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O’Halloran C, Cerna P, Barnicoat R, Caney SMA, Gunn-Moore DA. How and why pet cats are fed the way they are: a self-reported owner survey. J Feline Med Surg 2024; 26:1098612X231209894. [PMID: 38381461 PMCID: PMC10911312 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x231209894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study used an owner-directed online questionnaire to collect data regarding their food and water provision for their pet cats. The survey was conducted in 2019. METHODS The anonymous online 30-question survey was available via vetprofessionals.com. RESULTS A total of 1172 cat owners fully completed the questionnaire. The respondents each owned a median of two cats (range 1-6). They reported being most strongly motivated to feed a particular ration because of palatability, observed and/or expected health benefits, or that the diet was/is perceived as 'natural'. The majority of owners (n = 946, 80.7%) fed their cats exclusively a commercially purchased complete wet food, dry kibble diet or mixture of both. Compared with a previous (unpublished) survey conducted by the same authors in 2013,1 there were substantial increases in the number of owners feeding therapeutic diets (26.6% vs 0.7%) and the inclusion of raw meat in cats' rations (15.6% vs 3.7%). The proportion of respondents providing at least one feeding station per cat was 83.1%, with significant use of enrichment feeding methods (29.1%). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Veterinarians need to be aware of changing trends in cat feeding to provide owners with appropriate support. Veterinary advice was frequently sought by owners and can be used as an opportunity to improve cat health and welfare, particularly in multi-cat households, but was not often influential to client decision making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conor O’Halloran
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and the Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, Scotland, UK
| | - Petra Cerna
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and the Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, Scotland, UK
- Colorado State University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | | | - Sarah MA Caney
- Vet Professionals Ltd, Midlothian Innovation Centre, Roslin, UK
| | - Danièlle A Gunn-Moore
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and the Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, Scotland, UK
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2
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Tuska-Szalay B, Papdeák V, Vizi Z, Takács N, Hornok S. Parasitological and molecular investigation of consequences of raw meat feeding (BARF) in dogs and cats: implications for other pets living nearby. Parasitol Res 2024; 123:114. [PMID: 38285200 PMCID: PMC10824860 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-024-08124-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Considering the original nature of carnivorism among dogs and cats, nowadays these pets are increasingly fed BARF (Biologically Appropriate Raw Food/Bone And Raw Food) diet to improve their health conditions. However, this diet may also carry health risks, such as vitamin or mineral deficiencies, and infection with pathogens including parasites. In our study, fecal samples of 89 pet animals kept on BARF diet were subjected to coprological examination followed by molecular analyses. Six of them shed eggs of Dicrocoelium dendriticum. This result was confirmed with PCR and sequencing, and in one case, the DNA of Fasciola hepatica was also demonstrated. In addition, oocysts of Cystoisospora canis, a Cystoisospora ohioensis-like sp. and Eimeria stiedai, as well as sporocysts of a Sarcocystis sp. were also detected. All samples were negative for Neospora caninum and Toxoplasma gondii. In conclusion, no evidence was found for the infection of BARF-fed dogs and cats with parasites that are usually associated with this diet and considered as clinico-pathological risk factors for these pets themselves (e.g., N. caninum, T. gondii). However, fluke eggs (probably originating from ruminants) and oocysts of E. stiedai (from rabbit liver in the food) were demonstrated as pseudoparasites. These species are usually not considered among parasite-associated risks of BARF-feeding, implying that other animals living near BARF-fed pets are neglected in this context. However, where intermediate hosts of D. dendriticum occur in urban areas, BARF-feeding may indirectly affect later other dogs and cats. It was also shown here that BARF-feeding may contribute to the contamination of the environment with E. stiedai oocysts, thus increasing the risks of biliary coccidiosis in nearby living pet rabbits that would otherwise not have access to oocysts of E. stiedai.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Tuska-Szalay
- Department of Parasitology and Zoology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Viktória Papdeák
- Department of Parasitology and Zoology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsanna Vizi
- Department and Clinic of Internal Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Nóra Takács
- Department of Parasitology and Zoology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
- HUN-REN-UVMB Climate Change: New Blood-sucking Parasites and Vector-borne Pathogens Research Group, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Sándor Hornok
- Department of Parasitology and Zoology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
- HUN-REN-UVMB Climate Change: New Blood-sucking Parasites and Vector-borne Pathogens Research Group, Budapest, Hungary
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3
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Fredriksson-Ahomaa M, Grönthal T, Heljanko V, Johansson V, Rantala M, Heikinheimo A, Laukkanen-Ninios R. Enteropathogenic Yersinia with Public Health Relevance Found in Dogs and Cats in Finland. Pathogens 2024; 13:54. [PMID: 38251361 PMCID: PMC10820211 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13010054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 01/01/2024] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Yersiniosis is a common zoonotic enteric disease among humans, which has been linked to pigs and contaminated food, especially pork. The epidemiology of yersiniosis is still obscure, and studies on yersiniosis in pets are very scarce. In this study, we performed pheno- and genotypic characterisation of 50 Yersinia strains isolated from pets in Finland between 2012 and 2023. Y. enterocolitica 4/O:3/ST135, the most common type in human yersiniosis, was also the most common type (68%) found in clinical faecal samples in our study. Also, human pathogenic Y. enterocolitica 2/O:9/ST139 and Y. pseudotuberculosis O:1/ST9 and O:1/ST42 strains carrying all essential pathogenic genes were identified. Three Y. enterocolitica 4/O:3/ST9 strains were multi-drug-resistant and two of them were highly related, showing one allelic difference (AD) with core genome multi-locus sequence typing. Non-pathogenic, genotypically highly diverse Y. enterocolitica 1A strains, showing more than 1000 ADs and missing the essential virulence genes, were also recognised in dogs and cats. Our study demonstrates that pets can excrete human pathogenic Yersinia in their faeces and may serve as an infection source for human yersiniosis, especially in families with small children in close contact with their pets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Fredriksson-Ahomaa
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 66, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; (V.H.); (V.J.); (A.H.); (R.L.-N.)
| | - Thomas Grönthal
- Animal Health Diagnostic Unit, Finnish Food Authority, Mustialankatu 3, 00790 Helsinki, Finland;
| | - Viivi Heljanko
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 66, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; (V.H.); (V.J.); (A.H.); (R.L.-N.)
| | - Venla Johansson
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 66, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; (V.H.); (V.J.); (A.H.); (R.L.-N.)
| | - Merja Rantala
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 57, 00014 Helsinki, Finland;
| | - Annamari Heikinheimo
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 66, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; (V.H.); (V.J.); (A.H.); (R.L.-N.)
- Microbiology Unit, Finnish Food Authority, Mustialankatu 3, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Riikka Laukkanen-Ninios
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 66, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; (V.H.); (V.J.); (A.H.); (R.L.-N.)
