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Haploinsufficiency of EXT1 and Heparan Sulphate Deficiency Associated with Hereditary Multiple Exostoses in a Pakistani Family. Medicina (B Aires) 2022; 59:medicina59010100. [PMID: 36676722 PMCID: PMC9863873 DOI: 10.3390/medicina59010100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Hereditary multiple exostoses (HME) is a disease characterized by cartilage-capped bony protuberances at the site of growth plates of long bones. Functional mutations in the exostosin genes (EXT1 and EXT2) are reported to affect the hedgehog signalling pathways leading to multiple enchondromatosis. However, the exact role of each EXT protein in the regulation of heparan sulphate (HS) chain elongation is still an enigma. In this study, a Pakistani family with HME is investigated to find out the genetic basis of the disease. Materials and Methods: Genotyping of eight members of the family by amplifying microsatellite markers, tightly linked to the EXT1 and EXT2 genes. Results: The study revealed linkage of the HME family to the EXT1 locus 8q24.1. Sanger sequencing identified a heterozygous deletion (c.247Cdel) in exon 1 of EXT1, segregating with the disease phenotype in the family. In silico analysis predicted a shift in the frame causing an early stop codon (p.R83GfsX52). The predicted dwarf protein constituting 134 amino acids was functionally aberrant with a complete loss of the catalytic domain at the C-terminus. Interestingly, an alternative open reading frame 3 (ORF3) caused by the frame shift is predicted to encode a protein sequence, identical to the wild type and containing the catalytic domain, but lacking the first 100 amino acids of the wild-type EXT1 protein. Conclusion: Consequently, haploinsufficiency could be the cause of HME in the investigated family as the mutated copy of EXT1 is ineffective for EXT-1/2 complex formation. The predicted ORF3 protein could be of great significance in understanding several aspects of HME pathogenesis.
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Tong Y, Zhang Y, Luo J, Hong Z, Chen X, Bi Q. Identification of Novel Mutations in the EXT1 and EXT2 Genes of Chinese Patients with Hereditary Multiple Osteochondromas. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2021; 25:145-151. [PMID: 33596140 DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2020.0098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: To detect mutations in the EXT1 and EXT2 genes in four Chinese families with hereditary multiple osteochondromas (HMO). HMO is an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by the overgrowth of multiple cartilage-capped bones in the metaphysis of long bones and flat bones. Methods: Polymerase chain reaction-based amplification followed by DNA sequencing of the complete coding sequences of EXT1 and EXT2 was performed for four Chinese families with HMO. Results: The mutant allele was found in six patients: three mutations were found in EXT1 and two in EXT2. A novel frameshift mutation, which generates a premature stop codon at codon 586 and causes partial loss of the glycosyltransferase domain, was detected in exon 9 of EXT1 (F579Yfs*8). We hypothesize that F579Yfs*8 is a pathogenic mutation. Two novel missense mutations (G339S and V545D) were found in EXT1. The variant c.1634T>A (V545D) is apparently benign. In addition we found a novel deletion mutation in EXT2, c.856_864 del TTCCTCCTG, which results in the deletion of 286Phe, 287Leu, and 288Leu, that is likely pathogenic. Finally, we identified a likely benign variant in exon 13 of EXT2. c.2035-41T>C (rs3740878). Conclusions: We found three novel, potentially pathogenic mutations in EXT1 and EXT2, including a novel frameshift mutation. More importantly, our study results have expanded the spectrum of EXT mutations conducive to the genetic diagnosis and counseling of patients with HMO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Tong
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yin Zhang
- Graduate Department, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Junchao Luo
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Zheping Hong
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital and People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xinji Chen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital and People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qing Bi
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital and People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
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Chen Z, Ruan W, Li M, Cao L, Lu J, Zhong F, Bi Q. A Novel Nonsense Mutation in the EXT2 Gene Identified in a Family with Hereditary Multiple Osteochondromas. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2020; 24:478-483. [PMID: 32678989 DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2020.0017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Zhonghua Chen
- Department of Orthopedics and Joint Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Weiwei Ruan
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Provincial, Hangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Menglu Li
- Institute of Cancer Research and Basic Medical Sciences, Cancer Hospital of University Academy of Sciences, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Li Cao
- Department of Orthopedics and Joint Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Jianwei Lu
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Provincial, Hangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Fuhua Zhong
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Provincial, Hangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Qing Bi
- Department of Orthopedics and Joint Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, P.R. China
