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Chen H, Zeng B, Li X, Zhao Q, Liu D, Chen Y, Zhang Y, Wang J, Xing HR. High-Metastatic Melanoma Cells Promote the Metastatic Capability of Low-Metastatic Melanoma Cells via Exosomal Transfer of miR-411-5p. Front Oncol 2022; 12:895164. [PMID: 35669425 PMCID: PMC9166236 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.895164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is characterized by high rate of metastasis and mortality. Effective management of metastatic melanoma depends on renewed mechanistic understanding underlying melanoma progression and metastasis. The role of exosomes in mediating the interactions between cancer cells and the metastatic microenvironment is at the forefront of cancer research. Previous researches on the function of exosomes in metastasis have been primarily focused on tumor cell-derived exosomes in modifying the biological functions of stromal cells. Whether the cancer cells at the involved organ can modify the metastatic capability of each other has not been demonstrated. In this study, a paired M14 melanoma derivative cell line, i.e., M14-OL and POL, that we established and characterized were employed. Oligo-metastatic (M14-OL) and poly-metastatic (M14-POL) cell line were generated from three consecutive rounds of in vivo selection and passage. They exhibit high (POL cells) and low (OL cells) metastatic colonization efficiency in vivo, respectively. We show that exosomal crosstalk between metastatic cancer cells is a new mechanism of cancer metastasis. High-metastatic melanoma cells (POL) can augment the metastatic colonization capability of the low-metastatic melanoma cells (OL). POL achieves this goal by utilizing its exosomes to deliver functional miRNAs, in this case, miR-411-5p, to the OL cell. Upon entering OL cells, exosomal miR-411-5p enhance metastatic colonization efficiency by activation of the ERK signaling pathway. Moreover, miR-411-5p expression is higher in cancer tissues of other cancer types (colon, lung, rectum) compared with that of respective normal tissues. The clinical relevance of the present finding merits future investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ultrasound in Medicine and Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Bin Zeng
- Institute of Life Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaoshuang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ultrasound in Medicine and Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qiting Zhao
- Institute of Life Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Doudou Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ultrasound in Medicine and Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuting Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ultrasound in Medicine and Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuhan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Ultrasound in Medicine and Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jianyu Wang
- Institute of Life Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - H. Rosie Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Ultrasound in Medicine and Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Huang PS, Liao CJ, Huang YH, Yeh CT, Chen CY, Tang HC, Chang CC, Lin KH. Functional and Clinical Significance of Dysregulated microRNAs in Liver Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:5361. [PMID: 34771525 PMCID: PMC8582514 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13215361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related mortality in the world. This mainly reflects the lack of early diagnosis tools and effective treatment methods. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of non-transcribed RNAs, some of which play important regulatory roles in liver cancer. Here, we discuss microRNAs with key impacts on liver cancer, such as miR-122, miR-21, miR-214, and miR-199. These microRNAs participate in various physiological regulatory pathways of liver cancer cells, and their modulation can have non-negligible effects in the treatment of liver cancer. We discuss whether these microRNAs can be used for better clinical diagnosis and/or drug development. With the advent of novel technologies, fast, inexpensive, and non-invasive RNA-based biomarker research has become a new mainstream approach. However, the clinical application of microRNA-based markers has been limited by the high sequence similarity among them and the potential for off-target problems. Therefore, researchers particularly value microRNAs that are specific to or have special functions in liver cancer. These include miR-122, which is specifically expressed in the liver, and miR-34, which is necessary for the replication of the hepatitis C virus in liver cancer. Clinical treatment drugs have been developed based on miR-34 and miR-122 (MRX34 and Miravirsen, respectively), but their side effects have not yet been overcome. Future research is needed to address these weaknesses and establish a feasible microRNA-based treatment strategy for liver cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Shuan Huang
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; (P.-S.H.); (C.-J.L.)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang-Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Jung Liao
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; (P.-S.H.); (C.-J.L.)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang-Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Hui Huang
- Liver Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; (Y.-H.H.); (C.-T.Y.)
| | - Chau-Ting Yeh
- Liver Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; (Y.-H.H.); (C.-T.Y.)
| | - Cheng-Yi Chen
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan;
| | - Hui-Chi Tang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - Cheng-Chih Chang
- Department of General Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Chia-yi, Chia-yi 613, Taiwan
| | - Kwang-Huei Lin
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; (P.-S.H.); (C.-J.L.)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang-Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
- Liver Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; (Y.-H.H.); (C.-T.Y.)
- Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
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Hani U, M. YB, Wahab S, Siddiqua A, Osmani RAM, Rahamathulla M. A Comprehensive Review of Current Perspectives on Novel Drug Delivery Systems and Approaches for Lung Cancer Management. J Pharm Innov 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12247-021-09582-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Compartmentalized Neuronal Cultures. Methods Mol Biol 2021. [PMID: 34033084 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1437-2_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
The culturing of neurons results in formation of the layer of neurons with random extensive overlapping outgrowth. To understand specific roles of somas, axons, and dendrites in complex function of neurons and to identify molecular mechanisms of biological processes in these cellular compartments, various methods were developed. We utilized AXon Investigation System (AXIS™) manufactured by Millipore. This device provides an opportunity to orient neuronal outgrowth and spatially isolate neuronal processes from neuronal bodies. AXIS device is a slide-mounted microfluidic system, which consists of four wells. Two of the wells are connected by a channel on each side of the device. Channels are connected by microgrooves (approximately 120). The size of microgrooves (10μm in width and 5μm in height) does not permit passage of cell through while allowing extension of neurites. The microfluidic design also allows for an establishment of a hydrostatic gradient when the volume in one chamber is greater than that in the other (Park et al., Nat Protoc 1:2128-2136, 2006). This feature allows for studying of the effect of specific compounds on selected compartments of neurons.
