1
|
Lai Y, Lin Y. Biological functions and therapeutic potential of CKS2 in human cancer. Front Oncol 2024; 14:1424569. [PMID: 39188686 PMCID: PMC11345170 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2024.1424569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The incidence of cancer is increasing worldwide and is the most common cause of death. Identification of novel cancer diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers is important for developing cancer treatment strategies and reducing mortality. Cyclin-dependent kinase subunit 2 (CKS2) is involved in cell cycle and proliferation processes, and based on these processes, CKS2 was identified as a cancer gene. CKS2 is expressed in a variety of tissues in the human body, but its abnormal expression is associated with cancer in a variety of systems. CKS2 is generally elevated in cancer, plays a role in almost all aspects of cancer biology (such as cell proliferation, invasion, metastasis, and drug resistance) through multiple mechanisms regulating certain important genes, and is associated with clinicopathological features of patients. In addition, CKS2 expression patterns are closely related to cancer type, stage and other clinical variables. Therefore, CKS2 is considered as a tool for cancer diagnosis and prognosis and may be a promising tumor biomarker and therapeutic target. This article reviews the biological function, mechanism of action and potential clinical significance of CKS2 in cancer, in order to provide a new theoretical basis for clinical molecular diagnosis, molecular targeted therapy and scientific research of cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yueliang Lai
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ganzhou People’s Hospital, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
- The Affiliated Ganzhou Hospital of Nanchang University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
| | - Ye Lin
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ganzhou People’s Hospital, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
- The Affiliated Ganzhou Hospital of Nanchang University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhang Y, Li Z, Huang Y, Zou B, Xu Y. Prognostic significance of cyclin-dependent kinase subunit 2 (CKS2) in malignant tumours: a meta-analysis and bioinformatic analysis. BMJ Open 2024; 14:e073887. [PMID: 38296306 PMCID: PMC10831450 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2023-073887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to systematically elucidate the prognostic significance of cyclin-dependent kinase subunit 2 (CKS2) expression in various cancers and its correlation with their clinicopathological characteristics. DESIGN In this meta-analysis and bioinformatic analysis, articles were identified through searches of multiple databases and meta-analysed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols. Data from The Cancer Genome Atlas were examined using UCSC Xena tools to further confirm the prognostic effect of CKS2. DATA SOURCES The PubMed, Embase, Web of Science and Cochrane Library databases were searched for articles published from their inception to 1 January 2023, using a combination of subject terms and free words, including 'CKS2', 'cancer', 'tumor', 'neoplasm', 'carcinoma', 'malignancy' and 'prognosis'. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA The analysis included cohort or case-control studies, reported in English, with malignancy diagnoses confirmed by pathological methods, available HRs and 95% CIs for overall survival (OS) or extractable Kaplan-Meier curves, and a sample size of ≥20 patients. Reviews, commentaries, letters, conference reports, case reports, in vitro and animal studies, studies of CKS2 gene variants, studies with sample cases from public databases and studies with unavailable survival or duplicated data were excluded. DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS Two researchers independently screened the articles, extracted the data and evaluated the quality of included studies using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Meta-analysis and bioinformatic analyses were performed using the STATA and R software, respectively. RESULTS The analysis included 13 retrospective studies encompassing 1348 cases across 10 cancer types. Nine studies involving 1124 patients examined the correlation between CKS2 expression levels and OS. A fixed-effects model analysis revealed a significant association between high CKS2 expression and reduced OS (HR=2.27, 95% CI=1.87 to 2.77, p<0.001). Furthermore, high CKS2 expression was significantly associated with advanced tumour stage (relative risk (RR) = 1.82, 95% CI=1.57 to 2.11, p<0.001), lymph node metastasis (RR=1.68, 95% CI=1.38 to 2.04, p<0.001), larger tumour size (RR=1.60, 95% CI=1.27 to 2.03, p<0.001) and lower differentiation grade (RR=1.57, 95% CI=1.29 to 1.90, p<0.001). CKS2 expression levels were not significantly correlated with patients' age (RR=1.11, 95% CI=0.99 to 1.26, p=0.071) or sex (RR=0.98, 95% CI=0.90 to 1.07, p=0.653). An assessment of the articles showed no significant publication bias, confirming the robustness of these findings. The bioinformatic analysis further confirmed CKS2 upregulation in the examined cancer types and its association with poor OS in glioma (HR=1.97, 95% CI=1.78 to 2.18, p=3.70×10-42), liver hepatocellular carcinoma (HR=1.56, 95% CI=1.31 to 1.86, p=3.50×10-7) and lung adenocarcinoma (HR=1.27, 95% CI=1.10 to 1.48, p=1.70×10-3). CONCLUSIONS Elevated CKS2 expression is associated with poor prognosis in a subset of malignant tumours, highlighting its potential as a prognostic marker. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER CRD42023394038.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Division of Thoracic Oncology, Sichuan University West China Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zheng Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Division of Thoracic Oncology, Sichuan University West China Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Ying Huang
- College of Management, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan, Sichuan, China
| | - Bingwen Zou
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Division of Thoracic Oncology, Sichuan University West China Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yong Xu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Division of Thoracic Oncology, Sichuan University West China Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Li Z, Chen Y, Zhang B, Xie L, Shi B. Global trends and hotspots in Cyclin-dependent Kinase Subunit 2 research from 1999 to 2022: A bibliometric and visualized analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2023; 102:e36319. [PMID: 38050288 PMCID: PMC10695487 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000036319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cyclin-dependent Kinase Subunit 2 is a protein closely related to the regulation of the cell cycle. In recent years, there has been an increasing number of research articles on this topic. However, there is a lack of comprehensive synthesis and evaluation in the field of CKS2 research. This study aims to summarize and visualize the literature distribution, research hotspots, and development trends of CKS2 based on bibliometric methods. METHODS Publications from 1999 to 2022 were extracted from the Web of Science. Citespace was used to analyze the relevant information of each article. RESULTS A total of 138 publications focused on CKS2 showed a positive growth trend from 1999 to 2022 and were published by 27 countries. The most prolific countries are China and the USA. The most prolific institution is Scripps Research Institute. The most prolific author is Steven I. Reed from Scripps Research Institute. The most cited article is published by Todd R Golub. The most cited author is Hanna-Stina Martinsson-Ahlzen. The journal with the most published articles is International Journal of Oncology. The high frequency keywords suggest that expression and function of CKS2 in cancer are dominated topics. The clusters and burst words suggest that expression and function of CKS2 still active in the future. CONCLUSION SUBSECTIONS The results of this bibliometric analysis provide information on the state and trends in CKS2 from 1999 to 2022. It is helpful for scholars to pinpoint hot issues and discover new areas of study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ziteng Li
