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Wang X, Zahl P, Wang H, Altman EI, Schwarz UD. How Precisely Can Individual Molecules Be Analyzed? A Case Study on Locally Quantifying Forces and Energies Using Scanning Probe Microscopy. ACS NANO 2024; 18:4495-4506. [PMID: 38265359 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c11219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Recent advances in scanning probe microscopy methodology have enabled the measurement of tip-sample interactions with picometer accuracy in all three spatial dimensions, thereby providing a detailed site-specific and distance-dependent picture of the related properties. This paper explores the degree of detail and accuracy that can be achieved in locally quantifying probe-molecule interaction forces and energies for adsorbed molecules. Toward this end, cobalt phthalocyanine (CoPc), a promising CO2 reduction catalyst, was studied on Ag(111) as a model system using low-temperature, ultrahigh vacuum noncontact atomic force microscopy. Data were recorded as a function of distance from the surface, from which detailed three-dimensional maps of the molecule's interaction with the tip for normal and lateral forces as well as the tip-molecule interaction potential were constructed. The data were collected with a CO molecule at the tip apex, which enabled a detailed visualization of the atomic structure. Determination of the tip-substrate interaction as a function of distance allowed isolation of the molecule-tip interactions; when analyzing these in terms of a Lennard-Jones-type potential, the atomically resolved equilibrium interaction energies between the CO tethered to the tip and the CoPc molecule could be recovered. Interaction energies peaked at less than 160 meV, indicating a physisorption interaction. As expected, the interaction was weakest at the aromatic hydrogens around the periphery of the molecule and strongest surrounding the metal center. The interaction, however, did not peak directly above the Co atom but rather in pockets surrounding it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinzhe Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Percy Zahl
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Lab, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Hailiang Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Eric I Altman
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Udo D Schwarz
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
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2
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Grévin B, Husainy F, Aldakov D, Aumaître C. Dual-heterodyne Kelvin probe force microscopy. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 14:1068-1084. [PMID: 38025199 PMCID: PMC10644032 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.14.88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
We present a new open-loop implementation of Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM) that provides access to the Fourier spectrum of the time-periodic surface electrostatic potential generated under optical (or electrical) pumping with an atomic force microscope. The modulus and phase coefficients are probed by exploiting a double heterodyne frequency mixing effect between the mechanical oscillation of the cantilever, modulated components of the time-periodic electrostatic potential at harmonic frequencies of the pump, and an ac bias modulation signal. Each harmonic can be selectively transferred to the second cantilever eigenmode. We show how phase coherent sideband generation and signal demodulation at the second eigenmode can be achieved by using two numerical lock-in amplifiers configured in cascade. Dual-heterodyne KPFM (DHe-KPFM) can be used to map any harmonic (amplitude/phase) of the time-periodic surface potential at a standard scanning speed. The Fourier spectrum (series of harmonics) can also be recorded in spectroscopic mode (DHe-KPFM spectroscopy), and 2D dynamic images can be acquired in data cube mode. The capabilities of DHe-KPFM in terms of time-resolved measurements, surface photovoltage (SPV) imaging, and detection of weak SPV signals are demonstrated through a series of experiments on difference surfaces: a reference substrate, a bulk organic photovoltaic heterojunction thin film, and an optoelectronic interface obtained by depositing caesium lead bromide perovskite nanosheets on a graphite surface. The conclusion provides perspectives for future improvements and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Grévin
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, IRIG-SyMMES, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Fatima Husainy
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, IRIG-SyMMES, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Dmitry Aldakov
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, IRIG-SyMMES, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Cyril Aumaître
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, IRIG-SyMMES, 38000 Grenoble, France
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3
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Eftekhari Z, Rezaei N, Stokkel H, Zheng JY, Cerreta A, Hermes I, Nguyen M, Rijnders G, Saive R. Spatial mapping of photovoltage and light-induced displacement of on-chip coupled piezo/photodiodes by Kelvin probe force microscopy under modulated illumination. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 14:1059-1067. [PMID: 38025201 PMCID: PMC10644008 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.14.87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a silicon photodiode integrated with a piezoelectric membrane is studied by Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM) under modulated illumination. Time-dependent KPFM enables simultaneous quantification of the surface photovoltage generated by the photodiode as well as the resulting mechanical oscillation of the piezoelectric membrane with vertical atomic resolution in real-time. This technique offers the opportunity to measure concurrently the optoelectronic and mechanical response of the device at the nanoscale. Furthermore, time-dependent atomic force microscopy (AFM) was employed to spatially map voltage-induced oscillation of various sizes of piezoelectric membranes without the photodiode to investigate their position- and size-dependent displacement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeinab Eftekhari
- Inorganic Materials Science, MESA+, University of Twente, Enschede, 7522NB, the Netherlands
| | - Nasim Rezaei
