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Weaver FM, Cao L, Stroupe KT, Pratt A, Tanner CM, Goldman SM. Disability Claims for Female Veterans Exposed to Contaminated Water at Marine Base Camp Lejeune. Mil Med 2024; 189:e2127-e2133. [PMID: 38756093 DOI: 10.1093/milmed/usae237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Between 1953 and 1987, over one million Veterans were exposed to contaminated water at Marine Corps Base Camp Lejeune, North Carolina. We examined the relationship between toxicant exposure and subsequent disability ratings in female veterans. MATERIALS AND METHODS Comparisons were made between females stationed at Camp Lejeune and from Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton, California who were not known to have been exposed to these toxicants, between 1975 and 1985, using data from the Agency for Toxic Substances and Diseases Registry and VA data. RESULTS A total of 4,491 (52%) females from Camp Lejeune and 2,811 (47%) from Camp Pendleton used VA health care between October 1, 1999 and February 17, 2021. Approximately 51% of Camp Lejeune females were exposed to toxicants. More than half (50.6% and 53.9% from Lejeune and Pendleton, respectively) had a disability rating ≥10%. Females who were Black, Hispanic, officers, or had longer duration in camp were more likely to have a disability rating, whereas females exposed to toxicants were less likely to have a disability rating. When the regression was redone examining the predictors of disability due to any of 8 presumptive conditions associated with toxicant exposure, the only significant variable was having been at Camp Lejeune (odds ratio [OR], 2.5, 95% CI, 1.3-4.7). Toxicant exposure was not significant when only Camp Lejeune females were included in the model. CONCLUSION Little attention has been given to female veterans exposed to toxicants at Camp Lejeune. Although we did not find an association between exposure and disability ratings, reliance on service-connected disability codes and small numbers were limitations. Further examination using international code of diseases diagnostic codes may be warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frances M Weaver
- Center of Innovation for Complex Chronic Healthcare, Hines Veterans Administration Hospital, Hines, IL 60141, USA
- Parkinson School of Health Sciences and Public Health, Loyola University, Maywood, IL
| | - Lishan Cao
- Center of Innovation for Complex Chronic Healthcare, Hines Veterans Administration Hospital, Hines, IL 60141, USA
| | - Kevin T Stroupe
- Center of Innovation for Complex Chronic Healthcare, Hines Veterans Administration Hospital, Hines, IL 60141, USA
- Parkinson School of Health Sciences and Public Health, Loyola University, Maywood, IL
| | - Alessandra Pratt
- Center for Access & Delivery Research and Evaluation (CADRE), Iowa City VA Health Care System, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA
| | - Caroline M Tanner
- San Francisco VA Health Care System, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA
- Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Samuel M Goldman
- San Francisco VA Health Care System, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA
- Division of Occupation, Environmental, and Climate Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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Habib M, Ali M, Ayaz T, Shan A, Zeng G, Zhou Z, Lyu S. Degradation of trichloroethylene in aqueous solution by FeS 2 catalyst under innovative oxic environments. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 333:122062. [PMID: 37330185 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Rapid growth and industrialization have become a major threat to water contamination with carcinogenic chlorinated hydrocarbons such as trichloroethylene (TCE). Therefore, this study aims to assess the TCE degradation performance through advanced oxidation process (AOP) using catalyst FeS2 in combination with oxidants persulfate (PS), peroxymonosulfate (PMS), and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in PS/FeS2, PMS/FeS2, and H2O2/FeS2 systems, respectively. TCE concentration was analyzed using gas chromatography (GC). The results found the trend for TCE degradation by the systems was PMS/FeS2>PS/FeS2>H2O2/FeS2 (99.84, 99.63, and 98.47%, respectively). Degradation of TCE was analyzed at different pH ranges (3-11) and maximum degradation at a wide pH range was observed for PMS/FeS2. The analysis using electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and scavenging tests explored responsible reactive oxygen species (ROS) for TCE degradation and found that HO• and SO4-• played the most effective role. The results of catalyst stability showed PMS/FeS2 system the most promising with the stability of 99, 96 and 50% for the first, second and third runs, respectively. The system was also found efficient in the presence of surfactants (TW-80, TX-100, and Brij-35) in ultra-pure water (89.41, 34.11, 96.61%, respectively), and actual groundwater (94.37, 33.72, and 73.48%, respectively), but at higher reagents dosages (5X for ultra-pure water and 10X actual ground water). Furthermore, it is demonstrated that the oxic systems have degradation capability for other TCE-like pollutants. In conclusion, due to its high stability, reactivity, and cost-effectiveness, PMS/FeS2 system could be a better choice for the treatment of TCE contaminated water and can be beneficial for field application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mudassir Habib
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, PR China
| | - Meesam Ali
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Muhammad Nawaz Sharif University of Engineering and Technology, Multan, 60000, Pakistan
| | - Tehreem Ayaz
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Ali Shan
- Department of Environmental Sciences, The University of Lahore, Lahore, 46000, Pakistan; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Technology, Guangdong Research Center for Interfacial Engineering of Functional Materials, Nanshan District Key Laboratory for Biopolymers and Safety Evaluation, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Guilu Zeng
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, PR China
| | - Zhengyuan Zhou
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, PR China
| | - Shuguang Lyu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, PR China.
