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Sporbert M, Jakubka D, Bucher SF, Hensen I, Freiberg M, Heubach K, König A, Nordt B, Plos C, Blinova I, Bonn A, Knickmann B, Koubek T, Linstädter A, Mašková T, Primack RB, Rosche C, Shah MA, Stevens AD, Tielbörger K, Träger S, Wirth C, Römermann C. Functional traits influence patterns in vegetative and reproductive plant phenology - a multi-botanical garden study. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 235:2199-2210. [PMID: 35762815 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Phenology has emerged as key indicator of the biological impacts of climate change, yet the role of functional traits constraining variation in herbaceous species' phenology has received little attention. Botanical gardens are ideal places in which to investigate large numbers of species growing under common climate conditions. We ask whether interspecific variation in plant phenology is influenced by differences in functional traits. We recorded onset, end, duration and intensity of initial growth, leafing out, leaf senescence, flowering and fruiting for 212 species across five botanical gardens in Germany. We measured functional traits, including plant height, absolute and specific leaf area, leaf dry matter content, leaf carbon and nitrogen content and seed mass and accounted for species' relatedness. Closely related species showed greater similarities in timing of phenological events than expected by chance, but species' traits had a high degree of explanatory power, pointing to paramount importance of species' life-history strategies. Taller plants showed later timing of initial growth, and flowered, fruited and underwent leaf senescence later. Large-leaved species had shorter flowering and fruiting durations. Taller, large-leaved species differ in their phenology and are more competitive than smaller, small-leaved species. We assume climate warming will change plant communities' competitive hierarchies with consequences for biodiversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Sporbert
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, 04103, Germany
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution with Herbarium Haussknecht and Botanical Garden, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, 07743, Germany
- Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), 06108, Germany
| | - Desiree Jakubka
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, 04103, Germany
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution with Herbarium Haussknecht and Botanical Garden, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, 07743, Germany
| | - Solveig Franziska Bucher
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, 04103, Germany
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution with Herbarium Haussknecht and Botanical Garden, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, 07743, Germany
| | - Isabell Hensen
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, 04103, Germany
- Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), 06108, Germany
| | - Martin Freiberg
- Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, 04103, Germany
| | - Katja Heubach
- Palmengarten and Botanical Garden Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, 60323, Germany
| | - Andreas König
- Palmengarten and Botanical Garden Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, 60323, Germany
| | - Birgit Nordt
- Botanic Garden Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, 14195, Germany
| | - Carolin Plos
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, 04103, Germany
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution with Herbarium Haussknecht and Botanical Garden, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, 07743, Germany
- Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), 06108, Germany
| | | | - Aletta Bonn
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, 04103, Germany
- Department of Ecosystem Services, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Leipzig, 04318, Germany
- Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, 07743, Germany
| | - Barbara Knickmann
- Core Facility Botanical Garden, University Vienna, Vienna, 1030, Austria
| | - Tomáš Koubek
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, 12801, Czech Republic
| | - Anja Linstädter
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, Department of Biodiversity Research/ Systematic Botany with Botanical Garden, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, 14469, Germany
| | - Tereza Mašková
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, 12801, Czech Republic
- Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, 93053, Germany
| | | | - Christoph Rosche
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, 04103, Germany
- Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), 06108, Germany
| | - Manzoor A Shah
- Department of Botany, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu & Kashmir, 190006, India
| | | | - Katja Tielbörger
- Institute of Evolution and Ecology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, 72076, Germany
| | - Sabrina Träger
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, 04103, Germany
- Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), 06108, Germany
| | - Christian Wirth
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, 04103, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, 04103, Germany
- Max-Planck-Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, 07745, Germany
| | - Christine Römermann
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, 04103, Germany
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution with Herbarium Haussknecht and Botanical Garden, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, 07743, Germany
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Temporal variation in the effect of ants on the fitness of myrmecophilic plants: seasonal effect surpasses periodic benefits. Naturwissenschaften 2022; 109:36. [PMID: 35763172 DOI: 10.1007/s00114-022-01805-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Plants provide extrafloral nectar, which is a food resource taken by ants, especially aggressive species that may act as plant guards. To our knowledge, no study has been conducted to concurrently investigate the fluctuation of plant fitness over its whole reproductive season, recording and comparing both short periods (different samplings during the plant's reproductive season) and the season/pooled data (all fruits produced during the reproductive season). Here, by assigning plants to either ant-present or absent treatments, we investigated the influence of the protective foliage-dwelling ant, Camponotus crassus, on the flower bud and fruit production of four extrafloral nectaried plants (Ancistrotropis firmula, Bionia coriacea, Cochlospermum regium, and Peixotoa tomentosa) throughout their annual reproductive season. Periodic samples in the field revealed a large variation in plant reproduction throughout the season; the increases in buds and fruits were not constantly higher in plants with ants, and in fact, plants without ants had more reproductive structures sometimes. Nonetheless, the examination of the pooled data, i.e., cumulative number of flower buds and fruits produced during the reproductive season, revealed the plants with ants produced more flower buds and fruits (e.g., up to two-fold greater in A. firmula) compared to ant-absent treatments. Our results indicate the effects of ants on plant reproduction are not constant over time, but the net benefits to plants with ants are reflected in increased fruit production. Therefore, the investigations of the benefit of ants on plants should consider the whole plant's reproductive season rather than single samplings within plant reproduction period.
