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Duwe L, Fouassier L, Lafuente-Barquero J, Andersen JB. Unraveling the actin cytoskeleton in the malignant transformation of cholangiocyte biology. Transl Oncol 2022; 26:101531. [PMID: 36113344 PMCID: PMC9483793 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2022.101531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Correct actin cytoskeleton organization is vital in the liver organ homeostasis and disease control. Rearrangements of the actin cytoskeleton may play a vital role in the bile duct cells cholangiocytes. An abnormal actin network leads to aberrant cell morphology, deregulated signaling networks and ultimately triggering the development of cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) and paving the route for cancer cell dissemination (metastasis). In this review, we will outline alterations of the actin cytoskeleton and the potential role of this dynamic network in initiating CCA, as well as regulating the course of this malignancy. Actin rearrangements not only occur because of signaling pathways, but also regulate and modify cellular signaling. This emphasizes the importance of the actin cytoskeleton itself as cause for aberrant signaling and in promoting tumorigenic phenotypes. We will highlight the impact of aberrant signaling networks on the actin cytoskeleton and its rearrangement as potential cause for CCA. Often, these exact mechanisms in CCA are limited understood and still must be elucidated. Indeed, focusing future research on how actin affects and regulates other signaling pathways may provide more insights into the mechanisms of CCA development, progression, and metastasis. Moreover, manipulation of the actin cytoskeleton organization highlights the potential for a novel therapeutic area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea Duwe
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), Department of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N DK2200, Denmark
| | - Laura Fouassier
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, CRSA, Paris, France
| | - Juan Lafuente-Barquero
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), Department of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N DK2200, Denmark
| | - Jesper B Andersen
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), Department of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N DK2200, Denmark.
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2
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Prasopdee S, Yingchutrakul Y, Krobthong S, Pholhelm M, Wongtrakoongate P, Butthongkomvong K, Kulsantiwong J, Phanaksri T, Kunjantarachot A, Sathavornmanee T, Tesana S, Thitapakorn V. Differential plasma proteomes of the patients with Opisthorchiasis viverrini and cholangiocarcinoma identify a polymeric immunoglobulin receptor as a potential biomarker. Heliyon 2022; 8:e10965. [PMID: 36247154 PMCID: PMC9562451 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In Southeast Asian countries, nitrosamine compounds and the liver fluke Opisthorchis viverrini have long been identified as carcinogens for cholangiocarcinoma (CHCA). In order to effectively treat O. viverrini infections and prevent the development of CHCA, methods for disease detection are needed. This study aims to identify biomarkers for O. viverrini infection and CHCA. In the discovery phase, technical triplicates of five pooled plasma pools (10 plasma each) of healthy control subjects (noOVCCA), O. viverrini subjects (OV), and cholangiocarcinoma subjects (CCA), underwent solution-based digestion, with the label-free method, using a Thermo Scientific™ Q Exactive™ HF hybrid quadrupole-Orbitrap mass spectrometer and UltiMate 300 LC systems. The noOVCCA, OV, and CCA groups demonstrated different profiles and were clustered, as illustrated by PCA and heat map analysis. The STRING and reactome analysis showed that both OV and CCA groups up-regulated proteins targeting immune system-related proteins. Differential proteomic profiles, S100A9, and polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (PIGR) were specifically expressed in the CCA group. During the validation phase, another 50 plasma samples were validated via the PIGR sandwich ELISA. Using PIGR >1.559 ng/ml as a cut-off point, 78.00% sensitivity, 71.00% specificity, and AUC = 0.8216, were obtained. It is sufficient to differentially diagnose cholangiocarcinoma patients from healthy patients and those with Opisthorchiasis viverrini. Hence, in this study, PIGR was identified and validated as a potential biomarker for CHCA. Plasma PIGR is suggested for screening CHCA, especially in an endemic region of O. viverrini infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sattrachai Prasopdee
- Thammasat Research Unit in Opisthorchiasis, Cholangiocarcinoma, and Neglected Parasitic Diseases, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
- Chulabhorn International College of Medicine, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Yodying Yingchutrakul
- Proteomics Research Team, National Omics Center, NSTDA, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Sucheewin Krobthong
- Center for Neuroscience, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Genetic Engineering, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Montinee Pholhelm
- Thammasat Research Unit in Opisthorchiasis, Cholangiocarcinoma, and Neglected Parasitic Diseases, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
- Chulabhorn International College of Medicine, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Patompon Wongtrakoongate
- Center for Neuroscience, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, 10400 Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kritiya Butthongkomvong
- Medical Oncology Unit, Udonthani Cancer Hospital, Ministry of Public Health, Udon Thani 41330, Thailand
| | | | - Teva Phanaksri
- Chulabhorn International College of Medicine, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Anthicha Kunjantarachot
- Chulabhorn International College of Medicine, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | | | - Smarn Tesana
- Thammasat Research Unit in Opisthorchiasis, Cholangiocarcinoma, and Neglected Parasitic Diseases, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Veerachai Thitapakorn
- Thammasat Research Unit in Opisthorchiasis, Cholangiocarcinoma, and Neglected Parasitic Diseases, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
- Chulabhorn International College of Medicine, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
- Corresponding author.