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Adamson AB, Ilieva NM, Stone WJ, De Miranda BR. Low-dose inhalation exposure to trichloroethylene induces dopaminergic neurodegeneration in rodents. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.07.12.548754. [PMID: 37502893 PMCID: PMC10369984 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.12.548754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Trichloroethylene (TCE) is one of the most pervasive environmental contaminants in the world and is associated with Parkinson disease (PD) risk. Experimental models in rodents show that TCE is selectively toxic to dopaminergic neurons at high doses of ingestion, however, TCE is a highly volatile toxicant, and the primary pathway of human exposure is inhalation. As TCE is a highly lipophilic, volatile organic contaminant (VOC), inhalation exposure results in rapid diffusion throughout the brain, avoiding first-pass hepatic metabolism that necessitated high doses to recapitulate exposure conditions observed in human populations. We hypothesized that inhalation of TCE would induce significantly more potent neurodegeneration than ingestion and better recapitulate environmental conditions of vapor intrusion or off gassing from liquid TCE. To this end, we developed a novel, whole-body passive exposure inhalation chamber in which we exposed 10-month-old male and female Lewis rats to 50 ppm TCE (time weighted average, TWA) or filtered room air (control) over 8 weeks. In addition, we exposed 12-month-old male and female C57Bl/6 mice to 100 ppm TCE (TWA) or control over 12 weeks. Both rats and mice exposed to chronic TCE inhalation showed significant degeneration of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons as well as motor and gait impairments. TCE exposure also induced accumulation of pSer129-αSyn in dopaminergic neurons as well as microglial activation within the substantia nigra of rats. Collectively, these data indicate that TCE inhalation causes highly potent dopaminergic neurodegeneration and recapitulates some of the observed neuropathology associated with PD, providing a future platform for insight into the mechanisms and environmental conditions that influence PD risk from TCE exposure.
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Tratnyek PG, Edwards E, Carpenter L, Blossom S. Environmental occurrence, fate, effects, and remediation of halogenated (semi)volatile organic compounds. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2020; 22:465-471. [PMID: 32182319 DOI: 10.1039/d0em90008g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Guest editors Elizabeth Edwards, Lucy Carpenter, Sarah Blossom and Paul Tratnyek introduce the Halogenated (semi)volatile organic compounds themed issue of Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul G Tratnyek
- OHSU-PSU School of Public Health, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, USA.