- Inorganic Materials Science, MESA+, University of Twente, Enschede, 7522NB, the Netherlands
| | - Hidde Stokkel
- Inorganic Materials Science, MESA+, University of Twente, Enschede, 7522NB, the Netherlands
| | - Jian-Yao Zheng
- Inorganic Materials Science, MESA+, University of Twente, Enschede, 7522NB, the Netherlands
| | | | - Ilka Hermes
- Park Systems Europe GmbH, 68199 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Minh Nguyen
- Inorganic Materials Science, MESA+, University of Twente, Enschede, 7522NB, the Netherlands
| | - Guus Rijnders
- Inorganic Materials Science, MESA+, University of Twente, Enschede, 7522NB, the Netherlands
| | - Rebecca Saive
- Inorganic Materials Science, MESA+, University of Twente, Enschede, 7522NB, the Netherlands
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4
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Zhu C, Fuchs T, Weber SAL, Richter FH, Glasser G, Weber F, Butt HJ, Janek J, Berger R. Understanding the evolution of lithium dendrites at Li 6.25Al 0.25La 3Zr 2O 12 grain boundaries via operando microscopy techniques. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1300. [PMID: 36894536 PMCID: PMC9998873 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36792-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The growth of lithium dendrites in inorganic solid electrolytes is an essential drawback that hinders the development of reliable all-solid-state lithium metal batteries. Generally, ex situ post mortem measurements of battery components show the presence of lithium dendrites at the grain boundaries of the solid electrolyte. However, the role of grain boundaries in the nucleation and dendritic growth of metallic lithium is not yet fully understood. Here, to shed light on these crucial aspects, we report the use of operando Kelvin probe force microscopy measurements to map locally time-dependent electric potential changes in the Li6.25Al0.25La3Zr2O12 garnet-type solid electrolyte. We find that the Galvani potential drops at grain boundaries near the lithium metal electrode during plating as a response to the preferential accumulation of electrons. Time-resolved electrostatic force microscopy measurements and quantitative analyses of lithium metal formed at the grain boundaries under electron beam irradiation support this finding. Based on these results, we propose a mechanistic model to explain the preferential growth of lithium dendrites at grain boundaries and their penetration in inorganic solid electrolytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zhu
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Till Fuchs
- Institute of Physical Chemistry & Center for Materials Research, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff Ring 17, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Stefan A L Weber
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
- Institute of Physics, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Staudingerweg 7, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Felix H Richter
- Institute of Physical Chemistry & Center for Materials Research, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff Ring 17, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Gunnar Glasser
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Franjo Weber
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Hans-Jürgen Butt
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jürgen Janek
- Institute of Physical Chemistry & Center for Materials Research, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff Ring 17, 35392, Giessen, Germany.
| | - Rüdiger Berger
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany.
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5
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Kilpatrick JI, Kargin E, Rodriguez BJ. Comparing the performance of single and multifrequency Kelvin probe force microscopy techniques in air and water. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 13:922-943. [PMID: 36161252 PMCID: PMC9490074 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.13.82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we derive and present quantitative expressions governing the performance of single and multifrequency Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM) techniques in both air and water. Metrics such as minimum detectable contact potential difference, minimum required AC bias, and signal-to-noise ratio are compared and contrasted both off resonance and utilizing the first two eigenmodes of the cantilever. These comparisons allow the reader to quickly and quantitatively identify the parameters for the best performance for a given KPFM-based experiment in a given environment. Furthermore, we apply these performance metrics in the identification of KPFM-based modes that are most suitable for operation in liquid environments where bias application can lead to unwanted electrochemical reactions. We conclude that open-loop multifrequency KPFM modes operated with the first harmonic of the electrostatic response on the first eigenmode offer the best performance in liquid environments whilst needing the smallest AC bias for operation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason I Kilpatrick
- School of Physics and Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, D04 V1W8, Ireland
| | - Emrullah Kargin
- School of Physics and Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, D04 V1W8, Ireland
| | - Brian J Rodriguez
- School of Physics and Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, D04 V1W8, Ireland
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6
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Berweger S, Zhang F, Larson BW, Ferguson AJ, Palmstrom AF, Reid OG, Wallis TM, Zhu K, Berry JJ, Kabos P, Nanayakkara SU. Nanoscale Photoexcited Carrier Dynamics in Perovskites. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:2388-2395. [PMID: 35257587 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c00233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The optoelectronic properties of lead halide perovskite thin films can be tuned through compositional variations and strain, but the associated nanocrystalline structure makes it difficult to untangle the link between composition, processing conditions, and ultimately material properties and degradation. Here, we study the effect of processing conditions and degradation on the local photoconductivity dynamics in [(CsPbI3)0.05(FAPbI3)0.85(MAPbBr3)0.15] and (FA0.7Cs0.3PbI3) perovskite thin films using temporally and spectrally resolved microwave near-field microscopy with a temporal resolution as high as 5 ns and a spatial resolution better than 50 nm. For the latter FACs formulation, we find a clear effect of the process annealing temperature on film morphology, stability, and spatial photoconductivity distribution. After exposure of samples to ambient conditions and illumination, we find spectral evidence of halide segregation-induced degradation below the instrument resolution limit for the mixed halide formulation, while we find a clear spatially inhomogeneous increase in the carrier lifetime for the FACs formulation annealed at 180 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Berweger
