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Pásztor K, Kőrösi Á, Gór Á, Szigeti V, Vajna F, Kis J. Phenotypic senescence in a natural insect population. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e9668. [PMID: 36619713 PMCID: PMC9798249 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.9668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Senescence seems to be universal in living organisms and plays a major role in life-history strategies. Phenotypic senescence, the decline of body condition and/or performance with age, is a largely understudied component of senescence in natural insect populations, although it would be important to understand how and why insects age under natural conditions. We aimed (i) to investigate how body mass and thorax width change with age in a natural population of the univoltine Clouded Apollo butterfly (Parnassius mnemosyne, Lepidoptera: Papilionidae) and (ii) to assess the relationship of this change with sex and wing length. We studied a population between 2014 and 2020 using mark-recapture during the whole flight period each year. Repeated measurements of body mass and thorax width and single measurements of wing length were performed on marked individuals. We analyzed body mass and thorax width change with age (days since marking), wing length, and the date of the first capture. Both body mass and thorax width declined nonlinearly with age. Individuals appearing earlier in the flight period had significantly higher initial body mass and thorax width and their body mass declined faster than later ones. Initial body sizes of females were higher, but males' body sizes decreased slower. Initial thorax width showed higher annual variation than body mass. To our best knowledge, this is the first study that revealed phenotypic senescence in a natural butterfly population, using in vivo measurements. We found sexual differences in the rate of phenotypic senescence. Despite the annual variation of initial body sizes, the rate of senescence did not vary considerably across the years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kata Pásztor
- Doctoral School of Biological SciencesHungarian University of Agriculture and Life SciencesGödöllőHungary
| | - Ádám Kőrösi
- MTA‐ELTE‐MTM Ecology Research GroupBudapestHungary
- Büro Geyer und DolekWörthseeGermany
| | - Ádám Gór
- The Doctoral School of Veterinary ScienceUniversity of Veterinary Medicine BudapestBudapestHungary
| | - Viktor Szigeti
- Lendület Ecosystem Services Research GroupInstitute of Ecology and Botany, Centre for Ecological ResearchVácrátótHungary
| | - Flóra Vajna
- Lendület Ecosystem Services Research GroupInstitute of Ecology and Botany, Centre for Ecological ResearchVácrátótHungary
| | - János Kis
- Department of Ecology, Institute for BiologyUniversity of Veterinary Medicine BudapestBudapestHungary
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Pislak Ocepek M, Glavan G, Verovnik R, Šimenc L, Toplak I. First Detection of Honeybee Pathogenic Viruses in Butterflies. INSECTS 2022; 13:925. [PMID: 36292873 PMCID: PMC9604290 DOI: 10.3390/insects13100925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Several pathogens are important causes of the observed pollinator decline, some of which could be transmitted between different pollinator species. To determine whether honeybee viruses can be transmitted to butterflies, a total of 120 butterflies were sampled at four locations in Slovenia. At each location, butterflies from three families (Pieridae, Nymphalidae, Hesperiidae/Lycenidae) and Carniolan honeybees (Apis mellifera carnica) were collected. The RNA of six honeybee viruses, i.e., acute bee paralysis virus (ABPV), black queen cell virus (BQCV), chronic bee paralysis virus (CBPV), deformed wing virus A (DWV-A), Sacbrood bee virus (SBV), and Lake Sinai virus 3 (LSV3), was detected by a specific quantitative method (RT-PCR). The presence of ABPV, BQCV, LSV3, and SBV was detected in both butterflies and honeybees. All butterfly and bee samples were negative for CBPV, while DWV-A was detected only in honeybees. The viral load in the positive butterfly samples was much lower than in the positive bee samples, which could indicate that butterflies are passive carriers of bee viruses. The percentage of positive butterfly samples was higher when the butterflies were collected at sampling sites with a higher density of apiaries. Therefore, we believe that infected bees are a necessary condition for the presence of viruses in cohabiting butterflies. This is the first study on the presence of pathogenic bee viruses in butterflies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Metka Pislak Ocepek
- Institute of Pathology, Wild Animals, Fish and Bees, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva 60, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Gordana Glavan
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Rudi Verovnik
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Laura Šimenc
- Institute of Microbiology and Parasitology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva 60, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ivan Toplak
- Institute of Microbiology and Parasitology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva 60, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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3
