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Tung YT, Chen YL, Fan TY, Fong TH, Chiu WC. Effects of dietary adjustment of n-3: n-6 fatty-acid ratio to 1:2 on anti-inflammatory and insulin-signaling pathways in ovariectomized mice with high fat diet-induced obesity. Heliyon 2023; 9:e20451. [PMID: 37817999 PMCID: PMC10560786 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e20451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Estrogen deficiency increases the secretion of inflammatory mediators and can lead to obesity. Consequently, estrogen deficiency can cause metabolic syndrome, particularly insulin resistance during menopause. Both fish oil and perilla oil contain n-3 fatty acids, which may regulate several inflammatory cytokines. Additionally, adjusting the dietary n-3:n-6 fatty-acid ratio to 1:2 may help treat or prevent chronic diseases. Therefore, we investigated the effect of anti-inflammatory and insulin-signaling pathways, not solely in relation to the (n-3:n-6 fatty-acid ratio at 1:2), but also considering the origin of n-3 fatty acids found in fish oil and perilla oil, in a mouse model of estrogen deficiency induced by ovariectomy and obesity induced by a high-fat diet (HFD). Female C57BL/6J mice were divided into five groups: sham mice on a normal diet; ovariectomized (OVX) mice on a normal diet (OC); OVX mice on a HFD plus lard oil (OL), fish oil (OF), or perilla oil (OP). The dietary n-3:n-6 ratio in the OF and OP groups was adjusted to 1:2. The results showed OF group exhibited significantly lower abdominal adipose tissue weight, fewer liver lipid droplets, and smaller uterine adipocytes, compared with the OL group. Compared with the OL group, the OF and OP groups exhibited higher oral glucose tolerance and lower serum alanine aminotransferase activity, triacylglycerol levels, and total cholesterol levels. Hepatic JAK2, STAT3, and SOCS3 mRNA expression and p-NF-κB p65 and IL-6 levels were significantly lower in the OF and OP groups than in the OL group. Only the OF group exhibited an increase in PI3K and Akt mRNA expression, decrease in GLUT2 mRNA expression, and considerable elevation of p-Akt. Both fish and perilla oil reduced inflammatory signaling markers. However, only fish oil improved insulin signaling (PI3K, Akt, and GLUT2). Our data suggest that fish oil can alleviate insulin signaling through activating the PI3K-Akt-GLUT2 cascade signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Tang Tung
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
- Cell Physiology and Molecular Image Research Center, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 116, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Ling Chen
- School of Nutrition and Health Sciences, College of Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
- Cell Therapy Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City 333, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Yu Fan
- School of Nutrition and Health Sciences, College of Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
- Cell Therapy Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City 333, Taiwan
| | - Tsorng-Harn Fong
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Chun Chiu
- School of Nutrition and Health Sciences, College of Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
- Research Center of Geriatric Nutrition, College of Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
- Department of Nutrition, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 116, Taiwan
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2
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van Laar A, Grootaert C, Rajkovic A, Desmet T, Beerens K, Van Camp J. Rare Sugar Metabolism and Impact on Insulin Sensitivity along the Gut-Liver-Muscle Axis In Vitro. Nutrients 2023; 15:1593. [PMID: 37049441 PMCID: PMC10096767 DOI: 10.3390/nu15071593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Rare sugars have recently attracted attention as potential sugar replacers. Understanding the biochemical and biological behavior of these sugars is of importance in (novel) food formulations and prevention of type 2 diabetes. In this study, we investigated whether rare sugars may positively affect intestinal and liver metabolism, as well as muscle insulin sensitivity, compared to conventional sugars. Rare disaccharide digestibility, hepatic metabolism of monosaccharides (respirometry) and the effects of sugars on skeletal muscle insulin sensitivity (impaired glucose uptake) were investigated in, respectively, Caco-2, HepG2 and L6 cells or a triple coculture model with these cells. Glucose and fructose, but not l-arabinose, acutely increased extracellular acidification rate (ECAR) responses in HepG2 cells and impaired glucose uptake in L6 cells following a 24 h exposure at 28 mM. Cellular bioenergetics and digestion experiments with Caco-2 cells indicate that especially trehalose (α1-1α), D-Glc-α1,2-D-Gal, D-Glc-α1,2-D-Rib and D-Glc-α1,3-L-Ara experience delayed digestion and reduced cellular impact compared to maltose (α1-4), without differences on insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in a short-term setup with a Caco-2/HepG2/L6 triple coculture. These results suggest a potential for l-arabinose and specific rare disaccharides to improve metabolic health; however, additional in vivo research with longer sugar exposures should confirm their beneficial impact on insulin sensitivity in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amar van Laar
- NutriFOODChem, Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Charlotte Grootaert
- NutriFOODChem, Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Andreja Rajkovic
- NutriFOODChem, Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Food Microbiology and Food Preservation, Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tom Desmet
- Centre for Synthetic Biology, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Koen Beerens
- Centre for Synthetic Biology, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - John Van Camp
- NutriFOODChem, Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
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3
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Kurniati NF, Fathadina A. Combination of Empagliflozin and Liraglutide protects heart against isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction in rats. PHARMACIA 2023. [DOI: 10.3897/pharmacia.70.e96975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular benefit of new anti-hyperglycemic agent such as glucagon like peptide-1 receptor agonist (GLP-1RA) or sodium glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitor (SGLT2i) has been proven, with the proposed-mechanism that might be complementary. We investigated the effects of its combination on blood glucose profile and cardiac biomarkers. The rats were given lipid emulsion for 2 weeks, followed by a single dose of streptozotocin (STZ) 35 mg/kg BW, then treated with empagliflozin and/ liraglutide for 30 days while receiving isoproterenol (ISO) 85 mg/kg on day 29 and 30. The results showed no superior improvement on fasting blood glucose (FBG) and insulin sensitivity (KITT) in the combination group compared to empagliflozin/liraglutide group. However, the combination group showed a higher inhibition in almost all biomarkers, specifically against the elevation of CK-MB compared to one of these agents alone. The histopathological examination using H&E staining even showed a minimal inflammation and gap between cardiomyocytes. These findings may indicate the combination of empagliflozin and liraglutide has a better cardiac protection effect.
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4
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Caroline OB, Ebuehi OA, Cecilia OA, Kayode OA. Effect of Allium sativum extract in combination -with orlistat on insulin resistance and disrupted metabolic hormones in high fat diet induced obese rats. SCIENTIFIC AFRICAN 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sciaf.2021.e00994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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5
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Adiwidjaja J, Sasongko L. Effect of Nigella sativa oil on pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of gliclazide in rats. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2021; 42:359-371. [PMID: 34327715 DOI: 10.1002/bdd.2300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Nigella sativa oil (NSO) has been used widely for its putative anti-hyperglycemic activity. However, little is known about its potential effect on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of antidiabetic drugs, including gliclazide. This study aimed to investigate herb-drug interactions between gliclazide and NSO in rats. Plasma concentrations of gliclazide (single oral and intravenous dose of 33 and 26.4 mg/kg, respectively) in the presence and absence of co-administration with NSO (52 mg/kg per oral) were quantified in healthy and insulin resistant rats (n = 5 for each group). Physiological and treatment-related factors were evaluated as potential influential covariates using a population pharmacokinetic modeling approach (NONMEM version 7.4). Clearance, volume of distribution and bioavailability of gliclazide were unaffected by disease state (healthy or insulin resistant). The concomitant administration of NSO resulted in higher systemic exposures of gliclazide by modulating bioavailability (29% increase) and clearance (20% decrease) of the drug. A model-independent analysis highlighted that pre-treatment with NSO in healthy rats was associated with a higher glucose lowering effect by up to 50% compared with that of gliclazide monotherapy, but not of insulin resistant rats. Although a similar trend in glucose reductions was not observed in insulin resistant rats, co-administration of NSO improved the sensitivity to insulin of this rat population. Natural product-drug interaction between gliclazide and NSO merits further evaluation of its clinical importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffry Adiwidjaja
- School of Pharmacy, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung, Indonesia.,Sydney Pharmacy School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Lucy Sasongko
- School of Pharmacy, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung, Indonesia
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6
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Sharma S. High fat diet and its effects on cognitive health: alterations of neuronal and vascular components of brain. Physiol Behav 2021; 240:113528. [PMID: 34260890 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2021.113528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Revised: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
It has been well recognized that intake of diets rich in saturated fats could result in development of metabolic disorders such as type 2 diabetes mellitus, obesity and cardiovascular diseases. Recent studies have suggested that intake of high fat diet (HFD) is also associated with cognitive dysfunction. Various preclinical studies have demonstrated the impact of short and long term HFD feeding on the biochemical and behavioural alterations. This review summarizes studies and the protocols used to assess the impacts of HFD feeding on cognitive performance in rodents. Further, it discuss the key mechanisms that are altered by HFD feeding, such as, insulin resistance, oxidative stress, neuro-inflammation, transcriptional dysregulation and loss of synaptic plasticity. Along with these, HFD feeding also alters the vascular components of brain such as loss of BBB integrity and reduced cerebral blood flow. It is highly possible that these factors are responsible for the development of cognitive deficits as a result of HFD feeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sorabh Sharma
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, PO Box 1700 STN CSC, Victoria, BC, V8W2Y2, Canada.