- Applied Physics Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
| | - Fei Zhang
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Bryon W Larson
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Andrew J Ferguson
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Axel F Palmstrom
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Obadiah G Reid
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
- Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Thomas M Wallis
- Applied Physics Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
| | - Kai Zhu
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Joseph J Berry
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Pavel Kabos
- Applied Physics Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
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7
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Aubriet V, Courouble K, Bardagot O, Demadrille R, Borowik Ł, Grévin B. Hidden surface photovoltages revealed by pump probe KPFM. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 33:225401. [PMID: 35168229 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ac5542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we use pump-probe Kelvin probe force microscopy (pp-KPFM) in combination with non-contact atomic force microscopy (nc-AFM) under ultrahigh vacuum, to investigate the nature of the light-induced surface potential dynamics in alumina-passivated crystalline silicon, and in an organic bulk heterojunction thin film based on the PTB7-PC71BM tandem. In both cases, we demonstrate that it is possible to identify and separate the contributions of two different kinds of photo-induced charge distributions that give rise to potential shifts with opposite polarities, each characterized by different dynamics. The data acquired on the passivated crystalline silicon are shown to be fully consistent with the band-bending at the silicon-oxide interface, and with electron trapping processes in acceptors states and in the passivation layer. The full sequence of events that follow the electron-hole generation can be observed on the pp-KPFM curves, i.e. the carriers spatial separation and hole accumulation in the space charge area, the electron trapping, the electron-hole recombination, and finally the electron trap-release. Two dimensional dynamical maps of the organic blend photo-response are obtained by recording the pump-probe KPFM curves in data cube mode, and by implementing a specific batch processing protocol. Sample areas displaying an extra positive SPV component characterized by decay time-constants of a few tens of microseconds are thus revealed, and are tentatively attributed to specific interfaces formed between a polymer-enriched skin layer and recessed acceptor aggregates. Decay time constant images of the negative SPV component confirm that the acceptor clusters act as electron-trapping centres. Whatever the photovoltaic technology, our results exemplify how some of the SPV components may remain completely hidden to conventional SPV imaging by KPFM, with possible consequences in terms of photo-response misinterpretation. This work furthermore highlights the need of implementing time-resolved techniques that can provide a quantitative measurement of the time-resolved potential.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Olivier Bardagot
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, IRIG-SyMMES, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Renaud Demadrille
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, IRIG-SyMMES, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Łukasz Borowik
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, LETI, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Benjamin Grévin
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, IRIG-SyMMES, F-38000 Grenoble, France
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8
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Dou Z, Qian J, Li Y, Lin R, Wang T, Wang J, Cheng P, Xu Z. Enhancing higher-order eigenmodes of AFM using bridge/cantilever coupled system. Micron 2021; 150:103147. [PMID: 34534920 DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2021.103147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 08/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The wide application of multi-frequency atomic force microscopy (AFM) places higher demands on the higher-order modes response of the cantilever. The response of the higher modes however is generally weaker than that of the fundamental mode in air. Researchers have proposed many methods, most of which involve cantilever modification, to enhance higher-order eigenmodes response. These previous results are proved to be effective, but the microfabrication is expensive. In this article, we propose a novel model based on bridge/cantilever coupled system to enhance the higher-order modes response of AFM cantilever. The segmented beam model provides a new thinking to explain the appearance of undesired peaks in mode analysis of cantilever. Through theoretical analysis and simulation, we find that higher resonance modes are enhanced by tuning the bridge to match the high resonances of the single clamped cantilever. The length, thickness of the coupled system and the location of excitation can affect the enhancement. In summary, this model provides a new way to improve higher mode response for multi-frequency and other high bandwidth applications of AFM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhipeng Dou
- School of Physics, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jianqiang Qian
- School of Physics, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Yingzi Li
- School of Physics, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Rui Lin
- School of Physics, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Tingwei Wang
- School of Physics, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jianhai Wang