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Chandran S, Baker CA, Hamilton AN, Dhulappanavar GR, Jones SL, Gibson KE. Aqueous Ozone Efficacy for Inactivation of Foodborne Pathogens on Vegetables Used in Raw Meat-Based Diets for Companion Animals. J Food Prot 2023; 86:100175. [PMID: 37802235 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfp.2023.100175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
The present study evaluates the efficacy of a batch wash ozone sanitation system (BWOSS) and spray wash ozone sanitation system (SWOSS) against Listeria monocytogenes (two strains) and Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica (three serovars) inoculated on the surface of carrots, sweet potatoes, and butternut squash, commonly used in raw meat-based diets (RMBDs) marketed for companion animals such as dogs and cats. Produce either remained at room temperature for 2 h or were frozen at -20°C and then tempered overnight at 4°C to mimic the preprocessing steps of a raw pet food processing operation ('freeze-temper') prior to ozone treatment. Two ozone concentrations (0 and 5 ppm) were applied for either 20 s or 60 s for BWOSS and 20 s for SWOSS. Based on an ANOVA, BWOSS data showed no significant difference (P > 0.05) in microbial reduction between 0 and 5 ppm ozone concentration across all treatment durations for each produce type. BWOSS resulted in mean microbial reductions of up to 1.56 log CFU/mL depending on the treatment time and produce type. SWOSS data were analyzed using a generalized linear model with Quasipoisson errors. Freeze-tempered produce treated with SWOSS had a higher bacterial log reduction at 5 ppm ozone compared to 0 ppm ozone (P = 0.0013) whereas room temperature produce treated with SWOSS did not show any significant difference in microbial reduction between ozone concentrations. The potential to mitigate microbial cross-contamination was also investigated during SWOSS treatment. The results indicate that 5 ppm ozone decreased pathogens in the rinsate and proximal surfaces by 0.63-1.66 log CFU/mL greater than no ozone depending on the pathogen and sample. Overall, data from this study indicate that SWOSS would be more effective compared to BWOSS in reducing the microbial load present on the surface of root tubers and squash subjected to freezing and thawing and has the potential to mitigate cross-contamination within RMDB manufacturing environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahaana Chandran
- Department of Food Science, Center for Food Safety, University of Arkansas System Division of Agriculture, Fayetteville, AR 72704, USA
| | - Christopher A Baker
- Department of Food Science, Center for Food Safety, University of Arkansas System Division of Agriculture, Fayetteville, AR 72704, USA
| | - Allyson N Hamilton
- Department of Food Science, Center for Food Safety, University of Arkansas System Division of Agriculture, Fayetteville, AR 72704, USA
| | - Gayatri R Dhulappanavar
- Department of Food Science, Center for Food Safety, University of Arkansas System Division of Agriculture, Fayetteville, AR 72704, USA
| | - Sarah L Jones
- Department of Food Science, Center for Food Safety, University of Arkansas System Division of Agriculture, Fayetteville, AR 72704, USA
| | - Kristen E Gibson
- Department of Food Science, Center for Food Safety, University of Arkansas System Division of Agriculture, Fayetteville, AR 72704, USA.
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Lindinger S, Bauer S, Dicakova Z, Pilz B, Paulsen P. Microflora, Contents of Polyamines, Biogenic Amines, and TVB-N in Bovine Offal and Game Meat for the Raw-Feeding of Adult Dogs. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:1987. [PMID: 37370497 DOI: 10.3390/ani13121987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Microflora and contents of biogenic amines/polyamines and total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N) in 99 samples of bovine offal (red offal, n = 41 and other offal and mixes, n = 45) and wild game meat (n = 13) for raw meat-based diets (RMBD) for dogs were analyzed. Samples were bought in 11 local pet food shops and in one game-handling establishment in Austria (Lower Austria, Styria, and Vienna) in September and October 2022. Median contents (first and third quartiles in brackets) of cadaverine, histamine, tyramine, spermidine, and spermine were 20.7 [16.7; 28.6]; 25.4 [17.1; 47.2]; 18.9 [13.6; 38.9]; 15.2 [11.2; 21.2]; and 41.9 [<limit of detection; 64.5] mg/kg wet weight, respectively. The sum of putrescine + cadaverine + histamine + tyramine was >50 mg/kg in 85.9% of samples, indicating the use of low-quality ingredients or inappropriate storage conditions. However, only 10.1% of samples were determined to be not compliant with a maximum amine content proposed for pet food. Median contents of the total aerobic bacteria counts (TACs), Pseudomonas, and Enterobacteriaceae were 7.4 [6.4; 8.0]; 6.5 [5.5; 7.7]; and 4.8 [3.9; 5.6] log CFU/g, respectively, with significantly lower counts in red offal RMBD (p < 0.05). TVB-N exceeded 150 mg/kg in 87.9% of samples. The TACs and Enterobacteriaceae numbers in red offal RMBD were comparable to those in food-grade red offal after 6 days of aerobic storage at 7 °C, i.e., temperatures higher than required for food-grade offal, but acceptable for animal by-products intended for RMBD production. In 80.8% of samples, numbers of Enterobacteriaceae exceeded the EU legal limit. From 12 of these samples, Salmonellae was able to be isolated, with counts from 0.03 MPN/g to 110 MPN/g. Salmonella enterica ser. Montevideo (n = 3), and S. enterica ser. Give and S. enterica ssp. Diarizonae (n = 2 each) were the most frequently isolated, while Listeria monocytogenes was rarely recovered (2%). Whilst exposure of humans handling such pet food can be reduced by hygiene precautions, the risk remains that dogs can acquire a feed-borne salmonellosis and shed the pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Lindinger
- Unit of Food Hygiene and Technology, Institute of Food Safety, Food Technology and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Susanne Bauer
- Unit of Food Hygiene and Technology, Institute of Food Safety, Food Technology and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Zuzana Dicakova
- Department of Food Hygiene, Technology and Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice, Komenskeho 73, 04181 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Brigitte Pilz
- Unit of Food Hygiene and Technology, Institute of Food Safety, Food Technology and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Paulsen
- Unit of Food Hygiene and Technology, Institute of Food Safety, Food Technology and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
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6
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Candellone A, Badino P, Girolami F, Cerquetella M, Nebbia P, Aresu L, Zoppi S, Bergero D, Odore R. Concomitant Campylobacteriosis in a Puppy and in Its Caregiver: A One Health Perspective Paradigm in Human-Pet Relationship. Vet Sci 2023; 10:vetsci10040244. [PMID: 37104398 PMCID: PMC10146306 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10040244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
We report a case of laboratory-confirmed Campylobacter (C). jejuni and C. upsaliensis symptomatic infection in a puppy, a French Bouledogue, female, 6 months of age, fed a raw, unbalanced, poultry-based diet (RPD), (48.1 CP, 33% EE, 0.3% Ca, 0.5% Phos, 0.5 Ca/P, on a dry-matter basis), and in its owner. Soon after adoption, the pet and the caregiver showed severe gastrointestinal signs and needed hospitalization. Fecal PCR assays, selective cultures, and antibiotic susceptibility testing were performed, and multi-drug resistant C. jejuni and C. upsaliensis were isolated from the feces of both. The same bacteria were also identified by FISH in the dog colonic biopsies collected during endoscopy. The puppy was prescribed a complete commercial diet for growing dogs, (30.00% CP, 21.00% EE, 1.2% Ca; 1% Phos; as fed) and treated with ciprofloxacin. The dog and the man healed uneventfully and tested negative for further fecal PCR analyses. This report focuses on dog nutritional management and explores the potential routes of exposure, with emphasis on emerging outbreaks related to current pet food fads. Our data support the One Health approach, where veterinarians, physicians, and owners are challenged to build effective stewardship to prevent the spread of zoonoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Candellone
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy
- NutriTO Vet srl., 10090 Rosta, Italy
| | - Paola Badino
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Flavia Girolami
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Matteo Cerquetella
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - Patrizia Nebbia
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Luca Aresu
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Simona Zoppi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, 10154 Turin, Italy
| | - Domenico Bergero
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Rosangela Odore
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy
