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Effect of Printing Layer Thickness and Postprinting Conditions on the Flexural Strength and Hardness of a 3D-Printed Resin. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:8353137. [PMID: 35237691 PMCID: PMC8885203 DOI: 10.1155/2022/8353137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Background Recently, dentists can utilize three-dimensional printing technology in fabricating dental restoration. However, to date, there is a lack of evidence regarding the effect of printing layer thicknesses and postprinting on the mechanical properties of the 3D-printed temporary restorations with the additive manufacturing technique. So, this study evaluated the mechanical properties of a 3D-printed dental resin material with different printing layer thicknesses and postprinting methods. Methods 210 specimens of a temporary crown material (A2 EVERES TEMPORARY, SISMA, Italy) were 3D-printed with different printing layer thicknesses (25, 50, and 100 μm). Then, specimens were 3D-printed using DLP technology (EVERES ZERO, DLP 3D printer, SISMA, Italy) which received seven different treatment conditions after printing: water storage for 24 h or 1 month, light curing or heat curing for 5 or 15 minutes, and control. Flexural properties were evaluated using a three-point bending test on a universal testing machine (ISO standard 4049). The Vickers hardness test was used to evaluate the microhardness of the material system. The degree of conversion was measured using an FT-IR ATR spectrophotometer. Statistical analysis was performed using two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey's honestly significant difference (HSD) test (p ≤ 0.05). Results The 100 μm printing layer thickness had the highest flexural strength among the other thickness groups. As a combined effect printing thickness and postprinting conditions, the 100 μm with the dry storage group has the highest flexural strength among the tested groups (94.60 MPa). Thus, the group with 100 μm thickness that was heat cured for 5 minutes (HC 5 min 100 μm) has the highest VHN value (VHN = 17.95). Also, the highest mean DC% was reported by 50 μm layer thickness (42.84%). Conclusions The thickness of the 100 μm printing layer had the highest flexural strength compared to the 25 μm and 50 μm groups. Also, the postprinting treatment conditions influenced the flexural strength and hardness of the 3D-printed resin material.
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Cao SS, Li SY, Geng YM, Kapat K, Liu SB, Perera FH, Li Q, Terheyden H, Wu G, Che YJ, Miranda P, Zhou M. Prefabricated 3D-Printed Tissue-Engineered Bone for Mandibular Reconstruction: A Preclinical Translational Study in Primate. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2021; 7:5727-5738. [PMID: 34808042 PMCID: PMC8672350 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.1c00509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
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The
advent of three dimensionally (3D) printed customized bone
grafts using different biomaterials has enabled repairs of complex
bone defects in various in vivo models. However, studies related to
their clinical translations are truly limited. Herein, 3D printed
poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)/β-tricalcium
phosphate (PLGA/TCP) and TCP scaffolds with or without recombinant
bone morphogenetic protein −2 (rhBMP-2) coating were utilized
to repair primate’s large-volume mandibular defects and compared
efficacy of prefabricated tissue-engineered bone (PTEB) over direct
implantation (without prefabrication). 18F-FDG PET/CT was
explored for real-time monitoring of bone regeneration and vascularization.
After 3-month’s prefabrication, the original 3D-architecture
of the PLGA/TCP-BMP scaffold was found to be completely lost, while
it was properly maintained in TCP-BMP scaffolds. Besides, there was
a remarkable decrease in the PLGA/TCP-BMP scaffold density and increase
in TCP-BMP scaffolds density during ectopic (within latissimus dorsi
muscle) and orthotopic (within mandibular defect) implantation, indicating
regular bone formation with TCP-BMP scaffolds. Notably, PTEB based
on TCP-BMP scaffold was successfully fabricated with pronounced effects
on bone regeneration and vascularization based on radiographic, 18F-FDG PET/CT, and histological evaluation, suggesting a promising
approach toward clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai-Shuai Cao
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510182, China
| | - Shu-Yi Li
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510182, China.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery/Pathology, Amsterdam UMC and Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), Amsterdam Movement Science, de Boelelaan, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam 1117, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Yuan-Ming Geng
- Department of Stomatology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510282, China