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3
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Prasopdee S, Yingchutrakul Y, Roytrakul S, Pholhelm M, Phanaksri T, Kunjantarachot A, Kulsantiwong J, Butthongkomvong K, Tesana S, Sathavornmanee T, Thitapakorn V. Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit beta as a potential biomarker for Opisthorchis viverrini infection and cholangiocarcinoma. Parasitology 2022; 149:171-180. [PMID: 35234600 PMCID: PMC11010463 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182021001694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The human liver fluke Opisthorchis viverrini (Ov), the primary risk factor for cholangiocarcinoma (CHCA), is a parasite endemic to southeast Asian countries. With no effective treatments for CHCA currently available, early diagnosis and treatment of Ov infection remains the only practical method for the prevention of CHCA. In this study, plasma phosphoproteomes of patients in the non-Ov infection, non-cholangiocarcinoma subject group (non-OVCCA), the asymptomatic Ov infected group (OV), and the CHCA group (CCA), were investigated to identify potential biomarkers for Ov infection and CHCA. The AKT signalling pathway was found to be up-regulated. Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit beta isoform (PIK3CB), an upstream signalling molecule, was selected as a potential biomarker and evaluated using indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results demonstrated evidence that levels of PIK3CB in both the OV group and CCA group was statistically different compared to the non-OVCCA group (P < 0.01). However, the levels of PIK3CB between the OV group and the CCA group were found not to be statistically different. Sensitivity and specificity for OV using OD450 cut-off at >1.570 was 76 and 72%, respectively. For CCA, sensitivity and specificity using OD450 cut-off at >1.398 was 68 and 76%, respectively. Application of indirect ELISA detecting plasma PIK3CB will be of great benefit for screening of opisthorchiasis and CHCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sattrachai Prasopdee
- Thammasat University Research Unit in Opisthorchiasis, Cholangiocarcinoma, and Neglected Parasitic Diseases, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
- Chulabhorn International College of Medicine, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Yodying Yingchutrakul
- Proteomics Research Team, National Omics Center, NSTDA, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Sittiruk Roytrakul
- Proteomics Research Laboratory, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), NSTDA, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Montinee Pholhelm
- Chulabhorn International College of Medicine, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Teva Phanaksri
- Chulabhorn International College of Medicine, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Anthicha Kunjantarachot
- Chulabhorn International College of Medicine, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
| | | | | | - Smarn Tesana
- Chulabhorn International College of Medicine, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
| | | | - Veerachai Thitapakorn
- Thammasat University Research Unit in Opisthorchiasis, Cholangiocarcinoma, and Neglected Parasitic Diseases, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
- Chulabhorn International College of Medicine, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
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4
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Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2T regulates cell proliferation and migration in cholangiocarcinoma. Anticancer Drugs 2021; 31:836-846. [PMID: 32796405 DOI: 10.1097/cad.0000000000000955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2T (UBE2T) is overexpressed in several human cancer cells, but a role in cholangiocarcinoma (CAA) progression has not been investigated. We analyzed the expression of UBE2T in CAA tissues. Then, we generated UBE2T deregulation models in which it was overexpressed or silenced, and examined the effects on CAA malignant progression by flow cytometry, western blot, MTT assay, wound healing assay and transwell assay. We report the involvement of UBE2T in CAA malignant progression. UBE2T was found to be highly expressed in human CAA cells both in vitro and in vivo. Overexpression of UBE2T significantly enhanced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, proliferation, migration and invasion of CAA cells in vitro, while silencing UBE2T had opposing effects. Furthermore, UBE2T appears to exert its effects via the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway as the cellular effects caused by UBE2T overexpression are inhibited by the mTOR inhibitor rapamycin. Our findings suggest that UBE2T may have potential as a new therapeutic target for the prevention or treatment of CAA.
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5
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Molecularly targeted therapy for advanced gastrointestinal noncolorectal cancer treatment: how to choose? Past, present, future. Anticancer Drugs 2021; 32:593-601. [PMID: 33929995 DOI: 10.1097/cad.0000000000001071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal cancer is a leading cause of death worldwide. Conventional cytotoxic chemotherapy has been the backbone of advanced gastrointestinal cancer treatment for decades and still represents a key element of the therapeutic armamentarium. However, only small increments in survival outcomes have been reached. New clinical trials are designed, including classic chemotherapy in association with either small-molecule inhibitors or mAb. During the past few years, remarkable progress in molecular biology of gastrointestinal noncolorectal cancers, the discovery of specific targets and the resulting development of systemic drugs that block critical kinases and several molecular pathways have all contributed to progress. New biological agents with molecularly targeted therapies are now available or currently included in clinical trials (EGFR inhibitors (i), antiangiogenic agents, c-METi, IDHi, FGFR2i, BRAFi, Pi3Ki/AKTi/mTORi, NTRKi). When we focus on the current state of precision medicine for gastrointestinal malignancies, it becomes apparent that there is a mixed history of success and failure. The aim of this review is to focus on the studies that have been completed to date with target therapies and to understand which of these are currently the accepted choice in clinical practice and which need further confirmation and approval for inclusion in guidelines. All these findings will enable to guide clinical practice for oncologists in the design of the next round of clinical trials.