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Piccini I, Pittarello M, Di Pietro V, Lonati M, Bonelli S. New approach for butterfly conservation through local field‐based vegetational and entomological data. Ecosphere 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.4026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Irene Piccini
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology (DBIOS) University of Turin Turin Italy
| | - Marco Pittarello
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences (DISAFA) University of Turin Turin Italy
| | - Viviana Di Pietro
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology (DBIOS) University of Turin Turin Italy
- Department of Biology KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
| | - Michele Lonati
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences (DISAFA) University of Turin Turin Italy
| | - Simona Bonelli
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology (DBIOS) University of Turin Turin Italy
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4
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Heikkinen RK, Kartano L, Leikola N, Aalto J, Aapala K, Kuusela S, Virkkala R. High-latitude EU Habitats Directive species at risk due to climate change and land use. Glob Ecol Conserv 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2021.e01664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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The decline of butterflies in Europe: Problems, significance, and possible solutions. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2002551117. [PMID: 33431566 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2002551117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We review changes in the status of butterflies in Europe, focusing on long-running population data available for the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, and Belgium, based on standardized monitoring transects. In the United Kingdom, 8% of resident species have become extinct, and since 1976 overall numbers declined by around 50%. In the Netherlands, 20% of species have become extinct, and since 1990 overall numbers in the country declined by 50%. Distribution trends showed that butterfly distributions began decreasing long ago, and between 1890 and 1940, distributions declined by 80%. In Flanders (Belgium), 20 butterflies have become extinct (29%), and between 1992 and 2007 overall numbers declined by around 30%. A European Grassland Butterfly Indicator from 16 European countries shows there has been a 39% decline of grassland butterflies since 1990. The 2010 Red List of European butterflies listed 38 of the 482 European species (8%) as threatened and 44 species (10%) as near threatened (note that 47 species were not assessed). A country level analysis indicates that the average Red List rating is highest in central and mid-Western Europe and lowest in the far north of Europe and around the Mediterranean. The causes of the decline of butterflies are thought to be similar in most countries, mainly habitat loss and degradation and chemical pollution. Climate change is allowing many species to spread northward while bringing new threats to susceptible species. We describe examples of possible conservation solutions and a summary of policy changes needed to conserve butterflies and other insects.
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Santovito A, Audisio M, Bonelli S. A micronucleus assay detects genotoxic effects of herbicide exposure in a protected butterfly species. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2020; 29:1390-1398. [PMID: 32880882 PMCID: PMC7581572 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-020-02276-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Lycaena dispar Hawort (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae), a protected butterfly, is declining in Europe, but it thrives in rice fields in northern Italy. Here, agrochemical usage could threaten its long-term survival. We investigated, by micronucleus (MN) assay, the genotoxic effect of glyphosate, a common herbicide, on L. dispar larvae. Micronuclei (MNi) are DNA fragments separated from the main nucleus and represent the result of genomic damage that has been transmitted to daughter cells. In a control/treatment experiment, we extracted epithelial cells from last-instar larvae fed with Rumex spp. plants sprayed with a solution containing 3.6 g/L of glyphosate, and from larvae fed with unsprayed plants. MNi and other chromosomal aberrations-nuclear buds (NBUDs) and bi-nucleated cells-were then scored in 1000 cells/subject. Significant differences were found between glyphosate-exposed and control groups in terms of MNi and total genomic damage, but not in terms of NBUDs or bi-nucleated cells. We reported a possible genomic damage induced by glyphosate on larvae of L. dispar. For the first time, a MN assay was used in order to evaluate the genomic damage on a phytophagous invertebrate at the larval stage. Increased levels of MNi reflect a condition of genomic instability that can result in reduced vitality and in an increased risk of local extinction. Therefore, farmland management compatible with wildlife conservation is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Santovito
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Via Accademia Albertina 13, 10123, Torino, Italy
| | - Michela Audisio
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Via Accademia Albertina 13, 10123, Torino, Italy
| | - Simona Bonelli
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Via Accademia Albertina 13, 10123, Torino, Italy.
