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Rovira M, Miserocchi M, Montanari A, Hammou L, Chomette L, Pozo J, Imbault V, Bisteau X, Wittamer V. Zebrafish Galectin 3 binding protein is the target antigen of the microglial 4C4 monoclonal antibody. Dev Dyn 2023; 252:400-414. [PMID: 36285351 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Two decades ago, the fish-specific monoclonal antibody 4C4 was found to be highly reactive to zebrafish microglia, the macrophages of the central nervous system. This has resulted in 4C4 being widely used, in combination with available fluorescent transgenic reporters to identify and isolate microglia. However, the target protein of 4C4 remains unidentified, which represents a major caveat. In addition, whether the 4C4 expression pattern is strictly restricted to microglial cells in zebrafish has never been investigated. RESULTS Having demonstrated that 4C4 is able to capture its native antigen from adult brain lysates, we used immunoprecipitation/mass-spectrometry, coupled to recombinant expression analyses, to identify its target. The cognate antigen was found to be a paralog of Galectin 3 binding protein (Lgals3bpb), known as MAC2-binding protein in mammals. Notably, 4C4 did not recognize other paralogs, demonstrating specificity. Moreover, our data show that Lgals3bpb expression, while ubiquitous in microglia, also identifies leukocytes in the periphery, including populations of gut and liver macrophages. CONCLUSIONS The 4C4 monoclonal antibody recognizes Lgals3bpb, a predicted highly glycosylated protein whose function in the microglial lineage is currently unknown. Identification of Lgals3bpb as a new pan-microglia marker will be fundamental in forthcoming studies using the zebrafish model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mireia Rovira
- Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire (IRIBHM), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Bruxelles, Belgium
- ULB Neuroscience Institute (UNI), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Magali Miserocchi
- Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire (IRIBHM), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Bruxelles, Belgium
- ULB Neuroscience Institute (UNI), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Alice Montanari
- Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire (IRIBHM), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Bruxelles, Belgium
- ULB Neuroscience Institute (UNI), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Latifa Hammou
- Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire (IRIBHM), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Laura Chomette
- Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire (IRIBHM), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Jennifer Pozo
- Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire (IRIBHM), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Bruxelles, Belgium
- ULB Neuroscience Institute (UNI), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Virginie Imbault
- Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire (IRIBHM), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Xavier Bisteau
- Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire (IRIBHM), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Valérie Wittamer
- Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire (IRIBHM), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Bruxelles, Belgium
- ULB Neuroscience Institute (UNI), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Bruxelles, Belgium
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2
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Lu D, Ma R, Xie Q, Xu Z, Yuan J, Ren M, Li J, Li Y, Wang J. Application and advantages of zebrafish model in the study of neurovascular unit. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 910:174483. [PMID: 34481878 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The concept of "Neurovascular Unit" (NVU) was put forward, so that the research goal of Central Nervous System (CNS) diseases gradually transitioned from a single neuron to the structural and functional integrity of the NVU. Zebrafish has the advantages of high homology with human genes, strong reproductive capacity and visualization of neural circuits, so it has become an emerging model organism for NVU research and has been applied to a variety of CNS diseases. Based on CNKI (https://www.cnki.net/) and PubMed (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/about/) databases, the author of this article sorted out the relevant literature, analyzed the construction of a zebrafish model of various CNS diseases,and the use of diagrams showed the application of zebrafish in the NVU, revealed its relationship, which would provide new methods and references for the treatment and research of CNS diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danni Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu, 611137, China; School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Rong Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu, 611137, China; School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Qian Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu, 611137, China; School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Zhuo Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu, 611137, China; School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Jianmei Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu, 611137, China; School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Mihong Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu, 611137, China; School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Jinxiu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu, 611137, China; School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Yong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu, 611137, China; School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Jian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu, 611137, China; School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China.
