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Araújo FDDS, Molano EPL, Cabrera OG, Fidelis CHDV, Pereira GAG, Eberlin MN. Volatile Organic Compounds from Ceratocystis cacaofunesta, a Causal Agent of Ceratocystis Wilt of Cacao. J Chem Ecol 2024:10.1007/s10886-024-01542-6. [PMID: 39190193 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-024-01542-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2024] [Revised: 08/17/2024] [Accepted: 08/20/2024] [Indexed: 08/28/2024]
Abstract
Fungi of the genus Ceratocystis are aggressive tree pathogens that cause serious diseases in several crops around the world. Ceratocystis wilt disease caused by C. cacaofunesta has been shown to be responsible for severe reductions in cacao production. In this study, headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used in combination with chemometric analysis for monitoring volatile organic compounds (VOCs) released from C. cacaofunesta. Low-molecular-weight esters, alcohols, ketones, and sulphur compounds were identified in the liquid broth. Monitoring the volatile profile over five days of fungal growth revealed that the concentrations of alcohol and esters were inversely proportional. Acetate esters were responsible for the intense fruity aroma of the C. cacaofunesta culture produced within the first hours after fungal inoculation, which decreased over time, and are likely associated with the attraction of insect vectors to maintain the life cycle of the pathogen. PCA revealed that 3-methylbutyl acetate was the metabolite with the highest factor loading for the separation of the VOC samples after 4 h of fungal growth, whereas ethanol and 3-methylbutan-1-ol had the highest factor loadings after 96 and 120 h. 3-Methylbutan-1-ol is a phytotoxic compound that is likely associated with host cell death since C. cacaofunesta is a necrotrophic fungus. Fungal VOCs play important roles in natural habitats, regulating developmental processes and intra- and interkingdom interactions. This is the first report on the volatiles released by C. cacaofunesta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisca Diana da Silva Araújo
- ThoMSon Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Chemistry Institute, University of Campinas, POB 6154, Campinas, SP, 13084-970, Brazil.
- Federal University of Piauí, Campus Professora Cinobelina Elvas, Bom Jesus, PI, 64900-000, Brazil.
| | - Eddy Patricia Lopez Molano
- Genomic and Expression Laboratory, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Bioagents, Biology Institute, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Odalys García Cabrera
- Genomic and Expression Laboratory, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Bioagents, Biology Institute, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil
| | | | - Gonçalo Amarante Guimarães Pereira
- Genomic and Expression Laboratory, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Bioagents, Biology Institute, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Marcos Nogueira Eberlin
- ThoMSon Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Chemistry Institute, University of Campinas, POB 6154, Campinas, SP, 13084-970, Brazil
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Barone GD, Zhou Y, Wang H, Xu S, Ma Z, Cernava T, Chen Y. Implications of bacteria‒bacteria interactions within the plant microbiota for plant health and productivity. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2024:1-16. [PMID: 38773879 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b2300914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/24/2024]
Abstract
Crop production currently relies on the widespread use of agrochemicals to ensure food security. This practice is considered unsustainable, yet has no viable alternative at present. The plant microbiota can fulfil various functions for its host, some of which could be the basis for developing sustainable protection and fertilization strategies for plants without relying on chemicals. To harness such functions, a detailed understanding of plant‒microbe and microbe‒microbe interactions is necessary. Among interactions within the plant microbiota, those between bacteria are the most common ones; they are not only of ecological importance but also essential for maintaining the health and productivity of the host plants. This review focuses on recent literature in this field and highlights various consequences of bacteria‒bacteria interactions under different agricultural settings. In addition, the molecular and genetic backgrounds of bacteria that facilitate such interactions are emphasized. Representative examples of commonly found bacterial metabolites with bioactive properties, as well as their modes of action, are given. Integrating our understanding of various binary interactions into complex models that encompass the entire microbiota will benefit future developments in agriculture and beyond, which could be further facilitated by artificial intelligence-based technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yaqi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding; Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects; Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Hongkai Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding; Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects; Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Sunde Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding; Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects; Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zhonghua Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding; Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects; Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Tomislav Cernava
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Southampton, SO17 1BJ Southampton, UK.
| | - Yun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding; Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects; Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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3
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Klein-Gordon JM, Guingab-Cagmat J, Minsavage GV, Meke L, Vallad GE, Goss EM, Garrett TJ, Jones JB. Strength in Numbers: Density-Dependent Volatile-Induced Antimicrobial Activity by Xanthomonas perforans. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2023; 113:160-169. [PMID: 36129764 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-04-22-0131-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
For most of the 20th century, Xanthomonas euvesicatoria was the only known bacterium associated with bacterial spot of tomato in Florida. X. perforans quickly replaced X. euvesicatoria, mainly because of production of three bacteriocins (BCNs) against X. euvesicatoria; however, X. perforans outcompeted X. euvesicatoria even when the three known BCNs were deleted. Surprisingly, we observed antimicrobial activity against X. euvesicatoria in the BCN triple mutant when the triple mutant was grown in Petri plates containing multiple spots but not in Petri plates containing only one spot. We determined that changes in the headspace composition (i.e., volatiles) rather than a diffusible signal in the agar were required for induction of the antimicrobial activity. Other Xanthomonas species also produced volatile-induced antimicrobial compounds against X. euvesicatoria and elicited antimicrobial activity by X. perforans. A wide range of plant pathogenic bacteria, including Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis, Pantoea stewartii, and Pseudomonas cichorii, also elicited antimicrobial activity by X. perforans when multiple spots of the species were present. To identify potential antimicrobial compounds, we performed liquid chromatography with high-resolution mass spectrometry of the agar surrounding the spot in the high cell density Petri plates where the antimicrobial activity was present compared with agar surrounding the spot in Petri plates with one spot where antimicrobial activity was not observed. Among the compounds identified in the zone of inhibition were N-butanoyl-L-homoserine lactone and N-(3-hydroxy-butanoyl)-homoserine lactone, which are known quorum-sensing metabolites in other bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeannie M Klein-Gordon
- Department of Plant Pathology, IFAS, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI
| | - Joy Guingab-Cagmat
- Southeast Center for Integrated Metabolomics (SECIM), University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Gerald V Minsavage
- Department of Plant Pathology, IFAS, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Laurel Meke
- Southeast Center for Integrated Metabolomics (SECIM), University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Gary E Vallad
- Department of Plant Pathology, IFAS, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
- Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, IFAS, University of Florida, Balm, FL
| | - Erica M Goss
- Department of Plant Pathology, IFAS, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Timothy J Garrett
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Jeffrey B Jones
- Department of Plant Pathology, IFAS, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
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Koteska D, Marter P, Huang S, Pradella S, Petersen J, Schulz S. Volatiles of the Apicomplexan Alga Chromera velia and Associated Bacteria. Chembiochem 2023; 24:e202200530. [PMID: 36416092 PMCID: PMC10107727 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202200530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Volatiles released by the apicomplexan alga Chromera velia CCAP1602/1 and their associated bacteria have been investigated. A metagenome analysis allowed the identification of the most abundant heterotrophic bacteria of the phycosphere, but the isolation of additional strains showed that metagenomics underestimated the complexity of the algal microbiome, However, a culture-independent approach revealed the presence of a planctomycete that likely represents a novel bacterial family. We analysed algal and bacterial volatiles by open-system-stripping analysis (OSSA) on Tenax TA desorption tubes, followed by thermodesorption, cryofocusing and GC-MS-analysis. The analyses of the alga and the abundant bacterial strains Sphingopyxis litoris A01A-101, Algihabitans albus A01A-324, "Coraliitalea coralii" A01A-333 and Litoreibacter sp. A01A-347 revealed sulfur- and nitrogen-containing compounds, ketones, alcohols, aldehydes, aromatic compounds, amides and one lactone, as well as the typical algal products, apocarotenoids. The compounds were identified by gas chromatographic retention indices, comparison of mass spectra and syntheses of reference compounds. A major algal metabolite was 3,4,4-trimethylcyclopent-2-en-1-one, an apocarotenoid indicating the presence of carotenoids related to capsanthin, not reported from algae so far. A low overlap in volatiles bouquets between C. velia and the bacteria was found, and the xenic algal culture almost exclusively released algal components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Koteska
- Institut für Organische ChemieTechnische Universität BraunschweigHagenring 3038106BraunschweigGermany
| | - Pia Marter
- Leibniz-Institut DSMZ-Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen GmbHInhoffenstraße 7B38124BraunschweigGermany
| | - Sixing Huang
- Leibniz-Institut DSMZ-Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen GmbHInhoffenstraße 7B38124BraunschweigGermany