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7
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Recently lost connectivity in the Western Palaearctic steppes: the case of a scarce specialist butterfly. CONSERV GENET 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10592-020-01271-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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8
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Rada S, Schweiger O, Harpke A, Kühn E, Kuras T, Settele J, Musche M. Protected areas do not mitigate biodiversity declines: A case study on butterflies. DIVERS DISTRIB 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.12854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Stanislav Rada
- Department of Community Ecology; Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ; Halle Germany
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Sciences; Faculty of Science; Palacký University Olomouc; Olomouc Czech Republic
| | - Oliver Schweiger
- Department of Community Ecology; Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ; Halle Germany
| | - Alexander Harpke
- Department of Community Ecology; Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ; Halle Germany
| | - Elisabeth Kühn
- Department of Community Ecology; Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ; Halle Germany
| | - Tomáš Kuras
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Sciences; Faculty of Science; Palacký University Olomouc; Olomouc Czech Republic
| | - Josef Settele
- Department of Community Ecology; Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ; Halle Germany
- iDiv; German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research, Halle-Jena-Leipzig; Leipzig Germany
| | - Martin Musche
- Department of Community Ecology; Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ; Halle Germany
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9
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de Assis RA, Casacci LP, Bonelli S, Barbero F, de Assis LME, Venturino E. Effects of Host Interspecific Interaction in the Maculinea-Myrmica Parasite-Host System. Bull Math Biol 2018; 80:2378-2407. [PMID: 30083967 DOI: 10.1007/s11538-018-0466-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
A model of interspecific host competition in a system with one parasite (butterfly-Maculinea) and multiple potential hosts (ants-Myrmica) is presented. Results indicate that host interspecific competition increases the occurrence of multiple host behaviour in Maculinea natural populations but decreases the ability of the parasite populations to adapt to the most abundant host species. These qualitative predictions were compared with data on host specificity, with good agreement. Analysis of the data also indicates that Maculinea teleius and Maculinea arion respond differently to changes in relative host abundances. Maculinea teleius shows a larger fraction of sites where it displays multiple host behaviour and a larger fraction of sites where the niches of the hosts overlap. In some instances, Maculinea teleius is adapted to Myrmica hosts that are present in lower frequencies. Maculinea arion is locally more host-specific and occurs at sites where host interspecific competition is unlikely and is more frequently adapted to the most abundant host species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raul Abreu de Assis
- Departamento de Ciências Exatas e Tecnológicas, Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso, Av. dos Ingás 3001, Sinop, 78555000, Brazil. .,Dipartimento di Matematica "Giuseppe Peano", Università di Torino, via Carlo Alberto 10, 10123, Torino, Italy. .,Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Biologia dei Sistemi, Università di Torino, via Accademia Albertina 13, 10123, Torino, Italy.