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Blanco‐Sánchez M, Ramos‐Muñoz M, Pías B, Ramírez‐Valiente JA, Díaz‐Guerra L, Escudero A, Matesanz S. Natural selection favours drought escape and an acquisitive resource‐use strategy in semiarid Mediterranean shrubs. Funct Ecol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.14121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mario Blanco‐Sánchez
- Área de Biodiversidad y Conservación, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos. C/ Tulipán s/n, 28933 Móstoles Spain
| | - Marina Ramos‐Muñoz
- Área de Biodiversidad y Conservación, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos. C/ Tulipán s/n, 28933 Móstoles Spain
| | - Beatriz Pías
- Departamento de Biodiversidad, Ecología y Evolución. Universidad Complutense de Madrid. C/José Antonio Nováis 2, 28040 Madrid Spain
| | - José Alberto Ramírez‐Valiente
- Department of Forest Ecology & Genetics, Forest Research Center (INIA, CSIC), Ctra. de La Coruña km 7.5, 28040 Madrid Spain
- Centre for Ecological Research and Forestry Applications, CREAF, Edifici C Campus de Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona Spain
| | - Laura Díaz‐Guerra
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Sciences University of Girona. Campus Montilivi C/ Maria Aurèlia Capmany i Farnés 69 Girona Spain
- BETA Technological Center University of Vic – Central University of Catalonia. Futurlab ‐ Can Baumann Vic Barcelona Spain
| | - Adrián Escudero
- Área de Biodiversidad y Conservación, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos. C/ Tulipán s/n, 28933 Móstoles Spain
| | - Silvia Matesanz
- Área de Biodiversidad y Conservación, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos. C/ Tulipán s/n, 28933 Móstoles Spain
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Pigeon G, Albon S, Loe LE, Bischof R, Bonenfant C, Forchhammer M, Irvine RJ, Ropstad E, Veiberg V, Stien A. Context-dependent fitness costs of reproduction despite stable body mass costs in an Arctic herbivore. J Anim Ecol 2021; 91:61-73. [PMID: 34543441 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The cost of reproduction on demographic rates is often assumed to operate through changing body condition. Several studies have found that reproduction depresses body mass more if the current conditions are severe, such as high population densities or adverse weather, than under benign environmental conditions. However, few studies have investigated the association between the fitness components and body mass costs of reproduction. Using 25 years of individual-based capture-recapture data from Svalbard reindeer Rangifer tarandus platyrhynchus, we built a novel Bayesian state-space model that jointly estimated interannual change in mass, annual reproductive success and survival, while accounting for incomplete observations. The model allowed us to partition the differential effects of intrinsic and extrinsic factors on both non-reproductive mass change and the body mass cost of reproduction, and to quantify their consequences on demographic rates. Contrary to our expectation, the body mass cost of reproduction (mean = -5.8 kg) varied little between years (CV = 0.08), whereas the between-year variation in body mass changes, that were independent of the previous year's reproductive state, varied substantially (CV = 0.4) in relation to autumn temperature and the amount of rain-on-snow in winter. This body mass loss led to a cost of reproduction on the next reproduction, which was amplified by the same environmental covariates, from a 10% reduction in reproductive success in benign years, to a 50% reduction in harsh years. The reproductive mass loss also resulted in a small reduction in survival. Our results show how demographic costs of reproduction, driven by interannual fluctuations in individual body condition, result from the balance between body mass costs of reproduction and body mass changes that are independent of previous reproductive state. We illustrate how a strong context-dependent fitness cost of reproduction can occur, despite a relatively fixed body mass cost of reproduction. This suggests that female reindeer display a very conservative energy allocation strategy, either aborting their reproductive attempt at an early stage or weaning at a relatively constant cost. Such a strategy might be common in species living in a highly stochastic and food limited environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Pigeon
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | | | - Leif Egil Loe
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Richard Bischof
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Christophe Bonenfant
- UMR CNRS 5558, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Évolutive, Université de Lyon, Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | | | | | - Erik Ropstad
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Audun Stien
- Department for Arctic Ecology, Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, Fram Centre, Tromsø, Norway
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5
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Teixido AL, Valladares F. Heat and drought determine flower female allocation in a hermaphroditic Mediterranean plant family. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2019; 21:1024-1030. [PMID: 31282088 DOI: 10.1111/plb.13031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In animal-pollinated hermaphroditic species, larger and xenogamous flowers increase male-biased resource allocation, whereas smaller and selfing flowers invest disproportionally more resources to female function. In Cistaceae, an entomophilous and hermaphroditic Mediterranean family, this pattern generally follows a phylogenetic signal. However, resource allocation to carpels is independent of phylogeny, which suggests trait divergences among closely related species during the diversification into different environmental conditions. We tested this hypothesis across 37 species of Cistaceae along a temperature and precipitation gradient, including semiarid, dry, subhumid and humid sites. We quantified the proportions of dry mass and nutrient investment to carpels and tested the influence of the climatic gradient and site-specific precipitation on the interspecific variation in carpel resource allocation. Lowest and highest percentages of resource allocation to carpels ranged from 1.5-4.2% to 24.2-36.6%, respectively. The proportion of resources comprised in carpels significantly decreased with increasing precipitation/decreasing temperature. Thus, carpels comprised proportionally more resources under drier and hotter conditions, especially in semiarid sites. Our results demonstrate how the extent of climatic constraints is more important than phylogenetic relationships in determining stress-induced differences in carpel resource allocation across species of Cistaceae in a Mediterranean environment. We suggest that allocation of proportionally more resources to carpels in drier and hotter sites lies within a strategy to deal with the most stressful conditions by means of a high reproductive effort.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Teixido
- Área de Biodiversidad y Conservación, Escuela Superior de Ciencias Experimentales y Tecnología, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - F Valladares
- Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, MNCN-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
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Sherman DA, Dahlgren JP, Ehrlén J, García MB. Sex and the cost of reproduction through the life course of an extremely long-lived herb. Oecologia 2019; 191:369-375. [PMID: 31428868 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-019-04491-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Despite being central concepts for life history theory, little is known about how reproductive effort and costs vary with individual age once plants have started to reproduce. We conducted a 5-year field study and estimated age-dependent reproductive effort for both sexes in the extraordinarily long-lived dioecious plant Borderea pyrenaica. We also evaluated costs of reproduction on vital rates for male and female plants, both by examining effects of differences in individual reproductive effort under natural conditions, and by conducting a flower removal experiment, aimed at decreasing reproductive effort. Reproductive effort was fairly constant and independent of age for males, which may reflect a strategy of adjusting overall reproductive output by spreading reproduction over the life course. Females had a higher total effort, which first increased and then decreased with age. The latter may be a response to an increasing reproductive value-an inverse of a terminal investment-or a sign of reproductive senescence due to an age-related physiological decline. Seed production was lower in plants with higher previous reproductive effort and this effect increased with age. We found no evidence for costs of reproduction on other vital rates for either sex. Experimental flower removal only resulted in progressively more negative effects on flower production in older male plants, whereas female vital rates were unaffected. Overall, this study demonstrates that not only sex, but also age influences resource allocation trade-offs and, thus, plant life history evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle A Sherman
- Department of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230, Odense M, Denmark
| | - Johan P Dahlgren
- Department of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230, Odense M, Denmark. .,Interdisciplinary Centre on Population Dynamics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.
| | - Johan Ehrlén
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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Four climate change scenarios for Gypsophila bermejoi G. López (Caryophyllaceae) to address whether bioclimatic and soil suitability will overlap in the future. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0218160. [PMID: 31194783 PMCID: PMC6564006 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0218160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Climate change has altered the global distribution of many species. Accordingly, we have assessed here the potential shift in the distribution of Gypsophila bermejoi G. López under distinct scenarios of future climate change, this being a species endemic to the Iberian Peninsula. For strict gypsophiles, climatic changes affecting their potential area of distribution could be critical if the new range is not overlapped with suitable soils. Thus, the narrow bioclimatic niche and the endemic nature of this plant could make this species particularly vulnerable to climate change. We used the Maximum Entropy (MaxEnt) method to study the potential distribution of this taxon under four different scenarios of climate change, pin-pointing relevant changes in the potential distribution of this plant and enabling possible future areas of refuge to be assessed. Such scenarios are defined according to four Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs) [, which represent different trends in the concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide. As a result, we predict notable changes in the potential distribution of G. bermejoi, and the overlap between soil and bioclimatic suitability would be affected. We also used a Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to model the bioclimatic niche of this species, comparing it with that of its parental taxa. The evolution of bioclimatic suitability was assessed at the current locations of G. bermejoi and as this plant is a strict gypsophile, we generated suitability maps for sites with gypsum soils. Ultimately, this study identifies relevant changes in the potential distribution of G. bermejoi under specific climatic scenarios, observing remarkable differences in the outcomes of the different climate change scenarios. Interestingly, in some scenarios the bioclimatic suitability of G. bermejoi will be enhanced at many locations and even in the worst scenario some possible refuge areas were identified. G. bermejoi behaves more like a hardy survivor than as early victim.