- School of Acupuncture-Tuina, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Yuanzhen Chen
- Neck-Shoulder and Lumbocrural Pain Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Neck-Shoulder and Lumbocrural Pain Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Liangyu Xie
- Neck-Shoulder and Lumbocrural Pain Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Bin Shi
- Neck-Shoulder and Lumbocrural Pain Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Chen Q, Fu Y, Liu X, Wang P, Dai S, Zhu F, Liu T, Xu W, Wu J. Aberrant expression of CKS2 induced by ELK1 contributes to malignant progression of pancreatic cancer. Mol Carcinog 2023; 62:1947-1959. [PMID: 37642304 DOI: 10.1002/mc.23627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Cyclin-dependent kinase subunit 2 (CKS2) has been reported to promote various malignancies. This study investigated the functional role of CKS2 in pancreatic cancer (PC). An analysis of abnormally expressed genes and their prognostic value for PC was performed by using the Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis (GEPIA) database and performing immunohistochemical staining on 64 samples of tumor tissue. CCK-8 assays, EdU staining, colony formation assays, flow cytometry, and a xenograft tumor model were used to analyze the biological function of CKS2 in PC. Our results revealed that CKS2 was expressed at significantly higher levels in PC tissues than in adjacent normal tissues, and a high level of CKS2 expression was associated with a poor prognosis for patients with PC. Moreover, functional assays revealed that CKS2 knockdown suppressed cell proliferation, induced cell cycle S phase, G2/M phase arrest, and apoptosis in vitro, and also reduced tumor growth in vivo. In addition, CKS2 knockdown increased the levels of Bax, caspase-3, P53, P21, and GADD45α expression, but decreased Bcl-2, Cyclin B1, CDK1, Cyclin A, and Cdc25C expression. CKS2 overexpression produced the opposite effects of CKS2 knockdown. Furthermore, we found that ELK1 protein regulated transcription of the CKS2 gene. In conclusion, our findings suggest that CKS2 expression is regulated by ELK1, which could possibly serve as prognostic indicator and therapeutic target for PC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiuyang Chen
- Pancreas Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Pancreas Institute, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Jiangyin Hospital of Southeast University Medical College, Wuxi, China
| | - Yue Fu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Affiliated Changzhou No.2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, China
| | - Xinchun Liu
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Anal Surgery, The Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Pancreas Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Pancreas Institute, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shangnan Dai
- Pancreas Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Pancreas Institute, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Feng Zhu
- Pancreas Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Pancreas Institute, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tongtai Liu
- Pancreas Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Pancreas Institute, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenbin Xu
- Pancreas Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Pancreas Institute, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Junli Wu
- Pancreas Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Pancreas Institute, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Saikia M, Bhattacharyya DK, Kalita JK. Identification of Potential Biomarkers Using Integrative Approach: A Case Study of ESCC. SN COMPUTER SCIENCE 2023; 4:114. [PMID: 36573207 PMCID: PMC9769493 DOI: 10.1007/s42979-022-01492-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents a consensus-based approach that incorporates three microarray and three RNA-Seq methods for unbiased and integrative identification of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) as potential biomarkers for critical disease(s). The proposed method performs satisfactorily on two microarray datasets (GSE20347 and GSE23400) and one RNA-Seq dataset (GSE130078) for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). Based on the input dataset, our framework employs specific DE methods to detect DEGs independently. A consensus based function that first considers DEGs common to all three methods for further downstream analysis has been introduced. The consensus function employs other parameters to overcome information loss. Differential co-expression (DCE) and preservation analysis of DEGs facilitates the study of behavioral changes in interactions among DEGs under normal and diseased circumstances. Considering hub genes in biologically relevant modules and most GO and pathway enriched DEGs as candidates for potential biomarkers of ESCC, we perform further validation through biological analysis as well as literature evidence. We have identified 25 DEGs that have strong biological relevance to their respective datasets and have previous literature establishing them as potential biomarkers for ESCC. We have further identified 8 additional DEGs as probable potential biomarkers for ESCC, but recommend further in-depth analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manaswita Saikia
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Tezpur University, Napaam, Tezpur, Assam 784028 India
| | - Dhruba K Bhattacharyya
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Tezpur University, Napaam, Tezpur, Assam 784028 India
| | - Jugal K Kalita
