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Clark CJ, Pletsch HJ, Wu J, Guillemot L, Kerr M, Johnson TJ, Camilo F, Salvetti D, Allen B, Anderson D, Aulbert C, Beer C, Bock O, Cuéllar A, Eggenstein HB, Fehrmann H, Kramer M, Kwang SA, Machenschalk B, Nieder L, Ackermann M, Ajello M, Baldini L, Ballet J, Barbiellini G, Bastieri D, Bellazzini R, Bissaldi E, Blandford RD, Bloom ED, Bonino R, Bottacini E, Brandt TJ, Bregeon J, Bruel P, Buehler R, Burnett TH, Buson S, Cameron RA, Caputo R, Caraveo PA, Cavazzuti E, Cecchi C, Charles E, Chekhtman A, Ciprini S, Cominsky LR, Costantin D, Cutini S, D’Ammando F, De Luca A, Desiante R, Di Venere L, Di Mauro M, Di Lalla N, Digel SW, Favuzzi C, Ferrara EC, Franckowiak A, Fukazawa Y, Funk S, Fusco P, Gargano F, Gasparrini D, Giglietto N, Giordano F, Giroletti M, Gomez-Vargas GA, Green D, Grenier IA, Guiriec S, Harding AK, Hewitt JW, Horan D, Jóhannesson G, Kensei S, Kuss M, La Mura G, Larsson S, Latronico L, Li J, Longo F, Loparco F, Lovellette MN, Lubrano P, Magill JD, Maldera S, Manfreda A, Mazziotta MN, McEnery JE, Michelson PF, Mirabal N, Mitthumsiri W, Mizuno T, Monzani ME, Morselli A, Moskalenko IV, Nuss E, Ohsugi T, Omodei N, Orienti M, Orlando E, Palatiello M, Paliya VS, de Palma F, Paneque D, Perkins JS, Persic M, Pesce-Rollins M, Porter TA, Principe G, Rainò S, Rando R, Ray PS, Razzano M, Reimer A, Reimer O, Romani RW, Saz Parkinson PM, Sgrò C, Siskind EJ, Smith DA, Spada F, Spandre G, Spinelli P, Thayer JB, Thompson DJ, Torres DF, Troja E, Vianello G, Wood K, Wood M. Einstein@Home discovers a radio-quiet gamma-ray millisecond pulsar. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2018; 4:eaao7228. [PMID: 29503868 PMCID: PMC5829974 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aao7228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Millisecond pulsars (MSPs) are old neutron stars that spin hundreds of times per second and appear to pulsate as their emission beams cross our line of sight. To date, radio pulsations have been detected from all rotation-powered MSPs. In an attempt to discover radio-quiet gamma-ray MSPs, we used the aggregated power from the computers of tens of thousands of volunteers participating in the Einstein@Home distributed computing project to search for pulsations from unidentified gamma-ray sources in Fermi Large Area Telescope data. This survey discovered two isolated MSPs, one of which is the only known rotation-powered MSP to remain undetected in radio observations. These gamma-ray MSPs were discovered in completely blind searches without prior constraints from other observations, raising hopes for detecting MSPs from a predicted Galactic bulge population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin J. Clark
- Albert Einstein Institut, Max Planck Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
- Leibniz Universität Hannover, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
- Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Holger J. Pletsch
- Albert Einstein Institut, Max Planck Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
- Leibniz Universität Hannover, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Jason Wu
- Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Lucas Guillemot
- Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
- Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l’Environnement et de l’Espace–Université d’Orléans/CNRS, F-45071 Orléans Cedex 02, France
- Station de radioastronomie de Nançay, Observatoire de Paris, CNRS/INSU, F-18330 Nançay, France
| | - Matthew Kerr
- Space Science Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375–5352, USA
| | - Tyrel J. Johnson
- College of Science, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA
| | - Fernando Camilo
- Square Kilometre Array South Africa, Pinelands 7405, South Africa
| | - David Salvetti
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF)–Istituto di Astrofisica Spaziale e Fisica Cosmica Milano, via E. Bassini 15, I-20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Bruce Allen
- Albert Einstein Institut, Max Planck Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
- Leibniz Universität Hannover, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, P.O. Box 413, Milwaukee, WI 53201, USA
| | - David Anderson
- Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Carsten Aulbert
- Albert Einstein Institut, Max Planck Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
- Leibniz Universität Hannover, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Christian Beer
- Albert Einstein Institut, Max Planck Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
- Leibniz Universität Hannover, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Oliver Bock
- Albert Einstein Institut, Max Planck Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
- Leibniz Universität Hannover, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Andres Cuéllar
- Albert Einstein Institut, Max Planck Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
- Leibniz Universität Hannover, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Heinz-Bernd Eggenstein
- Albert Einstein Institut, Max Planck Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
- Leibniz Universität Hannover, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
- Albert Einstein Institut, Max Planck Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-14476 Potsam-Golm, Germany
| | - Henning Fehrmann
- Albert Einstein Institut, Max Planck Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
- Leibniz Universität Hannover, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Michael Kramer
- Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
- Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Shawn A. Kwang
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, P.O. Box 413, Milwaukee, WI 53201, USA
| | - Bernd Machenschalk
- Albert Einstein Institut, Max Planck Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
- Leibniz Universität Hannover, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Lars Nieder
- Albert Einstein Institut, Max Planck Institut für Gravitationsphysik, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
- Leibniz Universität Hannover, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Markus Ackermann
- Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron (DESY), D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - Marco Ajello
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Clemson University, Kinard Laboratory of Physics, Clemson, SC 29634–0978, USA
