance in HIV-1-infected individuals receiving antiretroviral therapy for 6-10 years. METHODS In this cross-sectional study, we evaluated 144 people living with HIV-1 who had received antiretroviral therapy for at least 6 years. Plasma specimens were collected, and the HIV-1 viral load and drug-resistance mutations were assessed using molecular techniques. RESULTS The demographic and epidemiological characteristics of the participants were also analyzed: Twelve [8.3%) of the studied patients showed a viral load over 1000 copies per/mL, which indicates the suboptimal response to antiretroviral therapy. Significant correlations were found between viral load and CD4 count, as well as epidemiological factors, such as vertical transmission, history of imprisonment, and needle stick injuries. Drug resistance mutations were detected in 10 (83.3%) of patients who failed on antiretroviral therapy, with the most common mutations observed against nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (5 (41.7%)) and non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (9 (75%)). Phylogenetic analysis revealed that 12 patients who failed treatment were infected with CRF35_AD. CONCLUSION Our study provides important insights into the characteristics and development of drug resistance in HIV-1-infected individuals receiving long-term antiretroviral therapy in Iran. The findings underline the need for regular viral load monitoring, individualized treatment selection, and targeted interventions to optimize treatment outcomes and prevent the further spread of drug-resistant strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farah Bokharaei-Salim
- Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Khadijeh Khanaliha
- Research Center of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Seyed Jalal Kiani
- Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Tavakoli
- Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Research Center of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ensieh Jafari
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Noor Danesh University, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Sara Chavoshpour
- Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Saeed Kalantari
- Departments of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Maliqi L, Friedrich N, Glögl M, Schmutz S, Schmidt D, Rusert P, Schanz M, Zaheri M, Pasin C, Niklaus C, Foulkes C, Reinberg T, Dreier B, Abela I, Peterhoff D, Hauser A, Kouyos RD, Günthard HF, van Gils MJ, Sanders RW, Wagner R, Plückthun A, Trkola A. Assessing immunogenicity barriers of the HIV-1 envelope trimer. NPJ Vaccines 2023; 8:148. [PMID: 37777519 PMCID: PMC10542815 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-023-00746-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the balance between epitope shielding and accessibility on HIV-1 envelope (Env) trimers is essential to guide immunogen selection for broadly neutralizing antibody (bnAb) based vaccines. To investigate the antigenic space of Env immunogens, we created a strategy based on synthetic, high diversity, Designed Ankyrin Repeat Protein (DARPin) libraries. We show that DARPin Antigenicity Analysis (DANA), a purely in vitro screening tool, has the capability to extrapolate relevant information of antigenic properties of Env immunogens. DANA screens of stabilized, soluble Env trimers revealed that stronger trimer stabilization led to the selection of highly mutated DARPins with length variations and framework mutations mirroring observations made for bnAbs. By mimicking heterotypic prime-boost immunization regimens, DANA may be used to select immunogen combinations that favor the selection of trimer-reactive binders. This positions DANA as a versatile strategy for distilling fundamental antigenic features of immunogens, complementary to preclinical immunogenicity testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liridona Maliqi
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nikolas Friedrich
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Glögl
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Schmutz
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Schmidt
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Peter Rusert
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Merle Schanz
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Maryam Zaheri
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Chloé Pasin
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich (USZ), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Cyrille Niklaus
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Caio Foulkes
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Reinberg
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Birgit Dreier
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Irene Abela
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich (USZ), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - David Peterhoff
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital, Regensburg, Germany
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Molecular Microbiology (Virology), University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Alexandra Hauser
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Molecular Microbiology (Virology), University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Roger D Kouyos
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich (USZ), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Huldrych F Günthard
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich (USZ), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marit J van Gils
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Rogier W Sanders
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, USA
| | - Ralf Wagner
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital, Regensburg, Germany
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Molecular Microbiology (Virology), University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Plückthun
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alexandra Trkola
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland.
