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Zerbinati N, Płatkowska A, Guida S, Stabile G, Mocchi R, Barlusconi C, Sommatis S, Garutti L, Rauso R, Cipolla G, Bettolini L, Bighetti S. Efficacy and Safety of Neauvia Intense in Correcting Moderate-to-Severe Nasolabial Folds: A Post-Market, Prospective, Open-Label, Single-Centre Study. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol 2024; 17:1351-1363. [PMID: 38881701 PMCID: PMC11178092 DOI: 10.2147/ccid.s460973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Purpose This prospective, single-center study aims to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of NEAUVIA Intense, a PEG cross-linked polymeric hydrogel, in correcting moderate-to-severe nasolabial folds (NLF) in a routine clinical setting. The study investigates the aesthetic outcomes, patient satisfaction, and adverse events associated with the injectable filler. Patients and Methods Seventy patients were initially enrolled, with 60 meeting study parameters. The post-market study involved a single session treatment, employing NEAUVIA Intense on each side of the NLF. Assessments utilized the Modified Fitzpatrick Wrinkle Scale (MFWS), Global Aesthetic Improvement Scale (GAIS), and Visual Analogical Scale (VAS). Results The study demonstrated a statistically significant improvement in tissue depression immediately post-injection (p < 0.001), with sustained effects up to 6 months. MFWS assessments revealed that responder patients were 96.6% immediately after treatment, 76.6% one month, 48.3% after 3 months, and 28.3% at 6 months (p < 0.001). Additionally, there was a significant change in the frequency distribution of MFWS scores post-treatment (p < 0.001), with the majority of patients experiencing improvement in tissue depression. Maximum improvement was observed at 30- and 90-days post-treatment based on GAIS assessments. Patient and physician satisfaction, measured by VAS, remained stable over time, with fluctuations at 4 and 24 weeks after treatment (p < 0.001, Anova; p < 0.05, Wilcoxon). Throughout the entire follow-up duration of the patients enrolled in the study, no adverse effects related to the use of the product were observed. Conclusion NEAUVIA Intense proved to be an effective solution for correcting NLF, providing significant and lasting improvements in tissue depression and aesthetic outcomes. The study underscores the necessity for continuous assessment in aesthetic medicine to align outcomes with evolving patient expectations and optimize long-term results. The findings contribute to the understanding of this specific hydrogel filler and highlight the broader context of injectable fillers in comprehensive facial aesthetic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna Płatkowska
- Dermatology Unit, Anclara Health &Aesthetics, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Stefania Guida
- Dermatology Unit, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
- Dermatology Clinic, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Giorgio Stabile
- Dermatology Unit, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
- Dermatology Clinic, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberto Mocchi
- Microbiology and Biochemistry Department, UB-CARE S.r.l.-Spin-off, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Chiara Barlusconi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Sabrina Sommatis
- Microbiology and Biochemistry Department, UB-CARE S.r.l.-Spin-off, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Leonardo Garutti
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Raffaele Rauso
- Maxillofacial Surgery Unit, Clinica Parioli, Rome, Italy
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Alonci G, Boussard A, Savona M, Cordella F, Angelici G, Mocchi R, Sommatis S, Monticelli D. A LC-QTOF Method for the Determination of PEGDE Residues in Dermal Fillers. Gels 2023; 9:gels9050409. [PMID: 37233001 DOI: 10.3390/gels9050409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyaluronic acid is one of the most important ingredients in dermal fillers, where it is often cross-linked to gain more favorable rheological properties and to improve the implant duration. Poly(ethylene glycol) diglycidyl ether (PEGDE) has been recently introduced as a crosslinker because of its very similar chemical reactivity with the most-used crosslinker BDDE, while giving special rheological properties. Monitoring the amount of the crosslinker residues in the final device is always necessary, but in the case of PEGDE, no methods are available in literature. Here, we present an HPLC-QTOF method, validated according to the guidelines of the International Council on Harmonization, which enables the efficient routine examination of the PEGDE content in HA hydrogels.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna Boussard
- Matex Lab Switzerland SA, 1228 Plan-les-Ouates, Switzerland
| | - Martina Savona
- Matex Lab Switzerland SA, 1228 Plan-les-Ouates, Switzerland
| | - Fabiana Cordella
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, Via Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Gaetano Angelici
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, Via Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Roberto Mocchi