| | - Silke Pradella
- Leibniz-Institut DSMZ-Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen GmbHInhoffenstraße 7B38124BraunschweigGermany
| | - Jörn Petersen
- Leibniz-Institut DSMZ-Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen GmbHInhoffenstraße 7B38124BraunschweigGermany
| | - Stefan Schulz
- Institut für Organische ChemieTechnische Universität BraunschweigHagenring 3038106BraunschweigGermany
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Almeida OAC, de Araujo NO, Dias BHS, de Sant’Anna Freitas C, Coerini LF, Ryu CM, de Castro Oliveira JV. The power of the smallest: The inhibitory activity of microbial volatile organic compounds against phytopathogens. Front Microbiol 2023; 13:951130. [PMID: 36687575 PMCID: PMC9845590 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.951130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant diseases caused by phytopathogens result in huge economic losses in agriculture. In addition, the use of chemical products to control such diseases causes many problems to the environment and to human health. However, some bacteria and fungi have a mutualistic relationship with plants in nature, mainly exchanging nutrients and protection. Thus, exploring those beneficial microorganisms has been an interesting and promising alternative for mitigating the use of agrochemicals and, consequently, achieving a more sustainable agriculture. Microorganisms are able to produce and excrete several metabolites, but volatile organic compounds (VOCs) have huge biotechnology potential. Microbial VOCs are small molecules from different chemical classes, such as alkenes, alcohols, ketones, organic acids, terpenes, benzenoids and pyrazines. Interestingly, volatilomes are species-specific and also change according to microbial growth conditions. The interaction of VOCs with other organisms, such as plants, insects, and other bacteria and fungi, can cause a wide range of effects. In this review, we show that a large variety of plant pathogens are inhibited by microbial VOCs with a focus on the in vitro and in vivo inhibition of phytopathogens of greater scientific and economic importance in agriculture, such as Ralstonia solanacearum, Botrytis cinerea, Xanthomonas and Fusarium species. In this scenario, some genera of VOC-producing microorganisms stand out as antagonists, including Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Serratia and Streptomyces. We also highlight the known molecular and physiological mechanisms by which VOCs inhibit the growth of phytopathogens. Microbial VOCs can provoke many changes in these microorganisms, such as vacuolization, fungal hyphal rupture, loss of intracellular components, regulation of metabolism and pathogenicity genes, plus the expression of proteins important in the host response. Furthermore, we demonstrate that there are aspects to investigate by discussing questions that are still not very clear in this research area, especially those that are essential for the future use of such beneficial microorganisms as biocontrol products in field crops. Therefore, we bring to light the great biotechnological potential of VOCs to help make agriculture more sustainable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Octávio Augusto Costa Almeida
- Brazilian Biorenewables National Laboratory (LNBR), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, Brazil,Graduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Natália Oliveira de Araujo
- Brazilian Biorenewables National Laboratory (LNBR), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, Brazil,Graduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Bruno Henrique Silva Dias
- Brazilian Biorenewables National Laboratory (LNBR), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, Brazil,Graduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Carla de Sant’Anna Freitas
- Brazilian Biorenewables National Laboratory (LNBR), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, Brazil,Graduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Luciane Fender Coerini
- Brazilian Biorenewables National Laboratory (LNBR), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, Brazil,Graduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Choong-Min Ryu
- Molecular Phytobacteriology Laboratory, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, South Korea,Biosystems and Bioengineering Program, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Juliana Velasco de Castro Oliveira
- Brazilian Biorenewables National Laboratory (LNBR), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, Brazil,Graduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil,*Correspondence: Juliana Velasco de Castro Oliveira,
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Mülner P, Schwarz E, Dietel K, Herfort S, Jähne J, Lasch P, Cernava T, Berg G, Vater J. Fusaricidins, Polymyxins and Volatiles Produced by Paenibacillus polymyxa Strains DSM 32871 and M1. Pathogens 2021; 10:1485. [PMID: 34832640 PMCID: PMC8621861 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10111485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Paenibacilli are efficient producers of potent agents against bacterial and fungal pathogens, which are of great interest both for therapeutic applications in medicine as well as in agrobiotechnology. Lipopeptides produced by such organisms play a major role in their potential to inactivate pathogens. In this work we investigated two lipopeptide complexes, the fusaricidins and the polymyxins, produced by Paenibacillus polymyxa strains DSM 32871 and M1 by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. The fusaricidins show potent antifungal activities and are distinguished by an unusual variability. For strain DSM 32871 we identified numerous yet unknown variants mass spectrometrically. DSM 32871 produces polymyxins of type E (colistins), while M1 forms polymyxins P. For both strains, novel but not yet completely characterized polymyxin species were detected, which possibly are glycosylated. These compounds may be of interest therapeutically, because polymyxins have gained increasing attention as last-resort antibiotics against multiresistant pathogenic Gram-negative bacteria. In addition, the volatilomes of DSM 32781 and M1 were investigated with a GC-MS approach using different cultivation media. Production of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) was strain and medium dependent. In particular, strain M1 manifested as an efficient VOC-producer that exhibited formation of 25 volatiles in total. A characteristic feature of Paenibacilli is the formation of volatile pyrazine derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Mülner
- ABITEP GmbH, Glienicker Weg 185, 12489 Berlin, Germany; (P.M.); (E.S.); (K.D.)
- Institute of Environmental Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, Petergasse 12, 8010 Graz, Austria; (T.C.); (G.B.)
| | - Elisa Schwarz
- ABITEP GmbH, Glienicker Weg 185, 12489 Berlin, Germany; (P.M.); (E.S.); (K.D.)
| | - Kristin Dietel
- ABITEP GmbH, Glienicker Weg 185, 12489 Berlin, Germany; (P.M.); (E.S.); (K.D.)
| | - Stefanie Herfort
- Robert Koch-Institut, ZBS6, Proteomics and Spectroscopy, Seestr 10, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (S.H.); (J.J.); (P.L.)
| | - Jennifer Jähne
- Robert Koch-Institut, ZBS6, Proteomics and Spectroscopy, Seestr 10, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (S.H.); (J.J.); (P.L.)
| | - Peter Lasch
- Robert Koch-Institut, ZBS6, Proteomics and Spectroscopy, Seestr 10, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (S.H.); (J.J.); (P.L.)
| | - Tomislav Cernava
- Institute of Environmental Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, Petergasse 12, 8010 Graz, Austria; (T.C.); (G.B.)
| | - Gabriele Berg
- Institute of Environmental Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, Petergasse 12, 8010 Graz, Austria; (T.C.); (G.B.)
| | - Joachim Vater
- Robert Koch-Institut, ZBS6, Proteomics and Spectroscopy, Seestr 10, 13353 Berlin, Germany; (S.H.); (J.J.); (P.L.)
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Minerdi D, Maggini V, Fani R. Volatile organic compounds: from figurants to leading actors in fungal symbiosis. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2021; 97:6261439. [PMID: 33983430 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiab067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Symbiosis involving two (or more) prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic partners is extremely widespread in nature, and it has performed, and is still performing, a key role in the evolution of several biological systems. The interaction between symbiotic partners is based on the emission and perception of a plethora of molecules, including volatile organic compounds (VOCs), synthesized by both prokaryotic and eukaryotic (micro)organisms. VOCs acquire increasing importance since they spread above and below ground and act as infochemicals regulating a very complex network. In this work we review what is known about the VOCs synthesized by fungi prior to and during the interaction(s) with their partners (either prokaryotic or eukaryotic) and their possible role(s) in establishing and maintaining the symbiosis. Lastly, we also describe the potential applications of fungal VOCs from different biotechnological perspectives, including medicinal, pharmaceutical and agronomical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Minerdi
- Department of Department of Agricultural, Forestry, and Food Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, Grugliasco (TO), Italy
| | - Valentina Maggini
- Department of Biology, Laboratory of Microbial and Molecular Evolution, University of Florence, Via Madonna del Piano 6, Sesto F.no (FI), Italy
| | - Renato Fani
- Department of Biology, Laboratory of Microbial and Molecular Evolution, University of Florence, Via Madonna del Piano 6, Sesto F.no (FI), Italy
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Bacterial-induced pH shifts link individual cell physiology to macroscale collective behavior. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2014346118. [PMID: 33795512 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2014346118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteria have evolved a diverse array of signaling pathways that enable them to quickly respond to environmental changes. Understanding how these pathways reflect environmental conditions and produce an orchestrated response is an ongoing challenge. Herein, we present a role for collective modifications of environmental pH carried out by microbial colonies living on a surface. We show that by collectively adjusting the local pH value, Paenibacillus spp., specifically, regulate their swarming motility. Moreover, we show that such pH-dependent regulation can converge with the carbon repression pathway to down-regulate flagellin expression and inhibit swarming in the presence of glucose. Interestingly, our results demonstrate that the observed glucose-dependent swarming repression is not mediated by the glucose molecule per se, as commonly thought to occur in carbon repression pathways, but rather is governed by a decrease in pH due to glucose metabolism. In fact, modification of the environmental pH by neighboring bacterial species could override this glucose-dependent repression and induce swarming of Paenibacillus spp. away from a glucose-rich area. Our results suggest that bacteria can use local pH modulations to reflect nutrient availability and link individual bacterial physiology to macroscale collective behavior.