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6
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Lagatie O, Lauwers D, Singh H, Vanroye F, Stieh DJ, Vingerhoets J, Lavreys L, Oriol-Mathieu V, Colón W, Verhofstede C, Vercauteren K, Van den Bossche D, Pau MG. Towards Novel HIV-1 Serodiagnostic Tests without Vaccine-Induced Seroreactivity. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0071523. [PMID: 37222611 PMCID: PMC10269835 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00715-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccine-induced seroreactivity/positivity (VISR/P) poses a significant and common challenge to HIV vaccine implementation, as up to 95% of vaccine recipients may be misclassified as having HIV infection by current HIV screening and confirmatory serological assays. We investigated whether internal HIV proteins could be used to overcome VISR and discovered a set of 4 antigens (gp41 endodomain, p31 integrase, p17 matrix protein, and Nef) that are recognized by antibodies produced in individuals with HIV infection but not in vaccinated individuals. When evaluated in a multiplex double-antigen bridging ELISA, this antigen combination had specificities of 98.1% prevaccination and 97.1% postvaccination, demonstrating the assay is minimally impacted by vaccine-induced antibodies. The sensitivity was 98.5%, further increasing to 99.7% when p24 antigen testing was included. Results were similar across HIV-1 clades. Although more technical advancements will be desired, this research provides the groundwork for the development of new fourth-generation HIV tests unaffected by VISR. IMPORTANCE While the detection of HIV infection is accomplished by several methods, the most common are serological tests that detect host antibodies produced in response to viral infection. However, the use of current serological tests may present a significant challenge to the adoption of an HIV vaccine in the future because the antibodies to HIV antigens detected in currently available tests also tend to be included as antigens in the HIV vaccines in development. The use of these serological tests may thus result in the misclassification of vaccinated HIV-negative individuals, which can have potential for significant harms for individuals and could prevent the widespread adoption and implementation of HIV vaccines. Our study aimed to identify and evaluate target antigens for inclusion in new serological tests that can be used to identify HIV infections without interference from vaccine-induced antibodies but also fit within existing platforms for HIV diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ole Lagatie
- Johnson & Johnson Global Public Health Research & Development, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Dax Lauwers
- Johnson & Johnson Global Public Health Research & Development, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Harvinder Singh
- Johnson & Johnson Global Public Health Research & Development, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Fien Vanroye
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Daniel J. Stieh
- Janssen Vaccines and Prevention B.V., Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Ludo Lavreys
- Janssen Vaccines and Prevention B.V., Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Will Colón
- Johnson & Johnson Global Public Health Research & Development, Beerse, Belgium
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Akbari E, Seyedinkhorasani M, Bolhassani A. Conserved multiepitope vaccine constructs: A potent HIV-1 therapeutic vaccine in clinical trials. Braz J Infect Dis 2023; 27:102774. [PMID: 37156468 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjid.2023.102774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the success of Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) in preventing HIV-1-associated clinical progression to AIDS, it is unable to eliminate the viral reservoirs and eradicate the HIV-1 infection. Therapeutic vaccination is an alternative approach to alter the HIV-1 infection course. It can induce effective HIV-1-specific immunity to control viremia and eliminate the need for lifelong ART. Immunological data from spontaneous HIV-1 controllers have shown that cross-reactive T-cell responses are the key immune mechanism in HIV-1 control. Directing these responses toward preferred HIV-1 epitopes is a promising strategy in therapeutic vaccine settings. Designing novel immunogens based on the HIV-1 conserved regions containing a wide range of critical T- and B-cell epitopes of the main viral antigens (conserved multiepitope approaches) supplies broad coverage of global diversity in HIV-1 strains and Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) alleles. It can also prevent immune induction to undesirable decoy epitopes theoretically. The efficacy of different novel HIV-1 immunogens based on the conserved and/or functional protective site of HIV-1 proteome has been evaluated in multiple clinical trials. Most of these immunogens were generally safe and able to induce potent HIV-1-specific immunity. However, despite these findings, several candidates have demonstrated limited efficacy in viral replication control. In this study, we used the PubMed and ClinicalTrial.gov databases to review the rationale of designing curative HIV-1 vaccine immunogens based on the conserved favorable site of the virus. Most of these studies evaluate the efficacy of vaccine candidates in combination with other therapeutics and/or with new formulations and immunization protocols. This review briefly describes the design of conserved multiepitope constructs and outlines the results of these vaccine candidates in the recent clinical pipeline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elahe Akbari
- Pasteur Institute of Iran, Department of Hepatitis and AIDS, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Azam Bolhassani
- Pasteur Institute of Iran, Department of Hepatitis and AIDS, Tehran, Iran.