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Serra-Castelló C, Possas A, Jofré A, Garriga M, Bover-Cid S. High pressure processing to control Salmonella in raw pet food without compromising the freshness appearance: The impact of acidulation and frozen storage. Food Microbiol 2023; 109:104139. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2022.104139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Kiprotich SS, Aldrich CG. A review of food additives to control the proliferation and transmission of pathogenic microorganisms with emphasis on applications to raw meat-based diets for companion animals. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:1049731. [DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1049731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Raw meat-based diets (RMBDs) or sometimes described as biologically appropriate raw food (BARFs) are gaining in popularity amongst dog and cat owners. These pet guardians prefer their animals to eat minimally processed and more “natural” foods instead of highly heat-processed diets manufactured with synthetic preservatives. The market for RMBDs for dogs and cats is estimated at $33 million in the United States. This figure is likely underestimated because some pet owners feed their animals raw diets prepared at home. Despite their increasing demand, RMBDs have been plagued with numerous recalls because of contamination from foodborne pathogens like Salmonella, E. coli, or Campylobacter. Existing literature regarding mitigation strategies in RMBD's for dogs/cats are very limited. Thus, a comprehensive search for published research was conducted regarding technologies used in meat and poultry processing and raw materials tangential to this trade (e.g., meats and poultry). In this review paper, we explored multiple non-thermal processes and GRAS approved food additives that can be used as potential antimicrobials alone or in combinations to assert multiple stressors that impede microbial growth, ultimately leading to pathogen inactivation through hurdle technology. This review focuses on use of high-pressure pasteurization, organic acidulants, essential oils, and bacteriophages as possible approaches to commercially pasteurize RMBDs effectively at a relatively low cost. A summary of the different ways these technologies have been used in the past to control foodborne pathogens in meat and poultry related products and how they can be applied successfully to impede growth of enteric pathogens in commercially produced raw diets for companion animals is provided.
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Vecchiato CG, Schwaiger K, Biagi G, Dobenecker B. From Nutritional Adequacy to Hygiene Quality: A Detailed Assessment of Commercial Raw Pet-Food for Dogs and Cats. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12182395. [PMID: 36139257 PMCID: PMC9495138 DOI: 10.3390/ani12182395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Raw meat-based diets (RMBDs) are widely used as unconventional diets for dogs and cats at different life stages, despite concerns regarding nutritional adequacy and microbial contamination. The aim of this study was to evaluate both the nutritional and hygiene quality profile of RMBDs purchased in Germany. For this purpose, crude nutrients were assessed in 44 RMBDs and compared to declared values. In addition, selected minerals were determined in 31 RMBDs labelled as complete and compared to the minimum requirement (MR) for intended species and life stages. Aerobic colony count (ACC) and Enterobacteriaceae were used to assess the hygiene quality of 37 commercial RMBDs, while the presence of Salmonella spp. was examined in 10 products. Fat and protein content exceeded tolerated deviation from declared values in 33% and 45% of RMBDs, respectively. Each RMBD showed at least one concern regarding nutrient content. The RMBDs had high fat contents (mean 69, range 33−95 g/Mcal) that were negatively correlated with protein (r = −0.74, p < 0.0001). Considerable contaminations by ACC and Enterobacteriaceae were found (2.61 × 108 ± 3.63 × 108 and 3.61 × 106 ± 8.39 x106 CFU/g, respectively). A higher count of Enterobacteriaceae was detected in a frozen RMBDs made of poultry or carcasses from different animals, compared to the thawed counterpart (p = 0.003), as well as compared to other sources, such as beef, horse, and lamb, regardless of the storage condition. Salmonella spp. were found in 2/10 RMBDs. This study confirmed that feeding commercial RMBDs might pose a risk to pet health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Giuditta Vecchiato
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064 Ozzano Emilia, Italy
| | - Karin Schwaiger
- Unit of Food Hygiene and Technology, Institute of Food Safety, Food Technology and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Wien, Austria
| | - Giacomo Biagi
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064 Ozzano Emilia, Italy
| | - Britta Dobenecker
- Chair of Animal Nutrition and Dietetics, Department of Animal Sciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Schönleutnerstr. 8, D85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany
- Correspondence:
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McKenzie B, Larsen J. Letter regarding "Puppyhood diet as a factor in the development of owner-reported allergy/atopy skin signs in adult dogs in Finland". J Vet Intern Med 2022; 36:1562-1563. [PMID: 35866639 PMCID: PMC9511089 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jennifer Larsen
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
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11
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Cribb DM, Varrone L, Wallace RL, McLure AT, Smith JJ, Stafford RJ, Bulach DM, Selvey LA, Firestone SM, French NP, Valcanis M, Fearnley EJ, Sloan-Gardner TS, Graham T, Glass K, Kirk MD. Risk factors for campylobacteriosis in Australia: outcomes of a 2018-2019 case-control study. BMC Infect Dis 2022; 22:586. [PMID: 35773664 PMCID: PMC9245254 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-022-07553-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We aimed to identify risk factors for sporadic campylobacteriosis in Australia, and to compare these for Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli infections. METHODS In a multi-jurisdictional case-control study, we recruited culture-confirmed cases of campylobacteriosis reported to state and territory health departments from February 2018 through October 2019. We recruited controls from notified influenza cases in the previous 12 months that were frequency matched to cases by age group, sex, and location. Campylobacter isolates were confirmed to species level by public health laboratories using molecular methods. We conducted backward stepwise multivariable logistic regression to identify significant risk factors. RESULTS We recruited 571 cases of campylobacteriosis (422 C. jejuni and 84 C. coli) and 586 controls. Important risk factors for campylobacteriosis included eating undercooked chicken (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 70, 95% CI 13-1296) or cooked chicken (aOR 1.7, 95% CI 1.1-2.8), owning a pet dog aged < 6 months (aOR 6.4, 95% CI 3.4-12), and the regular use of proton-pump inhibitors in the 4 weeks prior to illness (aOR 2.8, 95% CI 1.9-4.3). Risk factors remained similar when analysed specifically for C. jejuni infection. Unique risks for C. coli infection included eating chicken pâté (aOR 6.1, 95% CI 1.5-25) and delicatessen meats (aOR 1.8, 95% CI 1.0-3.3). Eating any chicken carried a high population attributable fraction for campylobacteriosis of 42% (95% CI 13-68), while the attributable fraction for proton-pump inhibitors was 13% (95% CI 8.3-18) and owning a pet dog aged < 6 months was 9.6% (95% CI 6.5-13). The population attributable fractions for these variables were similar when analysed by campylobacter species. Eating delicatessen meats was attributed to 31% (95% CI 0.0-54) of cases for C. coli and eating chicken pâté was attributed to 6.0% (95% CI 0.0-11). CONCLUSIONS The main risk factor for campylobacteriosis in Australia is consumption of chicken meat. However, contact with young pet dogs may also be an important source of infection. Proton-pump inhibitors are likely to increase vulnerability to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle M Cribb
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Liana Varrone
- Department of Health, Government of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Rhiannon L Wallace
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Agassiz Research and Development Centre, Agassiz, BC, Canada
| | - Angus T McLure
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - James J Smith
- Food Safety Standards and Regulation, Health Protection Branch, Queensland Health, Brisbane, Qld, Australia.,School of Biology and Environmental Science, Faculty of Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
| | - Russell J Stafford
- OzFoodNet, Communicable Diseases Branch, Queensland Health, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
| | - Dieter M Bulach
- Melbourne Bioinformatics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic, Australia.,Microbiological Diagnostic Unit Public Health Laboratory, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
| | - Linda A Selvey
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
| | - Simon M Firestone
- Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic, Australia
| | - Nigel P French
- Infectious Disease Research Centre, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Mary Valcanis
- Microbiological Diagnostic Unit Public Health Laboratory, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
| | - Emily J Fearnley
- OzFoodNet, Government of South Australia, Department for Health and Wellbeing, Adelaide, SK, Australia
| | | | - Trudy Graham
- Public Health Microbiology, Forensic and Scientific Services, Queensland Health, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
| | - Kathryn Glass
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Martyn D Kirk
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia.