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Teixido AL, Guzmán B, Staggemeier VG, Valladares F. Phylogeny determines flower size-dependent sex allocation at flowering in a hermaphroditic family. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2017; 19:963-972. [PMID: 28727278 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In animal-pollinated hermaphroditic plants, optimal floral allocation determines relative investment into sexes, which is ultimately dependent on flower size. Larger flowers disproportionally increase maleness whereas smaller and less rewarding flowers favour female function. Although floral traits are considered strongly conserved, phylogenetic relationships in the interspecific patterns of resource allocation to floral sex remain overlooked. We investigated these patterns in Cistaceae, a hermaphroditic family. We reconstructed phylogenetic relationships among Cistaceae species and quantified phylogenetic signal for flower size, dry mass and nutrient allocation to floral structures in 23 Mediterranean species using Blomberg's K-statistic. Lastly, phylogenetically-controlled correlational and regression analyses were applied to examine flower size-based allometry in resource allocation to floral structures. Sepals received the highest dry mass allocation, followed by petals, whereas sexual structures increased nutrient allocation. Flower size and resource allocation to floral structures, except for carpels, showed a strong phylogenetic signal. Larger-flowered species allometrically allocated more resources to maleness, by increasing allocation to corollas and stamens. Our results suggest a major role of phylogeny in determining interspecific changes in flower size and subsequent floral sex allocation. This implies that flower size balances the male-female function over the evolutionary history of Cistaceae. While allometric resource investment in maleness is inherited across species diversification, allocation to the female function seems a labile trait that varies among closely related species that have diversified into different ecological niches.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Teixido
- Área de Biodiversidad y Conservación, Escuela Superior de Ciencias Experimentales y Tecnología, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid, Móstoles, Spain
| | - B Guzmán
- Real Jardín Botánico, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - V G Staggemeier
- Department of Botany, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Institute of Biosciences, Phenology Lab, Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - F Valladares
- Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, MNCN-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
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Gomes VM, Negreiros D, Fernandes GW, Pires ACV, Silva ACDR, Le Stradic S. Long-term monitoring of shrub species translocation in degraded Neotropical mountain grassland. Restor Ecol 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.12537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa M. Gomes
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Ecology and Biodiversity; DBG/ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais; Minas Gerais Brazil
| | - Daniel Negreiros
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Ecology and Biodiversity; DBG/ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais; Minas Gerais Brazil
- Institute of Biological Sciences and Health; Centro Universitário UNA; Minas Gerais Brazil
| | - G. Wilson Fernandes
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Ecology and Biodiversity; DBG/ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais; Minas Gerais Brazil
| | - Ana C. V. Pires
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Ecology and Biodiversity; DBG/ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais; Minas Gerais Brazil
| | - Ana C. D. R. Silva
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Ecology and Biodiversity; DBG/ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais; Minas Gerais Brazil
| | - Soizig Le Stradic
- Laboratory of Phenology, Departament of Botany; Biosciences Institute, UNESP-Universidade Estadual Paulista; São Paulo Brazil
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Bajcz AW, Drummond FA. Flower power: Floral and resource manipulations reveal how and why reproductive trade-offs occur for lowbush blueberry ( Vaccinium angustifolium). Ecol Evol 2017; 7:5645-5659. [PMID: 28808544 PMCID: PMC5551106 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Revised: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant reproductive trade-offs are thought to be caused by resource limitations or other constraints, but more empirical support for these hypotheses would be welcome. Additionally, quantitative characterization of these trade-offs, as well as consideration of whether they are linear, could yield additional insights. We expanded our flower removal research on lowbush blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium) to explore the nature of and causes of its reproductive trade-offs. We used fertilization, defoliation, positionally biased flower removal, and multiple flower removal levels to discern why reproductive trade-offs occur in this taxon and to plot these trade-offs along two continuous axes. We found evidence through defoliation that vegetative mass per stem may trade off with reproductive effort in lowbush blueberry because the two traits compete for limited carbon. Also, several traits including ripe fruit production per reproductive node and fruit titratable acidity may be "sink-limited"-they decline with increasing reproductive effort because average reproductive structure quality declines. We found no evidence that reproductive trade-offs were caused by nitrogen limitation. Use of reproductive nodes remaining per stem as a measure of reproductive effort indicated steeper trade-offs than use of the proportion of nodes remaining. For five of six traits, we found evidence that the trade-off could be concave down or up instead of strictly linear. Synthesis. To date, studies have aimed primarily at identifying plant reproductive trade-offs. However, understanding how and why these trade-offs occur represent the exciting and necessary next steps for this line of inquiry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex W. Bajcz