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8
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Malik S, Muhammad K, Aslam SM, Waheed Y. Tracing the recent updates on vaccination approaches and significant adjuvants being developed against HIV. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2023; 21:431-446. [PMID: 36803177 DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2023.2182771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 (HIV1); the causative agent of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS), has been a major target of the scientific community to develop an anti-viral therapy. Some successful discoveries have been made during the last two decades in the form of availability of antiviral therapy in endemic regions. Nevertheless, a total cure and safety vaccine has not yet been designed to eradicate HIV from the world. AREAS COVERED The purpose of this comprehensive study is to compile recent data regarding therapeutic interventions against HIV and to determine future research needs in this field. A systematic research strategy has been used to gather data from recent, most advanced published electronic sources. Literature based results show that experiments at the invitro level and animal models are continuously in research annals and are providing hope for human trials. EXPERT OPINION There is still a gap and more work is needed in the direction of modern drug and vaccination designs. Moreover coordination is necessary among researchers, educationists, public health workers, and the general community to communicate and coordinate the repercussions associated with the deadly disease. It is important for taking timely measures regarding mitigation and adaptation with HIV in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiza Malik
- Bridging Health Foundation, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Khalid Muhammad
- Department of Biology, College of Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Sanaa Masood Aslam
- Foundation University College of Dentistry, Foundation University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Yasir Waheed
- Office of Research, Innovation, and Commercialization (ORIC), Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Medical University (SZABMU), Islamabad, Pakistan.,Gilbert and Rose-Marie Chagoury School of Medicine, Lebanese American University, Byblos, Lebanon
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9
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Martina CE, Crowe JE, Meiler J. Glycan masking in vaccine design: Targets, immunogens and applications. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1126034. [PMID: 37033915 PMCID: PMC10076883 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1126034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycan masking is a novel technique in reverse vaccinology in which sugar chains (glycans) are added on the surface of immunogen candidates to hide regions of low interest and thus focus the immune system on highly therapeutic epitopes. This shielding strategy is inspired by viruses such as influenza and HIV, which are able to escape the immune system by incorporating additional glycosylation and preventing the binding of therapeutic antibodies. Interestingly, the glycan masking technique is mainly used in vaccine design to fight the same viruses that naturally use glycans to evade the immune system. In this review we report the major successes obtained with the glycan masking technique in epitope-focused vaccine design. We focus on the choice of the target antigen, the strategy for immunogen design and the relevance of the carrier vector to induce a strong immune response. Moreover, we will elucidate the different applications that can be accomplished with glycan masking, such as shifting the immune response from hyper-variable epitopes to more conserved ones, focusing the response on known therapeutic epitopes, broadening the response to different viral strains/sub-types and altering the antigen immunogenicity to elicit higher or lower immune response, as desired.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina E. Martina
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
- Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - James E. Crowe
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Jens Meiler
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
- Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
- Institute for Drug Discovery, Leipzig University Medical School, Leipzig, Germany
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Kitamura H, Sukegawa S, Matsuda K, Tanimoto K, Kobayakawa T, Takahashi K, Tamamura H, Tsuchiya K, Gatanaga H, Maeda K, Takeuchi H. 4-phenylquinoline-8-amine induces HIV-1 reactivation and apoptosis in latently HIV-1 infected cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 641:139-147. [PMID: 36527748 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Combinational antiretroviral therapy (cART) dramatically suppresses the viral load to undetectable levels in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients. However, HIV-1 reservoirs in CD4+T cells and myeloid cells, which can evade cART and host antiviral immune systems, are still significant obstacles to HIV-1 eradication. The "Shock and Kill" approach using latently-reversing agents (LRAs) is therefore currently developing strategies for effective HIV-1 reactivation from latency and inducing cell death. Here, we performed small-molecular chemical library screening with monocytic HIV-1 latently-infected model cells, THP-1 Nluc #225, and identified 4-phenylquinoline-8-amine (PQA) as a novel LRA candidate. PQA induced efficient HIV-1 reactivation in combination with PKC agonists including Prostratin and showed a similar tendency for HIV-1 activation in primary HIV-1 reservoirs. Furthermore, PQA induced killing of HIV-1 latently-infected cells. RNA-sequencing analysis revealed PQA had different functional mechanisms from PKC agonists, and oxidative stress-inducible genes including DDIT3 or CTSD were only involved in PQA-mediated cell death. In summary, PQA is a potential LRA lead compound that exerts novel functions related to HIV-1 activation and apoptosis-mediated cell death to eliminate HIV-1 reservoirs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruki Kitamura
- Department of Molecular Virology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sayaka Sukegawa
- Department of Molecular Virology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan; Institute of Research, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kouki Matsuda
- AIDS Clinical Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Japan Foundation for AIDS Prevention, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kousuke Tanimoto
- Institute of Research, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takuya Kobayakawa
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuho Takahashi
- Department of Molecular Virology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Tamamura
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kiyoto Tsuchiya
- AIDS Clinical Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Gatanaga
- AIDS Clinical Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenji Maeda
- Division of Antiviral Therapy, Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan.
| | - Hiroaki Takeuchi
- Department of Molecular Virology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan; Institute of Research, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.