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12
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McDonnell S, Gutierrez M, Leonard FC, O'Brien T, Kearney P, Swan C, Madigan G, Bracken E, McLernon J, Griffin M, O'Sullivan CM, Egan J, Prendergast DM. A survey of food-borne and antimicrobial resistance-harbouring bacteria in meat by-products from knackeries and associated equipment and kennels. Ir Vet J 2022; 75:9. [PMID: 35538509 PMCID: PMC9088083 DOI: 10.1186/s13620-022-00219-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In Ireland, meat by-products (MBP) harvested at knackeries from farmed animals that have not died of an infectious or systemic disease are legally permitted to be fed to dogs in kennels and packs of hounds. There is limited information available on the risks of spreading foodborne bacteria or antimicrobial resistant (AMR) determinants to dogs, their handlers or the associated environment. The aim of this study was to investigate the distribution of Salmonella serovars, Listeria monocytogenes, Campylobacter species, enterococci, their associated AMR determinants and the level of Escherichia coli in samples of MBP from knackeries and associated equipment and kennels. For this purpose, 313 fresh and 208 frozen MBP samples from 22 knackeries, 16 swabs of mincing equipment from two of the knackeries and 138 swabs from kennels adjacent to seven of the knackeries were collected and processed over a 12-month period. Results From the 521 MBP samples analysed, a total of 77 Salmonella (14.8%), 101 L. monocytogenes (19.4%), 12 Campylobacter (2.3%), 271 Enterococcus faecalis (52.0%) and 127 Enterococcus faecium (24.4%) strains were recovered. The 154 analysed environmental samples from kennels and mincing equipment yielded 194 isolates (3 Salmonella, 85 E. coli, 76 E. faecalis and 30 E. faecium.). E. coli was quantifiable in 423 of the 521 MBP samples with log counts per gram ranging between 1 and 6. AMR characterisation of 168 E. coli, enterococci and Salmonella isolates from MBP and environmental samples showed high levels of AMR including multi-drug resistance (MDR) with 63.6%, 9.1%, 29% and 45.8% of E. coli, Salmonella, E. faecalis and E. faecium isolates, respectively showing resistance to three or more antimicrobials (MDR) Conclusions The findings of this survey confirm that MBP from fallen animals contain high levels of zoonotic and AMR-harbouring bacteria that pose a risk of transmission to dogs, their handlers, and the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon McDonnell
- Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Backweston Complex, Celbridge, Co., Kildare, Ireland
| | - Montserrat Gutierrez
- Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Backweston Complex, Celbridge, Co., Kildare, Ireland
| | - Finola C Leonard
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Science Centre, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Tony O'Brien
- Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Backweston Complex, Celbridge, Co., Kildare, Ireland
| | - Pat Kearney
- Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Backweston Complex, Celbridge, Co., Kildare, Ireland
| | - Catherine Swan
- Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Backweston Complex, Celbridge, Co., Kildare, Ireland
| | - Gillian Madigan
- Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Backweston Complex, Celbridge, Co., Kildare, Ireland
| | - Elaine Bracken
- Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Backweston Complex, Celbridge, Co., Kildare, Ireland
| | - Joanne McLernon
- Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Backweston Complex, Celbridge, Co., Kildare, Ireland
| | - Margaret Griffin
- Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Backweston Complex, Celbridge, Co., Kildare, Ireland
| | - Ciaran M O'Sullivan
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Science Centre, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - John Egan
- Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Backweston Complex, Celbridge, Co., Kildare, Ireland
| | - Deirdre M Prendergast
- Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Backweston Complex, Celbridge, Co., Kildare, Ireland.
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13
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Bojanić K, Acke E, Biggs PJ, Midwinter AC. The prevalence of Salmonella spp. in working farm dogs and their home-kill raw meat diets in Manawatū, New Zealand. N Z Vet J 2022; 70:233-237. [DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2022.2064929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K Bojanić
- EpiLab, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - E Acke
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - PJ Biggs
- EpiLab, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - AC Midwinter
- EpiLab, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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14
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Bulochova V, Evans EW. Raw Meat-Based Pet Feeding and Food Safety: Netnography Study of Pet Owner Comments and Review of Manufacturers' Information Provision. J Food Prot 2021; 84:2099-2108. [PMID: 34324637 DOI: 10.4315/jfp-21-158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Feeding raw meat to domestic pets is a popular practice. Because of the potential food safety implications associated with handling raw meat, concerns about pet owner health have increased. For this study, a netnographic content analysis approach was used to analyze posts from Pet Forums Community online archives related to raw meat-based feeding and food safety (n = 308). United Kingdom manufacturer and supplier Web sites (n = 33) were reviewed for provision of food safety information related to raw meat-based pet feeding. The data were analyzed using a qualitative thematic approach and quantitative methods. Pet owner forum comments indicated potential malpractices and indifference toward possible food safety hazards when preparing raw meat-based pet food. Many were risk aware but indicated confusion regarding appropriate food safety practices. Although emotional concern about the safety of pets and children was expressed, contracting a foodborne disease was not perceived as a personal risk. In addition, the review identified that most (61%) manufacturer and supplier Web sites failed to provide food safety instructions or warnings to pet owners regarding raw meat-based pet food. Information was inconsistent and varied across sources. The most comprehensive sources of information were provided by manufacturers approved by the United Kingdom Pet Food Manufacturers' Association. This is the first netnography study to explore pet owner online reports and the provision of food safety information related to raw pet feeding. Findings suggest pet owners may not fully appreciate the potential risks associated with raw meat-based pet feeding. Consequently, there is a need for credible and consistent strategies to inform pet owners about potential implications associated with feeding raw meat to pets, as well as about safe food handling practices. HIGHLIGHTS
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Bulochova
- ZERO2FIVE Food and Drink Research Unit, Food Industry Centre, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff CF5 1YB, UK
| | - Ellen W Evans
- ZERO2FIVE Food and Drink Research Unit, Food Industry Centre, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff CF5 1YB, UK
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15
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Lipid Fraction Properties of Homemade Raw Cat Foods and Selected Commercial Cat Foods. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app112210905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to characterize lipid fraction extracted from five self-prepared and seven commercial cat foods using gas chromatography (GC) and pressurized differential scanning calorimetry (PDSC) techniques. Self-prepared food recipes were composed using BARFny kalkulator, software dedicated for balancing cat diets, and prepared on the basis of fresh raw meat and offal. Extracted fat fractions were compared qualitatively and quantitatively with literature data for the fat of whole prey items to check the main assumptions of the software used. The fatty acid (FA) composition and distribution were determined using GC. The PDSC method was used for the determination of the oxidative stability of extracted fats. The obtained results indicate that self-prepared cat foods contained a high level of essential fatty acids (EFA) but low oxidative stability, especially for those with significant amounts of polyunsaturated FA. The FA profile and oxidative stability were examined for four dry and three wet commercial cat foods. It was found that their omega-6 to omega-3 ratio was beneficial reaching 5.3:1 to 10.1:1, despite the low amount of EFA. The longer induction time was determined for fats extracted from commercial cat foods than for self-prepared ones, which indicate their higher oxidative stability.