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Jang DK, Lee YG, Chan Chae Y, Lee JK, Paik WH, Lee SH, Kim YT, Ryu JK. GDC-0980 (apitolisib) treatment with gemcitabine and/or cisplatin synergistically reduces cholangiocarcinoma cell growth by suppressing the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 529:1242-1248. [PMID: 32819590 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Since conventional chemotherapy (gemcitabine and cisplatin) has marginal survival benefit in patients with advanced cholangiocarcinoma (CCA), an effective targeted therapeutic agent is urgently required. Activation of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway is frequently observed in CCA, and thus, PI3K and mTOR are promising therapeutic targets in CCA. Recently a new dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitor GDC-0980 (apitolisib) was introduced. This study was undertaken to examine the activity of apitolisib against CCA cells in vitro and in vivo. Apitolisib treatment strongly reduced Akt and mTOR active phosphorylation levels and attenuated cell growth in two different CCA cell lines (SNU478 and SNU1196). In addition, the cytotoxic activity of apitolisib enhanced the effects of gemcitabine or cisplatin in vitro and increased PARP cleavage. Moreover, we observed these co-treatments significantly reduced colony formation by SNU478 and SNU1196 cells and potently inhibited tumor growth in a mouse xenograft model. The results of the present study show that apitolisib effectively reduces CCA cell growth by suppressing the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway. In addition, co-treatments with apitolisib and gemcitabine or cisplatin synergistically enhanced apitolisib activity, which suggests a means of improving the chemotherapeutic sensitivity of CCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Kee Jang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dongguk University College of Medicine, Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu Geon Lee
- School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Chan Chae
- School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Kyu Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dongguk University College of Medicine, Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo Hyun Paik
- Department of Internal Medicine and Liver Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Hyub Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine and Liver Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Tae Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine and Liver Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Kon Ryu
- Department of Internal Medicine and Liver Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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7
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Shi HS, Wang S, Li MJ, Wu LQ. A Hepatocellular Carcinoma Patient with TSC1 Mutations Benefits from Treatment with Everolimus: A Case Report. Visc Med 2020; 37:116-119. [PMID: 33981751 DOI: 10.1159/000505950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has a high degree of malignancy and poor prognosis. Treatment options for patients with advanced HCC are limited. There is currently no evidence to approve the accumulation of targeted therapies for HCC to support the inhibition of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway as an effective therapeutic strategy. We report on a patient with advanced HCC carrying the TSC1 gene mutation who responded well to the mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitor everolimus. Computed tomography revealed tumor shrinkage and maintenance of partial remission after everolimus treatment for >12.3 months. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first clinical case report showing benefit from everolimus treatment in HCC patients with TSC1 gene mutations. Therefore, everolimus may be used as a potential targeted therapy for HCC with TSC1 gene mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua-Sheng Shi
- Liver Disease Center, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.,Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Shuo Wang
- Liver Disease Center, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.,Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Man-Jiang Li
- Liver Disease Center, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.,Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Li-Qun Wu
- Liver Disease Center, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.,Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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8
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Perez-Montoyo H. Therapeutic Potential of Autophagy Modulation in Cholangiocarcinoma. Cells 2020; 9:E614. [PMID: 32143356 PMCID: PMC7140412 DOI: 10.3390/cells9030614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a multistep catabolic process through which misfolded, aggregated or mutated proteins and damaged organelles are internalized in membrane vesicles called autophagosomes and ultimately fused to lysosomes for degradation of sequestered components. The multistep nature of the process offers multiple regulation points prone to be deregulated and cause different human diseases but also offers multiple targetable points for designing therapeutic strategies. Cancer cells have evolved to use autophagy as an adaptive mechanism to survive under extremely stressful conditions within the tumor microenvironment, but also to increase invasiveness and resistance to anticancer drugs such as chemotherapy. This review collects clinical evidence of autophagy deregulation during cholangiocarcinogenesis together with preclinical reports evaluating compounds that modulate autophagy to induce cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) cell death. Altogether, experimental data suggest an impairment of autophagy during initial steps of CCA development and increased expression of autophagy markers on established tumors and in invasive phenotypes. Preclinical efficacy of autophagy modulators promoting CCA cell death, reducing invasiveness capacity and resensitizing CCA cells to chemotherapy open novel therapeutic avenues to design more specific and efficient strategies to treat this aggressive cancer.