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7
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Joseph A, Parvathy S, Varma KK. Hyperinsulinemia Induced Altered Insulin Signaling Pathway in Muscle of High Fat- and Carbohydrate-Fed Rats: Effect of Exercise. J Diabetes Res 2021; 2021:5123241. [PMID: 33708999 PMCID: PMC7929694 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5123241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin resistance is a state of impaired responsiveness to insulin action. This condition not only results in deficient glucose uptake but increases the risk for cardiovascular diseases (CVD), stroke, and obesity. The present work investigates the molecular mechanisms of high carbohydrate and fat diet in inducing prediabetic hyperinsulinemia and effect of exercise on InsR signaling events, muscular AChE, and lactate dehydrogenase activity. Adult male Wistar rats were divided into the control (C) diet group, high-carbohydrate diet (HCD) group, high-fat diet (HFD) group, and HCD and HFD groups with exercise (HCD Ex and HFD Ex, respectively). Acetyl choline esterase activity, lactate dehydrogenase activity, total lactate levels, IRS1 phosphorylations, and Glut4 expression patterns were studied in the muscle tissue among these groups. High carbohydrate and fat feeding led to hyperinsulinemic status with reduced acetylcholine esterase (AChE) activity and impaired phosphorylation of IRS1 along with increased lactate concentrations in the muscle. Exercise significantly upregulated phosphoinositide 3 kinase (PI3K) docking site phosphorylation and downregulated the negative IRS1 phosphorylations thereby increasing the glucose transporter (GLUT) expressions and reducing the lactate accumulation. Also, the levels of second messengers like IP3 and cAMP were increased with exercise. Increased second messenger levels induce calcium release thereby activating the downstream pathway promoting the translocation of GLUT4 to the plasma membrane. Our results showed that the metabolic and signaling pathway dysregulations seen during diet-induced hyperinsulinemia, a metabolic condition seen during the early stages in the development of prediabetes, were improved with vigorous physical exercise. Thus, exercise can be considered as an excellent management approach over drug therapy for diabetes and its complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anu Joseph
- MIMS Research Foundation, Mankavu P.O., Calicut, Kerala 673007, India
| | - S. Parvathy
- MIMS Research Foundation, Mankavu P.O., Calicut, Kerala 673007, India
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8
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Alhowail AH, Alfawzan GS, Aldubayan MA, S. Alsalam L. Effect of Acute Chemotherapy on Glucose Levels in Rats. INT J PHARMACOL 2020. [DOI: 10.3923/ijp.2020.276.281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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9
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Kumawat VS, Kaur G. Insulinotropic and antidiabetic effects of β-caryophyllene with l-arginine in type 2 diabetic rats. J Food Biochem 2020; 44:e13156. [PMID: 31997410 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.13156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 12/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Beta-caryophyllene (BCP) is a flavoring agent, whereas l-arginine (LA) is used as a food supplement. They possess insulinotropic and β cell regeneration activities, respectively. We assessed the antidiabetic potential of BCP, LA, and its combination in RIN-5F cell lines and diabetic rats. Ex vivo studies were carried out for glucose uptake and absorption of the combination of BCP with LA. The results indicated that the combination of BCP with LA showed a significant decrease in glucose absorption and an increase in its uptake in tissues and also an increase in insulin secretion in RIN-5F cells. The combination treatment of BCP with LA showed a significant reduction in glucose, lipid levels, and oxidative stress in pancreatic tissue when compared with the diabetic group. Furthermore, the combination of BCP with LA normalized glucose tolerance and pancreatic cell damage in diabetic rats. In conclusion, the combinational treatment showed significant potentials in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Type 2 diabetes mellitus is the most prevalent chronic metabolic disorder affecting a large population. Beta-caryophyllene is a CB2 receptor agonist shown to have insulinotropic activity. l-Arginine is a food supplement that possesses beta-cell regeneration property. The combination of BCP with LA could work as a potential therapeutic intervention, considering the individual pharmacological activities of each. We evaluated the antidiabetic activity of the combination of BCP with LA in diabetic rats using ex vivo and in vitro experimentations. Results from the study revealed that the combination of BCP with LA showed a significant (p < .001) reduction in glucose and lipid levels as compared to individual treatment. In vitro study also supports the diabetic potential of the combination of BCP with LA in the glucose-induced insulin secretion in RIN-5F cell lines. The study indicates a therapeutic approach to treat T2DM by BCP and LA combination as food and dietary supplement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek S Kumawat
- Department of Pharmacology, Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM's NMIMS, Mumbai, India
| | - Ginpreet Kaur
- Department of Pharmacology, Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM's NMIMS, Mumbai, India
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10
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Swertisin rich fraction from Enicostema littorale ameliorates hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia in high-fat fed diet and low dose streptozotacin induced type 2 diabetes mellitus in rats. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 96:1427-1437. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.09.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Revised: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
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11
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Ramdhave AS, Ojha S, Nandave M. Energy intake correlates with the levels of fatty acid synthase and insulin-like growth factor-1 in male and female C57BL/6 mice. Am J Transl Res 2017; 9:830-844. [PMID: 28386316 PMCID: PMC5375981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests that, dysregulation of fatty acid synthase (FASN) and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) could play a vital role in pathology of various diseases. Our aim was to determine the changes in FASN and IGF-1 levels concomitant to long term feeding of HFD in either sex. Male and female mice were fed either HFD or LFD for a period of 16 weeks. During this period, physiological, biochemical, and histological parameters were evaluated. Mice fed with HFD showed a significant gain in body weight, body mass index, energy intake, and abdominal circumference. These changes were accompanied by compromised glucose and insulin tolerance, hyperinsulinemia, dyslipidemia, elevated plasma IL-6, and TNF-α concentration. Histologically, hepatocytes showed an elevated fat accumulation, appended by an increase in plasma activities of liver enzymes. Pancreas showed upsurge in number of β-cells with subsequent increase in size of islet implying its compromised state. While the kidney showed mild tubulointerstitial fibrosis indicating initiation of kidney impairment. These metabolic perturbations were related to the energy intake which was higher in males as compared to females. This led to a proportional rise in plasma as well as liver FASN and IGF-1 in HFD fed mice. Within both sexes, mice fed with HFD developed features of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), hyperinsulinemia, dyslipidemia, impaired glucose and insulin tolerance but the magnitude of these abnormalities was found to be less in female mice. This variation in magnitude could be attributed to the difference in energy intake and ultimately its effect on FASN and IGF-1 levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anup S Ramdhave
- SPP School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM’s NMIMSMumbai, India
| | - Shreesh Ojha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates UniversityAl Ain, UAE
| | - Mukesh Nandave
- SPP School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM’s NMIMSMumbai, India
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12
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Zhang Y, Han D, Yu P, Huang Q, Ge P. Genome-scale transcriptional analysis reveals key genes associated with the development of type II diabetes in mice. Exp Ther Med 2017; 13:1044-1150. [PMID: 28450939 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.4042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is one of the primary diseases that pose a threat to human health. The focus of the present study is type II diabetes (T2D), which is caused by obesity and is the most prevalent type of diabetes. However, genome-scale transcriptional analysis of diabetic liver in the development process of T2D is yet to be further elucidated. Microassays were performed on liver tissue samples from three-, six- and nine-week-old db/db mice with diabetes and db/m mice to investigate differentially expressed mRNA. Based on the results of genome-scale transcriptional analysis, five genes were screened in the present study: chromobox 8 (CBX8), de-etiolated homolog 1 and damage specific DNA binding protein 1 associated 1 (DDA1), Phosphoinositide-3-kinase regulatory subunit 6 (PIK3R6), WD repeat domain 41 (WDR41) and Glycine Amidinotransferase (GATM). At three weeks of age, no significant differences in levels or ratios of expression were observed. However, at six and nine weeks, expression of CBX8, DDA1, PIK3R6 and WDR41 was significantly upregulated (P<0.05) in the db/db model group compared with the control group, whereas GATM expression was significantly downregulated (P<0.05). These results suggest that T2D-related differential expression of genes becomes more marked with age, which was confirmed via reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Genome-scale transcriptional analysis in diabetic mice provided a novel insight into the molecular. events associated with the role of mRNAs in T2D development, with specific emphasis upon CBX8, DDA1, PIK3R6, GATM and WDR41. The results of the present study may provide rationale for the investigation of the target genes of these mRNAs in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchi Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150040, P.R. China
