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Li M, Li C, Cao M, Lu K, Wu C, Wang J, Wei C, Zhao J, Wang Q, Tian X, Tang X, Li M, Zeng X, Gao P. Incidence and prevalence of systemic lupus erythematosus in urban China, 2013-2017: A nationwide population-based study. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2024:S2095-9273(24)00569-3. [PMID: 39174401 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2024.04.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 08/24/2024]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is becoming a growing public health concern due to increasing disease and economic burdens. Epidemiological information about SLE, especially its incidence rate, is limited in developing countries. In the current study, we sought to investigate the incidence, prevalence, and economic burdens of SLE in urban China. We conducted a nationwide population-based cohort study using databases from Urban Employee Basic Medical Insurance and Urban Resident Basic Medical Insurance between 2013 and 2017, covering approximately 300 million residents in 23 provincial regions in China. Incidence rate and prevalence were standardized by age and gender to China's 2010 national census data. Additionally, we calculated the average annual costs and hospital visit rates. A total of 132,258 SLE patients were identified during the study period, with a mean age of 43.03 years (standard deviation: 15.29 years). Of these patients, 81.33% were women. In 2017, the standardized incidence rate of SLE in China was 14.09 (95% confidence interval (CI), 11.95-16.41) per 100,000 person-years, with a higher incidence in women than in men (26.41 vs. 5.92 per 100,000 person-years). Standardized prevalence in 2017 was 47.61 (41.77-53.83), 94.16 (80.67-108.69), and 17.86 (13.84-22.38) per 100,000 people in the overall, female, and male populations, respectively. The average annual rates of increase in prevalence were 21.50%, 19.72%, and 25.67% from 2013 to 2017 in the overall, female, and male populations, respectively. The age-specific incidence rates peaked at 30-49 years old in women and 40-59 years old in men. SLE incident and prevalent cases were most common in North-West China and less common in southern and eastern China. Distinct variations in incidence rates across different regions are also consistent with the varying levels of ultraviolet radiation exposure in China. Additionally, the average estimated annual per-capita cost was 1599.34 US dollars in SLE patients, with the highest costs observed in adolescent and young adult patients among different age groups. The SLE population in China is rapidly expanding, and younger at onset, especially in women, which has placed significant burdens on China's healthcare system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mucong Li
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China; National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases (NCRC-DID), Ministry of Science & Technology, Beijing 100730, China; State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China; Key Laboratory of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Chaiquan Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Mengzhuo Cao
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China; National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases (NCRC-DID), Ministry of Science & Technology, Beijing 100730, China; State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China; Key Laboratory of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Ke Lu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Chanyuan Wu
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China; National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases (NCRC-DID), Ministry of Science & Technology, Beijing 100730, China; State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China; Key Laboratory of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Jinxi Wang
- Shanghai Songsheng Business Consulting Co. Ltd., Shanghai 201913, China
| | - Chen Wei
- Shanghai Songsheng Business Consulting Co. Ltd., Shanghai 201913, China
| | - Jiuliang Zhao
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China; National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases (NCRC-DID), Ministry of Science & Technology, Beijing 100730, China; State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China; Key Laboratory of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China; National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases (NCRC-DID), Ministry of Science & Technology, Beijing 100730, China; State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China; Key Laboratory of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Xinping Tian
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China; National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases (NCRC-DID), Ministry of Science & Technology, Beijing 100730, China; State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China; Key Laboratory of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Xun Tang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Mengtao Li
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China; National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases (NCRC-DID), Ministry of Science & Technology, Beijing 100730, China; State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China; Key Laboratory of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100730, China.
| | - Xiaofeng Zeng
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China; National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases (NCRC-DID), Ministry of Science & Technology, Beijing 100730, China; State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China; Key Laboratory of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100730, China.
| | - Pei Gao
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; Key Laboratory of Epidemiology of Major Diseases (Peking University), Ministry of Education, Beijing 100191, China; Center for Real-world Evidence Evaluation, Peking University Clinical Research Institute, Beijing 100191, China.