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Multifaceted Aspects of Metabolic Plasticity in Human Cholangiocarcinoma: An Overview of Current Perspectives. Cells 2020; 9:cells9030596. [PMID: 32138158 PMCID: PMC7140515 DOI: 10.3390/cells9030596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a deadly tumor without an effective therapy. Unique metabolic and bioenergetics features are important hallmarks of tumor cells. Metabolic plasticity allows cancer cells to survive in poor nutrient environments and maximize cell growth by sustaining survival, proliferation, and metastasis. In recent years, an increasing number of studies have shown that specific signaling networks contribute to malignant tumor onset by reprogramming metabolic traits. Several evidences demonstrate that numerous metabolic mediators represent key-players of CCA progression by regulating many signaling pathways. Besides the well-known Warburg effect, several other different pathways involving carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids metabolism are altered in CCA. The goal of this review is to highlight the main metabolic processes involved in the cholangio-carcinogeneis that might be considered as potential novel druggable candidates for this disease.
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Tariq NUA, McNamara MG, Valle JW. Biliary tract cancers: current knowledge, clinical candidates and future challenges. Cancer Manag Res 2019; 11:2623-2642. [PMID: 31015767 PMCID: PMC6446989 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s157092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Biliary tract cancers (BTCs) are rare with poor prognosis. Due to the advent of genomic sequencing, new data have emerged regarding the molecular makeup of this disease. To add to the complexity, various subtypes also harbor a varied genetic composition. The commonly mutated genes associated with this cancer are KRAS, EGFR, IDH, FGFR and BAP1. Various clinical studies are looking at targeting these genetic mutations. Another therapeutic area of note is the potential for the use of immunotherapy in patients with BTC. Although BTC may be a result of chronic inflammation, this does not necessarily translate into increased immunogenicity. This literature review discusses the diverse molecular and immune-related pathways in patients with BTC and their potential therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noor-Ul-Ain Tariq
- Faculty of Biomedicine and Health Sciences, Division of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9NT, UK,
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester M20 4BX, UK,
| | - Mairéad G McNamara
- Faculty of Biomedicine and Health Sciences, Division of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9NT, UK,
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester M20 4BX, UK,
| | - Juan W Valle
- Faculty of Biomedicine and Health Sciences, Division of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9NT, UK,
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester M20 4BX, UK,
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Wu CE, Chen MH, Yeh CN. mTOR Inhibitors in Advanced Biliary Tract Cancers. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E500. [PMID: 30682771 PMCID: PMC6386826 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20030500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2019] [Revised: 01/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with advanced biliary tract cancers (BTCs), including cholangiocarcinoma (CCA), have poor prognosis so novel treatment is warranted for advanced BTC. In current review, we discuss the limitations of current treatment in BTC, the importance of mTOR signalling in BTC, and the possible role of mTOR inhibitors as a future treatment in BTC. Chemotherapy with gemcitabine-based chemotherapy is still the standard of care and no targeted therapy has been established in advanced BTC. PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway linking to several other pathways and networks regulates cancer proliferation and progression. Emerging evidences reveal mTOR activation is associated with tumorigenesis and drug-resistance in BTC. Rapalogs, such as sirolimus and everolimus, partially inhibit mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) and exhibit anti-cancer activity in vitro and in vivo in BTC. Rapalogs in clinical trials demonstrate some activity in patients with advanced BTC. New-generation mTOR inhibitors against ATP-binding pocket inhibit both TORC1 and TORC2 and demonstrate more potent anti-tumor effects in vitro and in vivo, however, prospective clinical trials are warranted to prove its efficacy in patients with advanced BTC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-En Wu
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou branch, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan.
| | - Ming-Huang Chen
- School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan.
- Department of Oncology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112, Taiwan.
| | - Chun-Nan Yeh
- Department of General Surgery and Liver Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou branch, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan.
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12
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Targeting the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway in biliary tract cancers: A review of current evidences and future perspectives. Cancer Treat Rev 2018; 72:45-55. [PMID: 30476750 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2018.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Biliary tract cancers (BTCs) are a group of invasive neoplasms, with increasing incidence and dismal prognosis. In advanced disease, the standard of care is represented by first-line chemotherapy with cisplatin and gemcitabine. In subsequent lines, no clear recommendations are currently available, highlighting the need for novel therapeutic approaches. The PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway is a core regulator of cell metabolism, growth and survival, and is involved in BTCs carcinogenesis and progression. Mutations, gene copy number alterations and aberrant protein phosphorylation of PI3K, AKT, mTOR and PTEN have been thoroughly described in BTCs and correlate with poor survival outcomes. Several pre-clinical evidences state the efficacy of PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway inhibitors in BTCs, both in vitro and in vivo. In the clinical setting, initial studies with rapamycin analogs have shown interesting activity with an acceptable toxicity profile. Novel strategies evaluating AKT and PI3K inhibitors have risen serious safety concerns, pointing out the need for improved patient selection and increased target specificity for the clinical development of these agents, both alone and in combination with chemotherapy. This review extensively describes the role of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway in BTCs and examines the rationale of its targeting in these tumors, with particular focus on clinical activity, toxicities and perspectives on further development of PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway inhibitors.