| | - Dongwei Han
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150040, P.R. China
| | - Pengyang Yu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150040, P.R. China
| | - Qijing Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150040, P.R. China
| | - Pengling Ge
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150040, P.R. China.,The Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia, Harbin Medical University of Chinese Ministry of Education, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, P.R. China
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13
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Sah SP, Singh B, Choudhary S, Kumar A. Animal models of insulin resistance: A review. Pharmacol Rep 2016; 68:1165-1177. [PMID: 27639595 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2016.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Revised: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Insulin resistance can be seen as a molecular and genetic mystery, with a role in the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus. It is a basis for a number of chronic diseases like hypertension, dyslipidemia, glucose intolerance, coronary heart disease, cerebral vascular disease along with T2DM, thus the key is to cure and prevent insulin resistance. Critical perspicacity into the etiology of insulin resistance have been gained by the use of animal models where insulin action has been modulated by various transgenic and non-transgenic models which is not possible in human studies. The following review comprises the pathophysiology involved in insulin resistance, various factors causing insulin resistance, their screening and various genetic and non-genetic animal models highlighting the pathological and metabolic characteristics of each.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangeeta Pilkhwal Sah
- Pharmacology Division, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India.
| | - Barinder Singh
- Pharmacology Division, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | - Supriti Choudhary
- Pharmacology Division, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | - Anil Kumar
- Pharmacology Division, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India
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Guan Y, Cui ZJ, Sun B, Han LP, Li CJ, Chen LM. Celastrol attenuates oxidative stress in the skeletal muscle of diabetic rats by regulating the AMPK-PGC1α-SIRT3 signaling pathway. Int J Mol Med 2016; 37:1229-38. [PMID: 27049825 PMCID: PMC4829141 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2016.2549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress plays a key role in the pathogenesis of diabetic myopathy. Celastrol provides a wide range of health benefits, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antitumor effects. We hypothesized that celastrol may exert an antioxidant effect in the skeletal muscle of diabetic rats. In the present study, MnSOD activity was determined by spectrophotometry. The protein levels were evaluated by western blot analysis and mRNA content was quantified by RT‑qPCR. We firstly found that the levels of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor coactivator 1α (PGC1α), silent mating-type information regulation 2 homolog 3 (Sirt3) and manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) were all decreased in the skeletal muscle of diabetic patients. Male rats with diabetes were also treated with the vehicle or with celastrol at 1, 3 and 6 mg/kg/day for 8 weeks. The administration of celastrol at 3 and 6 mg/kg attenuated the deterioration of skeletal muscle, as shown by histological analysis, decreased the malondialdehyde (MDA) level and increased the glutathione (GSH) level assayed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method. It also enhanced the enzyme activity and increased the expression of MnSOD, and increased the AMPK phosphorylation level, as well as PGC1α and Sirt3 expression. The findings of our study suggest that the expression of AMPK, PGC1α, Sirt3 and MnSOD are decreased in the skeletal muscle of diabetic patients. Celastrol exerted antioxidant effects on skeletal muscle partly by regulating the AMPK-PGC1α-Sirt3 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Guan
- Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development (Ministry of Health), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Tianjin Metabolic Diseases Hospital and Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, P.R. China
| | - Zi-Jian Cui
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Tianjin Union Medicine Center, Tianjin 300121, P.R. China
| | - Bei Sun
- Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development (Ministry of Health), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Tianjin Metabolic Diseases Hospital and Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, P.R. China
| | - Li-Ping Han
- Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development (Ministry of Health), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Tianjin Metabolic Diseases Hospital and Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, P.R. China
| | - Chun-Jun Li
- Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development (Ministry of Health), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Tianjin Metabolic Diseases Hospital and Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, P.R. China
| | - Li-Ming Chen
- Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development (Ministry of Health), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Tianjin Metabolic Diseases Hospital and Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, P.R. China
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15
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Xie J, Jiang Y, Kan Y, Zhao J, Kuang H, Ge P. Calcium-sensing receptor is involved in the pathogenesis of fat emulsion-induced insulin resistance in rats. Mol Med Rep 2015; 12:2043-8. [PMID: 25892159 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.3644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
A high-fat diet not only leads to obesity, but also leads to a predisposition towards insulin resistance (IR), which is characterized by hyperinsulinemia and reduced glucose tolerance. However, the etiology of IR remains to be fully elucidated. The present study investigated whether calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) is involved in the development of IR in rats fed a high-fat diet. IR was induced in the rats by feeding with a fat emulsion via gavage for 2, 4, 6 or 8 weeks. Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-q-PCR) and western blot analysis were performed to investigate whether CaSR-associated proteins were affected. The gavage of fat emulsion for 8 weeks induced a notable decline in the insulin sensitivity index (ISI) between -4.98 and -5.60. With 6 weeks of gavage, a significant difference in the ISI was observed between the IR and control groups. The results of the RT-qPCR and western blot analysis demonstrated that phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt pathway, which is a pathway closely associated with the CaSR signaling pathway, was significantly inhibited in the rats with IR. The results of the present study provided evidence that CaSR is associated with the development of IR in rats fed a high-fat diet and suggested that CaSR may be important in the pathogenesis of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaming Xie
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150040, P.R. China
| | - Yuan Jiang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150040, P.R. China
| | - Yuna Kan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150040, P.R. China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150040, P.R. China
| | - Haixue Kuang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150040, P.R. China
| | - Pengling Ge
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150040, P.R. China
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The effects of apelin treatment on a rat model of type 2 diabetes. Adv Med Sci 2015; 60:94-100. [PMID: 25625368 DOI: 10.1016/j.advms.2014.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Revised: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Apelin is an adipokine that plays a role in the regulation of many biological functions in mammals including the neuroendocrine, cardiovascular, immune systems, glucose homeostasis and obesity. It can act via autocrine, paracrine, endocrine, and exocrine signaling. We aimed to identify the role of apelin pathophysiology of diabetes. MATERIAL/METHODS 37 male Wistar Albino rats aged 8-10 weeks were divided in four experimental groups as: control group (C) control+apelin group (C+A), diabetic group (D) diabetic+apelin group (D+A). Apelin and apelin receptor mRNA gene expressions in heart and aorta tissue were determined by real-time polymerase chain reaction. The plasma levels of insulin and plasma apelin were determined by ELISA. RESULTS Plasma levels of insulin, glucose, blood pressure levels were significantly lower in D+A group. There was no statistically significant difference for level of apelin between diabetic groups. On the other hand, differences for apelin and APJ mRNA expression in heart and vascular tissue were found significant between groups. CONCLUSIONS Apelin can be used as a therapeutic agent in the treatment of type II diabetes in the future.