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Abreo E, Valle D, González A, Altier N. Control of damping-off in tomato seedlings exerted by Serratia spp. strains and identification of inhibitory bacterial volatiles in vitro. Syst Appl Microbiol 2021; 44:126177. [PMID: 33422702 DOI: 10.1016/j.syapm.2020.126177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Serratia marcescens can be a plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB) and an opportunistic human and plant pathogen. We have identified and characterized strains of related species of Serratia and evaluated their biological control of damping-off of tomato seeds caused by Pythium cryptoirregulare. Serratia ureilytica, S. bockelmannii and S. nevei were identified by phylogenetic analysis of partial gyrB gene sequence and average nucleotide identity (ANI). Tomato seeds inoculated with S. ureilytica ILBB 145 showed higher germination percentage and reduced damping-off in greenhouse experiment resembling a commercial operation, and volatiles produced by this strain caused the nearly complete inhibition in vitro of P. cryptoirregulare. Analysis of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) showed that ILBB 145 produced dimethyl disulfide (DMDS), which can partially account for this inhibition. Serratia bockelmannii ILBB 162 performance against damping-off was intermediate and the inhibition of P. cryptoirregulare in vitro was lower and explained by volatile and diffusible metabolites. Both strains augmented DMDS production in the presence of P. cryptoirregulare, suggesting this compound may play a role in the context of interspecific competition. Serratia nevei ILBB 219 showed the lowest inhibition of P. cryptoirregulare in vitro, no DMDS production, and no biocontrol in planta. Draft genomes of the three strains were annotated and individual genes and biosynthesis gene clusters were identified in relation with the observed phenotypes. We report S. ureilytica - a low risk species- with activity as a biological control agent and DMDS produced by this bacterial species putatively involved in seed and seedling protection against P. cryptoirregulare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Abreo
- Laboratorio de Bioproducción, Plataforma de Bioinsumos, INIA Las Brujas, Canelones, Uruguay.
| | - Diana Valle
- Laboratorio de Protección Vegetal, INIA Las Brujas, Canelones, Uruguay; Laboratorio de Ecología Química, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Andrés González
- Laboratorio de Ecología Química, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Nora Altier
- Laboratorio de Bioproducción, Plataforma de Bioinsumos, INIA Las Brujas, Canelones, Uruguay
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Loulier J, Lefort F, Stocki M, Asztemborska M, Szmigielski R, Siwek K, Grzywacz T, Hsiang T, Ślusarski S, Oszako T, Klisz M, Tarakowski R, Nowakowska JA. Detection of Fungi and Oomycetes by Volatiles Using E-Nose and SPME-GC/MS Platforms. Molecules 2020; 25:E5749. [PMID: 33291490 PMCID: PMC7730677 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25235749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungi and oomycetes release volatiles into their environment which could be used for olfactory detection and identification of these organisms by electronic-nose (e-nose). The aim of this study was to survey volatile compound emission using an e-nose device and to identify released molecules through solid phase microextraction-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (SPME-GC/MS) analysis to ultimately develop a detection system for fungi and fungi-like organisms. To this end, cultures of eight fungi (Armillaria gallica, Armillaria ostoyae, Fusarium avenaceum, Fusarium culmorum, Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium poae, Rhizoctonia solani, Trichoderma asperellum) and four oomycetes (Phytophthora cactorum, P. cinnamomi, P. plurivora, P. ramorum) were tested with the e-nose system and investigated by means of SPME-GC/MS. Strains of F. poae, R. solani and T. asperellum appeared to be the most odoriferous. All investigated fungal species (except R. solani) produced sesquiterpenes in variable amounts, in contrast to the tested oomycetes strains. Other molecules such as aliphatic hydrocarbons, alcohols, aldehydes, esters and benzene derivatives were found in all samples. The results suggested that the major differences between respective VOC emission ranges of the tested species lie in sesquiterpene production, with fungi emitting some while oomycetes released none or smaller amounts of such molecules. Our e-nose system could discriminate between the odors emitted by P. ramorum, F. poae, T. asperellum and R. solani, which accounted for over 88% of the PCA variance. These preliminary results of fungal and oomycete detection make the e-nose device suitable for further sensor design as a potential tool for forest managers, other plant managers, as well as regulatory agencies such as quarantine services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérémie Loulier
- InTNE (Plants & Pathogens Group), Hepia, University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Western Switzerland, 150 route de Presinge, 1254 Jussy, Switzerland;
| | - François Lefort
- InTNE (Plants & Pathogens Group), Hepia, University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Western Switzerland, 150 route de Presinge, 1254 Jussy, Switzerland;
| | - Marcin Stocki
- Institute of Forest Sciences, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Environmental Sciences, Bialystok University of Technology, Wiejska 45E, 15-351 Bialystok, Poland; (M.S.); (T.O.)
| | - Monika Asztemborska
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland; (M.A.); (R.S.)
| | - Rafał Szmigielski
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland; (M.A.); (R.S.)
| | - Krzysztof Siwek
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Koszykowa 75, 00-661 Warsaw, Poland; (K.S.); (T.G.)
| | - Tomasz Grzywacz
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Koszykowa 75, 00-661 Warsaw, Poland; (K.S.); (T.G.)
| | - Tom Hsiang
- Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada;
| | - Sławomir Ślusarski
- Forest Protection Department, Forest Research Institute, Braci Leśnej 3, 05-090 Sękocin Stary, Poland;
| | - Tomasz Oszako
- Institute of Forest Sciences, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Environmental Sciences, Bialystok University of Technology, Wiejska 45E, 15-351 Bialystok, Poland; (M.S.); (T.O.)
- Forest Protection Department, Forest Research Institute, Braci Leśnej 3, 05-090 Sękocin Stary, Poland;
| | - Marcin Klisz
- Department of Silviculture and Genetics, Forest Research Institute, Braci Leśnej 3, 05-090 Sękocin Stary, Poland;
| | - Rafał Tarakowski
- Faculty of Physics, Warsaw University of Technology, Koszykowa 75, 00-662 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Justyna Anna Nowakowska
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Cardinal Stefan Wyszynski University in Warsaw, Wóycickiego 1/3 Street, 01-938 Warsaw, Poland
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11
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Volatile-Mediated Inhibitory Activity of Rhizobacteria as a Result of Multiple Factors Interaction: The Case of Lysobacter capsici AZ78. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8111761. [PMID: 33182371 PMCID: PMC7695267 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8111761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant beneficial rhizobacteria may antagonize soilborne plant pathogens by producing a vast array of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The production of these compounds depends on the medium composition used for bacterial cell growth. Accordingly, Lysobacter capsici AZ78 (AZ78) grown on a protein-rich medium was previously found to emit volatile pyrazines with toxic activity against soilborne phypathogenic fungi and oomycetes. However, the discrepancy between the quantity of pyrazines in the gaseous phase and the minimum quantity needed to achieve inhibition of plant pathogens observed, lead us to further investigate the volatile-mediated inhibitory activity of AZ78. Here, we show that, besides VOCs, AZ78 cells produce ammonia in increased amounts when a protein-rich medium is used for bacterial growth. The production of this volatile compound caused the alkalinization of the physically separated culture medium where Rhizoctonia solani was inoculated subsequently. Results achieved in this work clearly demonstrate that VOC, ammonia and the growth medium alkalinization contribute to the overall inhibitory activity of AZ78 against R. solani. Thus, our findings suggest that the volatile-mediated inhibitory activity of rhizobacteria in protein-rich substrates can be regarded as a result of multiple factors interaction, rather than exclusively VOCs production.