| | - Luca Pietro Casacci
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Biologia dei Sistemi, Università di Torino, via Accademia Albertina 13, 10123, Torino, Italy.,Muzeum i Instytut Zoologii, Polskiej Akademii Nauk, ul. Wilcza 64, 00-679, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Simona Bonelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Biologia dei Sistemi, Università di Torino, via Accademia Albertina 13, 10123, Torino, Italy
| | - Francesca Barbero
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Biologia dei Sistemi, Università di Torino, via Accademia Albertina 13, 10123, Torino, Italy
| | - Luciana Mafalda Elias de Assis
- Departamento de Ciências Exatas e Tecnológicas, Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso, Av. dos Ingás 3001, Sinop, 78555000, Brazil.,Dipartimento di Matematica "Giuseppe Peano", Università di Torino, via Carlo Alberto 10, 10123, Torino, Italy
| | - Ezio Venturino
- Dipartimento di Matematica "Giuseppe Peano", Università di Torino, via Carlo Alberto 10, 10123, Torino, Italy
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11
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Kovács-Hostyánszki A, Espíndola A, Vanbergen AJ, Settele J, Kremen C, Dicks LV. Ecological intensification to mitigate impacts of conventional intensive land use on pollinators and pollination. Ecol Lett 2017; 20:673-689. [PMID: 28346980 PMCID: PMC6849539 DOI: 10.1111/ele.12762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Revised: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Worldwide, human appropriation of ecosystems is disrupting plant–pollinator communities and pollination function through habitat conversion and landscape homogenisation. Conversion to agriculture is destroying and degrading semi‐natural ecosystems while conventional land‐use intensification (e.g. industrial management of large‐scale monocultures with high chemical inputs) homogenises landscape structure and quality. Together, these anthropogenic processes reduce the connectivity of populations and erode floral and nesting resources to undermine pollinator abundance and diversity, and ultimately pollination services. Ecological intensification of agriculture represents a strategic alternative to ameliorate these drivers of pollinator decline while supporting sustainable food production, by promoting biodiversity beneficial to agricultural production through management practices such as intercropping, crop rotations, farm‐level diversification and reduced agrochemical use. We critically evaluate its potential to address and reverse the land use and management trends currently degrading pollinator communities and potentially causing widespread pollination deficits. We find that many of the practices that constitute ecological intensification can contribute to mitigating the drivers of pollinator decline. Our findings support ecological intensification as a solution to pollinator declines, and we discuss ways to promote it in agricultural policy and practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anikó Kovács-Hostyánszki
- MTA Centre for Ecological Research, Institute of Ecology and Botany, Lendület Ecosystem Services Research Group, Alkotmány u. 2-4., 2163, Vácrátót, Hungary.,MTA Centre for Ecological Research, GINOP Sustainable Ecosystems Group, Klebelsberg Kuno u. 3., 8237, Tihany, Hungary
| | - Anahí Espíndola
- Department of Biological Sciences, Life Sciences South 252, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844-3051, USA
| | - Adam J Vanbergen
- NERC Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Bush Estate, Penicuik, Edinburgh EH26 0QB, UK
| | - Josef Settele
- UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Dept. of Community Ecology, Theodor-Lieser-Str. 4, 06120 Halle, Germany.,iDiv, German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research, Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.,Institute of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Los Banos, College, Laguna 4031, Philippines
| | - Claire Kremen
- University of California, 217 Wellman Hall Berkeley, California 94720-3114 CA, USA
| | - Lynn V Dicks
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
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12
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Habel JC, Segerer A, Ulrich W, Torchyk O, Weisser WW, Schmitt T. Butterfly community shifts over two centuries. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 2016; 30:754-762. [PMID: 26743786 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.12656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Revised: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Environmental changes strongly impact the distribution of species and subsequently the composition of species assemblages. Although most community ecology studies represent temporal snap shots, long-term observations are rather rare. However, only such time series allow the identification of species composition shifts over several decades or even centuries. We analyzed changes in the species composition of a southeastern German butterfly and burnet moth community over nearly 2 centuries (1840-2013). We classified all species observed over this period according to their ecological tolerance, thereby assessing their degree of habitat specialisation. This classification was based on traits of