- Department of Computer Science, College of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Colorado, Colorado Springs, CO 80918 USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Gao L, Chen G, Liang ZQ, Li JD, Li DM, Tang YL, Tang D, Huang ZG, Chen JH, Luo JY, Zeng JH, Dang YW, Feng ZB. Expression Profile and Molecular Basis of Cyclin-Dependent Kinases Regulatory Subunit 2 in Endometrial Carcinoma Detected by Diversified Methods. Pathol Oncol Res 2022; 28:1610307. [PMID: 35693634 PMCID: PMC9184457 DOI: 10.3389/pore.2022.1610307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: Our purpose was to systematically appraise the clinicopathological significance and explore the molecular bases of CKS2 in endometrial carcinoma. Patients and Methods: We measured the clinicopathological significance of CKS2 using diverse methods of public RNA-seq, microarrays, and in-house tissue microarrays to investigate the molecular basis of CKS2 in endometrial carcinoma through upstream transcriptional analysis, immune infiltration correlation analysis, and co-expression analysis. Results: Both the analysis for public RNA-seq plus the microarray data and in-house tissue microarray confirmed the significant overexpression of CKS2 in a total of 1,021 endometrial carcinoma samples compared with 279 non-cancer endometrium samples (SMD = 2.10, 95% CI = 0.72-3.48). The upregulated CKS2 was significantly related to the lymph node metastasis and advanced clinical grade of endometrial carcinoma patients (p < 0.001). Mutation types such as amplification and mRNA occurred with high frequency in the CKS2 gene in endometrial carcinoma patients. A series of miRNAs and transcription factors, such as hsa-miR-26a, hsa-miR-130a, hsa-miR-30, E2F4, MAX, and GABPA, were predicted to regulate the transcription and expression of CKS2. Significant links were found between CKS2 expression and the infiltration level of B cells, CD4+ T cells, and neutrophils in endometrial carcinoma. CKS2-coexpressed genes were actively involved in pathways such as the mitotic cell cycle process, PID aurora B pathway, and prolactin signaling pathway. Conclusion: The overexpressed CKS2 showed positive correlations with the clinical progression of endometrial carcinoma and was associated with various cancer-related biological processes and pathways, showing potential as a promising clinical biomarker for endometrial carcinoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Gao
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Gang Chen
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Zi-Qian Liang
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Jian-Di Li
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Dong-Ming Li
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Yu-Lu Tang
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Deng Tang
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Zhi-Guang Huang
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Jun-Hong Chen
- Department of Pathology, Guangxi Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Nanning, China
| | - Jia-Yuan Luo
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Jiang-Hui Zeng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University/Nanning Second People's Hospital, Nanning, China
| | - Yi-Wu Dang
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Zhen-Bo Feng
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Mo C, Wu Y, Ma J, Xie L, Huang Y, Xu Y, Peng H, Chen Z, Zeng M, Mao R. Clinicopathological value of the upregulation of cyclin-dependent kinases regulatory subunit 2 in osteosarcoma. BMC Med Genomics 2022; 15:81. [PMID: 35410253 PMCID: PMC9004629 DOI: 10.1186/s12920-022-01234-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cyclin-dependent kinase subunit 2 (CKS2) is a member of cyclin dependent kinase subfamily and the relationship between CKS2 and osteosarcoma (OS) remains to be further analyzed. Methods 80 OS and 41 non-tumor tissue samples were arranged to perform immunohistochemistry (IHC) to evaluate CKS2 expression between OS and non-tumor samples. The standard mean deviation (SMD) was calculated based on in-house IHC and tissue microarrays, and exterior high-throughput datasets for further verification of CKS2 expression trend in OS. The effect of CKS2 expression on clinicopathological parameters of OS patients, and single-cell in OS tissues was analyzed through public high-throughput datasets and functional enrichment analysis was conducted for co-expression genes of CKS2 in accordance with weighted correlation network analysis. Results A total of 217 OS samples and 87 non-tumor samples (including tissue and cell line) were obtained from in-house IHC, microarrays and exterior high-throughput datasets. The analysis of integrated expression status demonstrated up-regulation of CKS2 in OS (SMD = 1.57, 95%CI [0.27–2.86]) and the significant power of CKS2 expression in distinguishing OS samples from non-tumor samples (AUC = 0.97 95%CI [0.95–0.98]). Clinicopathological analysis of GSE21257 indicated that OS patients with higher CKS2 expression was more likely to suffer OS metastasis. Although Kaplan–Meier curves showed no remarkable difference of overall survival rate between OS patients with high and low-CKS2, CKS2 was found up-regulated in proliferating osteosarcoma cells. Co-expression genes of CKS2 were mainly assembled in function and pathways such as cell cycle, cell adhesion, and intercellular material transport. Conclusions In summary, up-regulation of CKS2 expression in OS tissue was found through multiple technical approaches. In addition, scRNA-seq and co-expression analysis showed that CKS2 may have an impact on important biological process linked with cell cycle, cell adhesion, and intercellular material transport. Present study on CKS2 in OS indicated a promising prospect for CKS2 as a biomarker for OS. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12920-022-01234-8.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chaohua Mo
- Department of Pathology, Foshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Foshan, 528300, Guangdong, China
| | - Yanxing Wu
- Department of Pathology, Foshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Foshan, 528300, Guangdong, China
| | - Jie Ma
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Le Xie
- Department of Pathology, Foshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Foshan, 528300, Guangdong, China
| | - Yingxin Huang
- Department of Pathology, Foshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Foshan, 528300, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuanyuan Xu
- Department of Pathology, Foshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Foshan, 528300, Guangdong, China
| | - Huizhi Peng
- Department of Pathology, Foshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Foshan, 528300, Guangdong, China
| | - Zengwei Chen
- Department of Pathology, Foshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Foshan, 528300, Guangdong, China
| | - Min Zeng
- Department of Pathology, Foshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Foshan, 528300, Guangdong, China
| | - Rongjun Mao
- Department of Pathology, Foshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Foshan, 528300, Guangdong, China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Wang Z, Zhang M, Wu Y, Yu Y, Zheng Q, Li J. CKS2 Overexpression Correlates with Prognosis and Immune Cell Infiltration in Lung Adenocarcinoma: A Comprehensive Study based on Bioinformatics and Experiments. J Cancer 2021; 12:6964-6978. [PMID: 34729099 PMCID: PMC8558665 DOI: 10.7150/jca.63625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Cyclin-dependent kinase regulatory subunit 2 (CKS2) plays a vital role in regulation of the cell cycle and cancer progression. However, the role of CKS2 in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) remains unkonwn. Here, we examined the prognostic value and biological functions of CKS2 in LUAD by using omics data of 1,235 LUAD samples from TCGA, GEO, and our own cohort as well as data of in vitro experiments. Methods: Kaplan-Meier was conducted to evaluate the prognostic value of CKS2 expression. The association between CKS2 expression level and tumor immune infiltration was explored using the single-sample Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (ssGSEA) and TIMER database. Functional enrichment analyses were performed to annotate the biological functions of CKS2 in LUAD. Furthermore, a series of in vitro experiments and immunohistochemistry were performed for validation. Results: CKS2 overexpression was correlated with the advanced stage, TP53 status, PD-L1 expression, and DNA hypomethylation. Moreover, patients with LUAD and high CKS2 expression exhibited poor overall survival. Functional enrichment analysis indicated that CKS2 was involved in cell division, cell cycle, DNA replication. Experiments in vitro indicated that CKS2 knockdown decreased the invasion and proliferation of LUAD cells and facilitated their apoptosis. ssGSEA and TIMER analysis revealed a negative correlation between CKS2 expression and the immune cell infiltration. Conclusions: In summary, High CKS2 expression was associated with poor prognosis and low levels of infiltrating immune cells in LUAD as well as with malignant phenotypes. Therefore, CKS2 may be a promising prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target in LUAD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiping Wang