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Oliver GR, Blackburn PR, Ellingson MS, Conboy E, Pinto E Vairo F, Webley M, Thorland E, Ferber M, Van Hul E, van der Werf IM, Wuyts W, Babovic-Vuksanovic D, Klee EW. RNA-Seq detects a SAMD12-EXT1 fusion transcript and leads to the discovery of an EXT1 deletion in a child with multiple osteochondromas. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2019; 7:e00560. [PMID: 30632316 PMCID: PMC6418362 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We describe a patient presenting with pachygyria, epilepsy, developmental delay, short stature, failure to thrive, facial dysmorphisms, and multiple osteochondromas. Methods The patient underwent extensive genetic testing and analysis in an attempt to diagnose the cause of his condition. Clinical testing included metaphase karyotyping, array comparative genomic hybridization, direct sequencing and multiplex ligation‐dependent probe amplification and trio‐based exome sequencing. Subsequently, research‐based whole transcriptome sequencing was conducted to determine whether it might shed light on the undiagnosed phenotype. Results Clinical exome sequencing of patient and parent samples revealed a maternally inherited splice‐site variant in the doublecortin (DCX) gene that was classified as likely pathogenic and diagnostic of the patient's neurological phenotype. Clinical array comparative genome hybridization analysis revealed a 16p13.3 deletion that could not be linked to the patient phenotype based on affected genes. Further clinical testing to determine the cause of the patient's multiple osteochondromas was unrevealing despite extensive profiling of the most likely causative genes, EXT1 and EXT2, including mutation screening by direct sequence analysis and multiplex ligation‐dependent probe amplification. Whole transcriptome sequencing identified a SAMD12‐EXT1 fusion transcript that could have resulted from a chromosomal deletion, leading to the loss of EXT1 function. Re‐review of the clinical array comparative genomic hybridization results indicated a possible unreported mosaic deletion affecting the SAMD12 and EXT1 genes that corresponded precisely to the introns predicted to be affected by a fusion‐causing deletion. The existence of the mosaic deletion was subsequently confirmed clinically by an increased density copy number array and orthogonal methodologies Conclusions While mosaic mutations and deletions of EXT1 and EXT2 have been reported in the context of multiple osteochondromas, to our knowledge, this is the first time that transcriptomics technologies have been used to diagnose a patient via fusion transcript analysis in the congenital disease setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin R Oliver
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.,Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Patrick R Blackburn
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Marissa S Ellingson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Erin Conboy
- Department of Clinical Genomics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Filippo Pinto E Vairo
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.,Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Matthew Webley
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Erik Thorland
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Matthew Ferber
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Els Van Hul
- Center of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp and Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Ilse M van der Werf
- Center of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp and Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Wim Wuyts
- Center of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp and Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Dusica Babovic-Vuksanovic
- Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.,Department of Clinical Genomics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Eric W Klee
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.,Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.,Department of Clinical Genomics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
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Chen Z, Bi Q, Kong M, Chen Y. A Novel EXT1 Mutation Identified in a Family with Multiple Osteochondromas. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2018; 23:251-254. [PMID: 29989442 DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2018.0072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Multiple exostoses (MO), also referred to as hereditary multiple exostoses (HME), is an autosomal dominant inherited skeletal disorder that has been found to be associated with mutations in the EXT1 and EXT2 genes. In the present study, we report a Chinese family with HME and our mutational analyses of the EXT1 and EXT2 genes in affected and unaffected individuals. METHODS All exons of the EXT1 and EXT2 genes in seven family members were polymerase chain reaction amplified from blood and sequenced. RESULTS A heterozygous mutation (c.1056G>T) was identified in exon 2 of the EXT1 gene in the proband and other affected family members; this mutation was not found in the unaffected family members. DISCUSSION This c.1056G>T mutation is located in the exostosin domain of the EXT1 protein and leads to an amino acid change of Glutamine (Gln) to Histidine (His) at position 352. Homology searches reveal that Gln352 is highly conserved in many species and may play an essential role in the normal function of the EXT1 protein. CONCLUSIONS This study contributes to a better understanding of the genetic basis of HME, expands the known mutational spectrum of EXT1, and provides a reference for genetic counseling and prenatal diagnosis of this family.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Qing Bi
- 2 Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mingxiang Kong
- 2 Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yu Chen
- 2 Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
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Ruan W, Cao L, Chen Z, Kong M, Bi Q. Novel exostosin-2 mutation identified in a Chinese family with hereditary multiple osteochondroma. Oncol Lett 2018; 15:4383-4389. [PMID: 29541207 PMCID: PMC5835906 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.7838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hereditary multiple osteochondroma (HMO) is an autosomal dominant genetic disorder characterized by multiple outgrowing bony tumors capped by cartilage, generally affecting the metaphyses. The disease is known as hereditary multiple exostoses, familial exostosis, multiple cartilaginous exostoses or hereditary malformation of cartilage. The prevalence of HMO in Europe and the Unites States is ~1:100,000, although it has not been reported in China. The disease is often accompanied by pain, asymmetry and skeletal malformations, including forearm and leg bending deformities, limb length discrepancies, and knee internal and external rotation abnormalities. Mutations to exostosin-1 (EXT1) and EXT2 mutations cause insufficient heparan sulfate biosynthesis, leading to chondrocyte proliferation, abnormal bone growth in neighboring regions, multiple exostoses, and ultimately malignant transformation. The risk of malignant degeneration to osteochondrosarcoma increases with age, despite the low lifetime risk (~1%). The present study selected a clinical feature of typical HMO pedigrees, and examined mutations in family members by Sanger sequencing. Each of the five patients examined had a novel heterozygous nonsense mutation, c.67C>T p.Arg23*. The mutation is located prior to the EXT2 exostosin domains in the amino acid sequence and results in a protein truncation of the 705 C-terminal amino acids. The present study provides molecular genetic evidence for a novel causal mechanism of HMO, and provides the basis for clinical genetic counseling for similar diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Ruan