| | - Luca Baldini
- Università di Pisa and Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Jean Ballet
- Laboratoire AIM, CEA-IRFU/CNRS/Université Paris Diderot, Service d’Astrophysique, CEA Saclay, F-91191 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Guido Barbiellini
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Trieste, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Trieste, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Denis Bastieri
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Padova, I-35131 Padova, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “G. Galilei,” Università di Padova, I-35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Ronaldo Bellazzini
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Bissaldi
- Dipartimento di Fisica “M. Merlin” dell’Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Roger D. Blandford
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Elliott D. Bloom
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Raffaella Bonino
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Torino, I-10125 Torino, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Torino, I-10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Eugenio Bottacini
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | - Johan Bregeon
- Laboratoire Univers et Particules de Montpellier, Université Montpellier, CNRS/IN2P3, F-34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Philippe Bruel
- Laboratoire Leprince-Ringuet, École polytechnique, CNRS/IN2P3, F-91128 Palaiseau, France
| | - Rolf Buehler
- Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron (DESY), D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - Toby H. Burnett
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195–1560, USA
| | - Sara Buson
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - Rob A. Cameron
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Regina Caputo
- Center for Research and Exploration in Space Science and Technology (CRESST) and NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - Patrizia A. Caraveo
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF)–Istituto di Astrofisica Spaziale e Fisica Cosmica Milano, via E. Bassini 15, I-20133 Milano, Italy
| | | | - Claudia Cecchi
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Eric Charles
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | - Stefano Ciprini
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
- Space Science Data Center–Agenzia Spaziale Italiana, Via del Politecnico snc, I-00133, Roma, Italy
| | - Lynn R. Cominsky
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Sonoma State University, Rohnert Park, CA 94928–3609, USA
| | - Denise Costantin
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “G. Galilei,” Università di Padova, I-35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Sara Cutini
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
- Space Science Data Center–Agenzia Spaziale Italiana, Via del Politecnico snc, I-00133, Roma, Italy
| | - Filippo D’Ammando
- INAF Istituto di Radioastronomia, I-40129 Bologna, Italy
- Dipartimento di Astronomia, Università di Bologna, I-40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Andrea De Luca
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF)–Istituto di Astrofisica Spaziale e Fisica Cosmica Milano, via E. Bassini 15, I-20133 Milano, Italy
- Istituto Universitario di Studi Superiori (IUSS), I-27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Rachele Desiante
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Torino, I-10125 Torino, Italy
- Università di Udine, I-33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Leonardo Di Venere
- Dipartimento di Fisica “M. Merlin” dell’Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Mattia Di Mauro
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Niccolò Di Lalla
- Università di Pisa and Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Seth W. Digel
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Cecilia Favuzzi
- Dipartimento di Fisica “M. Merlin” dell’Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Elizabeth C. Ferrara
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
- Center for Research and Exploration in Space Sciences and Technology II, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Anna Franckowiak
- Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron (DESY), D-15738 Zeuthen, Germany
| | - Yasushi Fukazawa
- Department of Physical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - Stefan Funk
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Erwin-Rommel-Strasse 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Piergiorgio Fusco
- Dipartimento di Fisica “M. Merlin” dell’Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Fabio Gargano
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Dario Gasparrini
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
- Space Science Data Center–Agenzia Spaziale Italiana, Via del Politecnico snc, I-00133, Roma, Italy
| | - Nico Giglietto
- Dipartimento di Fisica “M. Merlin” dell’Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Francesco Giordano
- Dipartimento di Fisica “M. Merlin” dell’Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | | | - Germán A. Gomez-Vargas
- Instituto de Astrofísica, Facultad de Física, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Casilla 306, Santiago 22, Chile
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Roma “Tor Vergata,” I-00133 Roma, Italy
| | - David Green
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
- Department of Physics and Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Isabelle A. Grenier
- Laboratoire AIM, CEA-IRFU/CNRS/Université Paris Diderot, Service d’Astrophysique, CEA Saclay, F-91191 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Sylvain Guiriec
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
- Department of Physics, The George Washington University, 725 21st Street, NW, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | | | - John W. Hewitt
- Department of Physics, University of North Florida, 1 UNF Drive, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Deirdre Horan
- Laboratoire Leprince-Ringuet, École polytechnique, CNRS/IN2P3, F-91128 Palaiseau, France
| | - Guðlaugur Jóhannesson
- Science Institute, University of Iceland, IS-107 Reykjavik, Iceland
- NORDITA, Roslagstullsbacken 23, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Shiki Kensei