the butterfly and burnet moth species and on their larval host plants. We collected data on temperature and precipitation for our study area over the same period. The number of species declined substantially from 1840 (117 species) to 2013 (71 species). The proportion of habitat specialists decreased, and most of these are currently endangered. In contrast, the proportion of habitat generalists increased. Species with restricted dispersal behavior and species in need of areas poor in soil nutrients had severe losses. Furthermore, our data indicated a decrease in species composition similarity between different decades over time. These data on species composition changes and the general trends of modifications may reflect effects from climate change and atmospheric nitrogen loads, as indicated by the ecological characteristics of host plant species and local changes in habitat configuration with increasing fragmentation. Our observation of major declines over time of currently threatened and protected species shows the importance of efficient conservation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Christian Habel
- Terrestrial Ecology Research Group, Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, D-85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Andreas Segerer
- Bavarian State Collection of Zoology, D-81247, Munich, Germany
| | - Werner Ulrich
- Chair of Ecology and Biogeography, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Pl-87-100, Toruń, Poland
| | - Olena Torchyk
- Terrestrial Ecology Research Group, Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, D-85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Wolfgang W Weisser
- Terrestrial Ecology Research Group, Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, D-85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Thomas Schmitt
- Senckenberg German Entomological Institute, D-15374, Müncheberg, Germany
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Biology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, D-06099, Halle (Saale), Germany
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13
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Henle K, Stoev P, Penev L. Nature Conservation – achievements and challenges within its first four years. NATURE CONSERVATION 2016. [DOI: 10.3897/natureconservation.14.8773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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14
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Schmucki R, Pe'er G, Roy DB, Stefanescu C, Van Swaay CA, Oliver TH, Kuussaari M, Van Strien AJ, Ries L, Settele J, Musche M, Carnicer J, Schweiger O, Brereton TM, Harpke A, Heliölä J, Kühn E, Julliard R. A regionally informed abundance index for supporting integrative analyses across butterfly monitoring schemes. J Appl Ecol 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.12561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Reto Schmucki
- MNHN‐CNRS‐UPMC UMR7204‐CESCO Sorbonne Universités 43 rue Buffon CP 135 75005 Paris France
- Centre de Synthése et d'Analyse sur la Biodiversité Immeuble Henri Poincaré, Domaine du Petit Arbois Avenue Louis Philibert 13857 Aix‐en‐Provence France
| | - Guy Pe'er
- Department of Conservation Biology UFZ ‐ Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research Permoserstr. 15 04318 Leipzig Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐Leipzig Deutscher Platz 5e 04103 Leipzig Germany
| | - David B. Roy
- NERC Centre for Ecology & Hydrology Wallingford Oxfordshire OX10 8EF UK
| | - Constantí Stefanescu
- CREAF Cerdanyola del Valles Catalonia 08193 Spain
- Butterfly Monitoring Scheme ‐ Museu de Ciencies Naturals de Granollers Granollers Catalonia 08402 Spain
| | - Chris A.M. Van Swaay
- Dutch Butterfly Conservation and Butterfly Conservation Europe PO Box 506 NL‐6700 AM Wageningen Netherlands
| | - Tom H. Oliver
- NERC Centre for Ecology & Hydrology Wallingford Oxfordshire OX10 8EF UK
- School of Biological Sciences University of Reading, Whiteknights Reading Berkshire RG6 6AS UK
| | - Mikko Kuussaari
- Natural Environment Centre Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE) PO Box 140 FI‐00251 Helsinki Finland
| | | | - Leslie Ries
- Department of Biology University of Maryland College Park MD 20740 USA
- National Socio‐Environmental Synthesis Centre 1 Park Place, Suite 300 Annapolis MD 21401 USA
| | - Josef Settele
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐Leipzig Deutscher Platz 5e 04103 Leipzig Germany
- Department of Community Ecology UFZ ‐ Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research Theodor‐Lieser Str. 4 06120 Halle Germany
| | - Martin Musche
- Department of Community Ecology UFZ ‐ Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research Theodor‐Lieser Str. 4 06120 Halle Germany
| | - Jofre Carnicer
- CREAF Cerdanyola del Valles Catalonia 08193 Spain
- Community and Conservation Ecology Group Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Science Nijenborgh 7 9747 AG Groningen Netherlands
| | - Oliver Schweiger
- Department of Community Ecology UFZ ‐ Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research Theodor‐Lieser Str. 4 06120 Halle Germany
| | - Tom M. Brereton
- Butterfly Conservation Manor Yard, East Lulworth Wareham Dorset BH20 5QP UK
| | - Alexander Harpke