- Fujian Medical University Cancer Hospital, Fujian Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Mengyan Zhang
- Fujian Medical University Cancer Hospital, Fujian Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Yahua Wu
- Fujian Medical University Cancer Hospital, Fujian Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Yilin Yu
- Fujian Medical University Cancer Hospital, Fujian Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Qunhao Zheng
- Fujian Medical University Cancer Hospital, Fujian Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Jiancheng Li
- Fujian Medical University Cancer Hospital, Fujian Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Hu M, Li Z, Qiu J, Zhang R, Feng J, Hu G, Ren J. CKS2 (CDC28 protein kinase regulatory subunit 2) is a prognostic biomarker in lower grade glioma: a study based on bioinformatic analysis and immunohistochemistry. Bioengineered 2021; 12:5996-6009. [PMID: 34494924 PMCID: PMC8806895 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2021.1972197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Gliomas account for the highest cases of primary brain malignancies. Whereas previous studies have demonstrated the roles of CDC28 Protein Kinase Regulatory Subunit 2 (CKS2) in various cancer types, its functions in lower grade gliomas (LGGs) remain elusive. This study aimed to profile the expression and functions of CKS2 in LGG. Multiple online databases such as The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), the Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas (CGGA), Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis 2nd edition (GEPIA2), Tumor Immune Estimation Resource 2nd edition (TIMER2.0) as well as Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) were used in this study. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was performed to evaluate CKS2 protein expression. Our data demonstrated upregulation of CKS2 in LGG tissues at both mRNA and protein level, especially in grade III gliomas. Similarly, there was increased expression of CKS2 in isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) wildtype gliomas. In addition, increased DNA copy number and DNA hypomethylation might be associated with the upregulation of the CKS2 in LGG. Using the Kaplan–Meier survival analysis and the Cox regression analysis, CKS2 was shown to be independently associated with poor prognosis of LGG patients. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis revealed that CKS2 could effectively predict the 1-, 3- and 5-year survival rates of LGG patients. Enrichment analyses revealed that CKS2 was mainly involved in the regulation of the cell cycle in LGG. Taken together, our study demonstrated that CKS2 might be a candidate prognostic biomarker for LGG and could predict the survival rates of LGG patients. Abbreviations: LGG: lower grade glioma; CKS2: CDC28 protein kinase regulatory subunit 2; TCGA: The Cancer Genome Atlas; CGGA: the Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas; GEO: Gene Expression Omnibus; GEPIA: Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis; TIMER: Tumor Immune Estimation Resource; IHC: immunohistochemistry; qRT-PCR: quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction; PBS: phosphate buffered saline; DAB: diaminobenzidine tetrachloride; OS: overall survival; CAN: copy number alteration; IDH: Isocitrate dehydrogenase; GSEA: Gene Set Enrichment Analysis; DEG: differentially expressed gene; KEGG: Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes; GO: Gene ontology; BP: biological process; CC: cellular component; MF: molecular function; NES: normalized enrichment score; NOM: nominal; FDR: false discovery rate
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Menglong Hu
- Department of Pathology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Zongkuo Li
- Department of Pathology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Jinhuan Qiu
- Department of Pathology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Ruizhen Zhang
- Department of Pathology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Junkai Feng
- Department of Pathology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Guiming Hu
- Department of Pathology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Jingli Ren
- Department of Pathology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
LINC00657/miR-26a-5p/CKS2 ceRNA network promotes the growth of esophageal cancer cells via the MDM2/p53/Bcl2/Bax pathway. Biosci Rep 2021; 40:224733. [PMID: 32426838 PMCID: PMC7268253 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20200525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
LncRNA LINC00657 has oncogenic or anti-carcinoma roles in different cancers, and yet its detailed molecular mechanism in esophageal cancer (EC) remains unclear. In addition, competitive endogenous RNA (ceRNA) regulatory lncRNA–miRNA–mRNA networks are critical for tumorigenesis and progression. Hence, the present study explored the roles of LINC00657 in EC and identified its relevant ceRNA network. We first detected the expression of LINC00657 in EC. Then, we applied starBase and TargetScan websites to find miR-26a-5p binding to LINC00657 and obtain CKS2 as a target of miR-26a-5p. The roles of LINC00657, miR-26a-5p or CKS2 in the proliferation, migration, invasion, and apoptosis of EC cells were respectively assessed by CCK-8, wound healing assay, transwell invasion assay, and flow cytometry. The changes of the MDM2/p53/Bcl2/Bax pathway were measured via Western blot. The results revealed that LINC00657 showed an aberrant high expression in EC cells, which promoted the growth of EC cells. Additionally, LINC00657 functioned as a sponge of miR-26a-5p, and LINC00657 negatively mediated miR-26a-5p to regulate the growth of EC cells. Furthermore, CKS2 was observed as a direct target of miR-26a-5p, and CKS2 controlled the growth of EC cells via the MDM2/p53/Bcl2/Bax pathway. Moreover, there was a positive correlation between LINC00657 and CKS2. LINC00657 knockdown inhibited CKS2 expression to suppress the proliferation, migration, and invasion of EC cells and induced apoptosis via regulating the MDM2/p53/Bcl2/Bax pathway. Collectively, LINC00657/miR-26a-5p/CKS2 ceRNA network could promote the progression of EC, which is good for understanding the molecular mechanism of EC and offers novel biomarkers for EC diagnosis and therapy.