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16
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Dégi J, Imre K, Herman V, Bucur I, Radulov I, Petrec OC, Cristina RT. Antimicrobial Drug-Resistant Salmonella in Urban Cats: Is There an Actual Risk to Public Health? Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10111404. [PMID: 34827342 PMCID: PMC8615022 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10111404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study was undertaken to investigate the presence of Salmonella spp. in the faeces of client-owned cats in urban areas and to evaluate the risk that is posed to public health. Fresh faecal samples were collected directly from the rectums from 53 diarrhoeic and 32 non-diarrhoeic cats. The samples were individually screened for the presence of Salmonella spp. using standard methods and, in the case of positive findings, the resulting typical colonies were then biochemically confirmed using the VITEK®2 automated system. Subsequently, all of the Salmonella spp. isolates were molecularly tested for the presence of the invA gene. All of the isolates were serotyped using the slide agglutination technique according to the White–Kauffmann–Le Minor scheme. The phenotypic antimicrobial susceptibility profile of the isolated strains was obtained from the VITEK®2 system using specific cards from the Gram-negative bacteria. A total of 16 of the samples (18.82%) tested positive for Salmonella spp. according to conventional and molecular testing methods. Serotyping of the Salmonella isolates showed the presence of three serotypes, namely S. enteritidis (n = 9; 56.3%), S. typhimurium (n = 4; 25%), and S. kentucky (n = 3; 18.8%). All of the tested strains showed strong resistance towards cefazolin, cefepime, ceftazidime, and ceftriaxone. Additionally, resistance (listed in descending order of strength) was observed to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (11/16; 68.8%), ampicillin (10/16; 62.5%), ampicillin/sulbactam (9/16; 56.3%), gentamicin (9/16; 56.3%), nitrofurantoin (8/16; 50.0%), and amikacin (5/16; 31.3%). No resistance was expressed against ciprofloxacin, ertapenem, imipenem, levofloxacin, piperacillin/tazobactam, and tobramycin. The results of this study highlight a substantial public health issue and medical concern, especially in vulnerable people, such as children, the elderly, and immunocompromised individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- János Dégi
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Banat’s University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Timișoara, Calea Aradului 119, 300645 Timișoara, Romania; (V.H.); (I.B.); (O.-C.P.); (R.T.C.)
- Correspondence: (J.D.); (K.I.); Tel.: +40-767-089-041 (J.D.); +40-742-502-626 (K.I.)
| | - Kálmán Imre
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Banat’s University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Timișoara, Calea Aradului 119, 300645 Timișoara, Romania; (V.H.); (I.B.); (O.-C.P.); (R.T.C.)
- Correspondence: (J.D.); (K.I.); Tel.: +40-767-089-041 (J.D.); +40-742-502-626 (K.I.)
| | - Viorel Herman
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Banat’s University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Timișoara, Calea Aradului 119, 300645 Timișoara, Romania; (V.H.); (I.B.); (O.-C.P.); (R.T.C.)
| | - Iulia Bucur
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Banat’s University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Timișoara, Calea Aradului 119, 300645 Timișoara, Romania; (V.H.); (I.B.); (O.-C.P.); (R.T.C.)
| | - Isidora Radulov
- Faculty of Agriculture, Banat’s University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Timișoara, Calea Aradului 119, 300645 Timișoara, Romania;
| | - Oana-Cătălina Petrec
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Banat’s University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Timișoara, Calea Aradului 119, 300645 Timișoara, Romania; (V.H.); (I.B.); (O.-C.P.); (R.T.C.)
| | - Romeo Teodor Cristina
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Banat’s University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Timișoara, Calea Aradului 119, 300645 Timișoara, Romania; (V.H.); (I.B.); (O.-C.P.); (R.T.C.)
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17
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Newton W, Signal T, Judd J. The guidelines and policies that influence the conduct of Animal-Assisted Activities in Residential Aged-Care Facilities: A systematic integrative review. Complement Ther Clin Pract 2021; 44:101395. [PMID: 33991958 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctcp.2021.101395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION For some time, Residential Aged Care Facilities (RACF) have incorporated animals into their environment to relieve loneliness and isolation for aged-care residents. However, research examining this practice is not as developed. This paper aims to identify the policies and practices influencing the conduct of Animal-Assisted Activities (AAA) in RACF focusing on the Australian context. METHODS Peer-reviewed and gray literature were searched using an array of databases including CINAHL; Embase; Medline; Pubmed; Scopus and Web of Science; Google Scholar; PROSPERO, Proquest Dissertations; Theses Global; Animal Studies Repository; Medicine and Health Science Commons; Open Gray and a targeted Google search for relevant Australian Guidelines. Database searches had no time limits. Nine documents published between 1990 and 2018 were identified, appraised and subsequently included in the analysis. RESULTS Facilities have not developed or implemented core policies; instead, there appears to be a reliance on AAA providers ensuring resident safety. Animal welfare is also identified as an emerging area, warranting further action and policy development. CONCLUSION The requirement for effective AAA policies for RACF staff continues to be an area of need. Over the last 30 years, the development of policies guiding the provision of animal activities within RACFs has been inconsistent in both content and application, including the implementation of basic hygiene policies. If the international situation is indicative, further work is needed in Australia to develop and enforce infection control, risk management and animal welfare policies in RACF and AAA organizations. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION PROSPERO registration # CRD42020150440.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy Newton
- School of Health, Medical and Applied Science, Central Queensland University, Central Queensland University, 6 University Drive, Branyan Queensland, 4670, Australia.
| | - Tania Signal
- School of Health, Medical and Applied Science, Central Queensland University, CQUniversity, Building 6, Bruce Highway, Rockhampton, QLD, 4702, Australia.
| | - Jenni Judd
- School of Health, Medical and Applied Science, Central Queensland University, Central Queensland University, 6 University Drive, Branyan Queensland, 4670, Australia.