- UB-CARE S.r.l., Spin-Off University of Pavia, Via della Scienza 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Sabrina Sommatis
- UB-CARE S.r.l., Spin-Off University of Pavia, Via della Scienza 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Damiano Monticelli
- Department of Science and High Technology, University of Insubria, 22100 Como, Italy
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3
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Sapuła P, Bialik-Wąs K, Malarz K. Are Natural Compounds a Promising Alternative to Synthetic Cross-Linking Agents in the Preparation of Hydrogels? Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:253. [PMID: 36678882 PMCID: PMC9866639 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15010253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The main aim of this review is to assess the potential use of natural cross-linking agents, such as genipin, citric acid, tannic acid, epigallocatechin gallate, and vanillin in preparing chemically cross-linked hydrogels for the biomedical, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries. Chemical cross-linking is one of the most important methods that is commonly used to form mechanically strong hydrogels based on biopolymers, such as alginates, chitosan, hyaluronic acid, collagen, gelatin, and fibroin. Moreover, the properties of natural cross-linking agents and their advantages and disadvantages are compared relative to their commonly known synthetic cross-linking counterparts. Nowadays, advanced technologies can facilitate the acquisition of high-purity biomaterials from unreacted components with no additional purification steps. However, while planning and designing a chemical process, energy and water consumption should be limited in order to reduce the risks associated with global warming. However, many synthetic cross-linking agents, such as N,N'-methylenebisacrylamide, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate, poly (ethylene glycol) diacrylates, epichlorohydrin, and glutaraldehyde, are harmful to both humans and the environment. One solution to this problem could be the use of bio-cross-linking agents obtained from natural resources, which would eliminate their toxic effects and ensure the safety for humans and the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Sapuła
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, 24 Warszawska St., 31-155 Cracow, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Bialik-Wąs
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, 24 Warszawska St., 31-155 Cracow, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Malarz
- A. Chelkowski Institute of Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Silesia in Katowice, 75 Pułku Piechoty 1A, 41-500 Chorzow, Poland
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4
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Cassuto D, Bellia G, Schiraldi C. An Overview of Soft Tissue Fillers for Cosmetic Dermatology: From Filling to Regenerative Medicine. CLINICAL, COSMETIC AND INVESTIGATIONAL DERMATOLOGY 2022; 14:1857-1866. [PMID: 34992400 PMCID: PMC8710524 DOI: 10.2147/ccid.s276676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Hyaluronic acid (HA)-based injectable filling agents are at the forefront of the current demand for noninvasive dermatological procedures for the correction of age-related soft tissue defects. The present review aims to summarize currently available HA-based products and critically appraise their differences in rheological nature and clinical application. Linear HA (LHA) gels may be supplemented with amino acids, lipoic acid, vitamins, nucleosides, or minerals for synergistic antiaging and antioxidant benefits (polycomponent LHA). HA hydrogels can be generated via chemical or physical crosslinking, which increases their elasticity and decreases viscosity. The performance of crosslinked fillers depends on HA concentration, degree of crosslinking, elastic modulus, cohesivity, and type of crosslinking agent employed. PEG-crosslinked LHA displays improved elasticity and resistance to degradation, and lower swelling rates as compared to BDDE-crosslinked LHA. Physical crosslinking stabilizes HA hydrogels without employing exogenous chemical compounds or altering hyaluronans’ natural molecular structure. Thermally stabilized hybrid cooperative HA complexes (HCC) are a formulation of high- and low-molecular-weight (H-HA and L-HA) hyaluronans, achieving high HA concentration, low viscosity with optimal tissue diffusion, and a duration comparable to weakly cross-linked gel. Our critical analysis evidences the importance of understanding different fillers’ properties to assist physicians in selecting the most appropriate filler for specific uses and for predictable and sustainable results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Cassuto
- Private Practice, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Private Practice, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Chiara Schiraldi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
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5