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Haukeland H, Moe SR, Brunborg C, Botea A, Damjanic N, Wivestad GÅ, Øvreås HK, Bøe TB, Orre A, Garen T, Molberg Ø, Lerang K. Declining Incidence of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus in Norway 1999-2017: Data From a Population Cohort Identified by International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision Code and Verified by Classification. Arthritis Rheumatol 2024; 76:715-725. [PMID: 38108106 DOI: 10.1002/art.42775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The goal of this study was to provide complete, robust data on annual systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) incidence rates over nearly two decades from the Southeast Norway area (2.9 million inhabitants) and assess accuracy of SLE-specific International Classification of Diseases (ICD) codes for SLE diagnosis. METHODS From administrative databases, we identified all cases International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, Tenth Revision (ICD-10) coded as SLE during 1999 through 2017 in Southeast Norway. We manually reviewed the chart of every case ICD-10 coded as SLE to either confirm or reject SLE diagnosis. Using SLE classification criteria, we classified all cases with confirmed SLE. We estimated annual incidence rates of classified SLE, and subsets, defined by age at diagnosis, sex, and parental country of birth. The chi-square test was applied for linear time-trend analyses of incidence. RESULTS Among the 3,488 cases ICD-10 coded as SLE, chart reviews confirmed SLE diagnosis in 1,558 (45%), of which 797 had new-onset disease during 1999 through 2017. Annual SLE incidence rates fell during 1999 to 2017. The fall was most pronounced in female persons 50 to 59 years old at diagnosis, in whom incidence fell from 3.4 to 1.1 per 100,000 persons (P trend < 0.001). Concurrent ecological data from the study area showed a 74% reduction in prescriptions of menopausal hormone treatment. Accuracy of ICD-10 codes for incident SLE diagnosis was acceptable in juveniles and young adults (up to 20 years) but otherwise low. CONCLUSION In a presumably complete population-based cohort, we identified decreasing incidence of SLE, especially among female persons 50 to 59 years old. Although reasons for declining incidence are not clear, ecological data indicate a possible role of environmental factors, for example, menopausal hormone treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilde Haukeland
- Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway, and Martina Hansens Hospital, Gjettum, Norway
| | - Sigrid R Moe
- Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Cathrine Brunborg
- Oslo Centre for Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | | | | | | | - Heidi K Øvreås
- Lillehammer Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases, Lillehammer, Norway
| | - Thea B Bøe
- Vestfold Hospital Trust, Tønsberg, Norway
| | | | - Torhild Garen
- Department of Rheumatology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Øyvind Molberg
- Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Karoline Lerang
- Department of Rheumatology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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Lee DH, Kim YJ, Kim H, Lee HS. Validation of operational definitions of mortality in a nationwide hemodialysis population using the Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service databases of Korea. Kidney Res Clin Pract 2024; 43:156-164. [PMID: 36908201 PMCID: PMC11016677 DOI: 10.23876/j.krcp.22.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service's (HIRA) claims data have been used in studies of hemodialysis patients even though information about mortality is not provided in this database. Mortality analysis using HIRA data has been conducted using various operational definitions that have not been validated. This study aimed to validate operational definitions of mortality for maintenance hemodialysis patients that have been used when analyzing the Korean HIRA database. METHODS This study utilized claims data of the Korean National Health Insurance Service (NHIS) between January 2008 and December 2019. We estimated mortality based on operational definitions applied in previous studies using the HIRA database and compared it with NHIS mortality information to validate accuracy. RESULTS A total of 128,876 patients who started maintenance hemodialysis between January 2009 and December 2019 were analyzed. The accuracy of estimated mortality was the highest at 96% in the group where mortality was defined as an absence of claims data for 150 days. If the period of no claims data was set to 90 days or less, there was a risk of overestimating the mortality for the entire study period. When it was set to 180 days or more, there was a risk of underestimating the mortality, as the follow-up time was close to the end of the study period. CONCLUSION When mortality analysis of maintenance hemodialysis patients is performed using HIRA data, it is most accurate to set the operational definition period as the absence of claims data for 150 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Hee Lee
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Ye-Jee Kim
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyangkyoung Kim
- Department of Surgery, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, Kyung Hee University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Seok Lee
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang, Republic of Korea