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12
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Mülner P, Schwarz E, Dietel K, Junge H, Herfort S, Weydmann M, Lasch P, Cernava T, Berg G, Vater J. Profiling for Bioactive Peptides and Volatiles of Plant Growth Promoting Strains of the Bacillus subtilis Complex of Industrial Relevance. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1432. [PMID: 32695084 PMCID: PMC7338577 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria attain increasing importance in agriculture as biofertilizers and biocontrol agents. These properties significantly depend on the formation of bioactive compounds produced by such organisms. In our work we investigated the biosynthetic potential of 13 industrially important strains of the Bacillus subtilis complex by mass spectrometric methodology. Typing of these organisms was performed with MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry followed by comprehensive profiling of their bioactive peptide products. Volatiles were determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Representative products of the members of the B. subtilis complex investigated in detail were: the surfactin familiy (surfactins, lichenysins, pumilacidins); the iturin family (iturins, mycosubtilins and bacillomycins); plantazolicin and the dual lantibiotics lichenicidins, as well as a wide spectrum of volatiles, such as hydrocarbons (alkanes/alkenes), alcohols, ketones, sulfur-containing compounds and pyrazines. The subcomplexes of the B. subtilis organizational unit; (a) B. subtilis/Bacillus atrophaeus; (b) B. amyloliquefaciens/B. velezensis; (c) B. licheniformis, and (d) B. pumilus are equipped with specific sets of these compounds which are the basis for the evaluation of their biotechnological and agricultural usage. The 13 test strains were evaluated in field trials for growth promotion of potato and maize plants. All of the implemented strains showed efficient growth stimulation of these plants. The highest effects were obtained with B. velezensis, B. subtilis, and B. atrophaeus strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Mülner
- ABiTEP GmbH, Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Environmental Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
| | | | | | | | - Stefanie Herfort
- ZBS6: Proteomics and Spectroscopy, Robert Koch-Institut, Berlin, Germany
| | - Max Weydmann
- ZBS6: Proteomics and Spectroscopy, Robert Koch-Institut, Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Lasch
- ZBS6: Proteomics and Spectroscopy, Robert Koch-Institut, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tomislav Cernava
- Institute of Environmental Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
| | - Gabriele Berg
- Institute of Environmental Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
| | - Joachim Vater
- ABiTEP GmbH, Berlin, Germany
- ZBS6: Proteomics and Spectroscopy, Robert Koch-Institut, Berlin, Germany
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13
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Kai M. Diversity and Distribution of Volatile Secondary Metabolites Throughout Bacillus subtilis Isolates. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:559. [PMID: 32322244 PMCID: PMC7156558 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacillus subtilis releases a broad range of volatile secondary metabolites, which are considered as long- and short distance infochemical signals mediating inter- and intra-specific processes. In addition, they often show antimicrobial or antifungal activities. This review attempts to summarize yet known volatile secondary metabolites produced and emitted by Bacillus subtilis isolates focusing on the structural diversity and distribution patterns. Using in vitro volatile-collection systems, 26 strains of B. subtilis isolated from different habitats were found to produce in total 231 volatile secondary metabolites. These volatile secondary metabolites comprised mainly hydrocarbons, ketones, alcohols, aldehydes, ester, acids, aromatics, sulfur- and nitrogen-containing compounds. Reviewed data revealed to a great extent isolate-specific emission patterns. The production and release of several volatile bioactive compounds was retained in isolates of the species B. subtilis, while volatiles without a described function seemed to be isolate-specifically produced. Detailed analysis, however, also indicated that the original data were strongly influenced by insufficient descriptions of the bacterial isolates, heterogeneous and poorly documented culture conditions as well as sampling techniques and inadequate compound identification. In order to get deeper insight into the nature, diversity, and ecological function of volatile secondary metabolites produced by B. subtilis, it will be necessary to follow well-documented workflows and fulfill state-of-the-art standards to unambiguously identify the volatile metabolites. Future research should consider the dynamic of a bacterial culture leading to differences in cell morphology and cell development. Single cell investigations could help to attribute certain volatile metabolites to defined cell forms and developmental stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Kai
- Institute for Biological Sciences, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
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14
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Gaines A, Ludovice M, Xu J, Zanghi M, Meinersmann RJ, Berrang M, Daley W, Britton D. The dialogue between protozoa and bacteria in a microfluidic device. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0222484. [PMID: 31596855 PMCID: PMC6784911 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0222484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
In nature, protozoa play a major role in controlling bacterial populations. This paper proposes a microfluidic device for the study of protozoa behaviors change due to their chemotactic response in the presence of bacterial cells. A three-channel microfluidic device was designed using a nitrocellulose membrane into which channels were cut using a laser cutter. The membrane was sandwiched between two glass slides; a Euglena suspension was then allowed to flow through the central channel. The two side channels were filled with either, 0.1% peptone as a negative control, or a Listeria suspension respectively. The membrane design prevented direct interaction but allowed Euglena cells to detect Listeria cells as secretions diffused through the nitrocellulose membrane. A significant number of Euglena cells migrated toward the chambers near the bacterial cells, indicating a positive chemotactic response of Euglena toward chemical cues released from Listeria cells. Filtrates collected from Listeria suspension with a series of molecular weight cutoffs (3k, 10k and 100k) were examined in Euglena chemotaxis tests. Euglena cells were attracted to all filtrates collected from the membrane filtration with different molecular weight cutoffs, suggesting small molecules from Listeria might be the chemical cues to attract protozoa. Headspace volatile organic compounds (VOC) released from Listeria were collected, spiked to 0.1% peptone and tested as the chemotactic effectors. It was discovered that the Euglena cells responded quickly to Listeria VOCs including decanal, 3,5- dimethylbenzaldehyde, ethyl acetate, indicating bacterial VOCs were used by Euglena to track the location of bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Gaines
- Aerospace, Transportation and Advanced Systems Laboratory, Georgia Tech Research Institute, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Miranda Ludovice
- Aerospace, Transportation and Advanced Systems Laboratory, Georgia Tech Research Institute, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Jie Xu
- Aerospace, Transportation and Advanced Systems Laboratory, Georgia Tech Research Institute, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Marc Zanghi
- Aerospace, Transportation and Advanced Systems Laboratory, Georgia Tech Research Institute, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Richard J. Meinersmann
- Richard B. Russell Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Mark Berrang
- Richard B. Russell Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Wayne Daley
- Aerospace, Transportation and Advanced Systems Laboratory, Georgia Tech Research Institute, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Doug Britton
- Aerospace, Transportation and Advanced Systems Laboratory, Georgia Tech Research Institute, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
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15
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Veselova MA, Plyuta VA, Khmel IA. Volatile Compounds of Bacterial Origin: Structure, Biosynthesis, and Biological Activity. Microbiology (Reading) 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026261719030160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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16
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Sekowska A, Ashida H, Danchin A. Revisiting the methionine salvage pathway and its paralogues. Microb Biotechnol 2019; 12:77-97. [PMID: 30306718 PMCID: PMC6302742 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.13324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Methionine is essential for life. Its chemistry makes it fragile in the presence of oxygen. Aerobic living organisms have selected a salvage pathway (the MSP) that uses dioxygen to regenerate methionine, associated to a ratchet-like step that prevents methionine back degradation. Here, we describe the variation on this theme, developed across the tree of life. Oxygen appeared long after life had developed on Earth. The canonical MSP evolved from ancestors that used both predecessors of ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase oxygenase (RuBisCO) and methanethiol in intermediate steps. We document how these likely promiscuous pathways were also used to metabolize the omnipresent by-products of S-adenosylmethionine radical enzymes as well as the aromatic and isoprene skeleton of quinone electron acceptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Sekowska
- Institute of Cardiometabolism and NutritionHôpital de la Pitié‐SalpêtrièreParisFrance
| | - Hiroki Ashida
- Graduate School of Human Development and EnvironmentKobe UniversityKobeJapan
| | - Antoine Danchin
- Institute of Cardiometabolism and NutritionHôpital de la Pitié‐SalpêtrièreParisFrance
- Institute of Synthetic BiologyShenzhen Institutes of Advanced StudiesShenzhenChina
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17
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Timm CM, Lloyd EP, Egan A, Mariner R, Karig D. Direct Growth of Bacteria in Headspace Vials Allows for Screening of Volatiles by Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:491. [PMID: 29662472 PMCID: PMC5890184 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterially produced volatile organic compounds (VOCs) can modify growth patterns of eukaryotic hosts and competing/cohabiting microbes. These compounds have been implicated in skin disorders and attraction of biting pests. Current methods to detect and characterize VOCs from microbial cultures can be laborious and low-throughput, making it difficult to understand the behavior of microbial populations. In this work we present an efficient method employing gas chromatography/mass spectrometry with autosampling to characterize VOC profiles from solid-phase bacterial cultures. We compare this method to complementary plate-based assays and measure the effects of growth media and incubation temperature on the VOC profiles from a well-studied Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 system. We observe that P. aeruginosa produces longer chain VOCs, such as 2-undecanone and 2-undecanol in higher amounts at 37°C than 30°C. We demonstrate the throughput of this method by studying VOC profiles from a representative collection of skin bacterial isolates under three parallel growth conditions. We observe differential production of various aldehydes and ketones depending on bacterial strain. This generalizable method will support screening of bacterial populations in a variety of research areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Collin M Timm
- Applied Physics Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University, Laurel, MD, United States
| | - Evan P Lloyd
- Applied Physics Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University, Laurel, MD, United States
| | - Amanda Egan
- Applied Physics Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University, Laurel, MD, United States
| | - Ray Mariner
- Applied Physics Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University, Laurel, MD, United States
| | - David Karig
- Applied Physics Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University, Laurel, MD, United States
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18
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Magnus N, Weise T, Piechulla B. Carbon Catabolite Repression Regulates the Production of the Unique Volatile Sodorifen of Serratia plymuthica 4Rx13. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:2522. [PMID: 29312220 PMCID: PMC5742105 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Microorganisms are capable of synthesizing a plethora of secondary metabolites including the long-overlooked volatile organic compounds. Little knowledge has been accumulated regarding the regulation of the biosynthesis of such mVOCs. The emission of the unique compound sodorifen of Serratia plymuthica isolates was significantly reduced in minimal medium with glucose, while succinate elevated sodorifen release. The hypothesis of carbon catabolite repression (CCR) acting as a major control entity on the synthesis of mVOCs was proven by genetic evidence. Central components of the typical CCR of Gram-negative bacteria such as the adenylate cyclase (CYA), the cAMP binding receptor protein (CRP), and the catabolite responsive element (CRE) were removed by insertional mutagenesis. CYA, CRP, CRE1 mutants revealed a lower sodorifen release. Moreover, the emission potential of other S. plymuthica isolates was also evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Magnus
- Institute for Biological Sciences, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Teresa Weise
- EuroImmun, Medizinische Labordiagnostik AG, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Birgit Piechulla
- Institute for Biological Sciences, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
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19
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Lazazzara V, Perazzolli M, Pertot I, Biasioli F, Puopolo G, Cappellin L. Growth media affect the volatilome and antimicrobial activity against Phytophthora infestans in four Lysobacter type strains. Microbiol Res 2017; 201:52-62. [PMID: 28602402 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2017.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Revised: 04/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial volatile organic compounds (VOCs) play important ecological roles in soil microbial interactions. Lysobacter spp. are key determinants of soil suppressiveness against phytopathogens and the production of non-volatile antimicrobial metabolites has been extensively characterised. However, the chemical composition and antagonistic properties of the Lysobacter volatilome have been poorly investigated. In this work, VOC emission profiles of four Lysobacter type strains grown on a sugar-rich and a protein-rich medium were analysed using solid-phase microextraction gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and proton transfer reaction-time of flight-mass spectrometry. Lysobacter antibioticus, L. capsici, L. enzymogenes and L. gummosus type strains were recognised according to their volatilome assessed using both headspace mass spectrometry methods Moreover, the chemical profiles and functional properties of the Lysobacter volatilome differed according to the growth medium, and a protein-rich substrate maximised the toxic effect of the four Lysobacter type strains against Phytophthora infestans. Antagonistic (pyrazines, pyrrole and decanal) and non-antagonistic (delta-hexalactone and ethanol) VOCs against Ph. infestans or putative plant growth stimulator compounds (acetoin and indole) were mainly emitted by Lysobacter type strains grown on protein- and sugar-rich media respectively. Thus nutrient availability under soil conditions could affect the aggressiveness of Lysobacter spp. and possibly optimise interactions of these bacterial species with the other soil inhabitants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Lazazzara
- Department of Sustainable Ecosystems and Bioresources, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all'Adige, Italy; Centre for Analytical Chemistry, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Konrad-Lorenz-Straße 20, 3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria
| | - Michele Perazzolli
- Department of Sustainable Ecosystems and Bioresources, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Ilaria Pertot
- Department of Sustainable Ecosystems and Bioresources, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all'Adige, Italy; Centre Agriculture Food Environment, University of Trento, Via Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Franco Biasioli
- Department of Food Quality and Nutrition, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Gerardo Puopolo
- Department of Sustainable Ecosystems and Bioresources, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all'Adige, Italy.