- Department of Community Ecology UFZ ‐ Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research Theodor‐Lieser Str. 4 06120 Halle Germany
| | - Janne Heliölä
- Natural Environment Centre Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE) PO Box 140 FI‐00251 Helsinki Finland
| | - Elisabeth Kühn
- Department of Community Ecology UFZ ‐ Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research Theodor‐Lieser Str. 4 06120 Halle Germany
| | - Romain Julliard
- MNHN‐CNRS‐UPMC UMR7204‐CESCO Sorbonne Universités 43 rue Buffon CP 135 75005 Paris France
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15
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Ceaușu S, Hofmann M, Navarro LM, Carver S, Verburg PH, Pereira HM. Mapping opportunities and challenges for rewilding in Europe. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 2015; 29:1017-1027. [PMID: 25997361 PMCID: PMC4584510 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.12533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Farmland abandonment takes place across the world due to socio-economic and ecological drivers. In Europe agricultural and environmental policies aim to prevent abandonment and halt ecological succession. Ecological rewilding has been recently proposed as an alternative strategy. We developed a framework to assess opportunities for rewilding across different dimensions of wilderness in Europe. We mapped artificial light, human accessibility based on transport infrastructure, proportion of harvested primary productivity (i.e., ecosystem productivity appropriated by humans through agriculture or forestry), and deviation from potential natural vegetation in areas projected to be abandoned by 2040. At the continental level, the levels of artificial light were low and the deviation from potential natural vegetation was high in areas of abandonment. The relative importance of wilderness metrics differed regionally and was strongly connected to local environmental and socio-economic contexts. Large areas of projected abandonment were often located in or around Natura 2000 sites. Based on these results, we argue that management should be tailored to restore the aspects of wilderness that are lacking in each region. There are many remaining challenges regarding biodiversity in Europe, but megafauna species are already recovering. To further potentiate large-scale rewilding, Natura 2000 management would need to incorporate rewilding approaches. Our framework can be applied to assessing rewilding opportunities and challenges in other world regions, and our results could guide redirection of subsidies to manage social-ecological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Ceaușu
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e04103, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Martin Luther University Halle-WittenbergAm Kirchtor 1, 06108, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Max Hofmann
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e04103, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Martin Luther University Halle-WittenbergAm Kirchtor 1, 06108, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Laetitia M Navarro
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e04103, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Martin Luther University Halle-WittenbergAm Kirchtor 1, 06108, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Steve Carver
- Wildland Research Institute, School of Geography, University of LeedsLS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Peter H Verburg
- Institute for Environmental Studies (IVM), VU University AmsterdamDe Boelelaan 1087, 1081, HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Henrique M Pereira
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e04103, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Martin Luther University Halle-WittenbergAm Kirchtor 1, 06108, Halle (Saale), Germany
- REFER Biodiversity Chair, CIBIO/InBIO, Campus Agrário de VairãoRua Padre Armando Quintas 7, 4485-661, Vairão, Portugal
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Fischer J, Abson DJ, Butsic V, Chappell MJ, Ekroos J, Hanspach J, Kuemmerle T, Smith HG, Wehrden H. Land Sparing Versus Land Sharing: Moving Forward. Conserv Lett 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/conl.12084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 332] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Joern Fischer
- Faculty of Sustainability Leuphana University Lueneburg Scharnhorststrasse 1 21335 Lueneburg Germany
| | - David J. Abson
- Futures Research Center Leuphana University Lueneburg Scharnhorststrasse 1 21335 Lueneburg Germany
| | - Van Butsic
- Geography Department Humboldt‐University Berlin Unter den Linden 6 10099 Berlin Germany
- Leibniz Institute of Agricultural Development in Central and Eastern Europe (IAMO) Theodor‐Lieser‐Str.2 D‐06120 Halle (Saale) Germany
| | - M. Jahi Chappell
- School of the Environment Washington State University Vancouver 14204 NE Salmon Creek Avenue Vancouver WA 98686‐9600 USA
- Institute for Agriculture and Trade Policy 2105 First Avenue South Minneapolis MN 55404 USA
| | - Johan Ekroos
- Centre for Environmental and Climate Research Lund University Ecology Building 22362 Lund Sweden
| | - Jan Hanspach
- Faculty of Sustainability Leuphana University Lueneburg Scharnhorststrasse 1 21335 Lueneburg Germany
| | - Tobias Kuemmerle