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Luo X, Jean-Toussaint R, Sacan A, Ajit SK. Differential RNA packaging into small extracellular vesicles by neurons and astrocytes. Cell Commun Signal 2021; 19:75. [PMID: 34246289 PMCID: PMC8272329 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-021-00757-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) mediate intercellular communication by transferring RNA, proteins, and lipids to recipient cells. These cargo molecules are selectively loaded into sEVs and mirror the physiological state of the donor cells. Given that sEVs can cross the blood-brain barrier and their composition can change in neurological disorders, the molecular signatures of sEVs in circulation can be potential disease biomarkers. Characterizing the molecular composition of sEVs from different cell types is an important first step in determining which donor cells contribute to the circulating sEVs. METHODS Cell culture supernatants from primary mouse cortical neurons and astrocytes were used to purify sEVs by differential ultracentrifugation and sEVs were characterized using nanoparticle tracking analysis, transmission electron microscopy and western blot. RNA sequencing was used to determine differential expression and loading patterns of miRNAs in sEVs released by primary neurons and astrocytes. Motif analysis was conducted on enriched miRNAs in sEVs and their respective donor cells. RESULTS Sequencing total cellular RNA, and miRNAs from sEVs isolated from culture media of postnatal mouse cortical neurons and astrocytes revealed a distinct profile between sEVs and their corresponding cells. Though the total number of detected miRNAs in astrocytes was greater than neurons, neurons expressed more sEV-associated miRNAs than astrocytes. Only 20.7% of astrocytic miRNAs were loaded into sEVs, while 41.0% of neuronal miRNAs were loaded into sEVs, suggesting differences in the cellular sorting mechanisms. We identified short RNA sequence motifs, or EXOmotifs, on the miRNAs that were differentially loaded or excluded from sEVs. A sequence motif GUAC was enriched in astrocytic sEVs. miRNAs preferably retained in neurons or astrocytes had a similar RNA motif CACACA, suggesting a cell-type-independent mechanism to maintain cellular miRNAs. mRNAs of five RNA-binding proteins associated with passive or active RNA sorting into sEVs were differentially expressed between neurons and astrocytes, one of which, major vault protein was higher in astrocytes than in neurons and detected in astrocytic sEVs. CONCLUSIONS Our studies suggest differences in RNA sorting into sEVs. These differences in miRNA signatures can be used for determining the cellular sources of sEVs altered in neurological disorders. Video abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Luo
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, 245 North 15th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19102 USA
| | - Renée Jean-Toussaint
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, 245 North 15th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19102 USA
| | - Ahmet Sacan
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Seena K. Ajit
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, 245 North 15th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19102 USA
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Li Q, Jin Y, Ye X, Wang W, Deng G, Zhang X. Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosomal MicroRNA-133a Restrains Myocardial Fibrosis and Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition in Viral Myocarditis Rats Through Suppressing MAML1. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2021; 16:111. [PMID: 34215939 PMCID: PMC8253878 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-021-03559-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Myocarditis is a disease characterized by localized or diffuse inflammation of the myocardium without efficient treatment. This study explored the regulatory mechanism of microRNA-133 (miR-133) secreted from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosome (BMSC-Exo) on myocardial fibrosis and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in viral myocarditis (VMC) rats through regulating mastermind-like 1 (MAML1). BMSCs in rats were isolated and cultured to identify their immune phenotype and osteogenic and adipogenic ability, and BMSC-Exo were extracted and identified. Exosomes were obtained through ultracentrifugation, which were identified by transmission electron microscope and western blot analysis. The rats were injected with Coxsackie B3 virus for preparation of VMC model, and cardiomyocytes were isolated, cultured and grouped in the same way as animal experiments (NCExo, Ad-miR-133aExo, Adas-miR-133aExo). In vivo and in vitro experiments were conducted to figure out the roles of exosomal miR-133a and MAML1 in inflammation, apoptosis, EMT, fibrosis, and cell viability. The targeting relationship between miR-133a and MAML1 was verified by dual luciferase reporter gene assay. BMSC-Exo raised miR-133a expression in VMC rats and effectively improved the VMC rat cardiac function and myocardial fibrosis, increased cardiomyocyte viability and inhibited the EMT process. Elevated miR-133a in exosomes strengthened the improvements. Silenced miR-133a effectively reversed the effects of BMSC-Exo on VMC rats. miR-133a targeted MAML1. Inhibition of MAML1 improved cardiac function and myocardial fibrosis in VMC rats and could reverse the effect of miR-133a-silenced exosomes on VMC rats. Our study suggests that elevated exosomal miR-133a suppresses myocardial fibrosis and EMT in rats with VMC via down-regulating MAML1, thereby inhibiting the progression of myocarditis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiming Li
- The Department of Cardiology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, N1 Shangcheng Road, Yiwu, 322000, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Yunpeng Jin
- The Department of Cardiology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, N1 Shangcheng Road, Yiwu, 322000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaoqi Ye
- Nursing Department, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu, 322000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wei Wang
- The Department of Cardiology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, N1 Shangcheng Road, Yiwu, 322000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Gang Deng
- The Ningbo Central Blood Station, Ningbo, 315040, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaojian Zhang
- The Department of Cardiology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, N1 Shangcheng Road, Yiwu, 322000, Zhejiang, China
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Kwon JS, Barr EW, Chuprun JK, Koch WJ. In Vivo Stimulation of α- and β-Adrenoceptors in Mice Differentially Alters Small RNA Content of Circulating Extracellular Vesicles. Cells 2021; 10:cells10051211. [PMID: 34063503 PMCID: PMC8156306 DOI: 10.3390/cells10051211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
When myocardial function is compromised as in heart failure (HF), there is activation of the sympathetic nervous system with elevated circulating catecholamine levels. These catecholamines activate cardiac and extra-cardiac adrenergic receptors (ARs). Interest in secreted extracellular vesicles (EVs) from the heart is growing and in HF, it is not known whether excessive activation of α- or β-adrenergic receptors (ARs) could induce specific changes in EV content. In this study, we have evaluated, by next generation sequencing, the small RNA content, including micro-RNAs (miRs), of circulating EVs of mice exposed to chronic selective α- or β- AR stimulation. EVs from mouse blood were purified by differential ultracentrifugation resulting in EVs with an average size of 116.6 ± 4.8 nm that by immunoblotting included protein markers of EVs. We identified the presence of miRs in blood EVs using miR-21-5p and -16-5p real-time PCR as known constituents of blood exosomes that make up a portion of EVs. We next performed next generation sequencing (NGS) of small non-coding RNAs found in blood EVs from mice following 7 days of chronic treatment with isoproterenol (ISO) or phenylephrine (PE) to stimulate α- or β-ARs, respectively. PE increased the percent of genomic repeat region reads and decreased the percent of miR reads. In miR expression analysis, PE and ISO displayed specific patterns of miR expression that suggests differential pathway regulation. The top 20 KEGG pathways predicted by differential expressed miRs show that PE and ISO share 11 of 20 pathways analyzed and reveal also key differences including three synapse relative pathways induced by ISO relative to PE treatment. Both α-and β-AR agonists can alter small RNA content of circulating blood EVs/exosomes including differential expression and loading of miRs that indicate regulation of distinct pathways. This study provides novel insight into chronic sympathetic nervous system activation in HF where excessive catecholamines may not only participate in pathological remodeling of the heart but alter other organs due to secretion of EVs with altered miR content.