| | - Luca Cappellin
- Department of Food Quality and Nutrition, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all'Adige, Italy
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20
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Qin X, Xiao H, Cheng X, Zhou H, Si L. Hanseniaspora uvarum prolongs shelf life of strawberry via volatile production. Food Microbiol 2017; 63:205-212. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2016.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Revised: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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21
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Montes Vidal D, von Rymon-Lipinski AL, Ravella S, Groenhagen U, Herrmann J, Zaburannyi N, Zarbin PHG, Varadarajan AR, Ahrens CH, Weisskopf L, Müller R, Schulz S. Langkettige Alkylcyanide, beispiellose flüchtige Verbindungen aus Pseudomonas
- und Micromonospora
-Bakterien. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201611940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Diogo Montes Vidal
- Institut für Organische Chemie; TU Braunschweig; Hagenring 30 38106 Braunschweig Deutschland
- Laboratório de Semioquímicos; Departamento de Química - UFPR; Curitiba - PR Brasilien
| | | | - Srinivasa Ravella
- Institut für Organische Chemie; TU Braunschweig; Hagenring 30 38106 Braunschweig Deutschland
| | - Ulrike Groenhagen
- Institut für Organische Chemie; TU Braunschweig; Hagenring 30 38106 Braunschweig Deutschland
| | - Jennifer Herrmann
- Abteilung Mikrobielle Naturstoffe; Helmholtz-Institut für Pharmazeutische Forschung Saarland; Helmholtz-Zentrum für Infektionsforschung; Universität des Saarlandes; Saarbrücken Deutschland
| | - Nestor Zaburannyi
- Abteilung Mikrobielle Naturstoffe; Helmholtz-Institut für Pharmazeutische Forschung Saarland; Helmholtz-Zentrum für Infektionsforschung; Universität des Saarlandes; Saarbrücken Deutschland
| | - Paulo H. G. Zarbin
- Laboratório de Semioquímicos; Departamento de Química - UFPR; Curitiba - PR Brasilien
| | | | | | - Laure Weisskopf
- Institut für Weinbau und Önologie; Fachhochschule Westschweiz; Schweiz
- Agroscope; Schweiz
| | - Rolf Müller
- Abteilung Mikrobielle Naturstoffe; Helmholtz-Institut für Pharmazeutische Forschung Saarland; Helmholtz-Zentrum für Infektionsforschung; Universität des Saarlandes; Saarbrücken Deutschland
| | - Stefan Schulz
- Institut für Organische Chemie; TU Braunschweig; Hagenring 30 38106 Braunschweig Deutschland
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22
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Montes Vidal D, von Rymon-Lipinski AL, Ravella S, Groenhagen U, Herrmann J, Zaburannyi N, Zarbin PHG, Varadarajan AR, Ahrens CH, Weisskopf L, Müller R, Schulz S. Long-Chain Alkyl Cyanides: Unprecedented Volatile Compounds Released by Pseudomonas
and Micromonospora
Bacteria. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:4342-4346. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201611940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Revised: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Diogo Montes Vidal
- Institut für Organische Chemie; TU Braunschweig; Hagenring 30 38106 Braunschweig Germany
- Laboratório de Semioquímicos; Departamento de Química-UFPR; Curitiba PR Brazil
| | | | - Srinivasa Ravella
- Institut für Organische Chemie; TU Braunschweig; Hagenring 30 38106 Braunschweig Germany
| | - Ulrike Groenhagen
- Institut für Organische Chemie; TU Braunschweig; Hagenring 30 38106 Braunschweig Germany
| | - Jennifer Herrmann
- Microbial Natural Products; Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland; Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research; Saarland University; Saarbrücken Germany
| | - Nestor Zaburannyi
- Microbial Natural Products; Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland; Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research; Saarland University; Saarbrücken Germany
| | - Paulo H. G. Zarbin
- Laboratório de Semioquímicos; Departamento de Química-UFPR; Curitiba PR Brazil
| | | | | | - Laure Weisskopf
- Institute for Viticulture and Oenology; University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland; Switzerland
- Agroscope; Switzerland
| | - Rolf Müller
- Microbial Natural Products; Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland; Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research; Saarland University; Saarbrücken Germany
| | - Stefan Schulz
- Institut für Organische Chemie; TU Braunschweig; Hagenring 30 38106 Braunschweig Germany
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23
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Lemfack MC, Ravella SR, Lorenz N, Kai M, Jung K, Schulz S, Piechulla B. Novel volatiles of skin-borne bacteria inhibit the growth of Gram-positive bacteria and affect quorum-sensing controlled phenotypes of Gram-negative bacteria. Syst Appl Microbiol 2016; 39:503-515. [DOI: 10.1016/j.syapm.2016.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Revised: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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24
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Savelieva EI, Gustyleva LK, Kessenikh ED, Khlebnikova NS, Leffingwell J, Gavrilova OP, Gagkaeva TY. Study of the Vapor Phase OverFusariumFungi Cultured on Various Substrates. Chem Biodivers 2016; 13:891-903. [DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201500284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elena I. Savelieva
- Research Institute of Hygiene, Occupational Pathology and Human Ecology Federal State Unitary Enterprise; Federal Medical Biological Agency; Build. 93, Kapitolovo Station, Kuz'molovsky g/p Vsevolozhsky District Leningrad Region RU-188663
| | - Liudmila K. Gustyleva
- Research Institute of Hygiene, Occupational Pathology and Human Ecology Federal State Unitary Enterprise; Federal Medical Biological Agency; Build. 93, Kapitolovo Station, Kuz'molovsky g/p Vsevolozhsky District Leningrad Region RU-188663
| | - Elizaveta D. Kessenikh
- Research Institute of Hygiene, Occupational Pathology and Human Ecology Federal State Unitary Enterprise; Federal Medical Biological Agency; Build. 93, Kapitolovo Station, Kuz'molovsky g/p Vsevolozhsky District Leningrad Region RU-188663
| | - Natalya S. Khlebnikova
- Research Institute of Hygiene, Occupational Pathology and Human Ecology Federal State Unitary Enterprise; Federal Medical Biological Agency; Build. 93, Kapitolovo Station, Kuz'molovsky g/p Vsevolozhsky District Leningrad Region RU-188663
| | - John Leffingwell
- Leffingwell & Associates; 4699 Arbor Hill Rd. Canton GA 30115 USA
| | - Olga P. Gavrilova
- All-Russian Institute of Plant Protection (VIZR) Podbelskogo shosse; 3 St.-Petersburg Pushkin RU-196608
| | - Tatiana Yu. Gagkaeva
- All-Russian Institute of Plant Protection (VIZR) Podbelskogo shosse; 3 St.-Petersburg Pushkin RU-196608
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25
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Saleh H, Petras D, Mainz A, Kerwat D, Nalbantsoy A, Erzurumlu Y, Süssmuth RD. Deuterium-Labeled Precursor Feeding Reveals a New pABA-Containing Meroterpenoid from the Mango Pathogen Xanthomonas citri pv. mangiferaeindicae. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2016; 79:1532-1537. [PMID: 27232656 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.5b01049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A new para-aminobenzoic-acid-containing natural product from the mango pathogenic organism Xanthomonas citri pv. mangiferaeindicae is described. By means of stable isotope precursor feeding combined with nontargeted LC-MS/MS, the generated spectra were clustered and visualized in a molecular network. This led to the identification of a new member of the meroterpenoids, termed xanthomonic acid, which is composed of an isoprenylated para-aminobenzoic acid. In vitro cytotoxicity assays demonstrated activity of xanthomonic acid against several human cancer cell lines by induction of autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hesham Saleh
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin , Strasse des 17. Juni 124, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniel Petras
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin , Strasse des 17. Juni 124, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Andi Mainz
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin , Strasse des 17. Juni 124, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Dennis Kerwat
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin , Strasse des 17. Juni 124, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ayse Nalbantsoy
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ege University , 35100 Bornova Izmir, Turkey
| | - Yalcin Erzurumlu
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ege University , 35100 Bornova Izmir, Turkey
| | - Roderich D Süssmuth
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin , Strasse des 17. Juni 124, 10623 Berlin, Germany
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26
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Schmidt R, Etalo DW, de Jager V, Gerards S, Zweers H, de Boer W, Garbeva P. Microbial Small Talk: Volatiles in Fungal-Bacterial Interactions. Front Microbiol 2016; 6:1495. [PMID: 26779150 PMCID: PMC4700264 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.01495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that volatile organic compounds (VOCs) play an important role in the interactions between fungi and bacteria, two major groups of soil inhabiting microorganisms. Yet, most of the research has been focused on effects of bacterial volatiles on suppression of plant pathogenic fungi whereas little is known about the responses of bacteria to fungal volatiles. In the current study we performed a metabolomics analysis of volatiles emitted by several fungal and oomycetal soil strains under different nutrient conditions and growth stages. The metabolomics analysis of the tested fungal and oomycetal strains revealed different volatile profiles dependent on the age of the strains and nutrient conditions. Furthermore, we screened the phenotypic responses of soil bacterial strains to volatiles emitted by fungi. Two bacteria, Collimonas pratensis Ter291 and Serratia plymuthica PRI-2C, showed significant changes in their motility, in particular to volatiles emitted by Fusarium culmorum. This fungus produced a unique volatile blend, including several terpenes. Four of these terpenes were selected for further tests to investigate if they influence bacterial motility. Indeed, these terpenes induced or reduced swimming and swarming motility of S. plymuthica PRI-2C and swarming motility of C. pratensis Ter291, partly in a concentration-dependent manner. Overall the results of this work revealed that bacteria are able to sense and respond to fungal volatiles giving further evidence to the suggested importance of volatiles as signaling molecules in fungal-bacterial interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Schmidt
- Department of Microbial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of EcologyWageningen, Netherlands
| | - Desalegn W. Etalo
- Department of Microbial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of EcologyWageningen, Netherlands
| | - Victor de Jager