- School of Biology and EcologyUniversity of Maine at OronoOronoMEUSA
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11
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Bearing fruit: flower removal reveals the trade-offs associated with high reproductive effort for lowbush blueberry. Oecologia 2017; 185:13-26. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-017-3908-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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12
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Dvorak TM, Catalano AE. Exclusion of introduced deer increases size and seed production success in an island-endemic plant species. Ecol Evol 2016; 6:544-51. [PMID: 26843937 PMCID: PMC4729259 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.1885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Revised: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of extra‐local invaders, such as the southern California mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) on Santa Catalina Island, may contribute to more selective and insidious effects within the unique ecosystems that have evolved in their absence. Studies at the species level may detect effects not noticed in broader, community level vegetation monitoring or help tease apart differences in the level of effect among the various ecological components of an invaded system. In this initial study, we measured the impacts of herbivory by mule deer, a species native to analogous habitats on the adjacent mainland, on size and seed production success for Crocanthemum greenei (island rush‐rose), a federally listed sub‐shrub that is not present on mainland California. We found deer exclusion resulted in an overall increase in stem measurement of 18.8 cm. Exclosure populations exhibited complete seed production success, whereas control populations showed significantly reduced success and exhibited complete failure within 58% of populations. These results show that the introduced mule deer on Santa Catalina Island are negatively affecting a federally threatened plant species. This strongly implies that the current deer management strategy is insufficient, if one of its goals is biodiversity and endemic species conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler M Dvorak
- Conservation Department Catalina Island Conservancy P.O. Box 2739 Avalon California 90704
| | - Amy E Catalano
- Conservation Department Catalina Island Conservancy P.O. Box 2739 Avalon California 90704
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Matesanz S, Gómez-Fernández A, Alcocer I, Escudero A. Fragment size does not matter when you are well connected: effects of fragmentation on fitness of coexisting gypsophiles. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2015; 17:1047-1056. [PMID: 25765458 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Most habitat fragmentation studies have focused on the effects of population size on reproductive success of single species, but studies assessing the effects of both fragment size and connectivity, and their interaction, on several coexisting species are rare. In this study, we selected 20 fragments along two continuous gradients of size and degree of isolation in a gypsum landscape in central Spain. In each fragment, we selected 15 individuals of each of three dominant gypsophiles (Centaurea hyssopifolia, Lepidium subulatum and Helianthemum squamatum, 300 plants per species, 900 plants in total) and measured several reproductive traits: inflorescence number, fruit set, seed set and seed mass. We hypothesised that plant fitness would be lower on small and isolated fragments due to an interaction between fragment size and connectivity, and that response patterns would be species-specific. Overall, fragment size had very little effect on reproductive traits compared to that of connectivity. We observed a positive effect of fragment connectivity on C. hyssopifolia fitness, mediated by the increased seed predation in plants from isolated fragments, resulting in fewer viable seeds per capitulum and lower seed set. Furthermore, seed mass was lower in plants from isolated fragments for both C. hyssopifolia and L. subulatum. In contrast, few reproductive traits of H. squamatum were affected by habitat fragmentation. We discuss the implications of species-specific responses to habitat fragmentation for the dynamics and conservation of gypsum plant communities. Our results highlight the complex interplay among plants and their mutualistic and antagonistic visitors, and reinforce the often-neglected role of habitat connectivity as a key component of the fragmentation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Matesanz
- Departamento de Biología y Geología, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Móstoles, Spain
| | - A Gómez-Fernández
- Departamento de Biología y Geología, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Móstoles, Spain
| | - I Alcocer
- Departamento de Biología y Geología, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Móstoles, Spain