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Jean-Toussaint R, Lin Z, Tian Y, Gupta R, Pande R, Luo X, Hu H, Sacan A, Ajit SK. Therapeutic and prophylactic effects of macrophage-derived small extracellular vesicles in the attenuation of inflammatory pain. Brain Behav Immun 2021; 94:210-224. [PMID: 33607232 PMCID: PMC8058272 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2021.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) derived from antigen-presenting cells such as macrophages can induce therapeutically relevant immune responses. Anti-inflammatory miRNAs are elevated in sEVs secreted by RAW 264.7 mouse macrophages after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation. We observed uptake of these sEVs by primary mouse cortical neurons, microglia and astrocytes followed by downregulation of proinflammatory miRNA target genes in recipient cells. Pre-treating primary microglia with these sEVs decreased pro-inflammatory gene expression. A single intrathecal injection of sEVs derived from LPS stimulated RAW 264.7 cells attenuated mechanical hyperalgesia in the complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) mouse model of inflammatory pain and formalin induced acute pain. Importantly, sEVs did not alter the normal pain threshold in control mice. RNA sequencing of dorsal horn of the spinal cord showed sEVs-induced modulation of immune regulatory pathways. Further, a single prophylactic intrathecal injection of sEVs two weeks prior, attenuated CFA-induced pain hypersensitivity and was ineffective in formalin model. This indicates that prophylactic sEVs administration can be beneficial in attenuating chronic pain without impacting responses to the protective physiological and acute inflammatory pain. Prophylactic administration of sEVs could form the basis for a safe and novel vaccine-like therapy for chronic pain or as an adjuvant, potentially reducing the dose of drugs needed for pain relief.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renée Jean-Toussaint
- Department of Pharmacology & Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA
| | - Zhucheng Lin
- Department of Pharmacology & Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA
| | - Yuzhen Tian
- Department of Pharmacology & Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA
| | - Richa Gupta
- Department of Pharmacology & Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA
| | - Richa Pande
- Department of Pharmacology & Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA; Microbiology and Immunology Graduate Program, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA
| | - Xuan Luo
- Department of Pharmacology & Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA
| | - Huijuan Hu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Ahmet Sacan
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science & Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Seena K Ajit
- Department of Pharmacology & Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA.
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Alshehri B. Plant-derived xenomiRs and cancer: Cross-kingdom gene regulation. Saudi J Biol Sci 2021; 28:2408-2422. [PMID: 33911956 PMCID: PMC8071896 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.01.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomal microRNAs (miRNAs) critically regulate several major intracellular and metabolic activities, including cancer evolution. Currently, increasing evidence indicates that exosome harbor and transport these miRNAs from donor cells to neighboring and distantly related recipient cells, often in a cross-species manner. Several studies have reported that plant-based miRNAs can be absorbed into the serum of humans, where they hinder the expression of human disease-related genes. Moreover, few recent studies have demonstrated the role of these xenomiRs in cancer development and progression. However, the cross-kingdom gene regulation hypothesis remains highly debatable, and many follow up studies fail to reproduce the same. There are reports that show no effect of plant-derived miRNAs on mammalian cancers. The foremost cause of this controversy remains the lack of reproducibility of the results. Here, we reassess the latest developments in the field of cross-kingdom transference of miRNAs, emphasizing on the role of the diet-based xenomiRs on cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bader Alshehri
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia
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10
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Barıs IC, Hacıoglu S, Turk NS, Cetın GO, Zencır S, Bagcı G, Caner V. Expression and DNA methylation profiles of EZH2-target genes in plasma exosomes and matched primary tumor tissues of the patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Clin Transl Oncol 2020; 23:1152-1166. [PMID: 33226554 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-020-02504-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is the most common type of aggressive lymphoma. This study was designed to compare epigenetic alterations observed in Enhancer of Zeste Homolog 2 (EZH2)-target genes between plasma-derived exosomes and primary tumors in DLBCL patients. MAIN METHODS Exosomes were isolated from plasma of 21 DLBCL patients and 21 controls. We analyzed the methylation status of the target genes using methylation-specific PCR. We also examined whether the exosomes and the tumor samples contained transcripts of the target genes. KEY FINDINGS We found that CDKN2A and CDKN2B were methylated in both plasma exosomes and primary tumor tissue samples. None of the transcripts were found in the exosomes except CDKN1B which was expressed in 8 (38%) of the exosome samples. SIGNIFICANCE This study showed that plasma exosomes might preferably package certain target molecules from primary tumors and the exosomes containing dual methylated DNAs of CDKN2A and CDKN2B, or CDKN1B transcript may contribute to DLBCL pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- I C Barıs
- Department of Medical Biology, School of Medicine, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey
| | - S Hacıoglu
- Department of Hematology, School of Medicine, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey
| | - N S Turk
- Department of Medical Pathology, School of Medicine, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey
| | - G O Cetın
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey
| | - S Zencır
- Department of Medical Biology, School of Medicine, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey.,Department of Molecular Biology, University of Geneva, 1211, Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - G Bagcı
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey
| | - V Caner
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey.