Collapse
|
11
|
Gao F, Li C, Zhao X, Xie J, Fang G, Li Y. CKS2 modulates cell-cycle progression of tongue squamous cell carcinoma cells partly via modulating the cellular distribution of DUTPase. J Oral Pathol Med 2020; 50:175-182. [PMID: 33107644 DOI: 10.1111/jop.13116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CKS2 (CDC28 Protein Kinase Regulatory Subunit 2) is a gene that encodes CKS2 protein that has been characterized as a binding partner of the catalytic subunit of the cyclin-dependent kinases. However, its expression profile and regulatory effects in tongue squamous cell carcinoma has not yet been explored. METHODS Bioinformatic analysis was conducted using bulk-seq data from The Cancer Genome Atlas and single-cell RNA-seq data from GSE103322. SCC9 and CAL27 cells were used as in vitro cell models for cellular and molecular studies. RESULTS CKS2 expression was significantly upregulated in tongue squamous cell carcinoma tissues (N = 128) compared with adjacent normal tissues (N = 13). Its upregulation was associated with significantly shorter disease-specific survival and progression-free survival. Cellular status estimation in tumor cells indicated that CKS2 expression was moderately and positively correlated with cell-cycle progression. CKS2 inhibition in SCC9 and CAL27 cells resulted in decreased proliferation, weakened colony formation capability, and cell-cycle arrest at the G2/M phase. Immunofluorescence staining and co-Immunoprecipitation (co-IP) assay confirmed co-localization and interaction between CKS2 and DUTPase. CKS2 knockdown did not alter DUTPase expression but reduced its nuclear distribution. Both CKS2 and DUT expression were moderately correlated with their gene-level copy number. CONCLUSION CKS2 expression is associated with unfavorable survival of patients with tongue squamous cell carcinoma. Inhibiting its expression could reduce tongue squamous cell carcinoma cell growth and induce G2/M arrest. CKS2 may interact with DUTPase and regulate its nuclear localization. Gene-level copy amplification might be an important mechanism of upregulated CKS2 and DUT in the tumor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fei Gao
- Operation Room, Jinan Stomatological Hospital, Jinan, China
| | - Chong Li
- Department of Outpatient Nursing, Jinan Stomatological Hospital, Jinan, China
| | - Xiqun Zhao
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Jinan Stomatological Hospital, Jinan, China
| | - Jianli Xie
- Department of Prosthodontics, Jinan Stomatological Hospital, Jinan, China
| | - Guiqing Fang
- Clinical laboratory, Jinan Stomatological Hospital, Jinan, China
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Outpatient Nursing, Jinan Stomatological Hospital, Jinan, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Li J, Xie Y, Wang X, Jiang C, Yuan X, Zhang A, Yang L, Liu C, Zou H, Li F, Hu J. Identification of hub genes associated with esophageal cancer progression using bioinformatics analysis. Oncol Lett 2020; 20:214. [PMID: 32963620 PMCID: PMC7491038 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2020.12077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The underlying causes of esophageal cancer (EC) are unknown. To explore the molecular mechanisms that lead to EC, gene expression profiles of large cohorts of patients with EC were obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas and the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) databases (GSE5364, GSE20347 and GSE23400). The present study identified 83 upregulated and 22 downregulated genes between EC and normal tissue using R statistical software and the GEO2R web tool. The Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery was used to identify the associated pathways, and for functional annotation of the differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Protein-protein interactions of these DEGs were analyzed based on the Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes database, and hub genes were visualized using Cytoscape software. An online Kaplan-Meier plotter survival analysis tool was utilized to evaluate the prognostic value of hub gene expression in patients with EC. Further analysis of an additional dataset from GEO (GSE21293) revealed that these genes were associated with infiltration and metastasis in EC. In addition, the Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis tool was used to evaluate expression levels of hub genes in patients with EC for different pathological stages. The Ualcan analysis tool was used to evaluate the expression levels of hub genes for different histological types. Overall, ubiquitin conjugating enzyme E2 C, cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor 3, CDC28 protein kinase regulatory subunit 2, kinesin family member 20A (KIF20A) and RAD51 associated protein 1 (RAD51AP1) were upregulated in EC tissues compared with normal tissues, and upregulation of these genes was a poor prognostic factor for patients with EC, indicating that these genes may mediate EC cell infiltration and metastasis. Among the hub genes, KIF-20A had potential value for predicting the pathological stage of EC. KIF20A and RAD51AP1 were more informative biomarkers of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Further studies are required to explore the value of these genes in the treatment of EC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiangfen Li
- Department of Pathology and Key Laboratory for Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases (Ministry of Education), The First Affiliated Hospital, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832000, P.R. China
| | - Yufang Xie
- Department of Pathology and Key Laboratory for Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases (Ministry of Education), The First Affiliated Hospital, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832000, P.R. China
| | - Xueli Wang
- Department of Pathology and Key Laboratory for Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases (Ministry of Education), The First Affiliated Hospital, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832000, P.R. China
| | - Chenhao Jiang
- Department of Pathology and Key Laboratory for Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases (Ministry of Education), The First Affiliated Hospital, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832000, P.R. China
| | - Xin Yuan
- Department of Pathology and Key Laboratory for Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases (Ministry of Education), The First Affiliated Hospital, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832000, P.R. China
| | - Anzhi Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Key Laboratory for Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases (Ministry of Education), The First Affiliated Hospital, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832000, P.R. China
| | - Lan Yang
- Department of Pathology and Key Laboratory for Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases (Ministry of Education), The First Affiliated Hospital, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832000, P.R. China
| | - Chunxia Liu
- Department of Pathology and Key Laboratory for Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases (Ministry of Education), The First Affiliated Hospital, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832000, P.R. China
| | - Hong Zou
- Department of Pathology and Key Laboratory for Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases (Ministry of Education), The First Affiliated Hospital, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832000, P.R. China
| | - Feng Li
- Department of Pathology and Key Laboratory for Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases (Ministry of Education), The First Affiliated Hospital, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832000, P.R. China.,Department of Pathology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100000, P.R. China
| | - Jianming Hu