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13
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Brivio S, Cadamuro M, Fabris L, Strazzabosco M. Molecular Mechanisms Driving Cholangiocarcinoma Invasiveness: An Overview. Gene Expr 2018; 18:31-50. [PMID: 29070148 PMCID: PMC5860940 DOI: 10.3727/105221617x15088670121925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The acquisition of invasive functions by tumor cells is a first and crucial step toward the development of metastasis, which nowadays represents the main cause of cancer-related death. Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA), a primary liver cancer originating from the biliary epithelium, typically develops intrahepatic or lymph node metastases at early stages, thus preventing the majority of patients from undergoing curative treatments, consistent with their very poor prognosis. As in most carcinomas, CCA cells gradually adopt a motile, mesenchymal-like phenotype, enabling them to cross the basement membrane, detach from the primary tumor, and invade the surrounding stroma. Unfortunately, little is known about the molecular mechanisms that synergistically orchestrate this proinvasive phenotypic switch. Autocrine and paracrine signals (cyto/chemokines, growth factors, and morphogens) permeating the tumor microenvironment undoubtedly play a prominent role in this context. Moreover, a number of recently identified signaling systems are currently drawing attention as putative mechanistic determinants of CCA cell invasion. They encompass transcription factors, protein kinases and phosphatases, ubiquitin ligases, adaptor proteins, and miRNAs, whose aberrant expression may result from either stochastic mutations or the abnormal activation of upstream pro-oncogenic pathways. Herein we sought to summarize the most relevant molecules in this field and to discuss their mechanism of action and potential prognostic relevance in CCA. Hopefully, a deeper knowledge of the molecular determinants of CCA invasiveness will help to identify clinically useful biomarkers and novel druggable targets, with the ultimate goal to develop innovative approaches to the management of this devastating malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Brivio
- *School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Cadamuro
- *School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
- †International Center for Digestive Health, University of Milan-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Luca Fabris
- †International Center for Digestive Health, University of Milan-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
- ‡Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
- §Liver Center, School of Medicine Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Mario Strazzabosco
- *School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
- †International Center for Digestive Health, University of Milan-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
- §Liver Center, School of Medicine Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
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14
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Synergistic antitumor activity of the combination of salubrinal and rapamycin against human cholangiocarcinoma cells. Oncotarget 2018; 7:85492-85501. [PMID: 27863431 PMCID: PMC5356752 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.13408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Less is known about the roles of eukaryotic initiation factor alpha (eIF2α) in cholangiocarcinoma (CCA). Here, we report that eIF2α inhibitor salubrinal inhibits the proliferation of human CCA cells. Clinical application of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitors only has moderate antitumor efficacy. Therefore, combination approaches may be required for effective clinical use of mTOR inhibitors. Here, we investigated the efficacy of the combination of salubrinal and rapamycin in the treatment of CCA. Our data demonstrate a synergistic antitumor effect of the combination of salubrinal and rapamycin against CCA cells. Rapamycin significantly inhibits the proliferation of CCA cells. However, rapamycin initiates a negative feedback activation of Akt. Inhibition of Akt by salubrinal potentiates the efficacy of rapamycin both in vitro and in vivo. Additionally, rapamycin treatment results in the up-regulation of Bcl-xL in a xenograft mouse model. It is notable that salubrinal inhibits rapamycin-induced Bcl-xL up-regulation in vivo. Taken together, our data suggest that salubrinal and rapamycin combination might be a new and effective strategy for the treatment of CCA.