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Provincial, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310012, P.R. China
| | - Li Cao
- Department of Orthopedics and Joint Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P.R. China
| | - Zhonghua Chen
- Department of Orthopedics and Joint Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P.R. China
| | - Mingxiang Kong
- Department of Orthopedics and Joint Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P.R. China
| | - Qing Bi
- Department of Orthopedics and Joint Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P.R. China
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Kong M, Cao LI, Zhang Q, Fang Y, Zhao C, Gu H, Zhang S, Chen YU, Wu J, Bi Q. Identification of a rare case of intra-articular osteochondroma manifesting as three loose bodies in a patient with hereditary multiple osteochondromas: A case report. Oncol Lett 2015; 10:798-804. [PMID: 26622573 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2015.3284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Hereditary multiple osteochondromas (HMO) is an autosomal dominant bone disorder characterised by the presence of multiple benign cartilage-capped tumours. Exostosin-1 (EXT1) and EXT2 are the major morbigenous genes associated with HMO, mutations in which are responsible for 90% of all HMO cases. In patients with HMO, osteochondromas arise adjacent to the metaphysis and typically remain in the metaphyseal region of the long bones. Therefore, it is rare for osteochondromas to be identified intra-articularly, although they may manifest as loose bodies. The present study describes a rare case of HMO manifesting as limited flexing range in the right knee joint of a 27-year-old male patient. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed three intra-articular osteochondromas located in the intercondylar fossa of the patient's right knee. The intra-articular osteochondromas and protuberant extra-articular osteochondromas around the right knee were resected, resulting in improved right knee function and no postoperative recurrence. Pathological analysis revealed that the intra-articular osteochondromas had a thinner cartilage cap layer than the extra-articular osteochondromas. In addition, genetic analysis of the patient and the patient's mother was conducted. From this, it was determined that a nonsense mutation, c.115G>T (p.E39X) in exon 1 of the EXT1 gene, was the cause of HMO in this case. Thus, it is proposed that osteochondromas with a pedicle within the knee, may tear and become loose intra-articular bodies, resulting in limited joint function and thereby contributing to the progression of HMO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxiang Kong
- Department of Orthopedics and Joint Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P.R. China
| | - L I Cao
- Department of Orthopedics and Joint Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P.R. China
| | - Qiong Zhang
- Operating Room, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P.R. China
| | - Yong Fang
- Department of Orthopedics and Joint Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P.R. China
| | - Chen Zhao
- Department of Orthopedics and Joint Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P.R. China
| | - Haifeng Gu
- Department of Orthopedics and Joint Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P.R. China
| | - Shuijun Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics and Joint Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P.R. China
| | - Y U Chen
- Department of Orthopedics and Joint Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P.R. China
| | - Jinhua Wu
- Department of Orthopedics and Joint Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P.R. China
| | - Qing Bi
- Department of Orthopedics and Joint Surgery, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P.R. China
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Lin WD, Hwu WL, Wang CH, Tsai FJ. Mutant EXT1 in Taiwanese Patients with Multiple Hereditary Exostoses. Biomedicine (Taipei) 2014; 4:11. [PMID: 25520924 PMCID: PMC4265008 DOI: 10.7603/s40681-014-0011-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 05/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple hereditary exostoses (MHE) is characterized by multiple benign projections of bone capped by cartilage, most numerous in metaphyses of long bones. HME are usually inherited in autosomal dominant mode, chief genes EXT1 and EXT2. METHODS Two MHE patients were identified from clinic and enrolled in genetic study, complete coding regions of EXT1 and EXT2, including intron/exon boundaries, sequenced via DNA samples drawn from participants. RESULTS DNA sequencing revealed mutant EXT1 gene in both cases, within which frame-shift mutation c.447delC (p.Ser149fsX156) in exon1 and nonsense mutation c.2034T>G (p.Tyr678X) in exon10, emerged. Neither mutation was detected in control group. CONCLUSIONS Our results extended the spectrum of EXT1 mutations, revealing similar incidence of EXT1 and EXT2 in Taiwanese MHE patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-De Lin
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan ; School of Post Baccalaureate Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wuh-Liang Hwu
- Department of Pediatrics and Medical Genetics, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Hsing Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan ; School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Fuu-Jen Tsai
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan ; Department of Pediatrics, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan ; Department of Medical Genetics, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan ; School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan ; Department of Health and Nutrition Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan ; Department of Pediatrics and Medical Genetics, China Medical University Hospital, No. 2, Yuh Der Road, 404 Taichung, Taiwan
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