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Cintio M, Polacchini G, Scarsella E, Montanari T, Stefanon B, Colitti M. MicroRNA Milk Exosomes: From Cellular Regulator to Genomic Marker. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:E1126. [PMID: 32630756 PMCID: PMC7401532 DOI: 10.3390/ani10071126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in ruminants' milk-derived exosomes (EXO) have indicated a role of microRNAs (miRNAs) in cell-to-cell communication in dairy ruminants. The miRNAs EXO retain peculiar mechanisms of uptake from recipient cells, which enables the selective delivery of cargos, with a specific regulation of target genes. Although many studies have been published on the miRNAs contained in milk, less information is available on the role of miRNAs EXO, which are considered stable over time and resistant to digestion and milk processing. Several miRNAs EXO have been implicated in the cellular signaling pathway, as in the regulation of immune response. Moreover, they exert epigenetic control, as extenuating the expression of DNA methyltransferase 1. However, the study of miRNAs EXO is still challenging due to the difficulty of isolating EXO. In fact, there are not agreed protocols, and different methods, often time-consuming, are used, making it difficult to routinely process a large number of samples. The regulation of cell functions in mammary glands by miRNAs EXO, and their applications as genomic markers in livestock, is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Bruno Stefanon
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Environmental and Animal Science, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy; (M.C.); (G.P.); (E.S.); (T.M.); (M.C.)
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Jean-Toussaint R, Tian Y, Chaudhuri AD, Haughey NJ, Sacan A, Ajit SK. Proteome characterization of small extracellular vesicles from spared nerve injury model of neuropathic pain. J Proteomics 2020; 211:103540. [PMID: 31669360 PMCID: PMC6916715 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2019.103540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes are 30-150 nm extracellular vesicles mediating intercellular communication. Disease states can alter exosome composition affecting the message carried and thereby, its functional impact. The objective of this study was to identify proteins present in these vesicles in a mouse model of neuropathic pain induced by spared nerve injury (SNI). Small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) were purified from serum four weeks after SNI surgery and the protein composition was determined using tandem mass spectrometry and cytokine array. Proteomic analysis detected 274 gene products within sEVs. Of these, 24 were unique to SNI model, 100 to sham surgery control and five to naïve control samples. In addition to commonly expressed sEVs proteins, multiple members of serpin and complement family were detected in sEVs. Cytokine profiling using a membrane-based antibody array showed significant upregulation of complement component 5a (C5a) and Intercellular Adhesion Molecule 1 (ICAM-1) in sEVs from SNI model compared to sham control. We observed a differential distribution of C5a and ICAM-1 within sEVs and serum between sham and SNI, indicating changes from local or paracrine to long distance signaling under neuropathic pain. Our studies suggest critical roles for cargo sorting of vesicular proteins in mediating signaling mechanisms underlying neuropathic pain. SIGNIFICANCE: Approximately 100 million U.S. adults are burdened by chronic pain. Neuropathic pain resulting from injury or dysfunction of the nervous system is challenging to treat. Unlike acute pain that resolves over time, chronic pain persists resulting in changes in the peripheral and central nervous system. The transport of biomolecular cargo comprised of proteins and RNAs by small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) including exosomes has been proposed to be a fundamental mode of intercellular communication. To obtain insights on the role of exosome-mediated information transfer in the context of neuropathic pain, we investigated alterations in protein composition of sEVs in a mouse model of neuropathic pain induced by spared nerve injury (SNI). Our studies using mass spectrometry and cytokine array show that sEVs from SNI model harbor unique proteins. We observed an upregulation of C5a and ICAM-1 in exosomes from SNI model compared to control. There was a differential distribution of C5a and ICAM-1 within exosomes and serum, between control and SNI suggesting a switch from local to long distance signaling. Our studies suggest critical roles for cargo sorting of vesicular proteins in mediating signaling under neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renee Jean-Toussaint
- Department of Pharmacology & Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Yuzhen Tian
- Department of Pharmacology & Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Amrita Datta Chaudhuri
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Norman J Haughey
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ahmet Sacan
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science & Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Seena K Ajit
- Department of Pharmacology & Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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13
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Yu X, Zhang Q, Zhang X, Han Q, Li H, Mao Y, Wang X, Guo H, Irwin DM, Niu G, Tan H. Exosomes from Macrophages Exposed to Apoptotic Breast Cancer Cells Promote Breast Cancer Proliferation and Metastasis. J Cancer 2019; 10:2892-2906. [PMID: 31281466 PMCID: PMC6590039 DOI: 10.7150/jca.31241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes have recently become the subject of increasing research interest. Interactions between tumor and host cells via exosomes play crucial roles in the initiation, progression and invasiveness of breast cancer. In our study, we used exosomes isolated from a co-culture model of THP-1-derived macrophages exposed to apoptotic MCF-7 or MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell line cells to investigate their effects on naïve MCF-7 or MDA-MB-231 cells in vitro and in vivo. This post-chemotherapy tumor microenvironment model allowed us to explore possible mechanisms that explain increased proliferation and metastasis of breast cancer seen in some patients. Our results suggest that while exosomes derived from macrophages normally inhibit proliferation and metastasis of MCF-7 or MDA-MB-231 cells, exposure of macrophages to breast cancer cells that have experienced chemotherapy are modified them to promote these processes. Exosomes from macrophages exposed to apoptotic cancer cells have increased amounts of IL-6 that increases the phosphorylation of STAT3, which likely explains the increased transcription of STAT3 target genes such as CyclinD1, MMP2 and MMP9. These observations suggest that the inhibition of exosome secretion and STAT3 signaling pathway activation might suppress the growth and metastasis of malignant tumors, and provide new targets for therapeutic treatment of malignant tumors after chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuyan Yu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Qun Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xuehui Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Qing Han
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yiqing Mao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xi Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Hongyan Guo
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
| | - David M Irwin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Gang Niu
- Beijing N&N Genetech Company, Beijing 100082, China
| | - Huanran Tan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
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14
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Zhang X, Sai B, Wang F, Wang L, Wang Y, Zheng L, Li G, Tang J, Xiang J. Hypoxic BMSC-derived exosomal miRNAs promote metastasis of lung cancer cells via STAT3-induced EMT. Mol Cancer 2019; 18:40. [PMID: 30866952 PMCID: PMC6417285 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-019-0959-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 350] [Impact Index Per Article: 70.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Metastasis is the main cause of lung cancer mortality. Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) are a component of the cancer microenvironment and contribute to cancer progression. Intratumoral hypoxia affects both cancer and stromal cells. Exosomes are recognized as mediators of intercellular communication. Here, we aim to further elucidate the communication between BMSC-derived exosomes and cancer cells in the hypoxic niche. Methods Exosomal miRNA profiling was performed using a microRNA array. Lung cancer cells and an in vivo mouse syngeneic tumor model were used to evaluate the effects of select exosomal microRNAs. Hypoxic BMSC-derived plasma exosomal miRNAs were assessed for their capacity to discriminate between cancer patients and non-cancerous controls and between cancer patients with or without metastasis. Results We demonstrate that exosomes derived from hypoxic BMSCs are taken by neighboring cancer cells and promote cancer cell invasion and EMT. Exosome-mediated transfer of select microRNAs, including miR-193a-3p, miR-210-3p and miR-5100, from BMSCs to epithelial cancer cells activates STAT3 signaling and increases the expression of mesenchymal related molecules. The diagnostic accuracy of individual microRNA showed that plasma exosomal miR-193a-3p can discriminate cancer patients from non-cancerous controls. A panel of these three plasma exosomal microRNAs showed a better diagnostic accuracy to discriminate lung cancer patients with or without metastasis than individual exosomal microRNA. Conclusions Exosome-mediated transfer of miR-193a-3p, miR-210-3p and miR-5100, could promote invasion of lung cancer cells by activating STAT3 signalling-induced EMT. These exosomal miRNAs may be promising noninvasive biomarkers for cancer progression. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12943-019-0959-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xina Zhang
- Hunan Cancer Hospital, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of the Chinese Ministry of Health, Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Buqing Sai
- Hunan Cancer Hospital, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of the Chinese Ministry of Health, Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Fan Wang
- Hunan Cancer Hospital, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of the Chinese Ministry of Health, Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Lujuan Wang
- Hunan Cancer Hospital, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of the Chinese Ministry of Health, Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yuhui Wang
- Hunan Cancer Hospital, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of the Chinese Ministry of Health, Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Leliang Zheng
- Hunan Cancer Hospital, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of the Chinese Ministry of Health, Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Guiyuan Li
- Hunan Cancer Hospital, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of the Chinese Ministry of Health, Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jingqun Tang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China.