- Department of Pathology and Key Laboratory for Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases (Ministry of Education), The First Affiliated Hospital, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832000, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Si M, Zhang J, Cao J, Xie Z, Shu S, Zhu Y, Lang J. Integrated Analysis To Identify Molecular Biomarkers Of High-Grade Serous Ovarian Cancer. Onco Targets Ther 2019; 12:10057-10075. [PMID: 31819501 PMCID: PMC6877452 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s228678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Ovarian cancer is the leading cause of gynecologic cancer-related death worldwide. Early diagnosis of ovarian cancer can significantly improve patient prognosis. Hence, there is an urgent need to identify key diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers specific for ovarian cancer. Because high-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC) is the most common type of ovarian cancer and accounts for the majority of deaths, we identified potential biomarkers for the early diagnosis and prognosis of HGSOC. Methods Six datasets (GSE14001, GSE18520, GSE26712, GSE27651, GSE40595, and GSE54388) were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus database for analysis. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between HGSOC and normal ovarian surface epithelium samples were screened via integrated analysis. Hub genes were identified by analyzing protein-protein interaction (PPI) network data. The online Kaplan-Meier plotter was utilized to evaluate the prognostic roles of these hub genes. The expression of these hub genes was confirmed with Oncomine datasets and validated by quantitative real-time PCR and Western blotting. Results A total of 103 DEGs in patients with HGSOC-28 upregulated genes and 75 downregulated genes-were successfully screened. Enrichment analyses revealed that the upregulated genes were enriched in cell division and cell proliferation and that the downregulated genes mainly participated in the Wnt signaling pathway and various metabolic processes. Ten hub genes were associated with HGSOC pathogenesis. Seven overexpressed hub genes were partitioned into module 1 of the PPI network, which was enriched in the cell cycle and DNA replication pathways. Survival analysis revealed that MELK, CEP55 and KDR expression levels were significantly correlated with the overall survival of HGSOC patients (P < 0.05). The RNA and protein expression levels of these hub genes were validated experimentally. Conclusion Based on an integrated analysis, we propose the further investigation of MELK, CEP55 and KDR as promising diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers of HGSOC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manfei Si
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Junji Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianzhong Cao
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhibo Xie
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Shan Shu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yapei Zhu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinghe Lang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Regulatory Subunit 2 Indicated Poor Prognosis and Facilitated Aggressive Phenotype of Hepatocellular Carcinoma. DISEASE MARKERS 2019; 2019:8964015. [PMID: 31781310 PMCID: PMC6855053 DOI: 10.1155/2019/8964015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cyclin-dependent kinase regulatory subunit 2 (CKS2) is a member of the cell cycle-dependent protein kinase subunit family, which is implicated as an oncogene in various malignancies. However, the clinical significance, oncogenic functions, and related mechanisms of CKS2 in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remain largely unclear. In the present study, expression features and prognostic value of CKS2 were evaluated in the bioinformatic databases and HCC tissues. The effects of CKS2 on the malignant phenotypes of HCC cells were explored in vitro. According to the analyses of three bioinformatic databases, mRNA levels of CKS2 were elevated in HCC tissues compared with the normal tissues. Immunohistochemical assays found that high CKS2 expression was closely associated with liver cirrhosis (P = 0.019), poor differentiation (P = 0.02), portal vein invasion (P < 0.001), TNM stage (P = 0.019), tumor metastasis (P = 0.008), and recurrence (P = 0.003). The multivariate regression analyses suggested that CKS2 was an independent prognostic factor for overall survival (HR = 2.088, P = 0.014) and disease-free survival (HR = 2.511, P = 0.002) of HCC patients. Moreover, the bioinformatic analyses indicated that CKS2 might be associated with the malignant phenotypes in HCC progression. In addition, in vitro assays showed that CKS2 expression was higher in HCC cell lines than in normal liver cells. Knockdown of CKS2 remarkably repressed the proliferation, colony formation (P = 0.0003), chemoresistance, migration (P = 0.0047), and invasion (P = 0.0012) of HCC cells. Taken together, overexpression of CKS2 was significantly correlated with poor prognosis of HCC patients and the malignant phenotypes of HCC cells, suggesting that it was a novel prognostic biomarker and potential target of HCC.
Collapse
|
15
|
Jonsson M, Fjeldbo CS, Holm R, Stokke T, Kristensen GB, Lyng H. Mitochondrial Function of CKS2 Oncoprotein Links Oxidative Phosphorylation with Cell Division in Chemoradioresistant Cervical Cancer. Neoplasia 2019; 21:353-362. [PMID: 30856376 PMCID: PMC6411633 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2019.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
CDK regulatory subunit 2 (CKS2) has a nuclear function that promotes cell division and is a candidate biomarker of chemoradioresistance in cervical cancer. The underlying mechanisms are, however, not completely understood. We investigated whether CKS2 also has a mitochondrial function that augments tumor aggressiveness. Based on global gene expression data of two cervical cancer cohorts of 150 and 135 patients, we identified a set of genes correlated with CKS2 expression. Gene set enrichment analysis showed enrichment of mitochondrial cellular compartments, and the hallmarks oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) and targets of the MYC oncogene in the gene set. By in situ proximity ligation assay, we showed that CKS2 formed complex with the positively correlated MYC target, mitochondrial single-stranded DNA binding protein SSBP1, in the mitochondrion of cervix tumor samples and HeLa and SiHa cervical cancer cell lines, indicating a role in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) replication and thereby OXPHOS. CDK1 was found to be part of the complex. Flow cytometry analyses of HeLa cells showed cell cycle regulation of the CKS2-SSBP1 complex consistent with mtDNA replication activity. Moreover, repression of mtDNA replication and OXPHOS by acute hypoxia decreased CKS2-SSBP1 complex abundance and expression of MYC targets. By immunohistochemistry, cytoplasmic CKS2 expression was found to add to the prognostic impact of nuclear CKS2 expression in patients, suggesting that the mitochondrial function promotes tumor aggressiveness. Our study uncovers a novel link between regulation of cell division by nuclear pathways and OXPHOS in the mitochondrion that involves CKS2 and promotes chemoradioresistance of cervical cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marte Jonsson
- Department of Radiation Biology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Ruth Holm
- Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Trond Stokke
- Department of Radiation Biology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Gunnar Balle Kristensen
- Department of Gynaecologic Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Institute for Cancer Genetics and Informatics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Heidi Lyng