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15
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DeLeon TT, Ahn DH, Bogenberger JM, Anastasiadis PZ, Arora M, Ramanathan RK, Aqel BA, Vasmatzis G, Truty MJ, Oklu R, Bekaii-Saab TS, Borad MJ. Novel targeted therapy strategies for biliary tract cancers and hepatocellular carcinoma. Future Oncol 2018; 14:553-566. [PMID: 29460642 DOI: 10.2217/fon-2017-0451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Worldwide hepatobiliary cancers are the second leading cause of cancer related death. Despite their relevance, hepatobiliary cancers have a paucity of approved systemic therapy options. However, there are a number of emerging therapeutic biomarkers and therapeutic concepts that show promise. In hepatocellular carcinoma, nivolumab appears particularly promising and recently received US FDA approval. In intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, therapies targeting FGFR2 and IDH1 and immune checkpoint inhibitors are the furthest along and generating the most excitement. There are additional biomarkers that merit further exploration in hepatobiliary cancers including FGF19, ERRFI1, TERT, BAP1, BRAF, CDKN2A, tumor mutational burden and ERBB2 (HER2/neu). Development of new and innovative therapies would help address the unmet need for effective systemic therapies in advanced and metastatic hepatobiliary cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas T DeLeon
- Division of Hematology Oncology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ 85259, USA
| | - Daniel H Ahn
- Division of Hematology Oncology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ 85259, USA
| | - James M Bogenberger
- Division of Hematology Oncology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ 85259, USA
| | | | - Mansi Arora
- Division of Hematology Oncology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ 85259, USA
| | - Ramesh K Ramanathan
- Division of Hematology Oncology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ 85259, USA
| | - Bashar A Aqel
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ 85259, USA
| | - George Vasmatzis
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, USA
| | - Mark J Truty
- Division of Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, USA
| | - Rahmi Oklu
- Division of Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ 85259, USA
| | - Tanios S Bekaii-Saab
- Division of Hematology Oncology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ 85259, USA
| | - Mitesh J Borad
- Division of Hematology Oncology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ 85259, USA
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16
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Cadamuro M, Stecca T, Brivio S, Mariotti V, Fiorotto R, Spirli C, Strazzabosco M, Fabris L. The deleterious interplay between tumor epithelia and stroma in cholangiocarcinoma. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2017; 1864:1435-1443. [PMID: 28757170 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2017.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Revised: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Prognosis of cholangiocarcinoma, a devastating liver epithelial malignancy characterized by early invasiveness, remains very dismal, though its incidence has been steadily increasing. Evidence is mounting that in cholangiocarcinoma, tumor epithelial cells establish an intricate web of mutual interactions with multiple stromal components, largely determining the pervasive behavior of the tumor. The main cellular components of the tumor microenvironment (i.e. myofibroblasts, macrophages, lymphatic endothelial cells), which has been recently termed as 'tumor reactive stroma', are recruited and activated by neoplastic cells, and in turn, deleteriously mold tumor behavior by releasing a huge variety of paracrine signals, including cyto/chemokines, growth factors, morphogens and proteinases. An abnormally remodeled and stiff extracellular matrix favors and supports these cell interactions. Although the mechanisms responsible for the generation of tumor reactive stroma are largely uncertain, hypoxia presumably plays a central role. In this review, we will dissect the intimate relationship among the different cell elements cooperating within this complex 'ecosystem', with the ultimate goal to pave the way for a deeper understanding of the mechanisms underlying cholangiocarcinoma aggressiveness, and possibly, to foster the development of innovative, combinatorial therapies aimed at halting tumor progression. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Cholangiocytes in Health and Diseaseedited by Jesus Banales, Marco Marzioni, Nicholas LaRusso and Peter Jansen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimiliano Cadamuro
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan-Bicocca School of Medicine, 20126 Milan, Italy; International Center for Digestive Health (ICDH), University of Milan-Bicocca School of Medicine, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Tommaso Stecca
- Department of Surgical, Oncological, and Gastroenterological Sciences (DiSCOG), University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Simone Brivio
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan-Bicocca School of Medicine, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Valeria Mariotti
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua School of Medicine, 35121 Padua, Italy
| | - Romina Fiorotto
- International Center for Digestive Health (ICDH), University of Milan-Bicocca School of Medicine, 20126 Milan, Italy; Liver Center, Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Carlo Spirli
- International Center for Digestive Health (ICDH), University of Milan-Bicocca School of Medicine, 20126 Milan, Italy; Liver Center, Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Mario Strazzabosco
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan-Bicocca School of Medicine, 20126 Milan, Italy; International Center for Digestive Health (ICDH), University of Milan-Bicocca School of Medicine, 20126 Milan, Italy; Liver Center, Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Luca Fabris
- International Center for Digestive Health (ICDH), University of Milan-Bicocca School of Medicine, 20126 Milan, Italy; Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua School of Medicine, 35121 Padua, Italy; Liver Center, Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
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17
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Bian JL, Wang MM, Tong EJ, Sun J, Li M, Miao ZB, Li YL, Zhu BH, Xu JJ. Benefit of everolimus in treatment of an intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma patient with a PIK3CA mutation. World J Gastroenterol 2017; 23:4311-4316. [PMID: 28694672 PMCID: PMC5483506 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v23.i23.4311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2017] [Revised: 04/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) is a relatively rare form of liver cancer with a poor prognosis. The therapeutic options for patients with advanced ICC are limited and usually ineffective. There is currently no approved targeted therapy for ICC, although accumulating evidence supports inhibition of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway as a promising therapeutic strategy in the treatment of ICC. Here, we report a patient with stage IV ICC harboring a PIK3CA mutation who responded well to the mTOR inhibitor everolimus. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated shrinkage of the tumor and maintenance of a partial response for 6.5 mo after everolimus treatment as the best response. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first clinical case report in the literature of clinical benefit from everolimus treatment in an ICC patient with PIK3CA mutation.
