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Athar F, Karmani M, Templeman N. Metabolic hormones are integral regulators of female reproductive health and function. Biosci Rep 2024; 44:BSR20231916. [PMID: 38131197 PMCID: PMC10830447 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20231916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The female reproductive system is strongly influenced by nutrition and energy balance. It is well known that food restriction or energy depletion can induce suppression of reproductive processes, while overnutrition is associated with reproductive dysfunction. However, the intricate mechanisms through which nutritional inputs and metabolic health are integrated into the coordination of reproduction are still being defined. In this review, we describe evidence for essential contributions by hormones that are responsive to food intake or fuel stores. Key metabolic hormones-including insulin, the incretins (glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide and glucagon-like peptide-1), growth hormone, ghrelin, leptin, and adiponectin-signal throughout the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis to support or suppress reproduction. We synthesize current knowledge on how these multifaceted hormones interact with the brain, pituitary, and ovaries to regulate functioning of the female reproductive system, incorporating in vitro and in vivo data from animal models and humans. Metabolic hormones are involved in orchestrating reproductive processes in healthy states, but some also play a significant role in the pathophysiology or treatment strategies of female reproductive disorders. Further understanding of the complex interrelationships between metabolic health and female reproductive function has important implications for improving women's health overall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faria Athar
- Department of Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Muskan Karmani
- Department of Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Nicole M. Templeman
- Department of Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia V8P 5C2, Canada
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Bashir KMI, Kim JW, Kim JK, Chun YS, Choi JS, Ku SK. Efficacy Confirmation Test of Black Cumin (Nigella sativa L.) Seeds Extract Using a High-Fat Diet Mouse Model. Metabolites 2023; 13:metabo13040501. [PMID: 37110159 PMCID: PMC10142846 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13040501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
To deal with the adverse effects associated with the use of currently available treatments for metabolic disorders, such as type 2 diabetes, there is a need to find an alternative drug compound. In the present study, we investigated the therapeutic potential of black cumin (Nigella sativa L.) seeds extract (BCS extract) for type 2 diabetes using a 45% Kcal-fed obese mouse model. The BCS extract at different doses (400–100 mg/kg) showed a dose-dependent improvement tendency in high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), hyperlipidemia, and diabetic nephropathy compared to the metformin (250 mg/kg). In particular, BCS extract at a dose of 200 mg/kg significantly inhibited the HFD-induced metabolic conditions. The oral administration of BCS extract (200 mg/kg) significantly inhibited the oxidative stress through lipid peroxidation, normalized the activity of sugar metabolism-related enzymes and the expression of genes involved in fat metabolism, and inhibited insulin resistance through glucose and fat metabolism by regulating the 5’-AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) expression. Furthermore, BCS extract (200 mg/kg) showed renal damage improvement effects compared to the metformin (250 mg/kg). The results clearly show that BCS aqueous extract at an appropriate concentration could help in the treatment of metabolic disorders, and BCS aqueous extract can be used as a functional food for various diabetic complications, such as obesity, diabetes, and NAFLD.