- Department of Microbial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of EcologyWageningen, Netherlands
| | - Saskia Gerards
- Department of Microbial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of EcologyWageningen, Netherlands
| | - Hans Zweers
- Department of Microbial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of EcologyWageningen, Netherlands
| | - Wietse de Boer
- Department of Microbial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of EcologyWageningen, Netherlands
- Department of Soil Quality, Wageningen UniversityWageningen, Netherlands
| | - Paolina Garbeva
- Department of Microbial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of EcologyWageningen, Netherlands
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27
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Calling in the Dark: The Role of Volatiles for Communication in the Rhizosphere. SIGNALING AND COMMUNICATION IN PLANTS 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-33498-1_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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28
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Schulz-Bohm K, Zweers H, de Boer W, Garbeva P. A fragrant neighborhood: volatile mediated bacterial interactions in soil. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:1212. [PMID: 26579111 PMCID: PMC4631045 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.01212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that volatile organic compounds (VOCs) play essential roles in communication and competition between soil microorganisms. Here we assessed volatile-mediated interactions of a synthetic microbial community in a model system that mimics the natural conditions in the heterogeneous soil environment along the rhizosphere. Phylogenetic different soil bacterial isolates (Burkholderia sp., Dyella sp., Janthinobacterium sp., Pseudomonas sp., and Paenibacillus sp.) were inoculated as mixtures or monoculture in organic-poor, sandy soil containing artificial root exudates (ARE) and the volatile profile and growth were analyzed. Additionally, a two-compartment system was used to test if volatiles produced by inter-specific interactions in the rhizosphere can stimulate the activity of starving bacteria in the surrounding, nutrient-depleted soil. The obtained results revealed that both microbial interactions and shifts in microbial community composition had a strong effect on the volatile emission. Interestingly, the presence of a slow-growing, low abundant Paenibacillus strain significantly affected the volatile production by the other abundant members of the bacterial community as well as the growth of the interacting strains. Furthermore, volatiles released by mixtures of root-exudates consuming bacteria stimulated the activity and growth of starved bacteria. Besides growth stimulation, also an inhibition in growth was observed for starving bacteria exposed to microbial volatiles. The current work suggests that volatiles produced during microbial interactions in the rhizosphere have a significant long distance effect on microorganisms in the surrounding, nutrient-depleted soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Schulz-Bohm
- Department of Microbial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW) Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Hans Zweers
- Department of Microbial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW) Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Wietse de Boer
- Department of Microbial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW) Wageningen, Netherlands ; Department of Soil Quality, Wageningen University Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Paolina Garbeva
- Department of Microbial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW) Wageningen, Netherlands
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29
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Volatile affairs in microbial interactions. ISME JOURNAL 2015; 9:2329-35. [PMID: 26023873 DOI: 10.1038/ismej.2015.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 241] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Revised: 02/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Microorganisms are important factors in shaping our environment. One key characteristic that has been neglected for a long time is the ability of microorganisms to release chemically diverse volatile compounds. At present, it is clear that the blend of volatiles released by microorganisms can be very complex and often includes many unknown compounds for which the chemical structures remain to be elucidated. The biggest challenge now is to unravel the biological and ecological functions of these microbial volatiles. There is increasing evidence that microbial volatiles can act as infochemicals in interactions among microbes and between microbes and their eukaryotic hosts. Here, we review and discuss recent advances in understanding the natural roles of volatiles in microbe-microbe interactions. Specific emphasis will be given to the antimicrobial activities of microbial volatiles and their effects on bacterial quorum sensing, motility, gene expression and antibiotic resistance.
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30
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Velivelli SLS, Kromann P, Lojan P, Rojas M, Franco J, Suarez JP, Prestwich BD. Identification of mVOCs from Andean rhizobacteria and field evaluation of bacterial and mycorrhizal inoculants on growth of potato in its center of origin. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2015; 69:652-67. [PMID: 25339308 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-014-0514-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Food security (a pressing issue for all nations) faces a threat due to population growth, land availability for growing crops, a changing climate (leading to increases in both abiotic and biotic stresses), heightened consumer awareness of the risks related to the use of agrichemicals, and also the reliance on depleting fossil fuel reserves for their production. Legislative changes in Europe mean that fewer agrichemicals will be available in the future for the control of crop pests and pathogens. The need for the implementation of a more sustainable agricultural system globally, incorporating an integrated approach to disease management, has never been more urgent. To that end, the Valorizing Andean Microbial Diversity (VALORAM) project (http://valoram.ucc.ie), funded under FP7, examined the role of microbial communities in crop production and protection to improve the sustainability, food security, environmental protection, and productivity for rural Andean farmers. During this work, microbial volatile organic compounds (mVOCs) of 27 rhizobacterial isolates were identified using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS), and their antifungal activity against Rhizoctonia solani was determined in vitro and compared to the activity of a selection of pure volatile compounds. Five of these isolates, Pseudomonas palleroniana R43631, Bacillus sp. R47065, R47131, Paenibacillus sp. B3a R49541, and Bacillus simplex M3-4 R49538 trialled in the field in their respective countries of origin, i.e., Bolivia, Peru, and Ecuador, showed significant increase in the yield of potato. The strategy followed in the VALORAM project may offer a template for the future isolation and determination of putative biocontrol and plant growth-promoting agents, useful as part of a low-input integrated pest management system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siva L S Velivelli
- School of Biological Earth and Environmental Sciences, University College Cork, Butler Building, Distillery Fields, North Mall, Cork, Ireland,
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31
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Romano A, Capozzi V, Spano G, Biasioli F. Proton transfer reaction-mass spectrometry: online and rapid determination of volatile organic compounds of microbial origin. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 99:3787-95. [PMID: 25808516 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-6528-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Revised: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Analytical tools for the identification and quantification of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) produced by microbial cultures have countless applications in an industrial and research context which are still not fully exploited. The various techniques for VOC analysis generally arise from the application of different scientific and technological philosophies, favoring either sample throughput or chemical information. Proton transfer reaction-mass spectrometry (PTR-MS) represents a valid compromise between the two aforementioned approaches, providing rapid and direct measurements along with highly informative analytical output. The present paper reviews the main applications of PTR-MS in the microbiological field, comprising food, environmental, and medical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Romano
- Department of Food Quality and Nutrition, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach (FEM), via E. Mach 1, 38010, San Michele all'Adige, TN, Italy
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32
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Kanchiswamy CN, Malnoy M, Maffei ME. Chemical diversity of microbial volatiles and their potential for plant growth and productivity. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:151. [PMID: 25821453 PMCID: PMC4358370 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Microbial volatile organic compounds (MVOCs) are produced by a wide array of microorganisms ranging from bacteria to fungi. A growing body of evidence indicates that MVOCs are ecofriendly and can be exploited as a cost-effective sustainable strategy for use in agricultural practice as agents that enhance plant growth, productivity, and disease resistance. As naturally occurring chemicals, MVOCs have potential as possible alternatives to harmful pesticides, fungicides, and bactericides as well as genetic modification. Recent studies performed under open field conditions demonstrate that efficiently adopting MVOCs may contribute to sustainable crop protection and production. We review here the chemical diversity of MVOCs by describing microbial-plants and microbial-microbial interactions. Furthermore, we discuss MVOCs role in inducing phenotypic plant responses and their potential physiological effects on crops. Finally, we analyze potential and actual limitations for MVOC use and deployment in field conditions as a sustainable strategy for improving productivity and reducing pesticide use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chidananda Nagamangala Kanchiswamy
- Research and Innovation Center, Biology and Genomic of Fruit Plants, Fondazione Edmund MachTrento, Italy,
- *Correspondence: Chidananda Nagamangala Kanchiswamy, Research and Innovation Center, Biology and Genomic of Fruit Plants, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via E.Mach 1, San Michele all'Adige, Trento, Italy
| | - Mickael Malnoy
- Research and Innovation Center, Biology and Genomic of Fruit Plants, Fondazione Edmund MachTrento, Italy,
| | - Massimo E. Maffei