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Munshi RP, Joshi SG, Rane BN. Development of an experimental diet model in rats to study hyperlipidemia and insulin resistance, markers for coronary heart disease. Indian J Pharmacol 2015; 46:270-6. [PMID: 24987172 PMCID: PMC4071702 DOI: 10.4103/0253-7613.132156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Revised: 02/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: The objective of this study is to develop an experimental model of hyperlipidemia and insulin resistance (IR), markers of coronary heart disease (CHD) using high fat and high sugar (HFHS) diet and to evaluate the efficacy of the model using atorvastatin, a known antihyperlipidemic drug, pioglitazone, a known insulin sensitizer, and Tinospora cordifolia (Tc), an antidiabetic plant. Materials and Methods: Following Institutional Animal Ethics Committee permission, the study was conducted in male Wistar rats (200-270 g). The model was developed using a high fat (vanaspati ghee: coconut oil, 3:1) oral diet along with 25% fructose (high sugar) added in drinking water over a period of 6 weeks. Atorvastatin (2.1 mg/kg/day), pioglitazone (2.7 mg/kg/day) and Tc (200 mg/kg/day) were administered 3 weeks after initiation of HFHS diet and continued for another 3 weeks. Parameters assessed were weight, lipid profile, fasting blood glucose, insulin, and gastric emptying. Serum malondialdehyde (MDA) and catalase were assessed as markers of oxidative stress. Results: Administration of HFHS diet demonstrated a significant increase in blood glucose, insulin, total and low density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglycerides with a decrease in high density lipoprotein cholesterol. Treatment with test drugs decreased blood sugar, insulin, lipid parameters, increased gastric emptying rate, decreased MDA levels, and catalase activity when compared to HFHS diet group, confirming the efficacy of the model. Atherogenic index of all the test drugs (0.48, 0.57, and 0.53) was significantly lower as compared to HFHS diet group (1.107). Conclusion: This study confirms the development of a diet based cost-effective and time efficient experimental model, which can be used to study two important markers of cardiovascular disease that is, hyperlipidemia and IR and to explore the efficacy of new molecules in CHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renuka P Munshi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, TN Medical College and BYL Nair Charitable Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Samidha G Joshi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, TN Medical College and BYL Nair Charitable Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Bhagyeshri N Rane
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, TN Medical College and BYL Nair Charitable Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
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Shen N, Li X, Zhou T, Bilal MU, Du N, Hu Y, Qin W, Xie Y, Wang H, Wu J, Ju J, Fang Z, Wang L, Zhang Y. Shensong Yangxin Capsule prevents diabetic myocardial fibrosis by inhibiting TGF-β1/Smad signaling. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2014; 157:161-170. [PMID: 25267579 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2014.09.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2014] [Revised: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Shensong Yangxin Capsule (SSYX), a traditional Chinese herbal medicine, has long been used clinically to treat arrhythmias in China. However, the effect of SSYX on interstitial fibrosis in diabetic cardiomyopathy is unknown. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of SSYX on myocardial fibrosis in diabetic rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS The antifibrotic effect of SSYX was investigated in streptozocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats with high fat-diet (HFD). Fasting blood glucose, heart weight/body weight (HW/BW) ratio, total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), high density lipoprotein (HDL) and low density lipoprotein (LDL) were measured. Echocardiography and histology examination were carried out to evaluate heart function. Expressions of Smad7, TGF-β1, collagen I (col-1), collagen III (col-3), MMP-2, MMP-9 and α-SMA mRNA in heart tissues were measured by real time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). TGF-β1, Smad2/3, p-Smad2/3 and Smad7 protein levels were measured by western blot analysis. Proliferation of cardiac fibroblast was detected via immunofluorescence. RESULTS SSYX markedly decreased HW/BW ratio and improved the impaired cardiac function of type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) rats. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), haematoxylin and eosin (HE) and Masson staining results showed that SSYX attenuated cardiac fibrosis and collagen deposition in T2DM rats. Moreover, mRNA levels of TGF-β1, col-1, col-3, MMP-2, MMP-9 and α-SMA were downregulated, whereas Smad7 expression was upregulated after treatment with SSYX in rats with cardiac fibrosis. Furthermore, SSYX decreased protein levels of TGF-β1 and p-Smad2/3, and increased Smad7 expression. CONCLUSION TGF-β1/Smad signaling is involved in the cardiac fibrosis in diabetic cardiomyopathy and SSYX inhibits fibrosis and improves cardiac function via suppressing this pathway. Therefore, SSYX might be considered as an alternative therapeutic remedy for diabetic cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nannan Shen
- Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education), Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Xiaoguang Li
- Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education), Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Tong Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education), Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Muhammad U Bilal
- Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education), Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Ning Du
- Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education), Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Yingying Hu
- Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education), Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Wei Qin
- Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education), Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Yingming Xie
- Department of Endocrinology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China
| | - Hongtao Wang
- Hebei Yiling Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Shijiazhuang 050035, China
| | - Jianwei Wu
- Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education), Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Jiaming Ju
- Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education), Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Zhiwei Fang
- Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education), Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Lihong Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China.
| | - Yong Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education), Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China; Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China.
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Tian S, Ge X, Wu K, Yang H, Liu Y. Ramipril protects the endothelium from high glucose-induced dysfunction through CaMKKβ/AMPK and heme oxygenase-1 activation. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2014; 350:5-13. [PMID: 24741076 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.114.212928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aims to investigate the effects of ramipril (RPL) on endothelial dysfunction associated with diabetes mellitus using cultured human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs) and a type 2 diabetic animal model. The effect of RPL on vasodilatory function in fat-fed, streptozotocin-treated rats was assessed. RPL treatment of 8 weeks alleviated insulin resistance and inhibited the decrease in endothelium-dependent vasodilation in diabetic rats. RPL treatment also reduced serum advanced glycation end products (AGE) concentration and rat aorta reactive oxygen species formation and increased aorta endothelium heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression. Exposure of HAECs to high concentrations of glucose induced prolonged oxidative stress, apoptosis, and accumulation of AGEs. These effects were abolished by incubation of ramiprilat (RPT), the active metabolite of RPL. However, treatment of HAECs with STO-609, a CaMKKβ (Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase-β) inhibitor; compound C, an AMPK (AMP-activated protein kinase) inhibitor; and Zn(II)PPIX, a selective HO-1 inhibitor, blocked these beneficial effects of RPT. In addition, RPT increased nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor-2 (Nrf-2) nuclear translocation and activation in a CaMKKβ/AMPK pathway-dependent manner, leading to increased expression of the Nrf-2-regulated antioxidant enzyme, HO-1. The inhibition of CaMKKβ or AMPK by pharmaceutical approach ablated RPT-induced HO-1 expression. Taken together, RPL ameliorates insulin resistance and endothelial dysfunction in diabetes via reducing oxidative stress. These effects are mediated by RPL activation of CaMKK-β, which in turn activates the AMPK-Nrf-2-HO-1 pathway for enhanced endothelial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiliu Tian
- Key Laboratory of Exercise and Health Sciences of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China (S.T., Y.L.); Department of Biochemistry, University of California, Riverside, California (S.T.); Shandong Sport University, Shandong, China (X.G.); Center for Animal Experiment/ABSL-3 Laboratory, Wuhan University, Hubei, China (K.W.); Center for Medical Research, Wuhan University, Hubei, China (K.W.); and Department of Basic Theories, Hubei University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hubei, China (H.Y.)