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Sharma P, Kaur M, Kumar S, Khetarpal P. A cross-sectional study on prevalence of menstrual problems, lifestyle, mental health, and PCOS awareness among rural and urban population of Punjab, India. J Psychosom Obstet Gynaecol 2022; 43:349-358. [PMID: 34448673 DOI: 10.1080/0167482x.2021.1965983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Menstrual cycle gets affected by various modifiable risk factors. To assess prevalence of various types of menstrual problems, lifestyle and mental health status, identification of variables as predictors for menstrual problems and level of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) awareness among rural and urban population of Punjab, the present study has been carried out. METHODS The study was conducted from November 2019 to July 2020 in the Malwa region of Punjab, India, with 2673 participants (15-25 years). Epidemiological information was collected using predesigned questionnaire along with depression, anxiety and stress (DASS-21) score mental health assessment tool. MS-Excel (2019) and IBM SPSS 18.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL) was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS The overall prevalence of different menstrual problems was 60.61%, with dysmenorrhea (50.64%) being most common problem. Body mass index (BMI), menarche age, physical activity, and mental health status are significant (p < 0.05) predictors of menstrual problem both in rural and urban population. Overall, only 3.30% subjects were aware about PCOS. CONCLUSION Dysmenorrhea is the most common menstrual problem, both in rural and urban population. BMI, sedentary lifestyle, electronic gadgets usage, and mental health are associated with menstrual problems. Low awareness on PCOS indicates need to create awareness as the condition can be easily managed with early intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Sharma
- Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India
| | - Mandeep Kaur
- Department of Human Genetics, Punjabi University, Patiala, India
| | - Sachin Kumar
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India
| | - Preeti Khetarpal
- Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India
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Abstract
The prevalence of childhood and adolescent obesity has significantly increased in the United States and worldwide since the 1970s, a trend that has been accelerated by the COVID-19 pandemic. The complications of obesity range from negative effects on the cardiovascular, endocrine, hepatobiliary, and musculoskeletal systems to higher rates of mental health conditions such as depression and eating disorders among affected individuals. Among adolescent girls, childhood obesity has been associated with the earlier onset of puberty and menarche, which can result in negative psychosocial consequences, as well as adverse effects on physical health in adulthood. The hormones leptin, kisspeptin and insulin, and their actions on the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis, have been implicated in the relationship between childhood obesity and the earlier onset of puberty. Obesity in adolescence is also associated with greater menstrual cycle irregularity and the polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), which can result in infrequent or absent menstrual periods, and heavy menstrual bleeding. Hyperandrogenism, higher testosterone and fasting insulin levels, and lower levels of sex hormone-binding globulin, similar to the laboratory findings seen in patients with PCOS, are also seen in individuals with obesity, and help to explain the overlap in phenotype between patients with obesity and those with PCOS. Finally, obesity has been associated with higher rates of premenstrual disorders, including premenstrual syndrome and premenstrual dysphoric disorder, and dysmenorrhea, although the data on dysmenorrhea appears to be mixed. Discussing healthy lifestyle changes and identifying and managing menstrual abnormalities in adolescents with obesity are key to reducing the obstetric and gynecologic complications of obesity in adulthood, including infertility, pregnancy complications, and endometrial cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalida Itriyeva
- Division of Adolescent Medicine, Cohen Children's Medical Center, Northwell Health, New Hyde Park, New York, Donald and Barbara Zucker, School of Medicine at Hofstra / Northwell, Hempstead, New York.