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11
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Different dendritic cells-based vaccine constructs influence HIV-1 antigen-specific immunological responses and cytokine generation in virion-exposed splenocytes. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 113:109406. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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12
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Deng C, Yan H, Wang J, Liu BS, Liu K, Shi YM. The anti-HIV potential of imidazole, oxazole and thiazole hybrids: A mini-review. ARAB J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2022.104242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
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13
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Tarimo EAM, Ambikile J, Munseri P, Bakari M. Personal experiences following acquiring HIV infection while volunteering in Phase I/II HIV vaccine trials: A qualitative study from Tanzania. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0276404. [PMID: 36288332 PMCID: PMC9605023 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0276404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Participation in HIV vaccine trials is an essential step towards development of an effective preventive vaccine. A Phase I/II HIV vaccine trial enrolls volunteers at low risk of acquiring HIV infection, however a few may still become infected. Understanding the experiences of volunteers who acquired HIV infection while participating in such trials is essential for future research. Here, we describe experiences of HIV infected volunteers in Phase I/II HIV vaccine trials conducted in urban Tanzania. MATERIALS AND METHODS We used a case study design. In-depth interviews were conducted with four participants who became HIV infected during long follow-up visits after completion of vaccination schedules in a Phase I/II trial. Between 3 and 8 years after HIV positive diagnosis, each participant was interviewed at three time points within a two-year interval so as to allow for accumulation of experiences and cross-checking the emerging constructs. Data was analyzed using a qualitative data analysis framework. RESULTS Analysis revealed that participation in HIV vaccine trials involves balancing controversies and the spirit of informed decision. The participants declared that they did not acquire HIV from the experimental vaccine. Disclosure of HIV status within the family was gender specific. Men were hesitant to disclose their HIV status to their sexual partners fearing for the consequences. Women's attempt to disclose their HIV status yielded negative reactions from the sexual partners. The acquired knowledge from the HIV vaccine research enabled the participants to cope with the uncertainties and their health status. CONCLUSIONS The knowledge acquired during the Phase I/II HIV vaccine trial appears to be an essential resource to cope with uncertainties post research. The HIV vaccine trial implementers need to understand the challenges the volunteers may confront after the trial while coping with their health status. Longitudinal studies are essential to trace the effects of uncertainties to the individual participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edith A. M. Tarimo
- Department of Nursing Management, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Joel Ambikile
- Department of Clinical Nursing, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Patricia Munseri
- Department of Internal Medicine, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Muhammad Bakari
- Department of Internal Medicine, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
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14
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Vaccines against Emerging and Neglected Infectious Diseases: An Overview. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10091385. [PMID: 36146463 PMCID: PMC9503027 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10091385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs) are a group of diseases that are highly prevalent in tropical and subtropical regions, and closely associated with poverty and marginalized populations. Infectious diseases affect over 1.6 billion people annually, and vaccines are the best prophylactic tool against them. Along with NTDs, emerging and reemerging infectious diseases also threaten global public health, as they can unpredictably result in pandemics. The recent advances in vaccinology allowed the development and licensing of new vaccine platforms that can target and prevent these diseases. In this work, we discuss the advances in vaccinology and some of the difficulties found in the vaccine development pipeline for selected NTDs and emerging and reemerging infectious diseases, including HIV, Dengue, Ebola, Chagas disease, malaria, leishmaniasis, zika, and chikungunya.