- School of Physics, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Peng Cheng
- School of Physics, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Zeyu Xu
- School of Physics, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, China
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9
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Schön N, Schierholz R, Jesse S, Yu S, Eichel RA, Balke N, Hausen F. Signal Origin of Electrochemical Strain Microscopy and Link to Local Chemical Distribution in Solid State Electrolytes. SMALL METHODS 2021; 5:e2001279. [PMID: 34928092 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202001279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical strain microscopy (ESM) is a distinguished method to characterize Li-ion mobility in energy materials with extremely high spatial resolution. The exact origin of the cantilever deflection when the technique is applied on solid state electrolytes (SSEs) is currently discussed in the literature. Understanding local properties and influences on ion mobility in SSEs is of utmost importance to improve such materials for next generation batteries. Here, the exact signal formation process of ESM when applied on sodium super ionic conductor (NASICON)-type SSE containing Na- and Li-ions is investigated. Changes in the dielectric properties, which are linked to the local chemical composition, are found to be responsible for the observed contrast in the deflection of the cantilever instead of a physical volume change as a result of Vegard´s Law. The cantilever response is strongly reduced in areas of high sodium content which is attributed to a reduction of the tip-sample capacitance in comparison to areas with high lithium content. This is the first time a direct link between electrostatic forces in contact mode and local chemical information is demonstrated on SSEs. The results open up new possibilities in information gain since dielectric properties are sensitive to subtle changes in local chemical composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nino Schön
- Forschungszentrum Jülich, Institute of Energy and Climate Research-Fundamental Electrochemistry, IEK-9, 52428, Jülich, Germany
- RWTH Aachen University, Institute of Physical Chemistry, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Roland Schierholz
- Forschungszentrum Jülich, Institute of Energy and Climate Research-Fundamental Electrochemistry, IEK-9, 52428, Jülich, Germany
| | - Stephen Jesse
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37830, USA
| | - Shicheng Yu
- Forschungszentrum Jülich, Institute of Energy and Climate Research-Fundamental Electrochemistry, IEK-9, 52428, Jülich, Germany
| | - Rüdiger-A Eichel
- Forschungszentrum Jülich, Institute of Energy and Climate Research-Fundamental Electrochemistry, IEK-9, 52428, Jülich, Germany
- RWTH Aachen University, Institute of Physical Chemistry, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- Jülich Aachen Research Alliance, Section: JARA-Energy, Wilhelm-Johnen-Strasse, 52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Nina Balke
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37830, USA
| | - Florian Hausen
- Forschungszentrum Jülich, Institute of Energy and Climate Research-Fundamental Electrochemistry, IEK-9, 52428, Jülich, Germany
- RWTH Aachen University, Institute of Physical Chemistry, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- Jülich Aachen Research Alliance, Section: JARA-Energy, Wilhelm-Johnen-Strasse, 52425, Jülich, Germany
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10
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Albonetti C, Chiodini S, Annibale P, Stoliar P, Martinez RV, Garcia R, Biscarini F. Quantitative phase-mode electrostatic force microscopy on silicon oxide nanostructures. J Microsc 2020; 280:252-269. [PMID: 32538463 DOI: 10.1111/jmi.12938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Phase-mode electrostatic force microscopy (EFM-Phase) is a viable technique to image surface electrostatic potential of silicon oxide stripes fabricated by oxidation scanning probe lithography, exhibiting an inhomogeneous distribution of localized charges trapped within the stripes during the electrochemical reaction. We show here that these nanopatterns are useful benchmark samples for assessing the spatial/voltage resolution of EFM-phase. To quantitatively extract the relevant observables, we developed and applied an analytical model of the electrostatic interactions in which the tip and the surface are modelled in a prolate spheroidal coordinates system, fitting accurately experimental data. A lateral resolution of ∼60 nm, which is comparable to the lateral resolution of EFM experiments reported in the literature, and a charge resolution of ∼20 electrons are achieved. This electrostatic analysis evidences the presence of a bimodal population of trapped charges in the nanopatterned stripes.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Albonetti
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche - Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati (CNR-ISMN), Bologna, Italy
| | - S Chiodini
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche - Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati (CNR-ISMN), Bologna, Italy.,Instituto de Nanociencia de Aragon (INA), Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - P Annibale
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche - Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati (CNR-ISMN), Bologna, Italy.,Present address: Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - P Stoliar
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche - Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati (CNR-ISMN), Bologna, Italy.,National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - R V Martinez
- Materials Science Factory, Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid (ICMM), CSIC, Madrid, Spain.,Present address: School of Industrial Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, U.S.A
| | - R Garcia
- Materials Science Factory, Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid (ICMM), CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - F Biscarini
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche - Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati (CNR-ISMN), Bologna, Italy.,Department of Life Sciences, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.,Center for Translational Neurophysiology-Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Ferrara, Italy
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11