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Haile L, van de Roemer N, Gemzell-Danielsson K, Perelló Capó J, Lete Lasa I, Vannuccini S, Koch MC, Hildebrandt T, Calaf J. The global pandemic and changes in women's reproductive health: an observational study. EUR J CONTRACEP REPR 2022; 27:102-106. [PMID: 35040737 DOI: 10.1080/13625187.2021.2024161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The COVID-19 global pandemic has led to the death of millions around the world and impacted the overall health of many people. In this article we aim to compare reproductive health indicators in the first 6 months of 2020 to the prior year, as well as explore stress and quality of life during this time. METHODS This retrospective observational study examined the menstrual cycles of 1159 women who were using a fertility tracking device to record their menstrual cycle and BBT data. We utilised a supplemental mobile application to administer a supplemental survey to collect data on stress and quality of life. Descriptive analyses were conducted with t-tests for two-group comparisons. RESULTS Study participants from 15 countries contributed to a total of 13,194 cycles. 23.1% (268/1159) responded to the survey focussed on assessing psychosocial distress. 44.4% (119/268) of the study participants reported that they had noticed a change in their menstrual cycle, temperature curve, or menstruation in the past 12 months. Cycle analysis found the average cycle length and pre-ovulation phase length was longer in the first 6 months of 2019, while the average days of menstruation was slightly longer in 2020. DISCUSSION Our findings indicate that menstrual cycle indicators changed only slightly in the first 6 months of 2020 but were still statistically significant. We were also able to understand that these study participants had some level of awareness of changes to their menstrual health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liya Haile
- Independent Contractor, Arlington, VA, USA
| | | | | | - Josep Perelló Capó
- Department of Paediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynaecology and Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Hospital de Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Iñaki Lete Lasa
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Araba University Hospital, Jose Atxotegui s/n, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Silvia Vannuccini
- Department of Experimental, Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy, Florence, Italy
| | - Martin C Koch
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Anregiomed Ansbach Klinikum, Ansbach, Germany
| | - Thomas Hildebrandt
- Frauenklinik, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Universitaetsstrasse 21-23, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Joaquim Calaf
- Department of Paediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
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Tempest N, Edirisinghe DN, Lane S, Hapangama DK. Do women with HIV/AIDS on anti-retroviral therapy have a lower incidence of symptoms associated with menstrual dysfunction? Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2021; 265:137-142. [PMID: 34492608 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2021.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Symptoms associated with menstruation and endometriosis are common amongst women of reproductive ages and the pathogenesis of these illnesses is postulated to be associated with aberrations in endometrial regeneration, immune response and in endometrial stem cell function. Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has been shown to enhance events seen in biological aging of tissues, with HIV/AIDS patients enduring the premature appearance of illnesses associated with stem-cell aging. Considering the intricate relationship between dysregulation of stem cell function, in both HAART therapy and in menstrual disorders/endometriosis, we sought to examine the prevalence of menstrual related symptoms (MRS) associated with endometriosis in women on HIV/AIDS therapy. METHODS A menstrual related symptoms (MRS) questionnaire adapted from the British Society of Gynaecological Endoscopists (BSGE) pelvic pain questionnaire, which has been used in both clinical and research setting, was completed by 100 women living with HIV (WLWH) attending a specialist HIV clinic and by 100 women without a diagnosis of HIV attending the Sexual Health clinic (WWH). HIV related demographic details, including results from recent blood tests, were also recorded prospectively from the WLWH. RESULTS WLWH were slightly older (37.7 vs. 34.8 years, P = 0.01); with higher BMI (28.9 vs. 24.8, P < 0.001); and were likely to be parous (85% vs. 54% P < 0.001) and non-Caucasian (79% vs 18%) compared with WWH. Most women in both groups had regular periods (77.9% vs. 74.7%), and WLWH were more likely to have a shorter duration of bleeding compared with WWH (81.4% vs 69.3% P = 0.05). However, WLWH were more likely to suffer with pre-menstrual tension compared with WWH (60.8% vs 50.6% P = 0.01). CONCLUSION Our data suggests that WLWH, despite being older and of higher BMI, have a shorter duration of menstrual bleeding, and we hypothesise that this may possibly be due to the (beneficial) side effects of some HAART components. Further research is needed to explore the effect of HAART on MRS to determine if these therapies could be used in the future as a fertility retaining treatment for MRSs/endometriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Tempest
- Liverpool Women's Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Member of Liverpool Health Partners, Liverpool L8 7SS, UK; Department of Women's and Children's Health, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Member of Liverpool Health Partners, Liverpool L8 7SS, UK.
