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Weber-Levine C, Hersh AM, Jiang K, Routkevitch D, Tsehay Y, Perdomo-Pantoja A, Judy BF, Kerensky M, Liu A, Adams M, Izzi J, Doloff JC, Manbachi A, Theodore N. Porcine Model of Spinal Cord Injury: A Systematic Review. Neurotrauma Rep 2022; 3:352-368. [PMID: 36204385 PMCID: PMC9531891 DOI: 10.1089/neur.2022.0038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating disease with limited effective treatment options. Animal paradigms are vital for understanding the pathogenesis of SCI and testing potential therapeutics. The porcine model of SCI is increasingly favored because of its greater similarity to humans. However, its adoption is limited by the complexities of care and range of testing parameters. Researchers need to consider swine selection, injury method, post-operative care, rehabilitation, behavioral outcomes, and histology metrics. Therefore, we systematically reviewed full-text English-language articles to evaluate study characteristics used in developing a porcine model and summarize the interventions that have been tested using this paradigm. A total of 63 studies were included, with 33 examining SCI pathogenesis and 30 testing interventions. Studies had an average sample size of 15 pigs with an average weight of 26 kg, and most used female swine with injury to the thoracic cord. Injury was most commonly induced by weight drop with compression. The porcine model is amenable to testing various interventions, including mean arterial pressure augmentation (n = 7), electrical stimulation (n = 6), stem cell therapy (n = 5), hypothermia (n = 2), biomaterials (n = 2), gene therapy (n = 2), steroids (n = 1), and nanoparticles (n = 1). It is also notable for its clinical translatability and is emerging as a valuable pre-clinical study tool. This systematic review can serve as a guideline for researchers implementing and testing the porcine SCI model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carly Weber-Levine
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Andrew M. Hersh
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Kelly Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Denis Routkevitch
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Yohannes Tsehay
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Brendan F. Judy
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Max Kerensky
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Ann Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Melanie Adams
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jessica Izzi
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Joshua C. Doloff
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Amir Manbachi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Nicholas Theodore
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Canine Intracranial Venous System: A Review. FOLIA VETERINARIA 2022. [DOI: 10.2478/fv-2022-0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The intracranial venous system (ICVS) represents in mammals a complex three-dimensional structure, which provides not only for adequate brain perfusion, but has also a significant impact on: cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) resorption, maintaining of the intracranial pressure (ICP), and brain thermoregulation. An intimate understanding of the anatomy and physiology of ICVS is fundamental for neurological diagnostics, selection of therapeutic options, and success of neurosurgical procedures in human and veterinary medicine. Since the intracranial interventions in dogs are recently performed more frequently than twenty or thirty years ago, the authors decided to review and report on the basic knowledge regarding the complex topic of morphology and function of the canine ICVS. The research strategy involved an NCBI/NLM, PubMed/MED-LINE, and Clarivate Analytics Web of Science search from January 1, 1960, to December 31, 2021, using the terms “canine dural venous sinuses” and “intracranial venous system in dogs” in the English language literature; also references from selected papers were scanned and relevant articles included.
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Zavodska M, Galik J, Marsala M, Papcunova S, Pavel J, Racekova E, Martoncikova M, Sulla I, Gajdos M, Lukac I, Kafka J, Ledecky V, Sulla I, Reichel P, Trbolova A, Capik I, Bimbova K, Bacova M, Stropkovska A, Kisucka A, Miklisova D, Lukacova N. Hypothermic treatment after computer-controlled compression in minipig: A preliminary report on the effect of epidural vs. direct spinal cord cooling. Exp Ther Med 2018; 16:4927-4942. [PMID: 30542449 PMCID: PMC6257352 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2018.6831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the therapeutic efficacy of local hypothermia (beginning 30 min post-injury persisting for 5 h) on tissue preservation along the rostro-caudal axis of the spinal cord (3 cm cranially and caudally from the lesion site), and the prevention of injury-induced functional loss in a newly developed computer-controlled compression model in minipig (force of impact 18N at L3 level), which mimics severe spinal cord injury (SCI). Minipigs underwent SCI with two post-injury modifications (durotomy vs. intact dura mater) followed by hypothermia through a perfusion chamber with cold (epidural t≈15°C) saline, DMEM/F12 or enriched DMEM/F12 (SCI/durotomy group) and with room temperature (t≈24°C) saline (SCI-only group). Minipigs treated with post-SCI durotomy demonstrated slower development of spontaneous neurological improvement at the early postinjury time points, although the outcome at 9 weeks of survival did not differ significantly between the two SCI groups. Hypothermia with saline (t≈15°C) applied after SCI-durotomy improved white matter integrity in the dorsal and lateral columns in almost all rostro-caudal segments, whereas treatment with medium/enriched medium affected white matter integrity only in the rostral segments. Furthermore, regeneration of neurofilaments in the spinal cord after SCI-durotomy and hypothermic treatments indicated an important role of local saline hypothermia in the functional outcome. Although saline hypothermia (24°C) in the SCI-only group exhibited a profound histological outcome (regarding the gray and white matter integrity and the number of motoneurons) and neurofilament protection in general, none of the tested treatments resulted in significant improvement of neurological status. The findings suggest that clinically-proven medical treatments for SCI combined with early 5 h-long saline hypothermia treatment without opening the dural sac could be more beneficial for tissue preservation and neurological outcome compared with hypothermia applied after durotomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Zavodska
- Institute of Neurobiology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 040 01 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Jan Galik
- Institute of Neurobiology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 040 01 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Martin Marsala
- Institute of Neurobiology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 040 01 Košice, Slovakia.,Department of Anesthesiology, Neuroregeneration Laboratory, University of California-San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Stefania Papcunova