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Kajimoto K, Araki K, Usami Y, Ohoyama H, Matsumoto T. Visualization of Charge Migration in Conductive Polymers via Time-Resolved Electrostatic Force Microscopy. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:5063-5070. [PMID: 32442379 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b12017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Charge dynamics play an important role in numerous natural phenomena and artificial devices, and tracking charge migration and recombination is crucial for understanding the mechanism and function of systems involving charge transfer. Tip-synchronized pump-probe electrostatic force microscopy simultaneously permits highly sensitive detection, microsecond time resolution, and nanoscale spatial resolution, where the spatial distribution in static measurement (usual EFM) reflects differences in the carrier density and the time evolution reveals the surface carrier mobility. By using this method, carrier injection and ejection in sulfonated polyaniline (SPAN) thin films were visualized. Comparison of tr-EFM results of SPAN thin films with different doping levels revealed the individual differences in carrier density and mobility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Kajimoto
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Kento Araki
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Yuki Usami
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ohoyama
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Takuya Matsumoto
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
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12
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Grévin B, Bardagot O, Demadrille R. Implementation of data-cube pump-probe KPFM on organic solar cells. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 11:323-337. [PMID: 32117670 PMCID: PMC7034223 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.11.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
An implementation of pump-probe Kelvin probe force microscopy (pp-KPFM) is reported that enables recording the time-resolved surface potential in single-point mode or over a 2D grid. The spectroscopic data are acquired in open z-loop configuration, which simplifies the pp-KPFM operation. The validity of the implementation is probed by measurements using electrical pumping. The dynamical photoresponse of a bulk heterojunction solar cell based on PTB7 and PC71BM is subsequently investigated by recording point-spectroscopy curves as a function of the optical power at the cathode and by mapping 2D time-resolved images of the surface photovoltage of the bare organic active layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Grévin
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, IRIG-SyMMES, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Olivier Bardagot
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, IRIG-SyMMES, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Renaud Demadrille
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, IRIG-SyMMES, 38000 Grenoble, France
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Gao Y, Nie W, Wang X, Fan F, Li C. Advanced space- and time-resolved techniques for photocatalyst studies. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:1007-1021. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cc07128h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticle photocatalysts present the obvious characteristic of heterogeneity in structure, energy, and function at spatial and temporal scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuying Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis
- Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy
- The Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM)
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Wei Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis
- Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy
- The Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM)
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Xiuli Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis
- Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy
- The Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM)
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Fengtao Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis
- Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy
- The Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM)
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Can Li
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis
- Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy
- The Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM)
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
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14
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Amplitude Dependence of Resonance Frequency and its Consequences for Scanning Probe Microscopy. SENSORS 2019; 19:s19204510. [PMID: 31627343 PMCID: PMC6832880 DOI: 10.3390/s19204510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
With recent advances in scanning probe microscopy (SPM), it is now routine to determine the atomic structure of surfaces and molecules while quantifying the local tip-sample interaction potentials. Such quantitative experiments using noncontact frequency modulation atomic force microscopy is based on the accurate measurement of the resonance frequency shift due to the tip-sample interaction. Here, we experimentally show that the resonance frequency of oscillating probes used for SPM experiments change systematically as a function of oscillation amplitude under typical operating conditions. This change in resonance frequency is not due to tip-sample interactions, but rather due to the cantilever strain or geometric effects and thus the resonance frequency is a function of the oscillation amplitude. Our numerical calculations demonstrate that the amplitude dependence of the resonance frequency is an additional yet overlooked systematic error source that can result in nonnegligible errors in measured interaction potentials and forces. Our experimental results and complementary numerical calculations reveal that the frequency shift due to this amplitude dependence needs to be corrected even for experiments with active oscillation amplitude control to be able to quantify the tip-sample interaction potentials and forces with milli-electron volt and pico-Newton resolutions.
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