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Altaie AM, Venkatachalam T, Samaranayake LP, Soliman SSM, Hamoudi R. Comparative Metabolomics Reveals the Microenvironment of Common T-Helper Cells and Differential Immune Cells Linked to Unique Periapical Lesions. Front Immunol 2021; 12:707267. [PMID: 34539639 PMCID: PMC8446658 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.707267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Periapical abscesses, radicular cysts, and periapical granulomas are the most frequently identified pathological lesions in the alveolar bone. While little is known about the initiation and progression of these conditions, the metabolic environment and the related immunological behaviors were examined for the first time to model the development of each pathological condition. Metabolites were extracted from each lesion and profiled using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in comparison with healthy pulp tissue. The metabolites were clustered and linked to their related immune cell fractions. Clusters I and J in the periapical abscess upregulated the expression of MMP-9, IL-8, CYP4F3, and VEGF, while clusters L and M were related to lipophagy and apoptosis in radicular cyst, and cluster P in periapical granuloma, which contains L-(+)-lactic acid and ethylene glycol, was related to granuloma formation. Oleic acid, 17-octadecynoic acid, 1-nonadecene, and L-(+)-lactic acid were significantly the highest unique metabolites in healthy pulp tissue, periapical abscess, radicular cyst, and periapical granuloma, respectively. The correlated enriched metabolic pathways were identified, and the related active genes were predicted. Glutamatergic synapse (16–20),-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids, lipophagy, and retinoid X receptor coupled with vitamin D receptor were the most significantly enriched pathways in healthy control, abscess, cyst, and granuloma, respectively. Compared with the healthy control, significant upregulation in the gene expression of CYP4F3, VEGF, IL-8, TLR2 (P < 0.0001), and MMP-9 (P < 0.001) was found in the abscesses. While IL-12A was significantly upregulated in cysts (P < 0.01), IL-17A represents the highest significantly upregulated gene in granulomas (P < 0.0001). From the predicted active genes, CIBERSORT suggested the presence of natural killer cells, dendritic cells, pro-inflammatory M1 macrophages, and anti-inflammatory M2 macrophages in different proportions. In addition, the single nucleotide polymorphisms related to IL-10, IL-12A, and IL-17D genes were shown to be associated with periapical lesions and other oral lesions. Collectively, the unique metabolism and related immune response shape up an environment that initiates and maintains the existence and progression of these oral lesions, suggesting an important role in diagnosis and effective targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa Muayad Altaie
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.,Department of Oral and Craniofacial Health Sciences, College of Dental Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.,Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Thenmozhi Venkatachalam
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Lakshman P Samaranayake
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Health Sciences, College of Dental Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.,Department of Oral Biosciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR China
| | - Sameh S M Soliman
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Rifat Hamoudi
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.,Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.,Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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6
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Non-Surgical Touch-Up with Hyaluronic Acid Fillers Following Facial Reconstructive Surgery. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11167507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The use of hyaluronic acid (HA) injectable fillers has become increasingly widespread in facial recontouring and rejuvenation. We report our experiences to emphasize the role of HA fillers as tools beyond aesthetic treatments in cases of post-surgical facial sequelae. HA fillers are generally used for aesthetic rejuvenation, but one potential new horizon could be their application in trauma, reconstructive, and craniofacial surgery. This study was conducted retrospectively, evaluating medical reports of patients treated at the Maxillofacial Surgery Unit, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Naples, for lip incompetence, trauma, oncological, reconstructive, and craniosynostosis surgery sequelae. Visual analog scale (VAS) evaluation was performed to assess patient satisfaction. No major complications (i.e., impending necrosis or visual loss) were reported. Bruising and swelling was reported for 48 h after lip injection. At the immediate VAS evaluation, 67% of the patients were “extremely satisfied” and 33% “satisfied”. In those 33%, VAS scores changed to “extremely satisfied” at 6–9 weeks and 3–6 months of VAS evaluation (contextually to improvement in tissue flexibility, elasticity, and aesthetic appearance). Results indicate that this minimally invasive approach achieves a high level of aesthetic enhancement, improving patient satisfaction. The concept of HA filler applications could be a frontier that may be applicable to other areas of reconstructive facial plastic surgery.