| | - Juanjuan Xiang
- Hunan Cancer Hospital, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China. .,The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of the Chinese Ministry of Health, Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China. .,The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China. .,Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China.
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15
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The presence of extracellular microRNAs in the media of cultured Drosophila cells. Sci Rep 2018; 8:17312. [PMID: 30470777 PMCID: PMC6251921 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-35531-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
While regulatory RNA pathways, such as RNAi, have commonly been described at an intracellular level, studies investigating extracellular RNA species in insects are lacking. In the present study, we demonstrate the presence of extracellular microRNAs (miRNAs) in the cell-free conditioned media of two Drosophila cell lines. More specifically, by means of quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR), we analysed the presence of twelve miRNAs in extracellular vesicles (EVs) and in extracellular Argonaute-1 containing immunoprecipitates, obtained from the cell-free conditioned media of S2 and Cl.8 cell cultures. Next-generation RNA-sequencing data confirmed our qRT-PCR results and provided evidence for selective miRNA secretion in EVs. To our knowledge, this is the first time that miRNAs have been identified in the extracellular medium of cultured cells derived from insects, the most speciose group of animals.
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16
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Mortaz E, Alipoor SD, Adcock IM, Mumby S, Koenderman L. Update on Neutrophil Function in Severe Inflammation. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2171. [PMID: 30356867 PMCID: PMC6190891 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are main players in the effector phase of the host defense against micro-organisms and have a major role in the innate immune response. Neutrophils show phenotypic heterogeneity and functional flexibility, which highlight their importance in regulation of immune function. However, neutrophils can play a dual role and besides their antimicrobial function, deregulation of neutrophils and their hyperactivity can lead to tissue damage in severe inflammation or trauma. Neutrophils also have an important role in the modulation of the immune system in response to severe injury and trauma. In this review we will provide an overview of the current understanding of neutrophil subpopulations and their function during and post-infection and discuss the possible mechanisms of immune modulation by neutrophils in severe inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esmaeil Mortaz
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Clinical Tuberculosis and Epidemiology Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shamila D Alipoor
- Molecular Medicine Department, Institute of Medical Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ian M Adcock
- Priority Research Centre for Asthma and Respiratory Disease, Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia.,Airways Disease Section, Faculty of Medicine, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sharon Mumby
- Airways Disease Section, Faculty of Medicine, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Leo Koenderman
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, Department of Respiratory Medicine, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
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17
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Malla B, Aebersold DM, Dal Pra A. Protocol for serum exosomal miRNAs analysis in prostate cancer patients treated with radiotherapy. J Transl Med 2018; 16:223. [PMID: 30103771 PMCID: PMC6090775 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-018-1592-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Circulating exosomes from prostate cancer (PCa) patients undergoing radiotherapy are attractive candidate biomarkers for monitoring treatment response. Multiple workflows for isolation and content characterization of exosomes in biofluids have been attempted. We report a protocol to isolate and characterize exosomal miRNAs content and assess radiation-induced changes. METHODS In this pilot study, we performed targeted exosomal miRNA profiling of 25 serum samples obtained from PCa patients with intermediate- and high-risk disease treated with curative radiotherapy (RT), and controls. Post-treatment blood samples were collected at least 28 days after radiation therapy as a paired follow-up sample. The complete workflow consisted of two phases: I) filtration and polyethylene glycol salt precipitation phase which enriched particles below 200 nm in size followed by characterization using electron microscopy, and II) flow cytometry. Finally, miRNA expression analysis between untreated and treated patient samples was performed using RNA extraction kit, and qRT-PCR. RESULTS In our preliminary data, 1 ml of serum from PCa patients showed higher exosomal concentration (3.68E+10) compared to controls (6.07E+08). The overall expression of exosomes after RT was found to be higher compared to untreated samples; the median value changed from 3.68E+10 to 5.40E+10; p = 0.52. Using electron microscopy, we were able to visualize cup-shaped vesicles with morphology and size compatible with exosomes. The bead-based flow cytometry showed positivity for exosomal tetraspanins surface markers CD63 and CD9. All five miRNAs (hsa-let-7a-5p, hsa-miR-141-3p, hsa-miR-145-5p, hsa-miR-21-5p, hsa-miR-99b-5p) have been identified in exosomes. Despite overall changes in hsa-let-7a-5p expression after radiation, the difference was significant only in the high-risk group (p = 0.037). In addition, the radiation response to hsa-miR-21-5p was elevated in the high-risk group compared to the intermediate group (p = 0.036). CONCLUSIONS Herewith, we demonstrated a protocol for isolation of serum exosomes and exosomal miRNA amplification. The recovery of exosomal miRNAs and their differential expression after radiation treatment suggests promising biomarker potential that requires further investigation in larger patient cohorts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bijaya Malla
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Daniel M. Aebersold
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Alan Dal Pra
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL USA
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18
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Sims B, Farrow AL, Williams SD, Bansal A, Krendelchtchikov A, Matthews QL. Tetraspanin blockage reduces exosome-mediated HIV-1 entry. Arch Virol 2018; 163:1683-1689. [PMID: 29429034 PMCID: PMC5958159 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-018-3737-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 12/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
HIV-1 is one of the most studied retroviruses. The role of exosomes in HIV-1 entry and pathogenesis are beginning to be appreciated. Exosomes can incorporate host proteins that are also contained in viruses (e.g., tetraspanins).