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18
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Yeung Y, Lau DK, Chionh F, Tran H, Tse JWT, Weickhardt AJ, Nikfarjam M, Scott AM, Tebbutt NC, Mariadason JM. K-Ras mutation and amplification status is predictive of resistance and high basal pAKT is predictive of sensitivity to everolimus in biliary tract cancer cell lines. Mol Oncol 2017; 11:1130-1142. [PMID: 28544747 PMCID: PMC5579335 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Revised: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Advanced biliary tract cancer (BTC) has a poor prognosis and limited treatment options. The PI3K/Akt/mTOR signalling pathway is hyperactivated in a subset of BTCs, and clinical activity of the mTOR inhibitor everolimus has been observed in some patients with BTC. The goal of this study was to identify biomarkers predictive of everolimus response. Twenty BTC cell lines were assessed for everolimus sensitivity with a spectrum of growth inhibitory responses observed. Molecular biomarkers of sensitivity and resistance were identified by interrogation of the activation status of the Ras/MAPK and PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathways. K-Ras mutations and/or amplifications were identified in 45% of cell lines and were associated with resistance to everolimus. Activating mutations in PIK3CA or loss of PTEN was not predictive of everolimus response; however, high basal levels of pAKT were associated with sensitivity, independent of Ras/MAPK pathway activation status. Notably, everolimus inhibited mTOR signalling to a similar extent in sensitive and resistant cell lines, suggesting that relative dependence on the mTOR pathway rather than the magnitude of pathway inhibition determines everolimus response. Consistent with the known limitations of rapalogs, everolimus induced feedback-mediated activation of AKT in BTC cell lines, which could be overcome by cotreatment with an AKT inhibitor or ATP-competitive mTORC1/mTORC2 inhibitors. However, both approaches failed to induce greater apoptosis compared to everolimus, and mTORC1/mTORC2 kinase inhibitors induced compensatory activation of pERK, identifying an inherent limitation of these agents in BTC cell lines. These findings suggest that future trials of everolimus in BTC would benefit from preselecting patients based on their K-Ras and PI3K/mTOR pathway activation status. The study also identifies strategies for enhancing inhibition of the PI3K/mTOR pathway in BTC cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Yeung
- Olivia Newton John Cancer Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia.,Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Melbourne-Austin Branch, Australia
| | - David K Lau
- Olivia Newton John Cancer Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia.,Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Melbourne-Austin Branch, Australia.,School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Fiona Chionh
- Olivia Newton John Cancer Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia.,Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Melbourne-Austin Branch, Australia
| | - Hoanh Tran
- Olivia Newton John Cancer Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia.,Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Melbourne-Austin Branch, Australia
| | - Janson W T Tse
- Olivia Newton John Cancer Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia.,Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Melbourne-Austin Branch, Australia
| | - Andrew J Weickhardt
- Olivia Newton John Cancer Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia.,Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Melbourne-Austin Branch, Australia.,School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Mehrdad Nikfarjam
- Department of Surgery, Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - Andrew M Scott
- Olivia Newton John Cancer Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia.,Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Melbourne-Austin Branch, Australia.,School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Niall C Tebbutt
- Olivia Newton John Cancer Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia.,Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Melbourne-Austin Branch, Australia.,School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - John M Mariadason
- Olivia Newton John Cancer Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia.,Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Melbourne-Austin Branch, Australia.,School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
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19
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Yang H, Lu X, Liu Z, Chen L, Xu Y, Wang Y, Wei G, Chen Y. FBXW7 suppresses epithelial-mesenchymal transition, stemness and metastatic potential of cholangiocarcinoma cells. Oncotarget 2016; 6:6310-25. [PMID: 25749036 PMCID: PMC4467439 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 01/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) plays a fundamental role in cancer metastasis. The ubiquitin ligase FBXW7, a general tumor suppressor in human cancer, has been implicated in diverse cellular processes, however, its role in cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) metastasis has not been identified. Here, we report a crucial role of FBXW7 in CCA metastasis by regulating EMT. Loss of FBXW7 expression was detected in CCA cells and clinical specimens. Clinicopathological analysis revealed a close correlation between FBXW7 deficiency and metastasis, TNM stage and differentiation in intrahepatic CCA and perihilar CCA. Moreover, FBXW7 silencing in CCA cells dramatically promoted EMT, stem-like capacity and metastasis both in vitro and in vivo. Conversely, FBXW7 overexpression attenuated these processes. Mechanistically, treatment with rapamycin, a mTOR inhibitor, inhibited EMT, stem-like capacity and metastasis induced by FBXW7 silencing both in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, the expression of EMT regulating transcription factors, snail, slug and ZEB1, were also decreased markedly with rapamycin treatment. In addition, silencing ZEB1 inhibited EMT and metastasis of both CCA cells and FBXW7 deficient CCA cells, which implicated the potential role of ZEB1 in FBXW7/mTOR signaling pathway related CCA metastasis. In conclusion, our findings defined a pivotal function of FBXW7 in CCA metastasis by regulating EMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Yang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaofei Lu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Department of General Surgery, Jinan Central Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Ziming Liu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Jinan Fifth People's Hospital, Jinan, China
| | - Lili Chen
- Department of Pathology, Jinan Fourth People's Hospital, Jinan, China
| | - Yunfei Xu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yuli Wang
- Department of Anatomy and Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Guangwei Wei
- Department of Anatomy and Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Yuxin Chen
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
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20
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Ghosn M, Kourie HR, El Rassy E, Chebib R, El Karak F, Hanna C, Nasr D. Optimum chemotherapy for the management of advanced biliary tract cancer. World J Gastroenterol 2015; 21:4121-4125. [PMID: 25892861 PMCID: PMC4394072 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i14.4121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2014] [Revised: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Biliary tract cancers (BTCs) are highly fatal malignancies, which are often diagnosed at an advanced stage and have relatively poor prognosis. The treatment of patients with advanced BTC is systemic, based on chemotherapy or best supportive care, depending on their performance status. Despite clinical trials studying many chemotherapeutic regimens and targeted therapies for the treatment of BTC, the standard of care for advanced BTC remains the combination of gemcitabine with cisplatin. Many new molecules targeting proliferation and survival pathways, the immune response and angiogenesis are currently undergoing phase I and II trials for the treatment of advanced BTC with promising results.