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18
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Bulochova V, Evans EW. Exploring Food Safety Perceptions and Self-Reported Practices of Pet Owners Providing Raw Meat-Based Diets to Pets. J Food Prot 2021; 84:912-919. [PMID: 33428742 DOI: 10.4315/jfp-20-338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT The growing popularity of raw meat-based diets for pets is accompanied by increasing concern regarding possible health implications of this practice for pet owners through the storage and preparation of raw meat. This study aimed to explore pet owners' knowledge and perceptions about the safety of raw meat-based feeding and to determine self-reported food safety practices during raw meat-based pet food preparation. An online questionnaire was distributed via social media platforms and completed by pet owners practicing raw meat-based feeding (n = 174). Almost all participants (95%) reported confidence that their pets' raw meat-based food is safe. Two-thirds of respondents (67%) reported that they had researched food safety information regarding raw meat-based feeding, yet only 8% asked a veterinarian for food safety advice. Respondents were aware of pathogens that may be present in raw meat-based diets and of food safety practices; however, they did not report consistent implementation of appropriate food safety practices. Malpractices, such as rinsing of raw meat (27%) and absence of segregation of utensils and kitchen surfaces (52%), were reported. The risk to pet owners of foodborne illness associated with raw meat-based feeding was perceived to be low by 89% of pet owners. Participants perceived low susceptibility to foodborne illness but high self-efficacy, which may be an indication of optimistic bias. This study has identified a need to increase pet owners' awareness of the possible risks to human health associated with raw meat-based feeding of animals. The provision of comprehensive food safety information, intended to target the perceptions of pet owners identified in this study, is needed to improve pet owners' food safety practices and thus to reduce the potential food safety risks associated with raw meat preparation and storage in the domestic environment. HIGHLIGHTS
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Bulochova
- Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Ellen W Evans
- ZERO2FIVE Food Industry Centre, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, UK
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19
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Gharibi D, Mosallanejad B, Avizeh R, Feyzabadi M. Isolation, Molecular Detection, and Risk Factors of Campylobacter Infection From Companion Dogs. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENTERIC PATHOGENS 2020. [DOI: 10.34172/ijep.2020.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Campylobacter is an organism that is usually associated with diarrhea in pet animals and humans, as well as other domestic, wild, and laboratory animals. Objective: The aim of the present survey was the isolation, molecular detection, and risk factors of Campylobacter infection from companion dogs referred to the Veterinary Hospital of Ahvaz district, the South-West of Iran. Materials and Methods: Rectal swabs were examined by culture and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods from 122 companion dogs (52 diarrheic and 70 clinically healthy). Several risk factors were reviewed, including age, gender, breed, nutrition status, and lifestyle. Results: The results showed that only five samples (4.1%) were positive for Campylobacter spp. in the culture method. Campylobacter spp. was detected in 18 out of 122 dogs by the PCR, yielding an overall prevalence of 14.8%. The most prevalent species of Campylobacter among the referred dogs were C. coli (38.89%) and C. jejuni (33.33%). A lower prevalence was found for C. upsaliensis (11.11%) and C. lari (5.55%). Concurrent infections were observed in two cases of C. upsaliensis + C. lari (5.55%) and C. coli + C. lari (5.55%). No significant difference was noted between healthy (11.43%) and diarrheic (19.23%) dogs (P>0.05). Eventually, age, gender, breed, nutrition status, and lifestyle had no significant effect on Campylobacter infection (P>0.05). Conclusion: Although the prevalence of Campylobacter was moderate in the dog population of Ahvaz district, these bacteria can constitute a public health hazard because of the frequent presence of Campylobacter species in the feces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darioush Gharibi
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Bahman Mosallanejad
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Reza Avizeh
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mahboobeh Feyzabadi
- Graduated of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
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20
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Alessandri G, Argentini C, Milani C, Turroni F, Cristina Ossiprandi M, van Sinderen D, Ventura M. Catching a glimpse of the bacterial gut community of companion animals: a canine and feline perspective. Microb Biotechnol 2020; 13:1708-1732. [PMID: 32864871 PMCID: PMC7533323 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.13656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dogs and cats have gained a special position in human society by becoming our principal companion animals. In this context, efforts to ensure their health and welfare have increased exponentially, with in recent times a growing interest in assessing the impact of the gut microbiota on canine and feline health. Recent technological advances have generated new tools to not only examine the intestinal microbial composition of dogs and cats, but also to scrutinize the genetic repertoire and associated metabolic functions of this microbial community. The application of high-throughput sequencing techniques to canine and feline faecal samples revealed similarities in their bacterial composition, with Fusobacteria, Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes as the most prevalent and abundant phyla, followed by Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria. Although key bacterial members were consistently present in their gut microbiota, the taxonomic composition and the metabolic repertoire of the intestinal microbial population may be influenced by several factors, including diet, age and anthropogenic aspects, as well as intestinal dysbiosis. The current review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the multitude of factors which play a role in the modulation of the canine and feline gut microbiota and that of their human owners with whom they share the same environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Alessandri
- Department of Veterinary Medical ScienceUniversity of ParmaParmaItaly
| | - Chiara Argentini
- Laboratory of Probiogenomics, Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences, and Environmental SustainabilityUniversity of ParmaParmaItaly
| | - Christian Milani
- Laboratory of Probiogenomics, Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences, and Environmental SustainabilityUniversity of ParmaParmaItaly
- Microbiome Research HubUniversity of ParmaParmaItaly
| | - Francesca Turroni
- Laboratory of Probiogenomics, Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences, and Environmental SustainabilityUniversity of ParmaParmaItaly
- Microbiome Research HubUniversity of ParmaParmaItaly
| | - Maria Cristina Ossiprandi
- Department of Veterinary Medical ScienceUniversity of ParmaParmaItaly
- Microbiome Research HubUniversity of ParmaParmaItaly
| | - Douwe van Sinderen
- APC Microbiome Institute and School of Microbiology, Bioscience InstituteNational University of IrelandCorkIreland
| | - Marco Ventura
- Laboratory of Probiogenomics, Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences, and Environmental SustainabilityUniversity of ParmaParmaItaly
- Microbiome Research HubUniversity of ParmaParmaItaly
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21
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Kananub S, Pinniam N, Phothitheerabut S, Krajanglikit P. Contamination factors associated with surviving bacteria in Thai commercial raw pet foods. Vet World 2020; 13:1988-1991. [PMID: 33132615 PMCID: PMC7566254 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2020.1988-1991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: This study aimed to identify the surviving bacteria in commercial raw pet food and to analyze the factors associated with their contamination. Materials and Methods: A total of 17 samples from 12 brands available in Thailand were randomly selected for analysis. Fifteen samples were frozen products and two were freeze-dried. The total bacterial counts (TBCs) of Clostridiumperfringens, Campylobacter spp., Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., Listeria spp., and Listeriamonocytogenes were measured. Association between the bacterial profile and feed ingredients, as well as with product types, was analyzed by Chi-squared and Fisher’s exact tests. Results: Campylobacter was not found in any product, whereas Salmonella spp. and Listeria spp. showed the highest prevalence with respect to the standard’s limits. The TBC was significantly related to the type of the products (frozen or freeze-dried), and S. aureus and L. monocytogenes were significantly related to a chicken-based diet. Conclusion: Pet food contamination can occur during the manufacturing process, storage, or even preparation. The freezing and drying processes may reduce, but not eradicate, the bacterial contamination in raw pet food. These results emphasize the need for quality control in the manufacturing process and show the importance of personal hygiene for the pet owner to reduce health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suppada Kananub
