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van den Berg RM, Joosen MJA, Savransky V, Cochrane L, Noort D. Inactivation of ricin by constituents present in a skin decontamination lotion. Chem Biol Interact 2022; 365:110055. [PMID: 35963314 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2022.110055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Ricin is a proteinaceous toxin, listed on the schedules of both the chemical and biological weapons conventions. The ease of accessibility to the Ricinus communis plant and toxin extraction makes ricin a viable concern for use of intentional release and causal effects. The adverse effects following exposure to the toxin are caused by the bipartite molecular structure of ricin which allows binding to the mammalian cell surface, enter via endocytic uptake, and deliver the catalytically active polypeptide into the cell cytosol where it irreversibly inhibits protein synthesis, causing cell death. In the present study, the inactivation effectiveness of RSDL® (Reactive Skin Decontamination Lotion) and its individual inactivating constituents (Potassium 2,3-butanedione monoximate (KBDO) and 2,3-butanedione (DAM)) was evaluated for ricin using a number of read out systems including a cytotoxicity assay, quantitative sandwich ELISA test, and a mass spectrometry-based assay. The results demonstrate that RSDL is able to abolish ricin activity after an incubation time of 30 min as determined in the cytotoxicity assay, and after 2 min as determined in the ELISA assay. Mass spectrometric analysis provided evidence that RSDL is able to induce cleavage of the disulfide linkage between the A- and B- polypeptide chain of ricin which is crucial to the inactivation of the toxin, but this seems not the only mechanism of inactivation. Follow on studies would assist to elucidate the details of the toxin inactivation because it is possible that additional generic mechanisms are in place for denaturation with the RSDL lotion components. This may also provide a promise for testing and inactivation with RSDL of other protein toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M van den Berg
- TNO Defense, Safety and Security, CBRN Protection, Lange Kleiweg 137, 2288, GJ, Rijswijk, the Netherlands.
| | - M J A Joosen
- TNO Defense, Safety and Security, CBRN Protection, Lange Kleiweg 137, 2288, GJ, Rijswijk, the Netherlands
| | - V Savransky
- Emergent BioSolutions, Emergent Prod. Dev. Gaithersburg, 300 Professional Drive, Gaithersburg, MD, 20879, USA
| | - L Cochrane
- Emergent BioSolutions, Emergent Prod. Dev. Gaithersburg, 300 Professional Drive, Gaithersburg, MD, 20879, USA
| | - D Noort
- TNO Defense, Safety and Security, CBRN Protection, Lange Kleiweg 137, 2288, GJ, Rijswijk, the Netherlands
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Tanzi L, Terreni M, Zhang Y. Synthesis and biological application of glyco- and peptide derivatives of fullerene C60. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 230:114104. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Feng L, Zhong M, Zhang S, Wang M, Sun ZY, Chen Q. Synthesis of water-soluble fluorescent polymeric glycoconjugate for the detection of cholera toxin. Des Monomers Polym 2019; 22:150-158. [PMID: 31496925 PMCID: PMC6719259 DOI: 10.1080/15685551.2019.1654695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Considering inherence optical properties of adjoint polyfluorenes and special functions of water-soluble conjugated glycopolymers, a triazole chain glycoconjugate via one-pot method were rapidly synthesized to prepare a lactate ligand polyfluorene with a clear fluorescent label by a nickel-catalyzed Yamamoto coupling polymerization. The water solubility and biocompatibility of the glycoconjugated polymer were ameliorated when the lactose group introduced as the side chain of the conjugated polymer. As a fluorescent multivalent system of glycoconjugates containing pyranogalactose groups, the interaction between pyranogalactose group and cholera toxin B subunit was studied by fluorescence spectrophotometric titration. PF-Lac has a broad application prospect in the check of cholera toxin and the study of glycoprotein interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Feng
- Department of Bioengineering, Zunyi Medical University (Zhuhai Compus), Zhuhai, China
| | - Mingjun Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Shizhen Zhang
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, Jianghan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Min Wang
- Department of Bioengineering, Zunyi Medical University (Zhuhai Compus), Zhuhai, China
| | - Zhi-Yong Sun
- Department of Bioengineering, Zunyi Medical University (Zhuhai Compus), Zhuhai, China
| | - Qi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou, China
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Kellett K, Duggan BM, Gilson MK. Facile synthesis of a diverse library of mono-3-substituted β-cyclodextrin analogues. Supramol Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/10610278.2018.1562191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- K. Kellett
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - B. M. Duggan
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - M. K. Gilson
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
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Influence of environmental conditions on the attenuation of ricin toxin on surfaces. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0201857. [PMID: 30089173 PMCID: PMC6082540 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0201857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ricin is a highly-toxic compound derived from castor plant beans. Several incidents involving contamination of residences and buildings due to ricin production or dissemination have occurred in recent years. The goal of this study was to determine whether ricin bioactivity could be attenuated in reasonable time via simple modifications of the indoor environment. Attenuation was assessed on six different materials as a function of temperature, relative humidity (RH), and contact time, using both a pure and crude preparation of the toxin. Ricin bioactivity was quantified via a cytotoxicity assay, and attenuation determined as the difference in ricin recovered from test and positive controls. The results showed that pure ricin could be attenuated successfully, while the crude ricin was generally more persistent and results more variable. We found no significant attenuation in crude ricin after two weeks at typical indoor environmental conditions, except on steel. Attenuation mostly improved with increasing temperature, but the effect of RH varied. For pure ricin, heat treatments at 40°C for 5 days or 50°C for 2-3 days achieved greater than 96% attenuation on steel. In contrast, appreciable recovery of the crude ricin preparation still occurred at 40°C after two weeks.
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