| | - Damitha N Edirisinghe
- Axess Sexual Health Liverpool, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Member of Liverpool Health Partners, Liverpool L7 8XP, UK
| | - Steven Lane
- Department of Biostatistics, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Member of Liverpool Health Partners, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK
| | - Dharani K Hapangama
- Liverpool Women's Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Member of Liverpool Health Partners, Liverpool L8 7SS, UK; Department of Women's and Children's Health, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Member of Liverpool Health Partners, Liverpool L8 7SS, UK
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Kim JH, Kim O, Jung H, Pang Y, Dan H. Body mass index, menstruation, acne, and hirsutism of polycystic ovary syndrome in women: A cross-sectional study. Health Care Women Int 2021; 43:85-97. [PMID: 34292855 DOI: 10.1080/07399332.2021.1939348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
We examined to compare menstruation and body mass index (BMI) in women with and without polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and to explore the effects of BMI on menstruation, facial acne, and hirsutism in women with PCOS of child-bearing age. Data from the Korea Nurses' Health Study were analyzed. The effect of BMI on irregularity of menstruation, acne, and hirsutism in the PCOS group was analyzed by logistic regression. The prevalence of PCOS was 7.1% among 11,866 participants. We found that BMI affects menstrual irregularity, facial acne, and hirsutism in PCOS women. Healthcare providers should consider weight control to improve irregularity of menstruation and hirsutism in PCOS women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Hee Kim
- College of Nursing, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Oksoo Kim
- College of Nursing, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Heeja Jung
- College of Nursing, Konyang University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yanghee Pang
- College of Nursing, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunju Dan
- College of Nursing, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Raglan O, MacIntyre DA, Mitra A, Lee YS, Smith A, Assi N, Nautiyal J, Purkayastha S, Gunter MJ, Gabra H, Marchesi JR, Bennett PR, Kyrgiou M. The association between obesity and weight loss after bariatric surgery on the vaginal microbiota. MICROBIOME 2021; 9:124. [PMID: 34049596 PMCID: PMC8164250 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-021-01011-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity and vaginal microbiome (VMB) dysbiosis are each risk factors for adverse reproductive and oncological health outcomes in women. Here, we investigated the relationship between obesity, vaginal bacterial composition, local inflammation and bariatric surgery. METHODS Vaginal bacterial composition assessed by high-throughput sequencing of bacterial 16S rRNA genes and local cytokine levels measured using a multiplexed Magnetic Luminex Screening Assay were compared between 67 obese and 42 non-obese women. We further assessed temporal changes in the microbiota and cytokines in a subset of 27 women who underwent bariatric surgery. RESULTS The bacterial component of the vaginal microbiota in obese women was characterised by a lower prevalence of a Lactobacillus-dominant VMB and higher prevalence of a high diversity (Lactobacillus spp., and Gardnerella- spp. depleted) VMB, compared with non-obese subjects (p<0.001). Obese women had higher relative abundance of Dialister species (p<0.001), Anaerococcus vaginalis (p=0.021), and Prevotella timonensis (p=0.020) and decreased relative abundance of Lactobacillus crispatus (p=0.014). Local vaginal IL-1β, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IFNγ, MIP-1α and TNFα levels were all higher among obese women, however, only IL-1β and IL-8 correlated with VMB species diversity. In a subset of obese women undergoing bariatric surgery, there were no significant overall differences in VMB following surgery; however, 75% of these women remained obese at 6 months. Prior to surgery, there was no relationship between body mass index (BMI) and VMB structure; however, post-surgery women with a Lactobacillus-dominant VMB had a significantly lower BMI than those with a high diversity VMB. CONCLUSIONS Obese women have a significantly different vaginal microbiota composition with increased levels of local inflammation compared to non-obese women. Bariatric surgery does not change the VMB; however, those with the greatest weight loss 6-month post-surgery are most likely to have a Lactobacillus-dominant VMB. Video abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Raglan
- IRDB, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction - Surgery and Cancer, Hammersmith Campus, Imperial College London, W12 0NN London, UK
- Queen Charlotte’s and Chelsea-Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College NHS Trust, W12 OHS London, UK
| | - David A. MacIntyre
- IRDB, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction - Surgery and Cancer, Hammersmith Campus, Imperial College London, W12 0NN London, UK