- Plant Physiology Unit, Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of TurinTurin, Italy
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33
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Elkahoui S, Djébali N, Yaich N, Azaiez S, Hammami M, Essid R, Limam F. Antifungal activity of volatile compounds-producing Pseudomonas P2 strain against Rhizoctonia solani. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 31:175-85. [PMID: 25384611 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-014-1772-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Several volatile organic compounds (VOCs) producing endophyte bacteria were isolated from the leaves of olive trees and tested for their antifungal activity against several pathogenic fungi. An antagonistic strain called P2 showed 97 % of homology with Pseudomonas sp. strains on the basis of its 16S rDNA sequence and biochemical properties. P2 strain drastically inhibited the growth of Rhizoctonia solani mycelia (86 %) at 5 day-post-confrontation (dpc) and strongly reduced fungi infection on potato slices at 10(7) bacteria ml(-1) for 3 and 7 dpc. P2 strain was also positive for protease activity as well as siderophore production. Light microscopy analysis showed that treatment of R. solani mycelia with P2 strain induced thickening of the cell-wall, vesiculation of protoplasm and blockage of fungal hyphae branching. VOCs analysis using GC-MS allowed the detection of two major products with m/z of 93.9910 and 125.9630 corresponding to dimethyl disulfide and dimethyl trisulfide respectively. VOCs-producing P2 strain could be a promising agent in the protection of tuber crops against fungal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salem Elkahoui
- Laboratoire des Substances Bioactives, Centre de Biotechnologie de Borj-Cédria, BP-901, 2050, Hammam-Lif, Tunisia
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34
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Peñuelas J, Asensio D, Tholl D, Wenke K, Rosenkranz M, Piechulla B, Schnitzler JP. Biogenic volatile emissions from the soil. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2014; 37:1866-91. [PMID: 24689847 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Revised: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Volatile compounds are usually associated with an appearance/presence in the atmosphere. Recent advances, however, indicated that the soil is a huge reservoir and source of biogenic volatile organic compounds (bVOCs), which are formed from decomposing litter and dead organic material or are synthesized by underground living organism or organs and tissues of plants. This review summarizes the scarce available data on the exchange of VOCs between soil and atmosphere and the features of the soil and particle structure allowing diffusion of volatiles in the soil, which is the prerequisite for biological VOC-based interactions. In fact, soil may function either as a sink or as a source of bVOCs. Soil VOC emissions to the atmosphere are often 1-2 (0-3) orders of magnitude lower than those from aboveground vegetation. Microorganisms and the plant root system are the major sources for bVOCs. The current methodology to detect belowground volatiles is described as well as the metabolic capabilities resulting in the wealth of microbial and root VOC emissions. Furthermore, VOC profiles are discussed as non-destructive fingerprints for the detection of organisms. In the last chapter, belowground volatile-based bi- and multi-trophic interactions between microorganisms, plants and invertebrates in the soil are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Peñuelas
- Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CEAB-CSIC-UAB, CSIC, Catalonia, Spain; CREAF, Catalonia, Spain
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35
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Garbeva P, Hordijk C, Gerards S, de Boer W. Volatile-mediated interactions between phylogenetically different soil bacteria. Front Microbiol 2014; 5:289. [PMID: 24966854 PMCID: PMC4052926 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 05/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that organic volatiles play an important role in interactions between micro-organisms in the porous soil matrix. Here we report that volatile compounds emitted by different soil bacteria can affect the growth, antibiotic production and gene expression of the soil bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens Pf0–1. We applied a novel cultivation approach that mimics the natural nutritional heterogeneity in soil in which P. fluorescens grown on nutrient-limited agar was exposed to volatiles produced by 4 phylogenetically different bacterial isolates (Collimonas pratensis, Serratia plymuthica, Paenibacillus sp., and Pedobacter sp.) growing in sand containing artificial root exudates. Contrary to our expectation, the produced volatiles stimulated rather than inhibited the growth of P. fluorescens. A genome-wide, microarray-based analysis revealed that volatiles of all four bacterial strains affected gene expression of P. fluorescens, but with a different pattern of gene expression for each strain. Based on the annotation of the differently expressed genes, bacterial volatiles appear to induce a chemotactic motility response in P. fluorescens, but also an oxidative stress response. A more detailed study revealed that volatiles produced by C. pratensis triggered, antimicrobial secondary metabolite production in P. fluorescens. Our results indicate that bacterial volatiles can have an important role in communication, trophic - and antagonistic interactions within the soil bacterial community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolina Garbeva
- Department Microbial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW) Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Cornelis Hordijk
- Department Microbial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW) Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Saskia Gerards
- Department Microbial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW) Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Wietse de Boer
- Department Microbial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW) Wageningen, Netherlands ; Department of Soil Quality, Wageningen University and Research Centre Wageningen, Netherlands
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36
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Weise T, Thürmer A, Brady S, Kai M, Daniel R, Gottschalk G, Piechulla B. VOC emission of various Serratia species and isolates and genome analysis of Serratia plymuthica 4Rx13. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2014; 352:45-53. [PMID: 24341572 DOI: 10.1111/1574-6968.12359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2013] [Revised: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteria emit a wealth of volatile organic compounds. Gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry analysis of five Serratia strains revealed ketones, dimethyl di- and trisulfide and 2-phenylethanol commonly released in this genus. The polymethylated bicyclic hydrocarbon sodorifen was uniquely released by the rhizobacterium Serratia plymuthica 4Rx13. Of 10 Serratia strains, only S. plymuthica isolates originating from plants grown on fields near Rostock (Germany) released this new and unusual compound. Since the biosynthetic pathway of sodorifen was unknown, the genome sequence of S. plymuthica 4Rx13 was determined and annotated. Genome comparison of S. plymuthica 4Rx13 with sodorifen non-producing Serratia species highlighted 246 unique candidate open reading frames.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Weise
- Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
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37
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Garbeva P, Hordijk C, Gerards S, de Boer W. Volatiles produced by the mycophagous soil bacteriumCollimonas. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2013; 87:639-49. [DOI: 10.1111/1574-6941.12252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Revised: 11/04/2013] [Accepted: 11/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Paolina Garbeva
- Department Microbial Ecology; Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW); Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Cornelis Hordijk
- Department Microbial Ecology; Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW); Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Saskia Gerards
- Department Microbial Ecology; Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW); Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Wietse de Boer
- Department Microbial Ecology; Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW); Wageningen The Netherlands
- Department of Soil Quality; Wageningen University; Wageningen The Netherlands
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38
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Lemfack MC, Nickel J, Dunkel M, Preissner R, Piechulla B. mVOC: a database of microbial volatiles. Nucleic Acids Res 2013; 42:D744-8. [PMID: 24311565 PMCID: PMC3964988 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkt1250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Scents are well known to be emitted from flowers and animals. In nature, these volatiles are responsible for inter- and intra-organismic communication, e.g. attraction and defence. Consequently, they influence and improve the establishment of organisms and populations in ecological niches by acting as single compounds or in mixtures. Despite the known wealth of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from species of the plant and animal kingdom, in the past, less attention has been focused on volatiles of microorganisms. Although fast and affordable sequencing methods facilitate the detection of microbial diseases, however, the analysis of signature or fingerprint volatiles will be faster and easier. Microbial VOCs (mVOCs) are presently used as marker to detect human diseases, food spoilage or moulds in houses. Furthermore, mVOCs exhibited antagonistic potential against pathogens in vitro, but their biological roles in the ecosystems remain to be investigated. Information on volatile emission from bacteria and fungi is presently scattered in the literature, and no public and up-to-date collection on mVOCs is available. To address this need, we have developed mVOC, a database available online at http://bioinformatics.charite.de/mvoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Chantal Lemfack
- University of Rostock, Institute of Biological Sciences, Rostock 18059, Germany, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, Structural Bioinformatics Group, Institute of Physiology & Experimental Clinical Research Center, Berlin 13125, Germany and Charité-University Medicine Berlin, Division of General Pediatrics, Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Berlin 13353, Germany
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39