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15
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Akbari E, Ajdary S, Ardakani EM, Agi E, Milani A, Seyedinkhorasani M, Khalaj V, Bolhassani A. Immunopotentiation by linking Hsp70 T-cell epitopes to Gag-Pol-Env-Nef-Rev multiepitope construct and increased IFN-gamma secretion in infected lymphocytes. Pathog Dis 2022; 80:6608937. [PMID: 35704612 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftac021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) vaccines can boost the anti-HIV host immunity to control viral replication and eliminate viral reservoirs in the absence of anti-retroviral therapy. In this study, two computationally designed multiepitope Gag-Pol-Env-Nef-Rev and Hsp70-Gag-Pol-Env-Nef-Rev constructs harboring immunogenic and highly conserved HIV T cell epitopes were generated in E. coli as polypeptide vaccine candidates. Furthermore, the multiepitope gag-pol-env-nef-rev and hsp70-gag-pol-env-nef-rev DNA vaccine constructs were prepared and complexed with MPG cell-penetrating peptide. The immunogenicity of the multiepitope constructs were evaluated using the homologous and heterologous prime/boost strategies in mice. Moreover, the secretion of IFN-γ was assessed in infected lymphocytes in vitro. Our data showed that the homologous polypeptide regimens could significantly induce a mixture of IgG1 and IgG2a antibody responses, activate T cells to secret IFN-γ, IL-5, IL-10, and generate Granzyme B. Moreover, IFN-γ secretion was significantly enhanced in single-cycle replicable (SCR) HIV-1 virions-infected splenocytes in these groups compared to uninfected splenocytes. The linkage of heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) epitopes to Gag-Pol-Env-Nef-Rev polypeptide in the homologous regimen increased significantly cytokines and Granzyme B levels, and IFN-γ secretion in virions-infected splenocytes. Briefly, both designed constructs in the homologous regimens can be used as a promising vaccine candidate against HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elahe Akbari
- Department of Hepatitis and AIDS, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Medical Biotechnology, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Soheila Ajdary
- Department of Immunology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Elnaz Agi
- Iranian Comprehensive Hemophilia Care Center, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Milani
- Department of Hepatitis and AIDS, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Vahid Khalaj
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Azam Bolhassani
- Department of Hepatitis and AIDS, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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16
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Nguyen KV. Containing the spread of COVID-19 virus facing to its high mutation rate: approach to intervention using a nonspecific way of blocking its entry into the cells. NUCLEOSIDES, NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2022; 41:778-814. [PMID: 35532338 DOI: 10.1080/15257770.2022.2071937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Viruses have multiple mutation rates that are higher than any other member of the kingdom of life. This gives them the ability to evolve, even within the course of a single infection, and to evade multiple host defenses, thereby impacting pathogenesis. Additionally, there are also interplays between mutation and recombination and the high multiplicity of infection (MOI) that enhance viral adaptability and increase levels of recombination leading to complex and conflicting effects on genome selection, and the net results is difficult to predict. Recently, the outbreak of COVID-19 virus represents a pandemic threat that has been declared a public health emergency of international concern. Up to present, however, due to the high mutation rate of COVID-19 virus, there are no effective procedures to contain the spread of this virus across the globe. For such a purpose, there is then an urgent need to explore new approaches. As an opinion, the present approach emphasizes on (a) the use of a nonspecific way of blocking the entry of COVID-19 virus as well as its variants into the cells via a therapeutic biocompatible compound (ideally, "in a pill") targeting its spike (S) glycoprotein; and (b) the construction of expression vectors via the glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol, GPI, anchor for studying intermolecular interactions between the spike S of COVID-19 virus as well as its variants and the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) of its host receptor for checking the efficacy of any therapeutic biocompatible compound of the nonspecific way of blocking. Such antiviral drug would be safer than the ACE1 and ACE2 inhibitors/angiotensin receptor blockers, and recombinant human ACE2 as well as nucleoside analogs or protease inhibitors used for fighting the spread of the virus inside the cells, and it would also be used as a universal one for any eventual future pandemic related to viruses, especially the RNA viruses with high mutation rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khue Vu Nguyen
- Department of Medicine, Biochemical Genetics and Metabolism, The Mitochondrial and Metabolic Disease Center, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, California, USA
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17
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Navarrete-Muñoz MA, Llorens C, Benito JM, Rallón N. Extracellular Vesicles as a New Promising Therapy in HIV Infection. Front Immunol 2022; 12:811471. [PMID: 35058938 PMCID: PMC8765339 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.811471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) effectively blocks HIV replication but cannot completely eliminate HIV from the body mainly due to establishment of a viral reservoir. To date, clinical strategies designed to replace cART for life and alternatively to eliminate the HIV reservoir have failed. The reduced expression of viral antigens in the latently infected cells is one of the main reasons behind the failure of the strategies to purge the HIV reservoir. This situation has forced the scientific community to search alternative therapeutic strategies to control HIV infection. In this regard, recent findings have pointed out extracellular vesicles as therapeutic agents with enormous potential to control HIV infection. This review focuses on their role as pro-viral and anti-viral factors, as well as their potential therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A. Navarrete-Muñoz
- HIV and Viral Hepatitis Research Laboratory, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
- Hospital Universitario Rey Juan Carlos, Móstoles, Spain
- Biotechvana, Madrid Scientific Park Foundation, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Llorens
- Biotechvana, Madrid Scientific Park Foundation, Madrid, Spain
| | - José M. Benito
- HIV and Viral Hepatitis Research Laboratory, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
- Hospital Universitario Rey Juan Carlos, Móstoles, Spain
| | - Norma Rallón
- HIV and Viral Hepatitis Research Laboratory, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
- Hospital Universitario Rey Juan Carlos, Móstoles, Spain
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