- Department of Radiation Biology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Shimonosono M, Idichi T, Seki N, Yamada Y, Arai T, Arigami T, Sasaki K, Omoto I, Uchikado Y, Kita Y, Kurahara H, Maemura K, Natsugoe S. Molecular pathogenesis of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: Identification of the antitumor effects of miR‑145‑3p on gene regulation. Int J Oncol 2018; 54:673-688. [PMID: 30535463 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2018.4657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Although miR‑145‑5p (the guide strand of the miR‑145 duplex) is established as a tumor suppressive microRNA (miRNA or miR), the functional significance of miR‑145‑3p (the passenger strand of the miR‑145 duplex) in cancer cells and its targets remains obscure. In our continuing analysis of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) pathogenesis, the aim of the present study was to identify important oncogenes and proteins that are controlled by miR‑145‑3p. Overexpression of miR‑145‑3p significantly reduced cancer cell proliferation, migration and invasive abilities, and further increased apoptotic abilities. In ESCC cells, 30 possible oncogenic targets were identified that might be regulated by miR‑145‑3p. Among these targets, dehydrogenase/reductase member 2 (DHRS2) and myosin IB (MYO1B) were focused on to investigate their functional roles in ESCC cells. DHRS2 and MYO1B were directly regulated by miR‑145‑3p in ESCC cells by dual luciferase reporter assays. Aberrantly expressed DHRS2 and MYOIB were detected in ESCC clinical specimens, and their overexpression enhanced cancer cell aggressiveness. Genes regulated by antitumor miR‑145‑3p were closely associated with the molecular pathogenesis of ESCC. The approach based on antitumor miRNAs may contribute to the understanding of ESCC molecular pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masataka Shimonosono
- Department of Digestive Surgery, Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890‑8520, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Idichi
- Department of Digestive Surgery, Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890‑8520, Japan
| | - Naohiko Seki
- Department of Functional Genomics, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba 260‑8670, Japan
| | - Yasutaka Yamada
- Department of Functional Genomics, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba 260‑8670, Japan
| | - Takayuki Arai
- Department of Functional Genomics, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba 260‑8670, Japan
| | - Takaaki Arigami
- Department of Digestive Surgery, Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890‑8520, Japan
| | - Ken Sasaki
- Department of Digestive Surgery, Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890‑8520, Japan
| | - Itaru Omoto
- Department of Digestive Surgery, Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890‑8520, Japan
| | - Yasuto Uchikado
- Department of Digestive Surgery, Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890‑8520, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Kita
- Department of Digestive Surgery, Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890‑8520, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kurahara
- Department of Digestive Surgery, Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890‑8520, Japan
| | - Kosei Maemura
- Department of Digestive Surgery, Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890‑8520, Japan
| | - Shoji Natsugoe
- Department of Digestive Surgery, Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890‑8520, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Li J, Tan W, Peng L, Zhang J, Huang X, Cui Q, Zheng J, Tan W, Wu C, Lin D. Integrative analysis of gene expression profiles reveals specific signaling pathways associated with pancreatic duct adenocarcinoma. Cancer Commun (Lond) 2018; 38:13. [PMID: 29764514 PMCID: PMC5993144 DOI: 10.1186/s40880-018-0289-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Pancreatic duct adenocarcinoma (PDAC) remains a major health problem because conventional cancer treatments are relatively ineffective against it. Microarray studies have linked many genes to pancreatic cancer, but the available data have not been extensively mined for potential insights into PDAC. This study attempted to identify PDAC-associated genes and signaling pathways based on six microarray-based profiles of gene expression in pancreatic cancer deposited in the gene expression omnibus database. Methods Pathway network methods were used to analyze core pathways in six publicly available pancreatic cancer gene (GSE71989, GSE15471, GSE16515, GSE32676, GSE41368 and GSE28735) expression profiles. Genes potentially linked to PDAC were assessed for potential impact on survival time based on data in The Cancer Genome Atlas and International Cancer Genome Consortium databases, and the expression of one candidate gene (CKS2) and its association with survival was examined in 102 patients with PDAC from our hospital. Effects of CKS2 knockdown were explored in the PDAC cell lines BxPC-3 and CFPAC-1. Results The KEGG signaling pathway called “pathway in cancer” may play an important role in pancreatic cancer development and progression. Five genes (BIRC5, CKS2, ITGA3, ITGA6 and RALA) in this pathway were significantly associated with survival time in patients with PDAC. CKS2 was overexpressed in PDAC samples from our hospital, and higher CKS2 expression in these patients was associated with shorter survival time. CKS2 knockdown substantially inhibited PDAC cell proliferation in vitro. Conclusions Analysis integrating existing microarray datasets allowed identification of the “pathway in cancer” as an important signaling pathway in PDAC. This integrative approach may be powerful for identifying genes and pathways involved in cancer. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s40880-018-0289-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Li
- Department of Etiology and Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, P.R. China
| | - Wenle Tan
- Department of Etiology and Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, P.R. China
| | - Linna Peng
- Department of Etiology and Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, P.R. China
| | - Jialiang Zhang
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, P.R. China
| | - Xudong Huang
- Department of Etiology and Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, P.R. China
| | - Qionghua Cui
- Department of Etiology and Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, P.R. China
| | - Jian Zheng
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, P.R. China
| | - Wen Tan
- Department of Etiology and Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, P.R. China
| | - Chen Wu
- Department of Etiology and Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, P.R. China
| | - Dongxin Lin
- Department of Etiology and Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, P.R. China. .,Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, P.R. China. .,Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, P.R. China.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Regulation of SPOCK1 by dual strands of pre-miR-150 inhibit cancer cell migration and invasion in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. J Hum Genet 2017; 62:935-944. [PMID: 28659612 DOI: 10.1038/jhg.2017.69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2017] [Revised: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Analysis of our microRNA (miRNA) expression signatures of human cancers based on RNA sequencing have shown that both strands of pre-miR-150, miR-150-5p (the guide strand) and miR-150-3p (the passenger strand), are significantly reduced in cancer tissues. We have investigated the functional significance of both strands of pre-miR-150 in cancer cells. The aim of this study was to investigate the antitumor function of these miRNAs and how these miRNAs regulated oncogenic targets in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). Ectopic expression studies demonstrated that both strands of pre-miR-150 miRNA inhibited ESCC cancer cell migration and invasion, indicating that both miR-150-5p and miR-150-3p acted as antitumor miRNAs. A combination of genome-wide gene expression analyses and in silico database searches showed that SPOCK1 (SPARC/osteonectin, cwcv and kazal-like domains proteoglycan 1) was a candidate target of miR-150-5p and miR-150-3p in ESCC cells. Luciferase reporter assays showed that SPOCK1 was directly regulated by these miRNAs. Silencing of SPOCK1 by small interfering RNA inhibited cancer cell migration and invasion. Overexpression of SPOCK1/SPOCK1 was confirmed by real-time PCR methods and immunohistochemistry. Taken together, downregulation of both strands of pre-miR-150 and overexpression of SPOCK1 are involved in ESCC pathogenesis. The involvement of passenger strand miRNAs in the regulation of cancer cell aggressiveness is a novel concept in RNA research.