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3
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Slavotinek A, Misceo D, Htun S, Mathisen L, Frengen E, Foreman M, Hurtig JE, Enyenihi L, Sterrett MC, Leung SW, Schneidman-Duhovny D, Estrada-Veras J, Duncan JL, Haaxma CA, Kamsteeg EJ, Xia V, Beleford D, Si Y, Douglas G, Treidene HE, van Hoof A, Fasken MB, Corbett AH. Biallelic variants in the RNA exosome gene EXOSC5 are associated with developmental delays, short stature, cerebellar hypoplasia and motor weakness. Hum Mol Genet 2021; 29:2218-2239. [PMID: 32504085 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddaa108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Revised: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The RNA exosome is an essential ribonuclease complex required for processing and/or degradation of both coding and non-coding RNAs. We identified five patients with biallelic variants in EXOSC5, which encodes a structural subunit of the RNA exosome. The clinical features of these patients include failure to thrive, short stature, feeding difficulties, developmental delays that affect motor skills, hypotonia and esotropia. Brain MRI revealed cerebellar hypoplasia and ventriculomegaly. While we ascertained five patients, three patients with distinct variants of EXOSC5 were studied in detail. The first patient had a deletion involving exons 5-6 of EXOSC5 and a missense variant, p.Thr114Ile, that were inherited in trans, the second patient was homozygous for p.Leu206His and the third patient had paternal isodisomy for chromosome 19 and was homozygous for p.Met148Thr. The additional two patients ascertained are siblings who had an early frameshift mutation in EXOSC5 and the p.Thr114Ile missense variant that were inherited in trans. We employed three complementary approaches to explore the requirement for EXOSC5 in brain development and assess consequences of pathogenic EXOSC5 variants. Loss of function for exosc5 in zebrafish results in shortened and curved tails/bodies, reduced eye/head size and edema. We modeled pathogenic EXOSC5 variants in both budding yeast and mammalian cells. Some of these variants cause defects in RNA exosome function as well as altered interactions with other RNA exosome subunits. These findings expand the number of genes encoding RNA exosome subunits linked to human disease while also suggesting that disease mechanism varies depending on the specific pathogenic variant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Slavotinek
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Doriana Misceo
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo 0450, Norway
| | - Stephanie Htun
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Linda Mathisen
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo 0450, Norway
| | - Eirik Frengen
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo 0450, Norway
| | - Michelle Foreman
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Health Science Center-Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jennifer E Hurtig
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Health Science Center-Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Liz Enyenihi
- Department of Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | | | - Sara W Leung
- Department of Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Dina Schneidman-Duhovny
- School of Computer Science and Engineering and the Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Juvianee Estrada-Veras
- Department of Pediatrics-Medical Genetics and Metabolism, Uniformed Services University/Walter Reed NMMC Bethesda, MD 20889, USA
| | - Jacque L Duncan
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Charlotte A Haaxma
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Amalia Children's Hospital and Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen 6500 HB, The Netherlands
| | - Erik-Jan Kamsteeg
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen 6500 HB, The Netherlands
| | - Vivian Xia
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Daniah Beleford
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Yue Si
- GeneDx Inc., MD 20877, USA
| | | | - Hans Einar Treidene
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo 0450, Norway
| | - Ambro van Hoof
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Health Science Center-Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Milo B Fasken
- Department of Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Anita H Corbett
- Department of Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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Abstract
Metastasis, the dispersal of cancer cells from a primary tumor to secondary sites within the body, is the leading cause of cancer-related death. Animal models have been an indispensable tool to investigate the complex interactions between the cancer cells and the tumor microenvironment during the metastatic cascade. The zebrafish (Danio rerio) has emerged as a powerful vertebrate model for studying metastatic events in vivo. The zebrafish has many attributes including ex-utero development, which facilitates embryonic manipulation, as well as optically transparent tissues, which enables in vivo imaging of fluorescently labeled cells in real time. Here, we summarize the techniques which have been used to study cancer biology and metastasis in the zebrafish model organism, including genetic manipulation and transgenesis, cell transplantation, live imaging, and high-throughput compound screening. Finally, we discuss studies using the zebrafish, which have complemented and benefited metastasis research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katy R Astell
- The Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, United Kingdom
| | - Dirk Sieger
- The Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, United Kingdom
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Herzog C, Greenald D, Larraz J, Keatinge M, Herrgen L. RNA-seq analysis and compound screening highlight multiple signalling pathways regulating secondary cell death after acute CNS injury in vivo. Biol Open 2020; 9:9/5/bio050260. [PMID: 32366533 PMCID: PMC7225090 DOI: 10.1242/bio.050260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the molecular mechanisms that regulate secondary cell death after acute central nervous system (CNS) injury is critical for the development of effective neuroprotective drugs. Previous research has shown that neurotoxic processes including excitotoxicity, oxidative stress and neuroinflammation can cause secondary cell death. Nevertheless, clinical trials targeting these processes have been largely unsuccessful, suggesting that the signalling pathways underlying secondary cell death remain incompletely understood. Due to their suitability for live imaging and their amenability to genetic and pharmacological manipulation, larval zebrafish provide an ideal platform for studying the regulation of secondary cell death in vivo Here, we use RNA-seq gene expression profiling and compound screening to identify signalling pathways that regulate secondary cell death after acute neural injury in larval zebrafish. RNA-seq analysis of genes upregulated in cephalic mpeg1+ macrophage-lineage cells isolated from mpeg1:GFP transgenic larvae after neural injury suggested an involvement of cytokine and polyamine signalling in secondary cell death. Furthermore, screening a library of FDA approved compounds indicated roles for GABA, serotonin and dopamine signalling. Overall, our results highlight multiple signalling pathways that regulate secondary cell death in vivo, and thus provide a starting point for the development of novel neuroprotective treatments for patients with CNS injury.This article has an associated First Person interview with the two first authors of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Herzog