- March of Dimes European Prematurity Research Centre, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN UK
| | - Anita Mitra
- IRDB, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction - Surgery and Cancer, Hammersmith Campus, Imperial College London, W12 0NN London, UK
- Queen Charlotte’s and Chelsea-Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College NHS Trust, W12 OHS London, UK
| | - Yun S. Lee
- IRDB, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction - Surgery and Cancer, Hammersmith Campus, Imperial College London, W12 0NN London, UK
- March of Dimes European Prematurity Research Centre, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN UK
| | - Ann Smith
- Division of Population Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff, CF14 4YS UK
| | - Nada Assi
- Section of Nutrition and Metabolism, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 150 Cours Albert Thomas, Lyon, France
| | - Jaya Nautiyal
- IRDB, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction - Surgery and Cancer, Hammersmith Campus, Imperial College London, W12 0NN London, UK
| | - Sanjay Purkayastha
- IRDB, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction - Surgery and Cancer, Hammersmith Campus, Imperial College London, W12 0NN London, UK
- St Mary’s Hospital, Imperial College NHS Trust, W2 1NY London, UK
| | - Marc J. Gunter
- Section of Nutrition and Metabolism, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 150 Cours Albert Thomas, Lyon, France
| | - Hani Gabra
- IRDB, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction - Surgery and Cancer, Hammersmith Campus, Imperial College London, W12 0NN London, UK
| | - Julian R. Marchesi
- March of Dimes European Prematurity Research Centre, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN UK
- Division of Integrative Systems Medicine and Digestive Disease, St. Mary’s Hospital, Imperial College London, South Wharf Road, London, W2 1NY UK
| | - Phillip R. Bennett
- IRDB, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction - Surgery and Cancer, Hammersmith Campus, Imperial College London, W12 0NN London, UK
- Queen Charlotte’s and Chelsea-Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College NHS Trust, W12 OHS London, UK
- March of Dimes European Prematurity Research Centre, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN UK
| | - Maria Kyrgiou
- IRDB, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction - Surgery and Cancer, Hammersmith Campus, Imperial College London, W12 0NN London, UK
- Queen Charlotte’s and Chelsea-Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College NHS Trust, W12 OHS London, UK
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Thong EP, Codner E, Laven JSE, Teede H. Diabetes: a metabolic and reproductive disorder in women. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2020; 8:134-149. [PMID: 31635966 DOI: 10.1016/s2213-8587(19)30345-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Reproductive dysfunction is a common but little studied complication of diabetes. The spectrum of reproductive health problems in diabetes is broad, and encompasses delayed puberty and menarche, menstrual cycle abnormalities, subfertility, adverse pregnancy outcomes, and potentially early menopause. Depending on the age at diagnosis of diabetes, reproductive problems can manifest early on in puberty, emerge later when fertility is desired, or occur during the climacteric period. Historically, women with type 1 diabetes have frequently had amenorrhoea and infertility, due to central hypogonadism. With the intensification of insulin therapy and improved metabolic control, these problems have declined, but do persist. Additional reproductive implications of contemporary diabetes management are now emerging, including polycystic ovary syndrome and hyperandrogenism, which are underpinned by insulin action on the ovary. The sharp rise in type 2 diabetes incidence in youth suggests that more women of reproductive age will encounter diabetes-related reproductive problems in their lifetimes. With an ever increasing number of young women living with diabetes, clinicians need to be aware of and equipped for the challenges of navigating reproductive health concerns across the lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor P Thong
- Monash Centre for Health Research and Implementation, School of Public Health and Preventative Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Monash Health, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Ethel Codner
- Institute of Maternal and Child Research, School of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Joop S E Laven
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Helena Teede
- Monash Centre for Health Research and Implementation, School of Public Health and Preventative Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Monash Health, Clayton, VIC, Australia.
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Kim JH. Body Weight Changes in Obese Women and Menstruation. Endocrinol Metab (Seoul) 2017; 32:219-220. [PMID: 28685512 PMCID: PMC5503866 DOI: 10.3803/enm.2017.32.2.219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jung Hee Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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