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Sims
- Division of Neonatology, Departments of Pediatrics, Neurobiology and Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA.,Center for AIDS Research, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
| | - Anitra L Farrow
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
| | - Sparkle D Williams
- Division of Neonatology, Departments of Pediatrics, Neurobiology and Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
| | - Anju Bansal
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
| | - Alexandre Krendelchtchikov
- Division of Neonatology, Departments of Pediatrics, Neurobiology and Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
| | - Qiana L Matthews
- Center for AIDS Research, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA. .,Microbiology Program, Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics, Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL, 36104, USA.
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19
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Giallongo C, Parrinello NL, La Cava P, Camiolo G, Romano A, Scalia M, Stagno F, Palumbo GA, Avola R, Li Volti G, Tibullo D, Di Raimondo F. Monocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells as prognostic factor in chronic myeloid leukaemia patients treated with dasatinib. J Cell Mol Med 2017; 22:1070-1080. [PMID: 29218828 PMCID: PMC5783858 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Myeloid suppressor cells are a heterogeneous group of myeloid cells that are increased in patients with chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML) inducing T cell tolerance. In this study, we found that therapy with tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) decreased the percentage of granulocytic MDSC, but only patients treated with dasatinib showed a significant reduction in the monocytic subset (M‐MDSC). Moreover, a positive correlation was observed between number of persistent M‐MDSC and the value of major molecular response in dasatinib‐treated patients. Serum and exosomes from patients with CML induced conversion of monocytes from healthy volunteers into immunosuppressive M‐MDSC, suggesting a bidirectional crosstalk between CML cells and MDSC. Overall, we identified M‐MDSC as prognostic factors in patients treated with dasatinib. It might be of interest to understand whether MDSC may be a candidate predictive markers of relapse risk following TKI discontinuation, suggesting their potential significance as practice of precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesarina Giallongo
- Division of Hematology, A.O.U. Policlinico-OVE, University of Catania, Catania, Italy.,Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | | | - Piera La Cava
- Division of Hematology, A.O.U. Policlinico-OVE, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Camiolo
- Division of Hematology, A.O.U. Policlinico-OVE, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Alessandra Romano
- Division of Hematology, A.O.U. Policlinico-OVE, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Marina Scalia
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Fabio Stagno
- Division of Hematology, A.O.U. Policlinico-OVE, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Giuseppe A Palumbo
- Division of Hematology, A.O.U. Policlinico-OVE, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Roberto Avola
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Giovanni Li Volti
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Daniele Tibullo
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Francesco Di Raimondo
- Division of Hematology, A.O.U. Policlinico-OVE, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
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20
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Sims B, Farrow AL, Williams SD, Bansal A, Krendelchtchikov A, Gu L, Matthews QL. Role of TIM-4 in exosome-dependent entry of HIV-1 into human immune cells. Int J Nanomedicine 2017; 12:4823-4833. [PMID: 28740388 PMCID: PMC5505621 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s132762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes, 30–200 nm nanostructures secreted from donor cells and internalized by recipient cells, can play an important role in the cellular entry of some viruses. These microvesicles are actively secreted into various body fluids, including blood, urine, saliva, cerebrospinal fluid, and breast milk. We successfully isolated exosomes from human breast milk and plasma. The size and concentration of purified exosomes were measured by nanoparticle tracking, while Western blotting confirmed the presence of the exosomal-associated proteins CD9 and CD63, clathrin, and T cell immunoglobulin and mucin proteins (TIMs). Through viral infection assays, we determined that HIV-1 utilizes an exosome-dependent mechanism for entry into human immune cells. The virus contains high amounts of phosphatidylserine (PtdSer) and may bind PtdSer receptors, such as TIMs. This mechanism is supported by our findings that exosomes from multiple sources increased HIV-1 entry into T cells and macrophages, and viral entry was potently blocked with anti-TIM-4 antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Sims
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics.,Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology.,Center for AIDS Research
| | | | - Sparkle D Williams
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics.,Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology
| | | | - Alexandre Krendelchtchikov
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics.,Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology.,Division of Infectious Diseases
| | - Linlin Gu
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham
| | - Qiana L Matthews
- Center for AIDS Research.,Division of Infectious Diseases.,Microbiology Program, Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics, Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL, USA
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21
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Li H, Fan J, Yin Z, Wang F, Chen C, Wang DW. Identification of cardiac-related circulating microRNA profile in human chronic heart failure. Oncotarget 2016; 7:33-45. [PMID: 26683101 PMCID: PMC4807981 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND During chronic heart failure, levels of circulating miRNAs endued with characteristics of diseased cells could be identified as biomarkers. In this study, we sought to identify cardiac-related circulating miRNAs as biomarkers of failing heart. METHODS Total RNA of plasma and heart samples was extracted from 10 normal controls and 14 patients with chronic heart failure. Microarray was applied for miRNA profiles. Validation and organ/tissue distribution analysis was performed by qRT-PCR. In addition, bioinformatics analysis was performed to understand the critical roles of these cardiac-related circulating miRNAs in heart failure. RESULTS Results showed that levels of more than half of the miRNAs dysregulated in heart failed to show any differences in plasma. Meanwhile, more than 90% of the miRNAs dysregulated in plasma remained stable in heart. Four cardiac fibroblast-derived miRNAs (miR-660-3p, miR-665, miR-1285-3p and miR-4491) were found significantly upregulated in heart and plasma during heart failure. These 4 miRNAs strongly discriminated patients from controls, and 3 of them showed significant correlations with LVEF. CONCLUSIONS This study provides global profiles of miRNAs changes in plasma and failing heart, and using a circulation-tissue miRNA profiling comparison model, we successfully identify 3 cardiac-related circulating miRNAs as potential biomarkers for diagnosis of heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaping Li
- Departments of Internal Medicine and The Institute of Hypertension Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Rep. of China
| | - Jiahui Fan
- Departments of Internal Medicine and The Institute of Hypertension Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Rep. of China
| | - Zhongwei Yin
- Departments of Internal Medicine and The Institute of Hypertension Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Rep. of China
| | - Feng Wang
- Departments of Internal Medicine and The Institute of Hypertension Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Rep. of China
| | - Chen Chen
- Departments of Internal Medicine and The Institute of Hypertension Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Rep. of China
| | - Dao Wen Wang
- Departments of Internal Medicine and The Institute of Hypertension Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Rep. of China
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22
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Cretoiu D, Xu J, Xiao J, Cretoiu SM. Telocytes and Their Extracellular Vesicles-Evidence and Hypotheses. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:E1322. [PMID: 27529228 PMCID: PMC5000719 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17081322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Revised: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Entering the new millennium, nobody believed that there was the possibility of discovering a new cellular type. Nevertheless, telocytes (TCs) were described as a novel kind of interstitial cell. Ubiquitously distributed in the extracellular matrix of any tissue, TCs are regarded as cells with telopodes involved in intercellular communication by direct homo- and heterocellular junctions or by extracellular vesicle (EVs) release. Their discovery has aroused the interest of many research groups worldwide, and many researchers regard them as potentially regenerative cells. Given the experience of our laboratory, where these cells were first described, we review the evidence supporting the fact that TCs release EVs, and discuss alternative hypotheses about their future implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dragos Cretoiu
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Biology and Histology, Department of Morphological Sciences, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest 050474, Romania.