| | - A Escudero
- Departamento de Biología y Geología, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Móstoles, Spain
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Identification and development of eight microsatellite markers for the gypsophyte Helianthemum squamatum and cross-species amplification. CONSERV GENET RESOUR 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s12686-014-0285-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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15
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Escudero A, Palacio S, Maestre FT, Luzuriaga AL. Plant life on gypsum: a review of its multiple facets. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2014; 90:1-18. [DOI: 10.1111/brv.12092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adrián Escudero
- Biodiversity and Conservation Unit, Department of Biology and Geology; Universidad Rey Juan Carlos; Móstoles Madrid E-28933 Spain
| | - Sara Palacio
- Conservation of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Restoration, Pyrenean Institute of Ecology (IPE-CSIC); Jaca Huesca E-22700 Spain
| | - Fernando T. Maestre
- Biodiversity and Conservation Unit, Department of Biology and Geology; Universidad Rey Juan Carlos; Móstoles Madrid E-28933 Spain
| | - Arantzazu L. Luzuriaga
- Biodiversity and Conservation Unit, Department of Biology and Geology; Universidad Rey Juan Carlos; Móstoles Madrid E-28933 Spain
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Jaikumar NS, Snapp SS, Sharkey TD. Life history and resource acquisition: Photosynthetic traits in selected accessions of three perennial cereal species compared with annual wheat and rye. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2013; 100:2468-2477. [PMID: 24322893 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1300122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Few previous studies have considered how plant age affects photosynthetic physiology in herbaceous perennials or how photosynthetic capacity in annual cereals compares to perennial relatives. Newly developed perennial cereals offer novel systems for addressing these questions. Our study makes a novel contribution by considering how life history differences affect photosynthetic physiology. METHODS In two linked field studies, we evaluated effects of life history and plant age on photosynthetic rates (A), and related biochemical, morphological, and water-relations traits, comparing 1- and 2-yr-old cohorts of perennial wheat, intermediate wheatgrass, and perennial rye to close annual relatives (wheat and rye). KEY RESULTS Photosynthetic rates (A) were 10-50% higher in perennial cereals compared to annuals. In wheatgrass, elevated A was associated with higher carboxylation (VC), triose phosphate utilization (TPU) and electron transport rates (J), and higher leaf soluble protein and chlorophyll. Younger wheatgrass plants maintained higher A, TPU, J, and VC than older plants did. Perennial wheat and rye differed from annual relatives in some but not all of these parameters. Differences in stomatal limitation were not involved, while differences in stomatal conductance (gs) became evident under drier conditions. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that some perennial cereal species can maintain higher midseason A than their annual crop relatives. These changes are not fully explainable by increased access to soil water and may reflect trade-offs between allocation to reproduction and to resource acquisition. We also found evidence for age-related changes in photosynthetic physiology in a herbaceous perennial plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikhil S Jaikumar
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan USA
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17
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García-Fernández A, Iriondo JM, Bartels D, Escudero A. Response to artificial drying until drought-induced death in different elevation populations of a high-mountain plant. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2013; 15 Suppl 1:93-100. [PMID: 22776400 DOI: 10.1111/j.1438-8677.2012.00638.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Climate change is imposing warmer and more arid conditions on high-mountain Mediterranean pastures. The severity of these conditions is more intense in lower elevation populations and may be critical for their survival. In this context, we asked whether local adaptation plays an important role in the response of these populations to climate change, and if so, what mechanisms are involved. Previous works, involving reciprocal sowings suggested the existence of local adaptation in lower elevation populations of Silene ciliata, a perennial representative of high-mountain Mediterranean pastures. To determine if this local advantage is due to better adaptation to more intense water stress conditions, an experiment was conducted in which S. ciliata plants from three populations located at different elevations (Low, Intermediate and High) were subjected to severe artificial water stress. Results showed that plants from the Low population had greater tolerance to water stress than plants from the High population in the earliest stages of water shortage. Furthermore, responses of proteins to specific antibodies related to drought were evaluated. Two representative late-embryogenesis abundant (LEA) proteins known to play a role in water stress tolerance were expressed throughout the drought treatment in plants from the three populations, with some pattern differences among individuals within populations. This study detected slight evidence of local adaptation to water stress in populations from different elevations.