| | - Xinfa Ge
- Key Laboratory of Exercise and Health Sciences of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China (S.T., Y.L.); Department of Biochemistry, University of California, Riverside, California (S.T.); Shandong Sport University, Shandong, China (X.G.); Center for Animal Experiment/ABSL-3 Laboratory, Wuhan University, Hubei, China (K.W.); Center for Medical Research, Wuhan University, Hubei, China (K.W.); and Department of Basic Theories, Hubei University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hubei, China (H.Y.)
| | - Ke Wu
- Key Laboratory of Exercise and Health Sciences of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China (S.T., Y.L.); Department of Biochemistry, University of California, Riverside, California (S.T.); Shandong Sport University, Shandong, China (X.G.); Center for Animal Experiment/ABSL-3 Laboratory, Wuhan University, Hubei, China (K.W.); Center for Medical Research, Wuhan University, Hubei, China (K.W.); and Department of Basic Theories, Hubei University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hubei, China (H.Y.)
| | - Huabing Yang
- Key Laboratory of Exercise and Health Sciences of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China (S.T., Y.L.); Department of Biochemistry, University of California, Riverside, California (S.T.); Shandong Sport University, Shandong, China (X.G.); Center for Animal Experiment/ABSL-3 Laboratory, Wuhan University, Hubei, China (K.W.); Center for Medical Research, Wuhan University, Hubei, China (K.W.); and Department of Basic Theories, Hubei University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hubei, China (H.Y.)
| | - Yu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Exercise and Health Sciences of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China (S.T., Y.L.); Department of Biochemistry, University of California, Riverside, California (S.T.); Shandong Sport University, Shandong, China (X.G.); Center for Animal Experiment/ABSL-3 Laboratory, Wuhan University, Hubei, China (K.W.); Center for Medical Research, Wuhan University, Hubei, China (K.W.); and Department of Basic Theories, Hubei University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hubei, China (H.Y.)
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20
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Sun H, Zhang S, Zhang A, Yan G, Wu X, Han Y, Wang X. Metabolomic analysis of diet-induced type 2 diabetes using UPLC/MS integrated with pattern recognition approach. PLoS One 2014; 9:e93384. [PMID: 24671089 PMCID: PMC3966886 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0093384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2013] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolomics represents an emerging discipline concerned with comprehensive assessment of small molecule endogenous metabolites in biological systems and provides a powerful approach insight into the mechanisms of diseases. Type 2 diabetes (T2D), called the burden of the 21st century, is growing with an epidemic rate. However, its precise molecular mechanism has not been comprehensively explored. In this study, we applied urinary metabolomics based on the UPLC/MS integrated with pattern recognition approaches to discover differentiating metabolites, to characterize and explore metabolic pathway disruption in an experimental model for high-fat-diet induced T2D. Six differentiating urinary metabolites were found in the negative mode, and two (2-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-phenyl) acetaldehyde sulfate, 2-phenylethanol glucuronide) of which were identified involving the key metabolic pathways linked to pentose and glucuronate interconversions, starch, sucrose metabolism and tyrosine metabolism. Our study provides new insight into pathophysiologic mechanisms and may enhance the understanding of T2D pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Sun
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Key Lab of Metabolomics and Chinmedomics, National TCM Key Laboratory of Serum Pharmacochemistry, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Shuxiang Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Key Lab of Metabolomics and Chinmedomics, National TCM Key Laboratory of Serum Pharmacochemistry, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Aihua Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Key Lab of Metabolomics and Chinmedomics, National TCM Key Laboratory of Serum Pharmacochemistry, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Guangli Yan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Key Lab of Metabolomics and Chinmedomics, National TCM Key Laboratory of Serum Pharmacochemistry, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Xiuhong Wu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Key Lab of Metabolomics and Chinmedomics, National TCM Key Laboratory of Serum Pharmacochemistry, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Ying Han
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Key Lab of Metabolomics and Chinmedomics, National TCM Key Laboratory of Serum Pharmacochemistry, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Xijun Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Key Lab of Metabolomics and Chinmedomics, National TCM Key Laboratory of Serum Pharmacochemistry, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
- * E-mail:
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Yang X, Feng L, Li C, Li Y. Tranilast alleviates endothelial dysfunctions and insulin resistance via preserving glutathione peroxidase 1 in rats fed a high-fat emulsion. J Pharmacol Sci 2013; 124:18-30. [PMID: 24389817 DOI: 10.1254/jphs.13151fp] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the effects of treatment with tranilast on vascular and metabolic dysfunction induced by a high-fat emulsion intragastric administration. Wistar rats were randomized to receive water or high-fat emulsion with or without tranilast treatment (400 mg/kg per day) for 4 weeks. Insulin sensitivity was determined with a hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp experiment and short insulin tolerance test. Vascular reactivity was evaluated using aortic rings in organ chambers. Glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPX1) expressions, eNOS phosphorylation and activity, MCP-1, H2O2 formation, and NO production were determined in vascular or soleus tissues. Tranilast treatment was found to prevent alterations in vascular reactivity and insulin sensitivity and to prevent increases in plasma glucose and insulin noted in the high-fat emulsion-treated rats. These were associated with increased antioxidant enzyme GPX1 expression, eNOS phosphorylation and activity, and NO production, but reductions in H2O2 accumulation. Moreover, tranilast preserved GPX1 expression in palmitic acid (PA)-treated endothelial cells with a consequent decreased ROS formation and increased eNOS phosphorylation and NO production. Therefore, oxidative stress induced by a relatively short-term high-fat diet could cause the early development of vascular and metabolic abnormalities in rats, and tranilast has a beneficial effect in vascular dysfunctions and insulin resistance via preserving GPX1 and alleviating oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, China
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22
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Rato L, Duarte AI, Tomás GD, Santos MS, Moreira PI, Socorro S, Cavaco JE, Alves MG, Oliveira PF. Pre-diabetes alters testicular PGC1-α/SIRT3 axis modulating mitochondrial bioenergetics and oxidative stress. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2013; 1837:335-44. [PMID: 24361842 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2013.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Revised: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 12/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Pre-diabetes, a risk factor for type 2 diabetes development, leads to metabolic changes at testicular level. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1 α (PGC-1α) and Sirtuin 3 (Sirt3) are pivotal in mitochondrial function. We hypothesized that pre-diabetes disrupts testicular PGC-1α/Sirt3 axis, compromising testicular mitochondrial function. Using a high-energy-diet induced pre-diabetic rat model, we evaluated testicular levels of PGC-1α and its downstream targets, nuclear respiratory factors 1 (NRF-1) and 2 (NRF-2), mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM) and Sirt3. We also assessed mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) content, mitochondrial function, energy levels and oxidative stress parameters. Protein levels were quantified by Western Blot, mtDNA content was determined by qPCR. Mitochondrial complex activity and oxidative stress parameters were spectrophotometrically evaluated. Adenine nucleotide levels, adenosine and its metabolites (inosine and hypoxanthine) were determined by reverse-phase HPLC. Pre-diabetic rats showed increased blood glucose levels and impaired glucose tolerance. Both testicular PGC-1α and Sirt3 levels were decreased. NRF-1, NRF-2 and TFAM were not altered. Testicular mtDNA content was decreased. Mitochondrial complex I activity was increased, whereas mitochondrial complex III activity was decreased. Adenylate energy charge was decreased in pre-diabetic rats, as were ATP and ADP levels. Conversely, AMP levels were increased, evidencing a decreased ATP/AMP ratio. Concerning to oxidative stress pre-diabetes decreased testicular antioxidant capacity and increased lipid and protein oxidation. In sum, pre-diabetes compromises testicular mitochondrial function by repressing PGC-1α/Sirt3 axis and mtDNA copy number, declining respiratory capacity and increasing oxidative stress. This study gives new insights into overall testicular bioenergetics at this prodromal stage of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luís Rato
- CICS-UBI-Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, 6201-506 Covilhã, Portugal; CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana I Duarte
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal; Institute for Interdisciplinary Research (IIIUC), University of Coimbra, 3030-789 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Gonçalo D Tomás
- CICS-UBI-Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, 6201-506 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Maria S Santos
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal; Life Sciences Department, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Paula I Moreira
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal; Laboratory of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Sílvia Socorro
- CICS-UBI-Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, 6201-506 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - José E Cavaco
- CICS-UBI-Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, 6201-506 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Marco G Alves
- CICS-UBI-Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, 6201-506 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Pedro F Oliveira
- CICS-UBI-Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, 6201-506 Covilhã, Portugal.