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Deanery of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
| | - David Greenald
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Deanery of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Juan Larraz
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Deanery of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Marcus Keatinge
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Deanery of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Leah Herrgen
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Deanery of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
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6
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Mazzolini J, Le Clerc S, Morisse G, Coulonges C, Kuil LE, van Ham TJ, Zagury J, Sieger D. Gene expression profiling reveals a conserved microglia signature in larval zebrafish. Glia 2020; 68:298-315. [PMID: 31508850 PMCID: PMC6916425 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Microglia are the resident macrophages of the brain. Over the past decade, our understanding of the function of these cells has significantly improved. Microglia do not only play important roles in the healthy brain but are involved in almost every brain pathology. Gene expression profiling allowed to distinguish microglia from other macrophages and revealed that the full microglia signature can only be observed in vivo. Thus, animal models are irreplaceable to understand the function of these cells. One of the popular models to study microglia is the zebrafish larva. Due to their optical transparency and genetic accessibility, zebrafish larvae have been employed to understand a variety of microglia functions in the living brain. Here, we performed RNA sequencing of larval zebrafish microglia at different developmental time points: 3, 5, and 7 days post fertilization (dpf). Our analysis reveals that larval zebrafish microglia rapidly acquire the core microglia signature and many typical microglia genes are expressed from 3 dpf onwards. The majority of changes in gene expression happened between 3 and 5 dpf, suggesting that differentiation mainly takes place during these days. Furthermore, we compared the larval microglia transcriptome to published data sets of adult zebrafish microglia, mouse microglia, and human microglia. Larval microglia shared a significant number of expressed genes with their adult counterparts in zebrafish as well as with mouse and human microglia. In conclusion, our results show that larval zebrafish microglia mature rapidly and express the core microglia gene signature that seems to be conserved across species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Mazzolini
- Centre for Discovery Brain SciencesUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Sigrid Le Clerc
- Laboratoire GBCM, EA7528, Conservatoire National des Arts et MétiersHESAM UniversitéParisFrance
| | - Gregoire Morisse
- Centre for Discovery Brain SciencesUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Cédric Coulonges
- Laboratoire GBCM, EA7528, Conservatoire National des Arts et MétiersHESAM UniversitéParisFrance
| | - Laura E. Kuil
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MCUniversity Medical Center RotterdamRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Tjakko J. van Ham
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MCUniversity Medical Center RotterdamRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Jean‐François Zagury
- Laboratoire GBCM, EA7528, Conservatoire National des Arts et MétiersHESAM UniversitéParisFrance
| | - Dirk Sieger
- Centre for Discovery Brain SciencesUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
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7
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Mitchell DM, Sun C, Hunter SS, New DD, Stenkamp DL. Regeneration associated transcriptional signature of retinal microglia and macrophages. Sci Rep 2019; 9:4768. [PMID: 30886241 PMCID: PMC6423051 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41298-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Zebrafish have the remarkable capacity to regenerate retinal neurons following a variety of damage paradigms. Following initial tissue insult and a period of cell death, a proliferative phase ensues that generates neuronal progenitors, which ultimately regenerate damaged neurons. Recent work has revealed that Müller glia are the source of regenerated neurons in zebrafish. However, the roles of another important class of glia present in the retina, microglia, during this regenerative phase remain elusive. Here, we examine retinal tissue and perform QuantSeq. 3'mRNA sequencing/transcriptome analysis to reveal localization and putative functions, respectively, of mpeg1 expressing cells (microglia/macrophages) during Müller glia-mediated regeneration, corresponding to a time of progenitor proliferation and production of new neurons. Our results indicate that in this regenerative state, mpeg1-expressing cells are located in regions containing regenerative Müller glia and are likely engaged in active vesicle trafficking. Further, mpeg1+ cells congregate at and around the optic nerve head. Our transcriptome analysis reveals several novel genes not previously described in microglia. This dataset represents the first report, to our knowledge, to use RNA sequencing to probe the microglial transcriptome in such context, and therefore provides a resource towards understanding microglia/macrophage function during successful retinal (and central nervous tissue) regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana M Mitchell
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, 83844, USA.
| | - Chi Sun
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, 83844, USA
- Ophthalmology, Washington University in St. Louis, 4523 Clayton Ave St. Louis, Missouri, 63110, USA
| | - Samuel S Hunter
- Institute for Bioinformatics and Evolutionary Studies, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, 83844, USA
| | - Daniel D New
- Institute for Bioinformatics and Evolutionary Studies, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, 83844, USA
| | - Deborah L Stenkamp
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, 83844, USA
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