| | - Elizabeth Edwards
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lucy Carpenter
- Wolfson Atmospheric Chemistry Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Sarah Blossom
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Arkansas Children's Research Institute, Little Rock, AR 72202, USA
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De Miranda BR, Greenamyre JT. Trichloroethylene, a ubiquitous environmental contaminant in the risk for Parkinson's disease. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2020; 22:543-554. [PMID: 31996877 PMCID: PMC7941732 DOI: 10.1039/c9em00578a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Organic solvents are common chemicals used in industry throughout the world, however, there is evidence for adverse health effects from exposure to these compounds. Trichloroethylene (TCE) is a halogenated solvent that has been used as a degreasing agent since the early 20th century. Due to its widespread use, TCE remains one of the most significant environmental contaminants in the US, and extensive research suggests TCE is a causative factor in a number of diseases, including cancer, fetal cardiac development, and neurotoxicity. TCE has also been implicated as a possible risk factor in the development of the most common neurodegenerative movement disorder, Parkinson's disease (PD). However, there is variable concordance across multiple occupational epidemiological studies assessing TCE (or solvent) exposure and risk for PD. In addition, there remains a degree of uncertainty about how TCE elicits toxicity to the dopaminergic system. To this end, we review the specific neurotoxic mechanisms of TCE in the context of selective vulnerability of dopaminergic neurons. In addition, we consider the complexity of combined risk factors that ultimately contribute to neurodegeneration and discuss the limitations of single-factor exposure assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Briana R De Miranda
- Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh, 3501 Fifth Avenue, BST-7045, Pittsburgh, 15260, Pennsylvania, USA.
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Elkin ER, Harris SM, Su AL, Lash LH, Loch-Caruso R. Placenta as a target of trichloroethylene toxicity. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2020; 22:472-486. [PMID: 32022077 PMCID: PMC7103546 DOI: 10.1039/c9em00537d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Trichloroethylene (TCE) is an industrial solvent and a common environmental contaminant detected in thousands of hazardous waste sites. Risk of exposure is a concern for workers in occupations that use TCE as well as for residents who live near industries that use TCE or who live near TCE-contaminated sites. Although renal, hepatic and carcinogenic effects of TCE have been documented, less is known about TCE impacts on reproductive functions despite epidemiology reports associating maternal TCE exposure with adverse pregnancy outcomes. Toxicological evidence suggests that the placenta mediates at least some of the adverse pregnancy outcomes associated with TCE exposure. Toxicology studies show that the TCE metabolite, S-(1,2-dichlorovinyl)-l-cysteine (DCVC) generates toxic effects such as mitochondrial dysfunction, apoptosis, oxidative stress, and release of prostaglandins and pro-inflammatory cytokines in placental cell lines. Each of these mechanisms of toxicity have significant implications for placental functions and, thus, ultimately the health of mother and developing child. Despite these findings there remain significant gaps in our knowledge about effects of TCE on the placenta, including effects on specific placental cell types and functions as well as sex differences in response to TCE exposure. Due to the critical role that the placenta plays in pregnancy, future research addressing some of these knowledge gaps could lead to significant gains in public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elana R Elkin
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2029, USA.
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Blossom SJ, Melnyk SB, Simmen FA. Complex epigenetic patterns in cerebellum generated after developmental exposure to trichloroethylene and/or high fat diet in autoimmune-prone mice. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2020; 22:583-594. [PMID: 31894794 PMCID: PMC7350281 DOI: 10.1039/c9em00514e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Trichloroethylene (TCE) is an environmental contaminant associated with immune-mediated inflammatory disorders and neurotoxicity. Based on known negative effects of developmental overnutrition on neurodevelopment, we hypothesized that developmental exposure to high fat diet (HFD) consisting of 40% kcal fat would enhance neurotoxicity of low-level (6 μg per kg per day) TCE exposure in offspring over either stressor alone. Male offspring were evaluated at ∼6 weeks of age after exposure beginning 4 weeks preconception in the dams until weaning. TCE, whether used as a single exposure or together with HFD, appeared to be more robust than HFD alone in altering one-carbon metabolites involved in glutathione redox homeostasis and methylation capacity. In contrast, opposing effects of expression of key enzymes related to DNA methylation related to HFD and TCE exposure were observed. The mice generated unique patterns of anti-brain antibodies detected by western blotting attributable to both TCE and HFD. Taken together, developmental exposure to TCE and/or HFD appear to act in complex ways to alter brain biomarkers in offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Blossom
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Arkansas Children's Research Institute, Little Rock, AR 72202, USA.
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