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Richardson MB, Williams SJ. A practical synthesis of long-chain iso-fatty acids (iso-C12-C19) and related natural products. Beilstein J Org Chem 2013; 9:1807-12. [PMID: 24062846 PMCID: PMC3778388 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.9.210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2013] [Accepted: 08/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A gram-scale synthesis of terminally-branched iso-fatty acids (iso-C12–C19) was developed commencing with methyl undec-10-enoate (methyl undecylenate) (for iso-C12–C14) or the C15 and C16 lactones pentadecanolide (for iso-C15–C17) and hexadecanolide (for iso-C18–C19). Central to the approaches outlined is the two-step construction of the terminal isopropyl group through addition of methylmagnesium bromide to the ester/lactones and selective reduction of the resulting tertiary alcohols. Thus, the C12, C17 and C18 iso-fatty acids were obtained in three steps from commercially-available starting materials, and the remaining C13–C16 and C19 iso-fatty acids were prepared by homologation or recursive dehomologations of these fatty acids or through intercepting appropriate intermediates. Highlighting the synthetic potential of the iso-fatty acids and various intermediates prepared herein, we describe the synthesis of the natural products (S)-2,15-dimethylpalmitic acid, (S)-2-hydroxy-15-methylpalmitic acid, and 2-oxo-14-methylpentadecane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark B Richardson
- School of Chemistry, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
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40
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Groenhagen U, Baumgartner R, Bailly A, Gardiner A, Eberl L, Schulz S, Weisskopf L. Production of bioactive volatiles by different Burkholderia ambifaria strains. J Chem Ecol 2013; 39:892-906. [PMID: 23832658 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-013-0315-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2013] [Revised: 06/14/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence indicates that volatile compounds emitted by bacteria can influence the growth of other organisms. In this study, the volatiles produced by three different strains of Burkholderia ambifaria were analysed and their effects on the growth of plants and fungi, as well as on the antibiotic resistance of target bacteria, were assessed. Burkholderia ambifaria emitted highly bioactive volatiles independently of the strain origin (clinical environment, rhizosphere of pea, roots of maize). These volatile blends induced significant biomass increase in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana as well as growth inhibition of two phytopathogenic fungi (Rhizoctonia solani and Alternaria alternata). In Escherichia coli exposed to the volatiles of B. ambifaria, resistance to the aminoglycoside antibiotics gentamicin and kanamycin was found to be increased. The volatile blends of the three strains were similar, and dimethyl disulfide was the most abundant compound. Sulfur compounds, ketones, and aromatic compounds were major groups in all three volatile profiles. When applied as pure substance, dimethyl disulfide led to increased plant biomass, as did acetophenone and 3-hexanone. Significant fungal growth reduction was observed with high concentrations of dimethyl di- and trisulfide, 4-octanone, S-methyl methanethiosulphonate, 1-phenylpropan-1-one, and 2-undecanone, while dimethyl trisulfide, 1-methylthio-3-pentanone, and o-aminoacetophenone increased resistance of E. coli to aminoglycosides. Comparison of the volatile profile produced by an engineered mutant impaired in quorum-sensing (QS) signalling with the corresponding wild-type led to the conclusion that QS is not involved in the regulation of volatile production in B. ambifaria LMG strain 19182.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Groenhagen
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Hagenring 30, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
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Meldau DG, Meldau S, Hoang LH, Underberg S, Wünsche H, Baldwin IT. Dimethyl disulfide produced by the naturally associated bacterium bacillus sp B55 promotes Nicotiana attenuata growth by enhancing sulfur nutrition. THE PLANT CELL 2013; 25:2731-47. [PMID: 23903320 PMCID: PMC3753394 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.113.114744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2013] [Revised: 06/11/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Bacillus sp B55, a bacterium naturally associated with Nicotiana attenuata roots, promotes growth and survival of wild-type and, particularly, ethylene (ET)-insensitive (35)S-ethylene response1 (etr1) N. attenuata plants, which heterologously express the mutant Arabidopsis thaliana receptor ETR1-1. We found that the volatile organic compound (VOC) blend emitted by B55 promotes seedling growth, which is dominated by the S-containing compound dimethyl disulfide (DMDS). DMDS was depleted from the headspace during cocultivation with seedlings in bipartite Petri dishes, and (35)S was assimilated from the bacterial VOC bouquet and incorporated into plant proteins. In wild-type and (35)S-etr1 seedlings grown under different sulfate (SO(4)(-2)) supply conditions, exposure to synthetic DMDS led to genotype-dependent plant growth promotion effects. For the wild type, only S-starved seedlings benefited from DMDS exposure. By contrast, growth of (35)S-etr1 seedlings, which we demonstrate to have an unregulated S metabolism, increased at all SO(4)(-2) supply rates. Exposure to B55 VOCs and DMDS rescued many of the growth phenotypes exhibited by ET-insensitive plants, including the lack of root hairs, poor lateral root growth, and low chlorophyll content. DMDS supplementation significantly reduced the expression of S assimilation genes, as well as Met biosynthesis and recycling. We conclude that DMDS by B55 production is a plant growth promotion mechanism that likely enhances the availability of reduced S, which is particularly beneficial for wild-type plants growing in S-deficient soils and for (35)S-etr1 plants due to their impaired S uptake/assimilation/metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothea G. Meldau
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Stefan Meldau
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena and German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research, 04107 Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Stefanie Underberg
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | | | - Ian T. Baldwin
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany
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Kusano M, Iizuka Y, Kobayashi M, Fukushima A, Saito K. Development of a Direct Headspace Collection Method from Arabidopsis Seedlings Using HS-SPME-GC-TOF-MS Analysis. Metabolites 2013; 3:223-42. [PMID: 24957989 PMCID: PMC3901263 DOI: 10.3390/metabo3020223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Revised: 03/21/2013] [Accepted: 03/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants produce various volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which are thought to be a crucial factor in their interactions with harmful insects, plants and animals. Composition of VOCs may differ when plants are grown under different nutrient conditions, i.e., macronutrient-deficient conditions. However, in plants, relationships between macronutrient assimilation and VOC composition remain unclear. In order to identify the kinds of VOCs that can be emitted when plants are grown under various environmental conditions, we established a conventional method for VOC profiling in Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis) involving headspace-solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography-time-of-flight-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-TOF-MS). We grew Arabidopsis seedlings in an HS vial to directly perform HS analysis. To maximize the analytical performance of VOCs, we optimized the extraction method and the analytical conditions of HP-SPME-GC-TOF-MS. Using the optimized method, we conducted VOC profiling of Arabidopsis seedlings, which were grown under two different nutrition conditions, nutrition-rich and nutrition-deficient conditions. The VOC profiles clearly showed a distinct pattern with respect to each condition. This study suggests that HS-SPME-GC-TOF-MS analysis has immense potential to detect changes in the levels of VOCs in not only Arabidopsis, but other plants grown under various environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miyako Kusano
- RIKEN Plant Science Center, Tsurumi, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan.
| | - Yumiko Iizuka
- RIKEN Plant Science Center, Tsurumi, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan.
| | | | | | - Kazuki Saito
- RIKEN Plant Science Center, Tsurumi, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan.
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Bell TH, Yergeau E, F. Juck D, G. Whyte L, W. Greer C. Alteration of microbial community structure affects diesel biodegradation in an Arctic soil. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2013; 85:51-61. [DOI: 10.1111/1574-6941.12102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2012] [Revised: 02/06/2013] [Accepted: 02/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Etienne Yergeau
- National Research Council Canada; EME-Montreal; Montreal; QC; Canada
| | - Dave F. Juck
- National Research Council Canada; EME-Montreal; Montreal; QC; Canada
| | - Lyle G. Whyte
- Department of Natural Resource Sciences; McGill University; Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue; QC; Canada
| | - Charles W. Greer
- National Research Council Canada; EME-Montreal; Montreal; QC; Canada
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Volatile Mediated Interactions Between Bacteria and Fungi in the Soil. J Chem Ecol 2012; 38:665-703. [DOI: 10.1007/s10886-012-0135-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 258] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2012] [Revised: 04/30/2012] [Accepted: 05/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Effmert U, Kalderás J, Warnke R, Piechulla B. Volatile mediated interactions between bacteria and fungi in the soil. J Chem Ecol 2012. [PMID: 22653567 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-012-0135-135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
Soil is one of the major habitats of bacteria and fungi. In this arena their interactions are part of a communication network that keeps microhabitats in balance. Prominent mediator molecules of these inter- and intraorganismic relationships are inorganic and organic microbial volatile compounds (mVOCs). In this review the state of the art regarding the wealth of mVOC emission is presented. To date, ca. 300 bacteria and fungi were described as VOC producers and approximately 800 mVOCs were compiled in DOVE-MO (database of volatiles emitted by microorganisms). Furthermore, this paper summarizes morphological and phenotypical alterations and reactions that occur in the organisms due to the presence of mVOCs. These effects might provide clues for elucidating the biological and ecological significance of mVOC emissions and will help to unravel the entirety of belowground' volatile-wired' interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uta Effmert
- Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Str. 3, 18059, Rostock, Germany
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