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In Vitro Evaluation of the Effect of a Not Cross-Linked Hyaluronic Acid Hydrogel on Human Keratinocytes for Mesotherapy. Gels 2021; 7:gels7010015. [PMID: 33557183 PMCID: PMC7931045 DOI: 10.3390/gels7010015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The multicomponent preparations for mesotherapy are based on the principle that skin and hair aging can be prevented by supplying the fundamental substrates for correct cellular functioning, such as nucleotides, vitamins, amino acids, and biomolecules including hyaluronic acid (HA) that promote skin hydration and several biological activities. The study provides evidence for the application of HYDRO DELUXE BIO (Matex Lab S.p.A), a biocompatible hydrogel containing not cross-linked HA, for the treatment of the scalp’s skin by mesotherapy. Using an in vitro model of immortalized human keratinocytes, we studied markers involved in hair aging prevention and growth, such as inflammatory markers, angiogenesis, and oxidative damage. HYDRO DELUXE BIO showed high biocompatibility and the ability to significantly reduce the expression of the inflammation marker interleukin (IL)-8 in Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)-stimulated cells. Then, we evaluated angiogenesis, a pivotal event during hair growth, measuring the Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) expression that resulted to be significantly increased in treated cells, suggesting a pro-angiogenetic capability. A protective activity against the oxidative stress agent was showed, increasing the survival rate in treated cells. Concluding, HYDRO DELUXE BIO is suitable for treatment by mesotherapy of the scalp’s skin as it modulates the expression levels of markers involved in the biorevitalization of the hair follicle.
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Zerbinati N, Esposito C, Cipolla G, Calligaro A, Monticelli D, Martina V, Golubovic M, Binic I, Sigova J, Gallo AL, D'Este E, Jafferany M, Pratosoni M, Tirant M, Van Thuong N, Sangalli F, Rauso R, Lotti T. Chemical and mechanical characterization of hyaluronic acid hydrogel cross‐linked with polyethylen glycol and its use in dermatology. Dermatol Ther 2020; 33:e13747. [DOI: 10.1111/dth.13747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Zerbinati
- Department of Medicine and Surgery University of Insubria Varese Italy
| | | | | | - Alberto Calligaro
- Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine University of Pavia Pavia Italy
| | - Damiano Monticelli
- Department of Science and High Technology University of Insubria Como Italy
| | | | - Masa Golubovic
- Department of Dermatology Clinical Center University of Nis Niš Serbia
| | - Iva Binic
- Department of Psychiatry Clinical Center, University of Nis Niš Serbia
| | - Julia Sigova
- Department of Neonatology Faculty of Continued Medical Education of Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University Moscow Russia
| | | | | | | | - Marina Pratosoni
- Department of Medicine and Surgery University of Insubria Varese Italy
| | - Michael Tirant
- Department of Dermatology Hanoi Medical University Hanoi Vietnam
| | | | | | - Raffaele Rauso
- Maxillofacial Surgery Unit University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli” Naples Italy
| | - Torello Lotti
- Department of Dermatology University of Rome G. Marconi Rome Italy
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Zerbinati N, Mocchi R, Galadari H, Maccario C, Maggi M, Rauso R, Passi A, Esposito C, Sommatis S. In Vitro Evaluation of the Biological Availability of Hyaluronic Acid Polyethylene Glycols-Cross-Linked Hydrogels to Bovine Testes Hyaluronidase. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:3196723. [PMID: 31309104 PMCID: PMC6594335 DOI: 10.1155/2019/3196723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
During last years, hyaluronic acid- (HA-) based dermal fillers have grown rapidly and continuously, as reported by the American Society of Aesthetic Plastic Surgery (ASAPS). In fact, HA fillers are considered the gold standard technique for soft tissue augmentation, deep skin hydration, and facial recontouring, playing a key role as an alternative to plastic surgery. HA fillers are less invasive, more biocompatible, and safer and with a more natural and immediate result if compared to plastic surgery. Hence, the safety of HA-based dermal fillers plays a crucial role, mostly in terms of biocompatibility and adjustability in case of unpleasant results and side effects such as, tyndall effect, edema, or granulomas. Hyaluronidase is a naturally occurring enzyme, present in the human body, and can degrade HA fillers avoiding more severe complications. In this article, we analyzed the bioavailability of hyaluronidase degradation of five fillers of Neauvia® hydrogels line (MatexLab SA, Lugano, CH), composed of pure hyaluronic acid and based on PEGDE cross-linking (polyethylene glycol) technology that guarantees a higher biocompatibility