- Victor Babeş National Institute of Pathology, Bucharest 050096, Romania.
| | - Jiahong Xu
- Department of Cardiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200065, China.
| | - Junjie Xiao
- Cardiac Regeneration and Ageing Lab, Experimental Center of Life Sciences, School of Life Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China.
| | - Sanda M Cretoiu
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Biology and Histology, Department of Morphological Sciences, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest 050474, Romania.
- Victor Babeş National Institute of Pathology, Bucharest 050096, Romania.
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Abstract
Drug-induced kidney injury (DIKI) is a severe complication in hospitalized patients associated with higher probabilities of developing progressive chronic kidney disease or end-stage renal diseases. Furthermore, DIKI is a problem during preclinical and clinical phases of drug development leading to high rates of project terminations. Understanding the molecular perturbations caused by DIKI would pave the way for a new class of therapeutics to mitigate the damage. Yet, another approach to ameliorate DIKI is identifying sensitive and specific translational biomarkers that outperform the current diagnostic analytes like serum creatinine and facilitate early diagnosis. MicroRNAs (miRNAs), a class of non-coding RNAs, are increasingly being recognized to have a two-pronged approach toward DIKI management: 1) miRNAs have a regulatory role in gene expression and signaling pathways thereby making them novel interventional targets and 2) miRNAs enable diagnosis and prognosis of DIKI because of their stable presence in biofluids. In this review, apart from summarizing the literature on miRNAs in DIKI, we report small RNA sequencing results showing miRNA expression profiles at baseline in normal kidney samples from mice and humans. Additionally, we also compared the miRNA expression in biopsies of normal human kidneys to patients with acute tubular necrosis, and found 76 miRNAs significantly downregulated and 47 miRNAs upregulated (FDR adjusted p<0.05, +/-2-fold change). In summary, we highlight the transformative potential of miRNAs in therapeutics and translational medicine with a focus on drug-induced kidney damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mira Pavkovic
- Laboratory of Systems Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Medicine, Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Vishal S Vaidya
- Laboratory of Systems Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Medicine, Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States.
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24
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Konadu KA, Huang MB, Roth W, Armstrong W, Powell M, Villinger F, Bond V. Isolation of Exosomes from the Plasma of HIV-1 Positive Individuals. J Vis Exp 2016. [PMID: 26780239 DOI: 10.3791/53495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are small vesicles ranging in size from 30 nm to 100 nm that are released both constitutively and upon stimulation from a variety of cell types. They are found in a number of biological fluids and are known to carry a variety of proteins, lipids, and nucleic acid molecules. Originally thought to be little more than reservoirs for cellular debris, the roles of exosomes regulating biological processes and in diseases are increasingly appreciated. Several methods have been described for isolating exosomes from cellular culture media and biological fluids. Due to their small size and low density, differential ultracentrifugation and/or ultrafiltration are the most commonly used techniques for exosome isolation. However, plasma of HIV-1 infected individuals contains both exosomes and HIV viral particles, which are similar in size and density. Thus, efficient separation of exosomes from HIV viral particles in human plasma has been a challenge. To address this limitation, we developed a procedure modified from Cantin et. al., 2008 for purification of exosomes from HIV particles in human plasma. Iodixanol velocity gradients were used to separate exosomes from HIV-1 particles in the plasma of HIV-1 positive individuals. Virus particles were identified by p24 ELISA. Exosomes were identified on the basis of exosome markers acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and the CD9, CD63, and CD45 antigens. Our gradient procedure yielded exosome preparations free of virus particles. The efficient purification of exosomes from human plasma enabled us to examine the content of plasma-derived exosomes and to investigate their immune modulatory potential and other biological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kateena Addae Konadu
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry, Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine
| | - Ming Bo Huang
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry, Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine
| | - William Roth
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry, Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine
| | | | - Michael Powell
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry, Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine
| | - Francois Villinger
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine; Yerkes National Primate Research Center
| | - Vincent Bond
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry, Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine;
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25
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Benes V, Collier P, Kordes C, Stolte J, Rausch T, Muckentaler MU, Häussinger D, Castoldi M. Identification of cytokine-induced modulation of microRNA expression and secretion as measured by a novel microRNA specific qPCR assay. Sci Rep 2015; 5:11590. [PMID: 26108880 PMCID: PMC4480321 DOI: 10.1038/srep11590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
microRNAs are an abundant class of small non-coding RNAs that control gene expression post-transcriptionally. Importantly, microRNA activity participates in the regulation of cellular processes and is a potentially valuable source of biomarkers in the diagnosis and prognosis of human diseases. Here we introduce miQPCR, an innovative method to quantify microRNAs expression by using Real-Time PCR. miQPCR exploits T4 RNA ligase activities to extend uniformly microRNAs' 3'-ends by addition of a linker-adapter. The adapter is then used as 'anchor' to prime cDNA synthesis and throughout qPCR to amplify specifically target amplicons. miQPCR is an open, adaptable and cost-effective procedure, which offers the following advantages; i) universal elongation and reverse transcription of all microRNAs; ii) Tm-adjustment of microRNA-specific primers; iii) high sensitivity and specificity in discriminating among closely related sequences and; iv) suitable for the analysis of cellular and cell-free circulating microRNAs. Analysis of cellular and cell-free circulating microRNAs secreted by rat primary hepatocytes stimulated with cytokines and growth factors identifies for the first time a widespread modulation of both microRNAs expression and secretion. Altogether, our findings suggest that the pleiotropic activity of humoral factors on microRNAs may extensively affect liver function in response to injury and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Benes