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Rato L, Alves MG, Dias TR, Lopes G, Cavaco JE, Socorro S, Oliveira PF. High-energy diets may induce a pre-diabetic state altering testicular glycolytic metabolic profile and male reproductive parameters. Andrology 2013; 1:495-504. [PMID: 23495257 DOI: 10.1111/j.2047-2927.2013.00071.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2012] [Revised: 12/26/2012] [Accepted: 01/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder that may arise from diet habits and is growing to epidemic proportions. Young male diabetic patients present high infertility/subfertility prevalence resulting from impaired reproductive function and poor semen quality. We aimed to evaluate the effects of a high-energy diet (HED) on glucose tolerance/insulin levels and correlate the observed effects on male reproductive function with overall testicular metabolism. After 1 month, HED fed rats showed increased glycaemic levels, impaired glucose tolerance and hypoinsulinaemia. Moreover, an imbalance of intratesticular and serum testosterone levels was observed, whereas those of 17β-estradiol were not altered. High-energy diet also affected the reproductive parameters, with HED rats exhibiting a significant increase in abnormal sperm morphology. Glycolytic metabolism was favoured in testicles of HED rats with an increased expression of both glucose transporters 1 (GLUT1) and 3 (GLUT3) and the enzyme phosphofrutokinase 1. Moreover, lactate production and the expression of metabolism-associated genes and proteins involved in lactate production and transport were also enhanced by HED. Alanine testicular content was decreased and thus intratesticular lactate/alanine ratio in HED rats was increased, suggesting increased oxidative stress. Other energetic substrates such as acetate and creatine were not altered in testis from HED rats, but intratesticular glycine content was increased in those animals. Taken together, these results suggest that HED induces a pre-diabetic state that may impair reproductive function by modulating overall testicular metabolism. This is the first report on testicular metabolic features and mechanisms related with the onset of a pre-diabetic state.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Rato
- Health Sciences Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior CICS-UBI, Covilhã 6201-506, Portugal
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Abstract
The prevalence of metabolic syndrome including central obesity, insulin resistance, impaired glucose tolerance, hypertension, and dyslipidemia is increasing. Development of adequate therapy for metabolic syndrome requires an animal model that mimics the human disease state. Therefore, we have characterized the metabolic, cardiovascular, hepatic, renal, and pancreatic changes in male Wistar rats (8-9 weeks old) fed on a high-carbohydrate, high-fat diet including condensed milk (39.5%), beef tallow (20%), and fructose (17.5%) together with 25% fructose in drinking water; control rats were fed a cornstarch diet. During 16 weeks on this diet, rats showed progressive increases in body weight, energy intake, abdominal fat deposition, and abdominal circumference along with impaired glucose tolerance, dyslipidemia, hyperinsulinemia, and increased plasma leptin and malondialdehyde concentrations. Cardiovascular signs included increased systolic blood pressure and endothelial dysfunction together with inflammation, fibrosis, hypertrophy, increased stiffness, and delayed repolarization in the left ventricle of the heart. The liver showed increased wet weight, fat deposition, inflammation, and fibrosis with increased plasma activity of liver enzymes. The kidneys showed inflammation and fibrosis, whereas the pancreas showed increased islet size. In comparison with other models of diabetes and obesity, this diet-induced model more closely mimics the changes observed in human metabolic syndrome.
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25
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Panchal SK, Brown L. Rodent models for metabolic syndrome research. J Biomed Biotechnol 2010; 2011:351982. [PMID: 21253582 PMCID: PMC3018657 DOI: 10.1155/2011/351982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2010] [Revised: 12/01/2010] [Accepted: 12/02/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Rodents are widely used to mimic human diseases to improve understanding of the causes and progression of disease symptoms and to test potential therapeutic interventions. Chronic diseases such as obesity, diabetes and hypertension, together known as the metabolic syndrome, are causing increasing morbidity and mortality. To control these diseases, research in rodent models that closely mimic the changes in humans is essential. This review will examine the adequacy of the many rodent models of metabolic syndrome to mimic the causes and progression of the disease in humans. The primary criterion will be whether a rodent model initiates all of the signs, especially obesity, diabetes, hypertension and dysfunction of the heart, blood vessels, liver and kidney, primarily by diet since these are the diet-induced signs in humans with metabolic syndrome. We conclude that the model that comes closest to fulfilling this criterion is the high carbohydrate, high fat-fed male rodent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil K. Panchal
- Department of Biological and Physical Sciences, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD 4350, Australia
| | - Lindsay Brown
- Department of Biological and Physical Sciences, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD 4350, Australia
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Wang LH, Yu CH, Fu Y, Li Q, Sun YQ. Berberine elicits anti-arrhythmic effects via IK1/Kir2.1 in the rat type 2 diabetic myocardial infarction model. Phytother Res 2010; 25:33-7. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.3097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Zhang SX, Sun H, Sun WJ, Jiao GZ, Wang XJ. Proteomic study of serum proteins in a type 2 diabetes mellitus rat model by Chinese traditional medicine Tianqi Jiangtang Capsule administration. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2010; 53:1011-4. [PMID: 20674218 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2010.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2010] [Revised: 06/23/2010] [Accepted: 06/28/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Proteomics technology was for the first time applied to investigate the changes of serum proteins levels in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) rat model after treated by Chinese traditional medicine Tianqi Jiangtang Capsule (ten normal Wistar rats, ten with T2DM and ten with T2DM administrated by Tianqi Jiangtang Capsule). In addition to two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2-DE), serum protein profiling in the three groups was further performed using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-TOF/MS). 11 visualized spots were differentially regulated and identified as diabetes-associated proteins. All the samples in three groups were then analyzed by ELISA and estimated the 7 proteins which were found to vary. The distinct effect of T2DM induction on the pattern of rat serum includes the down-regulation of Apolipoprotein E, Apolipoprotein A-I, Ig gamma-2A chain C region, and up-regulation of Transthyretin (TTR), Haptoglobin (Hp), Serum amyloid P-componen (SAP), Prothrombin. The majority of those protein levels were interestingly restored to those of healthy rats after Tianqi Jiangtang Capsule treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Xiang Zhang
- Pharmaceutical Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, No. 24 Heping Road, Harbin, Heilongjiang, PR China
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Wilson CG, Schupp M, Burkhardt BR, Wu J, Young RA, Wolf BA. Liver-specific overexpression of pancreatic-derived factor (PANDER) induces fasting hyperglycemia in mice. Endocrinology 2010; 151:5174-84. [PMID: 20844005 PMCID: PMC2954722 DOI: 10.1210/en.2010-0379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The pancreas-derived hormones, insulin and glucagon, are the two main regulators of glucose homeostasis. However, their actions can be modulated by the presence of other circulating factors including cytokines. Pancreatic-derived factor (PANDER) is a novel cytokine-like molecule secreted from the endocrine pancreas, but its biological function is currently unknown. To address this, we employed adenoviral gene delivery to develop a novel murine model of PANDER overexpression, which we used to study PANDER's effect on glucose homeostasis. Although serum metabolites in fed mice were unaffected by PANDER overexpression, fasting glucose, insulin, and corticosterone levels were significantly elevated. Additionally, PANDER-overexpressing mice displayed elevated glucose and insulin levels during a glucose tolerance test, indicating that glucose tolerance was impaired. However, there were no defects in glucose-stimulated insulin secretion or peripheral insulin sensitivity. Elevated transcription of hepatic gluconeogenic genes, PEPCK and G6Pase accompanied the fasting hyperglycemia observed in PANDER-overexpressing animals. Similarly, treatment of primary hepatocytes with PANDER-expressing adenovirus or PANDER-enriched conditioned medium elevated gluconeogenic gene expression and glucose output. PANDER treatment also resulted in higher levels of Ser133-phosphorylated cAMP-response element-binding protein in hepatocytes stimulated with 8-bromo-cAMP and dexamethasone and higher levels of intracellular cAMP upon stimulation with forskolin. In summary, we provide the first report that identifies PANDER as a regulator of hepatic glucose metabolism, where it serves as a novel factor that amplifies hepatic cAMP and cAMP-response element-binding protein signaling to induce gluconeogenic gene expression and glucose output.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camella G Wilson
- University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, 803B Abramson Research Center, 3615 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-4399, USA.