and an optimal biointegration and rheological characteristics. The performed in vitro testing is based on the colorimetric determination of the N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (NAG) present in solution after incubation with hyaluronidase, determined at different time points in order to assess the kinetic of each product degradation (1h, 3h, 6h, 24h, 48h, 72h, 120h, and 168h). The aim of this study was to assess, in vitro, how the difference in HA content and PEGDE concentration of the analyzed fillers can influence the product biocompatibility, intended as product enzymatic clearance and duration in time. The results demonstrated that the method was reproducible and easy to perform and that all the analyzed fillers are naturally immediately available for hyaluronidase-mediated degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. Zerbinati
- Università degli Studi dell'Insubria Department of Medicine and Surgery, Varese, Italy
| | - R. Mocchi
- UB-CARE S.r.l. Spin-Off University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - H. Galadari
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, UAE University, Al Ain, UAE
| | - C. Maccario
- UB-CARE S.r.l. Spin-Off University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - M. Maggi
- Università degli Studi di Pavia, Department of Molecular Medicine, Pavia, Italy
| | - R. Rauso
- Università degli Studi della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, Napoli, Italy
| | - A. Passi
- Università degli Studi dell'Insubria Department of Medicine and Surgery, Varese, Italy
| | - C. Esposito
- Centro Medico Polispecialistico, Pavia, Italy
| | - S. Sommatis
- UB-CARE S.r.l. Spin-Off University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
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Monticelli D, Martina V, Mocchi R, Rauso R, Zerbinati U, Cipolla G, Zerbinati N. Chemical Characterization of Hydrogels Crosslinked with Polyethylene Glycol for Soft Tissue Augmentation. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2019; 7:1077-1081. [PMID: 31049084 PMCID: PMC6490493 DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2019.279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hyaluronic acid (HA) based hydrogels for esthetic applications found widespread use. HA should be crosslinked for this application to achieve the correct viscoelastic properties and avoid fast degradation by the hyaluronidase enzyme naturally present in the skin: these properties are controlled by the amount of crosslinker and the fraction that is effectively crosslinked (i.e. that binds two HA chains). AIM Crosslinking by polyethylene glycol diglycidyl ether (PEGDE) has been more recently introduced and showed attractive features in terms of viscoelastic properties and reduced biodegradation. Aim of this paper is to define a method for the determination of the crosslinking properties of these recently introduced fillers, method that is lacking at the moment. MATERIAL AND METHOD The percentage of crosslinker and the fraction that is effectively crosslinked were determined by proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1H NMR) and by 13C NMR, respectively. The filler were preliminarily washed with acetonitrile to remove residual PEG and then digested by hyaluronidase to obtain a sample that can be analysed by NMR. RESULTS The crosslinking parameters were determined in four samples of NEAUVIA PEG-crosslinked dermal fillers (produced by MatexLab S.p.A., Italy). The percentage of crosslinker was between 2.8% and 6.2% of HA, whereas the effective crosslinker ratios were between 0.07 and 0.16 (ratio between the moles of effectively crosslinked PEG and total moles of PEG). Moreover, a digestion procedure alternative to enzymatic digestion, based on acidic hydrolysis, was successfully tested for the determination of crosslinker percentage. CONCLUSIONS The proposed method successfully determined the two crosslinking parameters in PEG-crosslinked dermal fillers. The estimated percentage of crosslinker is similar to previously reported data for other crosslinkers, whereas the effective crosslinker ratio is lower for PEG crosslinked hydrogels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damiano Monticelli
- University of Insubria, Department of Science and High Technology, Como, Italy
| | - Virginia Martina
- MatexLab S.p.a., Department of Research and Development, Brindisi, Italy
| | - Roberto Mocchi
- UB-CARE S.r.l. Spin-off University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Raffaele Rauso
- University of Foggia, Department of Plastic Reconstructive Surgery, Foggia, Italy
| | - Umberto Zerbinati
- Centro Medico Polispecialistico, Dermatology Department, Pavia, Italy
| | - Giovanna Cipolla
- Centro Medico Polispecialistico, Dermatology Department, Pavia, Italy
| | - Nicola Zerbinati
- University of Insubria, Department of Medicine and Surgery, School of Medicine, Varese, Italy
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