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Genomics Core Facility, D
69117
Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Paul Collier
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Genomics Core Facility, D
69117
Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Claus Kordes
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich
Heine University, D 40225
Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jens Stolte
- RIKEN 1 230 0045, 1 Chome-7-22 Suehirochō, Tsurumi-ku,
Yokohama-shi, Kanagawa-ken
230-0045, Japan
| | - Tobias Rausch
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Genomics Core Facility, D
69117
Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Martina U. Muckentaler
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Immunology University of
Heidelberg, D 69120
Heidelberg, Germany
- Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit, University of Heidelberg, D
69120
Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dieter Häussinger
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich
Heine University, D 40225
Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Mirco Castoldi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Heinrich
Heine University, D 40225
Düsseldorf, Germany
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26
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Wong W, Farr R, Joglekar M, Januszewski A, Hardikar A. Probe-based Real-time PCR Approaches for Quantitative Measurement of microRNAs. J Vis Exp 2015:52586. [PMID: 25938938 PMCID: PMC4541571 DOI: 10.3791/52586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Probe-based quantitative PCR (qPCR) is a favoured method for measuring transcript abundance, since it is one of the most sensitive detection methods that provides an accurate and reproducible analysis. Probe-based chemistry offers the least background fluorescence as compared to other (dye-based) chemistries. Presently, there are several platforms available that use probe-based chemistry to quantitate transcript abundance. qPCR in a 96 well plate is the most routinely used method, however only a maximum of 96 samples or miRNAs can be tested in a single run. This is time-consuming and tedious if a large number of samples/miRNAs are to be analyzed. High-throughput probe-based platforms such as microfluidics (e.g. TaqMan Array Card) and nanofluidics arrays (e.g. OpenArray) offer ease to reproducibly and efficiently detect the abundance of multiple microRNAs in a large number of samples in a short time. Here, we demonstrate the experimental setup and protocol for miRNA quantitation from serum or plasma-EDTA samples, using probe-based chemistry and three different platforms (96 well plate, microfluidics and nanofluidics arrays) offering increasing levels of throughput.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilson Wong
- Diabetes and Islet Biology Group, NHMRC Clinical Trials Centre, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Sydney
| | - Ryan Farr
- Diabetes and Islet Biology Group, NHMRC Clinical Trials Centre, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Sydney
| | - Mugdha Joglekar
- Diabetes and Islet Biology Group, NHMRC Clinical Trials Centre, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Sydney
| | - Andrzej Januszewski
- Biomarkers Laboratory, NHMRC Clinical Trials Centre, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Sydney
| | - Anandwardhan Hardikar
- Diabetes and Islet Biology Group, NHMRC Clinical Trials Centre, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Sydney;
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27
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Circulating microRNAs as clinical biomarkers in the predictions of pregnancy complications. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:294954. [PMID: 25699269 PMCID: PMC4325204 DOI: 10.1155/2015/294954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Revised: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Predicting pregnancy complications is a major topic for clinicians and biologists for maternal and fetal monitoring. Noninvasive biomarkers in maternal blood such as circulating microRNAs (miRNAs) are promising molecules to predict pregnancy disorders. miRNAs are noncoding short RNAs that regulate mRNA expression by repressing the translation or cleaving the transcript. miRNAs are released to the extracellular systemic circulation via exosomes. The discovery of plasma- or serum-derived miRNAs and of free-circulating exosomes that contain miRNAs provides useful information about the physiological or pathophysiological roles of the miRNAs. Specific placental miRNAs are present in maternal plasma in different ways depending on whether the pregnancy is normal or pathological or if there is no pregnancy. This paper focuses on placental miRNAs and extracellular miRNAs to the placenta whose misregulation could lead to pregnancy complications.
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28
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Sims B, Gu L, Krendelchtchikov A, Matthews QL. Neural stem cell-derived exosomes mediate viral entry. Int J Nanomedicine 2014; 9:4893-7. [PMID: 25364247 PMCID: PMC4211904 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s70999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Viruses enter host cells through interactions of viral ligands with cellular receptors. Viruses can also enter cells in a receptor-independent fashion. Mechanisms regarding the receptor-independent viral entry into cells have not been fully elucidated. Exosomal trafficking between cells may offer a mechanism by which viruses can enter cells. METHODS To investigate the role of exosomes on cellular viral entry, we employed neural stem cell-derived exosomes and adenovirus type 5 (Ad5) for the proof-of-principle study. RESULTS Exosomes significantly enhanced Ad5 entry in Coxsackie virus and adenovirus receptor (CAR)-deficient cells, in which Ad5 only had very limited entry. The exosomes were shown to contain T-cell immunoglobulin mucin protein 4 (TIM-4), which binds phosphatidylserine. Treatment with anti-TIM-4 antibody significantly blocked the exosome-mediated Ad5 entry. CONCLUSION Neural stem cell-derived exosomes mediated significant cellular entry of Ad5 in a receptor-independent fashion. This mediation may be hampered by an antibody specifically targeting TIM-4 on exosomes. This set of results will benefit further elucidation of virus/exosome pathways, which would contribute to reducing natural viral infection by developing therapeutic agents or vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Sims
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA ; Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Linlin Gu
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Alexandre Krendelchtchikov
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Qiana L Matthews
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA ; Center for AIDS Research, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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