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Mechanism of impaired baroreflex sensitivity in Wistar rats fed a high-fat and -carbohydrate diet. Br J Nutr 2010; 104:291-7. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114510000450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Both high-fat and high-carbohydrate diets have been considered in association with the impairment of baroreflex sensitivity. However, the mechanisms are unclear. In the present study, the effects of a complex high-fat and high-carbohydrate diet (HFCD) on baroreflex circuitry were investigated. A HFCD emulsion was formulated and orally administered to rats for 30 d. Rats were then anaesthetised and baroreflex sensitivity was measured following intravenous injection of phenylephrine (PE) and sodium nitroprusside (SNP) at various doses. Morphological changes of the brainstem were detected by transmission electron microscopy. Baroreflex sensitivity-associated gene and protein expression was determined by quantitative RT-PCR and Western blot analysis. We found that: (1) the HFCD significantly attenuated heart rate responses to arterial blood pressure (ABP) increases induced by PE, but had no effect on heart rate responses to ABP decreases induced by SNP; (2) the HFCD induced medullary sheath thickening, myelinated nerve atrophy and hyaloplasm dissolving; (3) protein levels of substance P, calcitonin gene-related peptide, GlutR2 and γ-aminobutyric acid A receptors were all markedly decreased in the brainstems of rats administered with the HFCD. These findings conclude that a HFCD could impair the baroreflex sensitivity of rats. Remodelled morphology and decreased neurotransmitters and receptors in the domains of the nucleus tractus solitarii and nucleus ambiguus are participating in this process.
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Ai J, Yan X, Zhao L, Lu Y, Liang F, Cai B, Li G, Lu Y, Yang B. The protective effect of Daming capsule on heart function in streptozocin-induced diabetic rats with hyperlipidemia. Biol Pharm Bull 2010; 32:1354-8. [PMID: 19652373 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.32.1354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Impaired heart function is the main reason for increased mortality of diabetes mellitus. Development of drugs with cardioprotective effects against diabetic myocardiopathy would benefit patients with diabetes. In this study, we tested the cardioprotective effects of Daming capsule (DMC), a traditional Chinese formula, on heart function in streptozocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats with high fat-diet (HFD). DMC 100 mg/kg/d markedly decreased fasting blood glucose (FBG) and total cholesterol (TC), but did not affect triglycerides (TG) in diabetic rats at 30 d. The decreased heart rate (HR) and prolonged QT and PR interval induced by diabetes mellitus were significantly reversed by DMC (p<0.05). The mechanism may involve that DMC attenuated L-type calcium channel alpha(1c) subunit increasing and Kv4.2 decreasing at both mRNA and protein level in diabetic rats. Additionally, DMC could obviously ameliorate the impaired heart function of diabetic rats by decreasing elevated left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP) and increasing the attenuated maximum change velocity of left ventricular pressure in the isovolumic contraction or relaxation period (+/-dp/dt(max)). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) results showed that myocardium injury was attenuated by DMC (100 mg/kg/d) in STZ-induced diabetic rats with HFD. In conclusion, DMC could recover the prolonged QT interval and PR interval and elevated diastolic and systolic function of diabetic heart. This protective effect may partially be mediated through affecting the mRNA and protein expression of Kv4.2 and alpha(1c) as well as preventing cardiomyocyte morphological remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Ai
- Department of Pharmacology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin Medical University, Nangang District, Harbin, China
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Robbez Masson V, Lucas A, Gueugneau AM, Macaire JP, Paul JL, Grynberg A, Rousseau D. Long-chain (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids prevent metabolic and vascular disorders in fructose-fed rats. J Nutr 2008; 138:1915-22. [PMID: 18806101 DOI: 10.1093/jn/138.10.1915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The crossover relationship between cardiometabolic risk, in terms of insulin resistance and vascular dysfunction, and the fatty acid (FA) profile of insulin-sensitive tissues as well as the dietary FA impact has almost never been explored in the same experiment. In this study, the intake of alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) alone and/or with its higher metabolites, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) were evaluated in a nonobese, hypertriglyceridemic and insulin-resistant rat model, that exhibits the 2 main characteristics of metabolic syndrome. Wistar rats were fed either a cornstarch and (n-6) PUFA-based diet (C-N6) or a 66% fructose diet over a 10-wk period. Fructose-fed rats received a diet containing ALA alone (F-ALA group) or ALA plus EPA and DHA (F-LC3 group) or no (n-3) PUFA (F-N6 group). The 10-wk high-fructose diet (F-N6) induced an insulin-resistant state, as assessed by glucose and insulin tolerance tests. Insulin resistance was linked to a specific FA pattern in insulin-sensitive tissues, which probably involved modifications of Delta9, Delta6, and Delta5-desaturases. This pathological status was related to high cardiovascular risk as assessed by increases in systolic and diastolic blood pressures and particularly by the increase of pulse pressure, an index of vascular stiffness obtained from telemetry investigations. The (n-3) experimental diets prevented changes in the FA patterns in insulin-sensitive tissues, insulin resistance, and vascular dysfunction. This beneficial effect was large with an intake of long chain (n-3) PUFA (ALA+EPA+DHA) and to a lesser extent with dietary ALA alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Robbez Masson
- National Institute of Agronomy Research-Université Paris-XI Sud, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1154, Lipides Membranaires et Régulation Fonctionnelle du Coeur et des Vaisseaux, Institut Fédératif de Recherche 141, Faculté de Pharmacie, Châtenay-Malabry, France
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Sivabalan S, Renuka S, Menon VP. Fat feeding potentiates the diabetogenic effect of dexamethasone in Wistar rats. Int Arch Med 2008; 1:7. [PMID: 18500989 PMCID: PMC2414485 DOI: 10.1186/1755-7682-1-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2007] [Accepted: 05/23/2008] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The role of cortisol and its increased action/availability is implicated in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance associated with obesity and metabolic syndrome but the mechanism of increased action/availability is not known. Availability of several other lipophilic hormones, drugs and pollutants are also reported to be increased in obesity. Increased lipids in the circulation are reported to alter the fluidity and permeability of membranes. Hyperlipidemia is also reported to alter the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of lipophilic molecules and also membrane fluidity and permeability. In this context we assumed that the hyperlipidemia associated with human obesity might play a role in the altered action/availability of cortisol and this in turn might have initiated the metabolic complications. To evaluate our assumption we have administered dexamethasone [low [50 μg/kg/day] or high [250 μg/kg/day] dose] to high-fat [coconut oil & vanaspati] fed rats and the results were compared with rats administered with either dexamethasone or high-fat. Results and Discussion Within two weeks, the rats co-administered with high-fat and dexamethasone developed severe hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia and insulin resistance compared to rats treated either of them alone. High-fat fed rats treated with higher dose of dexamethasone were presented with severe hyperglycemia, insulin resistance and also severe glycosuria. The hyperlipidemia caused by high-fat feeding might have altered the transport and distribution of dexamethasone, probably by altering the physical state of membranes and transport proteins. Conclusion From the results obtained, it can be speculated that the altered lipid and cortisol metabolism could affect one another, forming a vicious cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanmugam Sivabalan
- Department of Biochemistry & Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar - 608002, Tamilnadu, India.