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Martínez I, Flores T, Otálora MAG, Belinchón R, Prieto M, Aragón G, Escudero A. Multiple-scale environmental modulation of lichen reproduction. Fungal Biol 2012; 116:1192-201. [PMID: 23153809 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2012.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2012] [Revised: 09/18/2012] [Accepted: 09/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
It is necessary to understand how environmental changes affect plant fitness to predict survival of a species, but this knowledge is scarce for lichens and complicated by their formation of sexual and asexual reproductive structures. Are the presence and number of reproductive structures in Lobaria pulmonaria, a threatened lichen, dependent on thallus size, and is their formation sequential? Does any size-dependence and sequential formation vary along a climate gradient? Generalized linear mixed models were used to explore the effect of environmental predictors on the size and presence/abundance of each reproductive structure and to determine the probability of a given-sized thallus to develop any reproductive structure. The largest individuals are more likely to develop reproductive structures, and the lichen uses a mixed strategy of early asexual reproduction and late sexual. Macro and microclimatic variables also influenced reproductive capacity. Relationships among climate conditions and lichen size and reproductive capacity can compromise the future viability of the species in the most southern populations of Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Martínez
- Área de Biodiversidad y Conservación, ESCET, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, C/Tulipán s/n, 28933 Móstoles, Madrid, Spain.
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Toivonen E, Mutikainen P. Differential costs of reproduction in females and hermaphrodites in a gynodioecious plant. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2012; 109:1159-64. [PMID: 22419762 PMCID: PMC3336951 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcs037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2011] [Accepted: 01/31/2012] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Plants exhibit a variety of reproductive systems where unisexual (females or males) morphs coexist with hermaphrodites. The maintenance of dimorphic and polymorphic reproductive systems may be problematic. For example, to coexist with hermaphrodites the females of gynodioecious species have to compensate for the lack of male function. In our study species, Geranium sylvaticum, a perennial gynodioecious herb, the relative seed fitness advantage of females varies significantly between years within populations as well as among populations. Differences in reproductive investment between females and hermaphrodites may lead to differences in future survival, growth and reproductive success, i.e. to differential costs of reproduction. Since females of this species produce more seeds, higher costs of reproduction in females than in hermaphrodites were expected. Due to the higher costs of reproduction, the yearly variation in reproductive output of females might be more pronounced than that of hermaphrodites. METHODS Using supplemental hand-pollination of females and hermaphrodites of G. sylvaticum we examined if increased reproductive output leads to differential costs of reproduction in terms of survival, probability of flowering, and seed production in the following year. KEY RESULTS Experimentally increased reproductive output had differential effects on the reproduction of females and hermaphrodites. In hermaphrodites, the probability of flowering decreased significantly in the following year, whereas in females the costs were expressed in terms of decreased future seed production. CONCLUSIONS When combining the probability of flowering and seed production per plant to estimate the multiplicative change in fitness, female plants showed a 56 % and hermaphrodites showed a 39 % decrease in fitness due to experimentally increased reproduction. Therefore, in total, female plants seem to be more sensitive to the cost of reproduction in terms of seed fitness than hermaphrodites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eija Toivonen
- Section of Ecology, Department of Biology, University of Turku, FIN-20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Pia Mutikainen
- Institute of Integrative Biology, Plant Ecological Genetics, ETH-Zürich, ETH-Zentrum, Universitätsstrasse 16, CH-8092 Zürich, Switzerland
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Sletvold N, Ågren J. Among-population variation in costs of reproduction in the long-lived orchid Gymnadenia conopsea: an experimental study. Oecologia 2011; 167:461-8. [PMID: 21556943 PMCID: PMC3172413 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-011-2006-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2011] [Accepted: 04/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A cost of reproduction in terms of reduced future performance underlies all life-history models, yet costs have been difficult to detect in short-term experiments with long-lived plants. The likelihood of detecting costs should depend on the range of variation in reproductive effort that can be induced, and also on the shape of the cost function across this range, which should be affected by resource availability. Here, we experimentally examined the effects of both reduced and increased fruit production in two populations of the long-lived orchid Gymnadenia conopsea located at sites that differ in length of the growing season. Plants that were prevented from fruiting produced more flowers in the population with a longer growing season, had higher survival in the other population, and grew larger compared to control plants in both populations. Fruit production was pollen-limited in both populations, and increased reproductive investment after supplemental hand-pollination was associated with reduced fecundity the following year. The results demonstrate that the shape of the cost function varies among fitness components, and that costs can be differentially expressed in different populations. They are consistent with the hypothesis that differences in temporal overlap between allocation to reproduction and other functions will induce among-population variation in reproductive costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Sletvold
- NTNU, Museum of Natural History and Archaeology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Jon Ågren
- Plant Ecology and Evolution, Department of Ecology and Genetics, EBC, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18 D, 752 36 Uppsala, Sweden
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Olano JM, Eugenio M, Escudero A. Site effect is stronger than species identity in driving demographic responses of Helianthemum (Cistaceae) shrubs in gypsum environments. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2011; 98:1016-23. [PMID: 21613066 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1000505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Regional climatic patterns result in the synchrony of biological processes along large spatial areas. These patterns may be critical for effective plant recruitment in (semi)arid environments. Nevertheless, recruitment patterns of plant species within their range of distribution are still poorly known. Moreover, this response may be species-dependent, particularly between coexisting congenerics, which are thought to vary in demographic responses to climatic conditions as a coexistence-promoting mechanism. In this context, we investigated whether two congeneric plant species show synchronic age structures at varying spatial scales and whether they display demographic differences. METHODS We sampled 600 Helianthemum squamatum and H. syriacum individuals at six localities in Spain. We used dendrochronological techniques to estimate age and radial growth. We compared the age structure among populations and between species and assessed the effect of site and species on different demographic parameters. Correlations between age structure and climatic factors were also determined. KEY RESULTS We detected a very low intraspecific synchrony across sites but a high interspecific coupling in age structure within localities. Secondary growth, mean age, and flowering showed large intersite differences and small interspecific differences. Summer rainfall was a good predictor of age structure. CONCLUSIONS Fine-scale climatic variability plays a major role in determining age structure of the studied species. Climatic variability is more relevant than interspecific differences. Our results illustrate the relevance of including spatial variation in summer rainfall patterns when modeling the impact of climate change on Mediterranean plant demography.