- Geography Department & Integrative Research Institute on Human‐Environment Systems (IRI THESys) Humboldt‐University Berlin Germany
| | - Henrik G. Smith
- Centre for Environmental and Climate Research Lund University Ecology Building 22362 Lund Sweden
- Department of Biology Lund University Ecology Building 22362 Lund Sweden
| | - Henrik Wehrden
- Faculty of Sustainability Leuphana University Lueneburg Scharnhorststrasse 1 21335 Lueneburg Germany
- Futures Research Center Leuphana University Lueneburg Scharnhorststrasse 1 21335 Lueneburg Germany
- Center for Methods Leuphana University Lueneburg Scharnhorststrasse 1 21335 Lueneburg Germany
- Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology Savoyen Strasse 1 Vienna 1160 Austria
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Pettersson L, Nilsson SG, Franzén M. Land-use changes, farm management and the decline of butterflies associated with semi-natural grasslands in southern Sweden. NATURE CONSERVATION 2013. [DOI: 10.3897/natureconservation.6.5205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Ritter S, Michalski SG, Settele J, Wiemers M, Fric ZF, Sielezniew M, Šašić M, Rozier Y, Durka W. Wolbachia infections mimic cryptic speciation in two parasitic butterfly species, Phengaris teleius and P. nausithous (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae). PLoS One 2013; 8:e78107. [PMID: 24223136 PMCID: PMC3819333 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0078107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2013] [Accepted: 09/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Deep mitochondrial divergence within species may result from cryptic speciation, from phylogeographic isolation or from endosymbiotic bacteria like Wolbachia that manipulate host reproduction. Phengaris butterflies are social parasites that spend most of their life in close relationship with ants. Previously, cryptic speciation has been hypothesised for two Phengaris species based on divergent mtDNA sequences. Since Phengaris species are highly endangered, the existence of cryptic species would have drastic consequences for conservation and management. We tested for cryptic speciation and alternative scenarios in P. teleius and P. nausithous based on a comprehensive sample across their Palaearctic ranges using COI gene sequences, nuclear microsatellites and tests for Wolbachia. In both species a deep mitochondrial split occurring 0.65-1.97 myrs ago was observed that did not correspond with microsatellite data but was concordant with Wolbachia infection. Haplotypes previously attributed to cryptic species were part of the Wolbachia-infected clades. In both species remaining phylogeographic structure was largely consistent between mitochondrial and nuclear genomes. In P. teleius several mitochondrial and nuclear groups were observed in East Asia while a single haplogroup and nuclear cluster prevailed across continental Eurasia. Neutrality tests suggested rapid demographic expansion into that area. In contrast, P. nausithous had several mitochondrial and nuclear groups in Europe, suggesting a complex phylogeographic history in the western part of the species range. We conclude that deep intraspecific divergences found in DNA barcode studies do not necessarily need to represent cryptic speciation but instead can be due to both infection by Wolbachia and phylogeographic structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Ritter
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Department of Community Ecology, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Stefan G. Michalski
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Department of Community Ecology, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Josef Settele
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Department of Community Ecology, Halle (Saale), Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Martin Wiemers
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Department of Community Ecology, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Zdenek F. Fric
- Biology Centre, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Marcin Sielezniew
- University of Bialystok, Institute of Biology, Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Białystok, Poland
| | - Martina Šašić
- Croatian Natural History Museum, Department of Zoology, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Yves Rozier
- CED Entreprises, Centre d’activités de Gorge de Loup, Lyon, France
| | - Walter Durka
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Department of Community Ecology, Halle (Saale), Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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Henle K, Bell S, Brotons L, Clobert J, Evans D, Goerg C, Grodzinska-Jurcak M, Gruber B, Haila Y, Henry PY, Huth A, Julliard R, Keil P, Kleyer M, Kotze DJ, Kunin W, Lengyel S, Lin YP, Loyau A, Luck G, Magnuson W, Margules C, Matsinos Y, May P, Sousa-Pinto I, Possingham H, Potts S, Ring I, Pryke J, Samways M, Saunders D, Schmeller D, Simila J, Sommer S, Steffan-Dewenter I, Stoev P, Sykes M, Tóthmérész B, Yam R, Tzanopoulos J, Penev L. Nature Conservation – a new dimension in Open Access publishing bridging science and application. NATURE CONSERVATION 2012. [DOI: 10.3897/natureconservation.1.3081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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