Collapse
|
19
|
Osako Y, Seki N, Kita Y, Yonemori K, Koshizuka K, Kurozumi A, Omoto I, Sasaki K, Uchikado Y, Kurahara H, Maemura K, Natsugoe S. Regulation of MMP13 by antitumor microRNA-375 markedly inhibits cancer cell migration and invasion in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Int J Oncol 2016; 49:2255-2264. [PMID: 27779648 PMCID: PMC5117997 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2016.3745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is one of the most aggressive malignancies. Recently developed molecular targeted therapies are not available for patients with ESCC. After curative surgical resection, patients frequently suffer distant metastasis and recurrence. Exploration of novel ESCC metastatic pathways may lead to the development of new treatment protocols for this disease. Accordingly, we have sequentially identified microRNA (miRNA)-mediated metastatic pathways in several cancers. Our past studies of miRNA expression signatures have shown that microRNA-375 (miR-375) is frequently reduced in several types of cancers, including ESCC. In the present study, we aimed to investigate novel miR-375-mediated metastatic pathways in ESCC cells. The expression of miR-375 was downregulated in ESCC tissues, and ectopic expression of this miRNA markedly inhibited cancer cell migration and invasion, suggesting that miR-375 acted as an antimetastatic miRNA in ESCC cells. Our strategies for miRNA target searching demonstrated that matrix metalloproteinase 13 (MMP13) was directly regulated by miR-375 in ESCC cells. Overexpression of MMP13 was observed in ESCC clinical tissues, and the expression of MMP13 promoted cancer cell aggressiveness. Moreover, oncogenic genes, including CENPF, KIF14 and TOP2A, were shown to be regulated downstream of MMP13. Taken together, these findings demonstrated that the antitumor miR-375/oncogenic MMP13 axis had a pivotal role in ESCC aggressiveness. These results provide novel insights into the potential mechanisms of ESCC pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yusaku Osako
- Department of Digestive Surgery, Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kagoshima University, Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8520, Japan
| | - Naohiko Seki
- Department of Functional Genomics, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Kita
- Department of Digestive Surgery, Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kagoshima University, Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8520, Japan
| | - Keiichi Yonemori
- Department of Digestive Surgery, Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kagoshima University, Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8520, Japan
| | - Keiichi Koshizuka
- Department of Functional Genomics, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Akira Kurozumi
- Department of Functional Genomics, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Itaru Omoto
- Department of Digestive Surgery, Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kagoshima University, Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8520, Japan
| | - Ken Sasaki
- Department of Digestive Surgery, Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kagoshima University, Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8520, Japan
| | - Yasuto Uchikado
- Department of Digestive Surgery, Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kagoshima University, Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8520, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kurahara
- Department of Digestive Surgery, Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kagoshima University, Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8520, Japan
| | - Kosei Maemura
- Department of Digestive Surgery, Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kagoshima University, Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8520, Japan
| | - Shoji Natsugoe
- Department of Digestive Surgery, Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kagoshima University, Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8520, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Hua K, Jin J, Zhang H, Zhao B, Wu C, Xu H, Fang L. MicroRNA-7 inhibits proliferation, migration and invasion of thyroid papillary cancer cells via targeting CKS2. Int J Oncol 2016; 49:1531-1540. [DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2016.3660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
|
21
|
Lin L, Fang Z, Lin H, You H, Wang J, Su Y, Wang F, Zhang ZY. Depletion of Cks1 and Cks2 expression compromises cell proliferation and enhance chemotherapy-induced apoptosis in HepG2 cells. Oncol Rep 2015; 35:26-32. [PMID: 26531156 PMCID: PMC4699626 DOI: 10.3892/or.2015.4372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study explored the oncogenic roles of overexpressed Cks1 and Cks2 in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Gene expression of Cks1 and Cks2 in HepG2 cells was disrupted by siRNA or increased by cDNA transfection. Cell proliferation was assayed by CCK-8 analysis and cell counting. Cisplatin-induced apoptosis after transfection was measured by flow cytometry using Annexin V/propidium iodide (PI) double staining. Cell cycle changes after transfection were determined by flow cytometry with PI staining. Protein levels of Akt and GSK-3β were measured after transfection. The results revealed that HepG2 proliferation was decreased by depletion of endogenous Cks1 or Cks2, and increased by overexpression of Cks1 or Cks2. HepG2 apoptosis increased concordantly with the decline of Cks1 or Cks2 expression. Overexpression of Cks1 or Cks2 prevented cell apoptosis. Protein levels of p-Akt and p-GSK-3β were downregulated after RNA interference of Cks1 or Cks2. In conclusion, Cks1 and Cks2 promoted proliferation and prevented apoptosis of HepG2 cells. The Akt/GSK-3β-related PI3K/Akt signaling pathway may be a key signaling pathway that is involved in the regulation of cell growth and cell death.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lingqing Lin
- Center for Clinical Laboratory, Xiamen University Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital, Xiamen, P.R. China
| | - Zanxi Fang
- Center for Clinical Laboratory, Xiamen University Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital, Xiamen, P.R. China
| | - Huayue Lin
- Center for Clinical Laboratory, Xiamen University Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital, Xiamen, P.R. China
| | - Hanyu You
- Center for Clinical Laboratory, Xiamen University Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital, Xiamen, P.R. China
| | - Jiajia Wang
- Center for Clinical Laboratory, Xiamen University Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital, Xiamen, P.R. China
| | - Yuanhui Su
- Center for Clinical Laboratory, Xiamen University Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital, Xiamen, P.R. China
| | - Fen Wang
- Center for Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Zhong-Ying Zhang
- Center for Clinical Laboratory, Xiamen University Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital, Xiamen, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
You H, Lin H, Zhang Z. CKS2 in human cancers: Clinical roles and current perspectives (Review). Mol Clin Oncol 2015; 3:459-463. [PMID: 26137251 DOI: 10.3892/mco.2015.501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclin-dependent kinase subunit 2 (CKS2) is indicated in the processes of cell cycle and cell proliferation. Through these processes, CKS2 is identified as a cancer gene, but its role has not been well reviewed. The aim of the present study was to summarize the clinicopathological significance and the molecular mechanisms of CKS2 in human cancers. Its expression was upregulated in the majority of the types of cancer studied. CKS2 was shown to have a function in cancers of the digestive tract, genital tract, thyroid, nerve and certain other types of cancer. CKS2 can promote progression of certain cancers via positive control of proliferation, invasion and migration. Downregulation of CKS2 induces cancer cell apoptosis. CKS2 can change a multitude of cellular mechanisms in cancer pathogenesis by regulating the gene translation of numerous validated targets, such as p53, CDK1, cyclin A, cyclin B1, caspase-3 and Bax. In addition, the molecular mechanism that causes aberrant expression of CKS2 was epigenetic modification of miR-26a and the Y-box-binding protein 1 (YB-1) gene. In conclusion, CKS2 is commonly elevated in cancer, most likely due to its ability to promote cancer cell growth, invasion and migration through regulating certain significant genes. Understanding the mechanisms by which CKS2 is involved with cancer pathogenesis will be useful in the development of tumor therapy for patients with cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hanyu You
- Center for Clinical Laboratory, Xiamen University Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital, Xiamen, Fujian 361000, P.R. China
| | - Huayue Lin
- Center for Clinical Laboratory, Xiamen University Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital, Xiamen, Fujian 361000, P.R. China
| | - Zhongying Zhang
- Center for Clinical Laboratory, Xiamen University Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital, Xiamen, Fujian 361000, P.R. China ; State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|