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Gounarides JS, Korach-André M, Killary K, Argentieri G, Turner O, Laurent D. Effect of dexamethasone on glucose tolerance and fat metabolism in a diet-induced obesity mouse model. Endocrinology 2008; 149:758-66. [PMID: 17974620 DOI: 10.1210/en.2007-1214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Prolonged exposure to elevated glucocorticoid levels is known to produce insulin resistance (IR), a hallmark of diabetes mellitus. Although not fully elucidated, the underlying molecular mechanisms by which glucocorticoids induce IR may provide potential targets for pharmacological interventions. Here we characterized muscle lipid metabolism in a dexamethasone-aggravated diet-induced obesity murine model of IR. Male C57BL/6 mice on a high-fat diet for 2 months when challenged with dexamethasone showed elevated food consumption and weight gain relative to age and diet-matched animals dosed with saline only. Dexamethasone treatment impaired glucose tolerance and significantly increased the intramyocellular lipid content in the tibialis anterior muscle (TA). A good correlation (r = 0.76, P < 0.01) was found between accumulation in intramyocellular lipid content in the TA and visceral adiposity. The linoleic acid (18:2) to polyunsaturated acid ratio was increased in the dexamethasone-treated animals (+29%; P < 0.01), suggesting a possible increase in stearoyl-CoA desaturase 2 activity, as reported in Sertoli cells. The treatment was also accompanied by a reduction in the percent fraction of omega-3 and long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in the TA. Analysis of the low-molecular-weight metabolites from muscle extracts showed that there was no dysregulation of muscle amino acids, as has been associated with dexamethasone-induced muscle proteolysis. In conclusion, dexamethasone-induced insulin resistance in diet-induced obese mice is associated with a profound perturbation of lipid metabolism. This is particularly true in the muscle, in which an increased uptake of circulating lipids along with a conversion into diabetogenic lipids can be observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- John S Gounarides
- Discovery Technologies, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research Inc, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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Abstract
AIM: To establish a rapid rat model of non-alcoholic fatty liver.
METHODS: Twenty-four male Sprague Dawley rats were averagely and randomly divide into group A, B and C, fed with normal diet, routine high-fat diet and routine high-fat diet plus sucrose, propylthiouracil, and sodium cholate, respectively. The general conditions and weight changes were dynamically observed for 5 wk, and then all the rats were killed. The pathological changes of liver tissues were observed by HE staining, and Sudan IV staining and electron microscopy were used to investigate the presence status of cytoplasmic lipid droplets in liver cells. The following indexes were compared between the three groups, including serum levels of triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), malondialdehyde (MDA), and superoxide dismutase (SOD), and tissue contents of TG and TC.
RESULTS: Starting from the fourth week, the weights of rats were significantly decreased in group A and C as compared with those in group B (249.63 ± 34.25, 241.88 ± 20.75 vs 275.38 ± 6.59, P < 0.05), but there was no marked difference between group A and C (P > 0.05). In the 5th week, light microscopy showed a great number of fatty vacuoles in liver cells, and electron microscopy confirmed the presence of abundant lipid droplets. Different degrees of hepatic fatty degeneration (+~+++) was observed in group C (H = 13.36, P = 0.0003), but not in group A and B. The serum levels of TG, TC, ALT and MDA were markedly higher in group C than those in group A and B (TG: 1.28 ± 0.61 mmol/L vs 0.72 ± 0.12, 0.76 ± 0.04 mmol/L; TC: 12.78 ± 1.47 mmol/L vs 1.71 ± 0.03, 2.31 ± 0.49 mmol/L; ALT: 1518.64 ± 186.04 nkat/L vs 1181.57 ± 37.84, 1262.92 ± 159.20 nkat/L; MDA: 13.40 ± 4.24 μmol/L vs 5.89 ± 1.05, 7.23 ± 1.15 μmol/L; all P < 0.05), but the activity of SOD was lower in group C (5.21 ± 0.81 nkat/mL vs 11.91 ± 2.69, 11.19 ± 0.78 nkat/mL, P < 0.05). There were no notable differences between group A and B (P > 0.05). The tissue contents of TG and TC were dramatically higher both in group B and C than those in group A (TG: 2.14 ± 0.26, 5.83 ± 1.42 mmol/L vs 1.20 ± 0.16 mmol/L, P < 0.05; TC: 3.19 ± 0.23, 9.63 ± 1.12 mmol/L vs 2.13 ± 0.16 mmol/L, P < 0.05), and there was also statistical difference between group B and C (P < 0.05).
CONCLUSION: The rat model of non-alcoholic fatty liver can be successfully established within 5 wk by the improved method, which needs less time and cost during the construction, and basically simulating the occurrence and progression of non-alcoholic fatty liver in human beings.
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Zou Y, Li J, Lu C, Wang J, Ge J, Huang Y, Zhang L, Wang Y. High-fat emulsion-induced rat model of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Life Sci 2006; 79:1100-7. [PMID: 16624332 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2006.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2005] [Revised: 03/08/2006] [Accepted: 03/09/2006] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is emerging as a common medical problem. Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is the critical turning point at which NAFLD progresses to more advanced stages such as hepatic fibrosis, cirrhosis and even hepatocellular carcinoma. However, the study of the pathogenic or therapeutic factors involved in NASH has been hampered by the absence of a suitable experimental model. The aim of the present work was to establish a high-fat emulsion-induced rat model of NASH. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed a high-fat emulsion via gavage for 6 weeks. Animals were examined for weight gain, serum and hepatic biochemistry, insulin sensitivity, hepatic malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and tissue morphology, as well as cytochrome P-450 2E1 (CYP2E1) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARalpha) expression in the liver. The results showed that rats treated with high-fat emulsion became obese, demonstrated abnormal aminotransferase activity, hyperlipoidemia, hyperinsulinemia, hyperglycemia and insulin resistance. The model rats exhibited an increased concentration of serum TNF-alpha, total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), MDA and reduced SOD levels in the liver. Immunoblot analysis showed that the expression of CYP2E1 was increased, whereas PPARalpha was reduced in the NASH model rat liver. Moreover, morphological evaluation revealed that hepatic steatosis, inflammation and mitochondrial lesions were also reproduced in this model. In conclusion, a practical and repeatable new rat model of steatohepatitis was established by feeding with high-fat emulsion via gavage. This model provides a valuable research tool and reproduces many of the clinical indices of human NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhong Zou
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Heifei, 230032 Anhui Province, China.
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