| | - Kausik Kapat
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510182, China
| | - Shang-Bin Liu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510182, China
| | - Fidel Hugo Perera
- Department of Mechanical, Energy and Materials Engineering, University of Extremadura, Industrial Engineering School, Avda. de Elvas s/n, 06006 Badajoz, Spain
| | - Qian Li
- Hangzhou Jiuyuan Gene Engineering Co., Ltd., Hangzhou 3100018, China
| | - Hendrik Terheyden
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Red Cross Hospital, Kassel 34117, Germany
| | - Gang Wu
- Department of Oral Implantology and Prosthetic Dentistry, Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1117, The Netherlands
| | - Yue-Juan Che
- Department of Anesthesia, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Pedro Miranda
- Department of Mechanical, Energy and Materials Engineering, University of Extremadura, Industrial Engineering School, Avda. de Elvas s/n, 06006 Badajoz, Spain
| | - Miao Zhou
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510182, China
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李 榕, 陈 科, 王 勇, 刘 云, 周 永, 孙 玉. [Establishment of a 3D printing system for bone tissue engineering scaffold fabrication and the evaluation of its controllability over macro and micro structure precision]. BEIJING DA XUE XUE BAO. YI XUE BAN = JOURNAL OF PEKING UNIVERSITY. HEALTH SCIENCES 2019; 51:115-119. [PMID: 30773555 PMCID: PMC7433564 DOI: 10.19723/j.issn.1671-167x.2019.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To establish a 3D printing system for bone tissue engineering scaffold fabrication based on the principle of fused deposition modeling, and to evaluate the controllability over macro and micro structure precision of polylactide (PLA) and polycaprolactone (PCL) scaffolds. METHODS The system was composed of the elements mixture-I bioprinter and its supporting slicing software which generated printing control code in the G code file format. With a diameter of 0.3 mm, the nozzle of the bioprinter was controlled by a triaxial stepper motor and extruded melting material. In this study, a 10 mm×10 mm×2 mm cuboid CAD model was designed in the image ware software and saved as STL file. The file was imported into the slicing software and the internal structure was designed in a pattern of cuboid pore uniform distribution, with a layer thickness of 0.2 mm. Then the data were exported as Gcode file and ready for printing. Both polylactic acid (PLA) and polycaprolactone (PCL) filaments were used to print the cuboid parts and each material was printed 10 times repeatedly. After natural cooling, the PLA and PCL scaffolds were removed from the platform and the macro dimensions of each one were measured using a vernier caliper. Three scaffolds of each material were randomly selected and scanned by a 3D measurement laser microscope. Measurements of thediameter of struts and the size of pores both in the interlayer overlapping area and non-interlayer overlapping area were taken. RESULTS The pores in the printed PLA and PCL scaffolds were regular and interconnected. The printed PLA scaffolds were 9.950 (0.020) mm long, 9.950 (0.003) mm wide and 1.970 (0.023) mm high, while the PCL scaffolds were 9.845 (0.025) mm long, 9.845 (0.045) mm wide and 1.950 (0.043) mm high. The struts of both the PLA and PCL parts became wider inthe interlayer overlapping area, and the former was more obvious. The difference between the designed size and the printed size was greatest in the pore size of the PLA scaffolds in interlayer overlapping area [(274.09 ± 8.35) μm)], which was 26.91 μm. However, it satisfied the requirements for research application. CONCLUSION The self-established 3D printing system for bone tissue engineering scaffold can be used to print PLA and PCL porous scaffolds. The controllability of this system over macro and micro structure can meet the precision requirements for research application.
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Affiliation(s)
- 榕 李
- 北京大学口腔医学院·口腔医院,口腔医学数字化研究中心,口腔修复教研室 国家口腔疾病临床医学研究中心 口腔数字化医疗技术和材料国家工程实验室 口腔数字医学北京市重点实验室, 北京 100081Center for Digital Dentistry, Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - 科龙 陈
- 北京实诺泰克科技有限公司, 北京 100080Shinotech Co., Ltd, Beijing 100080, China
| | - 勇 王
- 北京大学口腔医学院·口腔医院,口腔医学数字化研究中心,口腔修复教研室 国家口腔疾病临床医学研究中心 口腔数字化医疗技术和材料国家工程实验室 口腔数字医学北京市重点实验室, 北京 100081Center for Digital Dentistry, Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - 云松 刘
- 北京大学口腔医学院·口腔医院,口腔医学数字化研究中心,口腔修复教研室 国家口腔疾病临床医学研究中心 口腔数字化医疗技术和材料国家工程实验室 口腔数字医学北京市重点实验室, 北京 100081Center for Digital Dentistry, Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - 永胜 周
- 北京大学口腔医学院·口腔医院,口腔医学数字化研究中心,口腔修复教研室 国家口腔疾病临床医学研究中心 口腔数字化医疗技术和材料国家工程实验室 口腔数字医学北京市重点实验室, 北京 100081Center for Digital Dentistry, Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - 玉春 孙
- 北京大学口腔医学院·口腔医院,口腔医学数字化研究中心,口腔修复教研室 国家口腔疾病临床医学研究中心 口腔数字化医疗技术和材料国家工程实验室 口腔数字医学北京市重点实验室, 北京 100081Center for Digital Dentistry, Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China
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