- Institute of Neurobiology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 040 01 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Jaroslav Pavel
- Institute of Neurobiology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 040 01 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Eniko Racekova
- Institute of Neurobiology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 040 01 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Marcela Martoncikova
- Institute of Neurobiology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 040 01 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Igor Sulla
- Institute of Neurobiology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 040 01 Košice, Slovakia.,Hospital of Slovak Railways, 040 01 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Miroslav Gajdos
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Pavol Jozef Safarik, 040 66 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Imrich Lukac
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Pavol Jozef Safarik, 040 66 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Jozef Kafka
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Pavol Jozef Safarik, 040 66 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Valent Ledecky
- Department of Small Animal Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, 041 81 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Igor Sulla
- Department of Small Animal Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, 041 81 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Peter Reichel
- Department of Small Animal Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, 041 81 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Alexandra Trbolova
- Department of Small Animal Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, 041 81 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Igor Capik
- Department of Small Animal Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, 041 81 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Katarina Bimbova
- Institute of Neurobiology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 040 01 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Maria Bacova
- Institute of Neurobiology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 040 01 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Andrea Stropkovska
- Institute of Neurobiology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 040 01 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Alexandra Kisucka
- Institute of Neurobiology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 040 01 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Dana Miklisova
- Department of Vector-borne Diseases, Institute of Parasitology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 040 01 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Nadezda Lukacova
- Institute of Neurobiology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 040 01 Košice, Slovakia
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Spinal Cord Injuries in Dogs Part II: Standards of Care, Prognosis and New Perspectives. FOLIA VETERINARIA 2018. [DOI: 10.2478/fv-2018-0016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Severe spinal cord injuries (SCI), causing physical handicaps and accompanied by many serious complications, remains one of the most challenging problems in both, human and veterinary health care practices. The central nervous system in mammals does not regenerate, so the neurological deficits in a dog following SCI persists for the rest of its life and the affected animals display an image of permanent suffering. Diagnostics are based on: neurological examination, plain x-rays of vertebral column, x-rays of the vertebral column following intrathecal administration of a water-soluble contrast medium (myelography), x-rays of the vertebral column following epidural administration of a contrast medium (epidurography), computed tomography (CT) and/or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Currently, only limited therapeutic measures are available for the dogs with SCIs. They include: the administration of methylprednisolone sodium succinate (MPSS) during the acute stage; early spinal cord decompression; stabilisation of vertebral fractures or luxations; prevention and treatment of complications, and expert rehabilitation. Together with the progress in the understanding of pathophysiologic events occurring after SCI, different therapeutic strategies have been instituted, including the local delivery of MPSS, the utilisation of novel pharmacological agents, hypothermia, and stem/precursor cell transplantation have all been tested in the experimental models and preclinical trials with promising results. The aim of this review is the presentation of the generally accepted methods of diagnostics and management of dogs with SCIs, as well as to discuss new therapeutic modalities. The research strategy involved a PubMed, Medline (Ovid), Embase (Ovid) and ISI Web of Science literature search from January 2001 to December 2017 using the term “spinal cord injury”, in the English language literature; also references from selected papers were scanned and relevant articles included.
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A Single Dose of Atorvastatin Applied Acutely after Spinal Cord Injury Suppresses Inflammation, Apoptosis, and Promotes Axon Outgrowth, Which Might Be Essential for Favorable Functional Outcome. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19041106. [PMID: 29642434 PMCID: PMC5979414 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19041106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of our study was to limit the inflammatory response after a spinal cord injury (SCI) using Atorvastatin (ATR), a potent inhibitor of cholesterol biosynthesis. Adult Wistar rats were divided into five experimental groups: one control group, two Th9 compression (40 g/15 min) groups, and two Th9 compression + ATR (5 mg/kg, i.p.) groups. The animals survived one day and six weeks. ATR applied in a single dose immediately post-SCI strongly reduced IL-1β release at 4 and 24 h and considerably reduced the activation of resident cells at one day post-injury. Acute ATR treatment effectively prevented the excessive infiltration of destructive M1 macrophages cranially, at the lesion site, and caudally (by 66%, 62%, and 52%, respectively) one day post-injury, whereas the infiltration of beneficial M2 macrophages was less affected (by 27%, 41%, and 16%). In addition, at the same time point, ATR visibly decreased caspase-3 cleavage in neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes. Six weeks post-SCI, ATR increased the expression of neurofilaments in the dorsolateral columns and Gap43-positive fibers in the lateral columns around the epicenter, and from day 30 to 42, significantly improved the motor activity of the hindlimbs. We suggest that early modulation of the inflammatory response via effects on the M1/M2 macrophages and the inhibition of caspase-3 expression could be crucial for the functional outcome.
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