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Nayika Pinniam
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Sitthiporn Phothitheerabut
- Kamphaeng Veterinary Diagnostic Center, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Praphaphan Krajanglikit
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
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22
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Wernimont SM, Radosevich J, Jackson MI, Ephraim E, Badri DV, MacLeay JM, Jewell DE, Suchodolski JS. The Effects of Nutrition on the Gastrointestinal Microbiome of Cats and Dogs: Impact on Health and Disease. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1266. [PMID: 32670224 PMCID: PMC7329990 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal (GI) microbiome of cats and dogs is increasingly recognized as a metabolically active organ inextricably linked to pet health. Food serves as a substrate for the GI microbiome of cats and dogs and plays a significant role in defining the composition and metabolism of the GI microbiome. The microbiome, in turn, facilitates the host's nutrient digestion and the production of postbiotics, which are bacterially derived compounds that can influence pet health. Consequently, pet owners have a role in shaping the microbiome of cats and dogs through the food they choose to provide. Yet, a clear understanding of the impact these food choices have on the microbiome, and thus on the overall health of the pet, is lacking. Pet foods are formulated to contain the typical nutritional building blocks of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats, but increasingly include microbiome-targeted ingredients, such as prebiotics and probiotics. Each of these categories, as well as their relative proportions in food, can affect the composition and/or function of the microbiome. Accumulating evidence suggests that dietary components may impact not only GI disease, but also allergies, oral health, weight management, diabetes, and kidney disease through changes in the GI microbiome. Until recently, the focus of microbiome research was to characterize alterations in microbiome composition in disease states, while less research effort has been devoted to understanding how changes in nutrition can influence pet health by modifying the microbiome function. This review summarizes the impact of pet food nutritional components on the composition and function of the microbiome and examines evidence for the role of nutrition in impacting host health through the microbiome in a variety of disease states. Understanding how nutrition can modulate GI microbiome composition and function may reveal new avenues for enhancing the health and resilience of cats and dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Eden Ephraim
- Hill’s Pet Nutrition, Inc., Topeka, KS, United States
| | | | | | - Dennis E. Jewell
- Department of Grain Science and Industry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Jan S. Suchodolski
- Texas A&M College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, College Station, TX, United States
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23
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Runesvärd E, Wikström C, Fernström LL, Hansson I. Presence of pathogenic bacteria in faeces from dogs fed raw meat-based diets or dry kibble. Vet Rec 2020; 187:e71. [PMID: 32054718 PMCID: PMC7799416 DOI: 10.1136/vr.105644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Feeding dogs with raw meat-based diets (RMBD) has increased in popularity in recent years. Proponents claim that RMBD is more natural for dogs, because it is what their ancestors (wolves) eat. Opponents claim that RMBD is a health hazard to both humans and animals, with a risk of spreading zoonotic bacteria and resistant bacterial strains. METHODS This cross-sectional study investigated differences in bacteria shedding in faeces between dogs fed RMBD and dogs fed dry kibble. Faeces samples from 50 dogs from the same municipality were analysed for the presence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli, Campylobacter and Salmonella. RESULTS For the 25 dogs fed RMBD, ESBL E coli was isolated from 13 faeces samples, Campylobacter from 12 and Salmonella from 1. For the 25 dogs fed dry kibble, ESBL-producing E coli was isolated from one faeces sample and Campylobacter from four, while Salmonella was not detected. CONCLUSION There was thus a significant difference in excretion of zoonotic and resistant bacteria in faeces between dogs fed RMBD and dogs fed dry kibble. These results confirm that RMBD can pose a microbiological risk not only for dogs, but also for people handling RMBD and faeces from dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellinor Runesvärd
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Camilla Wikström
- Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lise-Lotte Fernström
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ingrid Hansson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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24
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Morelli G, Catellani P, Miotti Scapin R, Bastianello S, Conficoni D, Contiero B, Ricci R. Evaluation of microbial contamination and effects of storage in raw meat-based dog foods purchased online. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2019; 104:690-697. [PMID: 31789441 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Feeding raw-meat-based diets to companion animals has become a widespread practice, and many owners are now accustomed to buying frozen ingredients online. The goals of this study were to assess the microbiological quality of raw-meat dog foods obtained from specialized websites and to evaluate the effects of storage at different temperatures for a few days. Twenty-nine raw dog food products were processed for quantitative bacteriology (i.e. total viable count, TVC; Escherichia coli; faecal coliforms, FC) and sulphite-reducing clostridia, and analysed for the presence of Salmonella spp., Listeria monocytogenes, Yersinia enterocolitica and Clostridium difficile. Every sample was examined right after the delivery (T0), after 24 to 48 hr and after 72 hr, both at 2°C and 7°C. At T0, the mean score for the TVC was 5.9 × 106 cfu/g (SD = 4.8 × 107 cfu/g), while those for E. coli and FC were 1.1 × 104 cfu/g (SD = 2.5 × 105 cfu/g) and 3.3 × 103 cfu/g (SD = 6.5 × 104 cfu/g) respectively. The samples stored at 2°C had a significant increase of all parameters (TVC: p < .01; E. coli: p = .03; FC: p = .04) through time. Noteworthy differences between the analyses performed at 2°C and 7°C were found for TVC (p < .01), being the samples considerably more contaminated at higher temperatures. No sample tested positive for Salmonella spp., while L. monocytogenes was isolated from 19 products, Y. enterocolitica from three products and Clostridium perfringens and C. difficile from four and six products respectively. The microbiological quality of raw-meat dog foods sold online appears to be poor, carrying considerable amounts of potentially zoonotic bacteria and reaching greater levels of bacterial contaminations if not kept at proper refrigeration temperatures and fed soon after defrosting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giada Morelli
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padua, Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Paolo Catellani
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padua, Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Riccardo Miotti Scapin
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padua, Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Sofia Bastianello
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padua, Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Daniele Conficoni
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padua, Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Barbara Contiero
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padua, Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Rebecca Ricci
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padua, Legnaro, PD, Italy
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25
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Anturaniemi J, Barrouin-Melo SM, Zaldivar-López S, Sinkko H, Hielm-Björkman A. Owners' perception of acquiring infections through raw pet food: a comprehensive internet-based survey. Vet Rec 2019; 185:658. [PMID: 31427409 PMCID: PMC6952838 DOI: 10.1136/vr.105122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
There has been concerns related to the risk of bacterial contamination from raw pet food to humans, but research is still scarce. The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to use a worldwide internet survey-based data to evaluate the impact of raw pet foods on human health from the owners' experience. From 16 475 households, 0.2 per cent (n=39) reported having had a transmission of pathogen from the raw pet food to a human family member during the time that raw feeding had been used in the household. Only in three of those households the same pathogen that was found in the human sample was analysed and confirmed also in the raw pet food (0.02 per cent of all data). Moreover, 0.1 per cent (n=24) reported suspecting that a disease could have been transmitted to a human from the pet food. Feeding salmon and turkey, using more than 50 per cent of the diet as raw foods and preparing the raw food in the same place and utensils as the family foods all had negative association with infections. Having 2 to 6 year-old children living in the household was associated with more infections, although adults were the most frequently infected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Anturaniemi
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Sara Zaldivar-López
- Genomics and Animal Breeding Group, Department of Genetics, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Hanna Sinkko