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21
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Zhang Y, Wei C, Xi J, Tang Z, Liang C. Glucose transporter 3 performs a critical role in mTOR-mediated oncogenic glycolysis and tumorigenesis. Oncol Lett 2015; 9:2809-2814. [PMID: 26137152 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2015.3075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to examine the relationship between mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and glucose transporter 3 (Glut3) in the process of mTOR-mediated oncogenic glycolysis and tumorigenesis. Western blot analysis and quantitative polymerase chain reaction were used to compare the expression of Glut3 in mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) null for tuberous sclerosis complex 2 (Tsc2-/-) and control Tsc2+/+ MEFs. In addition, the glycolytic rate was tested following siRNA-mediated knockdown of Glut3 in Tsc2-/- cells. To determine whether Glut3 depletion affects the ability of cells to form tumors in vivo. Tsc2-/- MEFs infected shGlut3 and shControl were injected into nude mice subcutaneously. The present study demonstrated that the expression of Glut3 is controlled by mTOR in Tsc2-/- cells and that downregulation of Glut3 reduced the glycolytic rate in Tsc2-/- cells. cells. Further studies in nude mice demonstrated that reduced Glut3 expression levels reduced the tumorigenetic effect in cells with hyperactive mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1). The present study indicates for the first time that Glut3 is a downstream target of mTORC1 and that Glut3 is critical in mTORC1-associated tumorigenesis. Therefore, Glut3 is a potential target for the treatment of diseases associated with dysregulated mTORC1 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanbin Zhang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, P.R. China ; Department of Urology, Hefei Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University and The Second People's Hospital of Hefei, Hefei, Anhui 230011, P.R. China
| | - Can Wei
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, P.R. China ; Department of Urology, Hefei Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University and The Second People's Hospital of Hefei, Hefei, Anhui 230011, P.R. China
| | - Junhua Xi
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, P.R. China
| | - Zhiguo Tang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, P.R. China
| | - Chaozhao Liang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, P.R. China ; Department of Urology, Hefei Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University and The Second People's Hospital of Hefei, Hefei, Anhui 230011, P.R. China
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22
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Novel therapeutic strategy targeting the Hedgehog signalling and mTOR pathways in biliary tract cancer. Br J Cancer 2015; 112:1042-51. [PMID: 25742482 PMCID: PMC4366884 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2014.625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 11/08/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Activation of the PI3K/mTOR and Hedgehog (Hh) signalling pathways occurs frequently in biliary tract cancer (BTC). Crosstalk between these pathways occurs in other gastrointestinal cancers. The respective signalling inhibitors rapamycin and vismodegib may inhibit BTC synergistically and suppress cancer stem cells (CSCs). Methods: Gene expression profiling for p70S6k and Gli1 was performed with BTC cell lines. Tumour and pathway inhibitory effects of rapamycin and vismodegib were investigated in BTC preclinical models and CSCs. Results: Rapamycin and vismodegib synergistically reduced BTC cell viability and proliferation. This drug combination arrested BTC Mz-ChA-1 cells in the G1 phase but had no significant effect on the cell cycle of BTC Sk-ChA-1 cells. Combined treatment inhibited the proliferation of CSCs and ALDH-positive cells. Nanog and Oct-4 expression in CSCs was decreased by the combination treatment. Western blotting results showed the p-p70S6K, p-Gli1, p-mTOR, and p-AKT protein expression were inhibited by the combination treatment in BTC cells. In an Mz-ChA-1 xenograft model, combination treatment resulted in 80% inhibition of tumour growth and prolonged tumour doubling time. In 4 of 10 human BTC specimens, tumour p-p70S6K and Gli1 protein expression levels were decreased with the combination treatment. Conclusions: Targeted inhibition of the PI3K/mTOR and Hhpathways indicates a new avenue for BTC treatment with combination therapy.
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23
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Kotawong K, Thitapakorn V, Roytrakul S, Phaonakrop N, Viyanant V, Na-Bangchang K. Plasma Phosphoproteome and Differential Plasma Phosphoproteins with Opisthorchis Viverrini-Related Cholangiocarcinoma. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2015; 16:1011-8. [DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2015.16.3.1011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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