- Department of Physical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - Michael Kuss
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Giovanni La Mura
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “G. Galilei,” Università di Padova, I-35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Stefan Larsson
- Department of Physics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- The Oskar Klein Centre for Cosmoparticle Physics, AlbaNova, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Luca Latronico
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Torino, I-10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Jian Li
- Institute of Space Sciences (IEEC-CSIC), Campus UAB, Carrer de Magrans s/n, E-08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francesco Longo
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Trieste, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Trieste, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Francesco Loparco
- Dipartimento di Fisica “M. Merlin” dell’Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | | | - Pasquale Lubrano
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Jeffrey D. Magill
- Department of Physics and Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Simone Maldera
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Torino, I-10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Alberto Manfreda
- Università di Pisa and Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Mario N. Mazziotta
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Julie E. McEnery
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
- Department of Physics and Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Peter F. Michelson
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Nestor Mirabal
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - Warit Mitthumsiri
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Tsunefumi Mizuno
- Hiroshima Astrophysical Science Center, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - Maria Elena Monzani
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Aldo Morselli
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Roma “Tor Vergata,” I-00133 Roma, Italy
| | - Igor V. Moskalenko
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Eric Nuss
- Laboratoire Univers et Particules de Montpellier, Université Montpellier, CNRS/IN2P3, F-34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Takashi Ohsugi
- Hiroshima Astrophysical Science Center, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - Nicola Omodei
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Monica Orienti
- INAF Istituto di Radioastronomia, I-40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Elena Orlando
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Michele Palatiello
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Trieste, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Trieste, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Vaidehi S. Paliya
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Clemson University, Kinard Laboratory of Physics, Clemson, SC 29634–0978, USA
| | - Francesco de Palma
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- Università Telematica Pegaso, Piazza Trieste e Trento, 48, I-80132 Napoli, Italy
| | - David Paneque
- Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, D-80805 München, Germany
| | | | - Massimo Persic
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Trieste, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
- Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica, I-34143 Trieste, Italy
| | | | - Troy A. Porter
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Giacomo Principe
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Erwin-Rommel-Strasse 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Silvia Rainò
- Dipartimento di Fisica “M. Merlin” dell’Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Riccardo Rando
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Padova, I-35131 Padova, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “G. Galilei,” Università di Padova, I-35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Paul S. Ray
- Space Science Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC 20375–5352, USA
| | | | - Anita Reimer
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Institut für Astro- und Teilchenphysik and Institut für Theoretische Physik, Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Olaf Reimer
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Institut für Astro- und Teilchenphysik and Institut für Theoretische Physik, Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Roger W. Romani
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Pablo M. Saz Parkinson
- Santa Cruz Institute for Particle Physics, Department of Physics and Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of California at Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
- Department of Physics, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
- Laboratory for Space Research, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Carmelo Sgrò
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Eric J. Siskind
- NYCB Real-Time Computing Inc., Lattingtown, NY 11560–1025, USA
| | - David A. Smith
- Centre d’Études Nucléaires de Bordeaux Gradignan, IN2P3/CNRS, Université Bordeaux 1, BP120, F-33175 Gradignan Cedex, France
| | - Francesca Spada
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Gloria Spandre
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Paolo Spinelli
- Dipartimento di Fisica “M. Merlin” dell’Università e del Politecnico di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari, I-70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Jana B. Thayer
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | - Diego F. Torres
- Institute of Space Sciences (IEEC-CSIC), Campus UAB, Carrer de Magrans s/n, E-08193 Barcelona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), E-08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eleonora Troja
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
- Department of Physics and Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Giacomo Vianello
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Kent Wood
- Praxis Inc., Alexandria, VA 22303, USA
| | - Matthew Wood
- W. W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Department of Physics and SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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