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anna Hielm-Björkman
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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26
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Nüesch-Inderbinen M, Treier A, Zurfluh K, Stephan R. Raw meat-based diets for companion animals: a potential source of transmission of pathogenic and antimicrobial-resistant Enterobacteriaceae. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2019; 6:191170. [PMID: 31824726 PMCID: PMC6837177 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.191170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Feeding pets raw meat-based diets (RMBDs) has become increasingly popular but may constitute a risk due to the contamination with pathogenic and antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) bacteria. The aim of this study was to evaluate commercially available RMBDs with regard to microbiological quality and occurrence of AMR Enterobacteriaceae. Of 51 RMBD samples, 72.5% did not meet the microbiological standards for Enterobacteriaceae set out by EU regulations for animal by-products intended for pet food. Furthermore, Salmonella was detected in 3.9% of the samples. AMR bacteria were found in 62.7% of the samples, the majority thereof were resistant to third-generation cephalosporins due to the production of extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) including CTX-M-1, which is widespread in livestock, and CTX-M-15, which is the most common ESBL variant worldwide. Colistin- and aminoglycoside-resistant isolates, producing MCR-1 and RMTB, were identified in 3.9 and 2% of the samples, respectively. The majority of the AMR Escherichia coli belonged to commensal groups A or B1 and were associated with clonal complexes CC155 and CC10. Two belonged to the emerging extraintestinal pathogenic CC648, and one to the globally disseminated uropathogenic E. coli sequence type ST69, suggesting zoonotic potential. The microbiological quality and the high prevalence of AMR producing Enterobacteriaceae in RMBDs raise concerns for animal and public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Nüesch-Inderbinen
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, Vetsuisse Faculty University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 272, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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27
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Hellgren J, Hästö LS, Wikström C, Fernström LL, Hansson I. Occurrence of Salmonella, Campylobacter, Clostridium and Enterobacteriaceae in raw meat-based diets for dogs. Vet Rec 2019; 184:442. [PMID: 30833301 DOI: 10.1136/vr.105199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The practice of feeding raw meat-based diets (RMBD) to dogs has increased in popularity in recent years. However, RMBD are based on offal that has not undergone any type of treatment to reduce the microbial content, so there is a risk of potential pathogenic microorganisms being present. Frozen samples from 60 RMBD packs produced by 10 different manufacturers were analysed for their content of bacteria belonging to the family Enterobacteriaceae, for Clostridium perfringens and for the presence of Salmonella and Campylobacter. Enterobacteriaceae were detected in all 60 samples and in 31 samples exceeded a level of 5000 bacteria/g, which is the threshold for satisfactory microbial hygiene according to EU regulations. In two samples, the amount of C. perfringens exceeded 5000 bacteria/g, which is the maximum level of anaerobic bacteria permitted by Swedish national guidelines. Salmonella species were found in four (7 per cent) and Campylobacter species in three (5 per cent) samples. These results show that it is critical to maintain good hygiene when storing, handling and feeding RMBD, in order to limit the potential health risks to animals and humans, especially young and immunocompromised individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josefin Hellgren
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lovisa Staaf Hästö
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Camilla Wikström
- Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lise-Lotte Fernström
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ingrid Hansson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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28
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Mohan V, Habib I. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST), porA and flaA typing of Campylobacter jejuni isolated from cats attending a veterinary clinic. BMC Res Notes 2019; 12:76. [PMID: 30717780 PMCID: PMC6360738 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-019-4107-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Campylobacter is a major cause of gastroenteritis in humans and pet ownership is a risk factor for infection. To study the occurrence, species distribution and sequence-based types of Campylobacter spp. in pet cats, 82 faecal samples were collected from cats in New Zealand. The PCR positive samples of Campylobacter jejuni were characterized by multilocus sequence typing (MLST), major outer membrane protein gene (porA) and flagellin A gene (flaA) sequence typing. RESULTS Seven faecal samples were tested positive for Campylobacter spp. (9%, or 4-17% at 95% confidence interval), of which six were identified as C. jejuni, and one was C. upsaliensis. The six C. jejuni isolates were characterised by MLST; four belonged to ST-45 clonal complex and two of the isolates could not be typed. Two flaA-SVR types were identified: three samples were flaA-SVR type 8 and one belonged to 239. By combining all data, three isolates were indistinguishable with allelic combinations of ST-45, flaA-SVR 8, porA 44, although no epidemiological connection between these isolates could be established. To conclude, healthy cats can carry C. jejuni, whose detected genetic diversity is limited. The isolated sequence type ST-45 is frequently reported in human illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vathsala Mohan
- Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Ihab Habib
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia Australia
- High Institute of Public Health, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
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29
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Bacci C, Vismarra A, Dander S, Barilli E, Superchi P. Occurrence and Antimicrobial Profile of Bacterial Pathogens in Former Foodstuff Meat Products Used for Pet Diets. J Food Prot 2019; 82:316-324. [PMID: 30688534 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-18-352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
European legislation stipulates that food no longer intended for human consumption, due to commercial reasons, manufacturing problems, or some defect, can be used in pet feed. However, the presence of former foodstuffs in pet diets could constitute a public health issue because pets can act as reservoirs of antimicrobial resistance genes. In this study, for the first time, biological hazards due to the presence of Escherichia coli and Salmonella in former foodstuff meat products were evaluated. Among the 112 samples of packaged fresh meat (poultry, pork, and beef) collected from cold storage warehouses of a mass market retailer, the overall prevalence of E. coli and Salmonella, the prevalence of strains with multidrug resistance, the phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of strains that produce extended-spectrum β-lactamase, and the presence of biofilm producers were assessed. A high prevalence of E. coli was observed in former foodstuffs of poultry (100%), pork (100%), and beef (93.3%). Salmonella Derby and Salmonella Typhimurium were found in 11.5% of the poultry samples, and Salmonella Typhimurium was found in 13.3% of the pork samples. Salmonella was not recovered from the beef samples. Multidrug resistance was found in E. coli and Salmonella isolates from poultry, pork, and beef. Overall, 18.2% of E. coli isolates and 20% of Salmonella isolates were resistant to various types of antibiotics with various mechanisms of action. Salmonella isolates from pork are an important source of extended-spectrum β-lactamase production. Both E. coli and Salmonella were carriers of antibiotic resistance marker genes ( blaTEM, blaSHV, and blaCTX-M) associated with β-lactamase production in poultry and pork. Approximately 30% of the E. coli isolates from the various types of meat were phenotypically biofilm producers, and all carried the fimH gene. These findings indicate that the use of former foodstuff meat products in pet diets can represent a risk for public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Bacci
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Via del Taglio 10, 43126 Parma, Italy (ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1332-6080 [C.B.])
| | - Alice Vismarra
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Via del Taglio 10, 43126 Parma, Italy (ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1332-6080 [C.B.])
| | - Silvia Dander
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Via del Taglio 10, 43126 Parma, Italy (ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1332-6080 [C.B.])
| | - Elena Barilli
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Via del Taglio 10, 43126 Parma, Italy (ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1332-6080 [C.B.])
| | - Paola Superchi
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Via del Taglio 10, 43126 Parma, Italy (ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1332-6080 [C.B.])
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30
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Affiliation(s)
- E Acke
- Vet Med Labor GmbH, IDEXX Laboratories, Mörikestraβe 28/3, Ludwigsburg 71636, Germany
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