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Affiliation(s)
- José M Olano
- Departamento de Ciencias Agroforestales, EU de Ingenierías Agrarias, Universidad de Valladolid, Los Pajaritos s/n, Soria, Spain E-42004.
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Aragón CF, Méndez M, Escudero A. Linkages among life-history components through time: Carryover effects on the demography of a short-lived polycarpic plant. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2010; 97:1492-7. [PMID: 21616903 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1000072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Current reproduction in polycarpic plants may be affected by a wide variety of factors, including carryover or "historical" effects derived from environments experienced early in life and from previous investments in organ preformation or other life functions, such as growth or reproduction. Historical effects as determinants of plant reproductive success in a specific season have received considerably less attention than events during the current reproductive episode, especially for short-lived plants. • METHODS We used structural equation modeling to assess direct and indirect relations between past reproduction and both subsequent reproduction and growth in Helianthemum squamatum, a short-lived polycarpic plant. Additionally, we explored the effects of current reproduction on future survival (binomial variable) by using logistic regression. • KEY RESULTS Historical effects derived from previous growth positively affected current reproduction, suggesting the existence of a reproductive hierarchy in the population, in which some individuals are consistently better growers and seeders. The lack of effects of current reproduction on future reproduction, together with the existence of a negative effect on future survival, suggests that to invest maximally in reproduction at the expense of a short life span may be the optimal strategy for H. squamatum, a species inhabiting very unpredictable ecosystems. • CONCLUSIONS Historical effects derived from past investments in growth or reproduction may have important consequences for current plant performance and may play an essential role in shaping life histories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina F Aragón
- Área de Biodiversidad y Conservación, Departamento de Biología y Geología, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, C/Tulipán s/n 28933 Móstoles, Madrid, Spain
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Van Tassel DL, DeHaan LR, Cox TS. Missing domesticated plant forms: can artificial selection fill the gap? Evol Appl 2010; 3:434-52. [PMID: 25567937 PMCID: PMC3352511 DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-4571.2010.00132.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2010] [Accepted: 04/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In the course of their evolution, the angiosperms have radiated into most known plant forms and life histories. Their adaptation to a recently created habitat, the crop field, produced a novel form: the plant that allocates an unprecedented 30-60% of its net productivity to sexual structures. Long-lived trees, shrubs and vines of this form evolved, as did annual herbs. Perennial herb forms with increased allocation to asexual reproduction evolved, but there are no examples of perennial herbs with high sexual effort. We suggest that sowing seed into annually tilled fields favored shorter-lived herbs because of trade-offs between first-year seed production and relative growth rate and/or persistence. By propagating cuttings, people quickly domesticated tuber crops and large woody plants. Perennial herbs were too small to be efficiently propagated by cuttings, and the association between longevity, allogamy and genetic load made rapid domestication by sexual cycles unlikely. Perennial grain crops do not exist because they could not have evolved under the original set of conditions; however, they can be deliberately developed today through artificial phenotypic and genotypic selection.
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Naz N, Hameed M, Sajid Aqeel Ahmad M, Ashraf M, Arshad M. Is soil salinity one of the major determinants of community structure under arid environments? COMMUNITY ECOL 2010. [DOI: 10.1556/comec.11.2010.1.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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