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Suh CH, Lee Y, Yoo SB, Quasny H, Navarro Rojas AA, Hammer A, Song YW, Kang YM, Cho CS, Park W, Kwok SK, Lee SG, Chung WT, Bae SC. Efficacy and safety of intravenous belimumab in a subgroup of South Korean patients with systemic lupus erythematosus enrolled into a Phase 3, randomized, placebo-controlled trial in North East Asia. Int J Rheum Dis 2024; 27:e14997. [PMID: 38140854 DOI: 10.1111/1756-185x.14997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
AIM This post hoc analysis evaluated the efficacy and safety of intravenous belimumab 10 mg/kg in the South Korean subgroup of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) enrolled in the North East Asia (NEA) study (GSK Study BEL113750; NCT01345253). METHODS NEA was a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized Phase 3 trial. Patients with active, autoantibody-positive SLE were randomized 2:1 to belimumab or placebo plus standard therapy administered on Days 0, 14, and 28, and then every 28 days up to Week 48. The primary efficacy endpoint in this analysis was SLE Responder Index 4 (SRI-4) response rate at Week 52, defined as the proportion of patients achieving a ≥4-point reduction in Safety of Estrogens in Lupus Erythematosus National Assessment-SLE Disease Activity Index (SELENA-SLEDAI) score, no worsening (<0.3 increase from baseline) in Physician Global Assessment, no new British Isles Lupus Assessment Group (BILAG) A domain and <2 new BILAG B domain scores. RESULTS Among 100 South Korean patients enrolled in NEA, 54/66 (81.8%) belimumab- and 24/34 (70.6%) placebo-treated patients completed the double-blind phase. Significantly more belimumab- than placebo-treated patients achieved SRI-4 response at Week 52 (n = 35/66, 53.0% vs. n = 8/34, 23.5%; odds ratio [OR; 95% confidence interval (CI)]: 3.67 [1.45, 9.28]; p = .0061). The proportion of patients experiencing ≥1 adverse event was similar between groups (belimumab: n = 60/66, 90.9% vs. placebo: n = 31/34, 91.2%). No new safety signals emerged in this subgroup analysis. CONCLUSION Belimumab was efficacious for the treatment of SLE and well tolerated among the South Korean subgroup of patients from the NEA study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Hee Suh
- Department of Rheumatology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | | | | | - Holly Quasny
- Clinical Sciences, GSK, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Anne Hammer
- Immunology Biostatistics, GSK, Collegeville, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Yeong-Wook Song
- Division of Rheumatology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
- Medical Research Center, Institute of Human-Environment Interface Biology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Mo Kang
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, Korea
| | - Chul-Soo Cho
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yeouido St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Won Park
- Medicine/Rheumatology, School of Medicine, IN-HA University, Incheon, Korea
| | - Seung-Ki Kwok
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung-Geun Lee
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Korea
| | - Won Tae Chung
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Dong-A University Hospital, Busan, Korea
| | - Sang-Cheol Bae
- Department of Rheumatology, Hanyang University Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases, Hanyang University Institute for Rheumatology and Hanyang University Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Seoul, Korea
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Miyake H, Sada RM, Akebo H, Tsugihashi Y, Hatta K. Polypharmacy prevalence and associated factors in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: A single-centre, cross-sectional study. Mod Rheumatol 2023; 34:106-112. [PMID: 36508299 DOI: 10.1093/mr/roac155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to clarify factors associated with polypharmacy among patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. METHODS This single-centre cross-sectional study was conducted by reviewing the medical records and questionnaire data of 261 systemic lupus erythematosus patients at a teaching hospital in Japan from 1 September to 30 November 2020. Polypharmacy was defined as the regular administration of five or more oral medications; excessive polypharmacy consisted of the regular use of 10 or more oral medications. This study investigated (1) the prevalence of polypharmacy and excessive polypharmacy, (2) the distribution of medication types, and (3) the factors associated with polypharmacy and excessive polypharmacy. RESULTS The proportions of patients who exhibited polypharmacy and excessive polypharmacy were 70% and 19%, respectively. Polypharmacy was associated with older age, long duration of systemic lupus erythematosus, high disease activity, and administration of glucocorticoids or immunosuppressive agents. Excessive polypharmacy was associated with a higher updated Charlson comorbidity index, history of visits to multiple internal medicine clinics, and presence of public assistance. CONCLUSIONS Polypharmacy and excessive polypharmacy in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus are related to medical aspects such as disease severity and comorbidities in addition to social aspects such as hospital visitation patterns and economic status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirofumi Miyake
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Tenri Hospital, Nara, Japan
| | - Ryuichi Minoda Sada
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Tenri Hospital, Nara, Japan
- Department of Infection Control, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Transformative Protection to Infectious Disease, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Akebo
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Tenri Hospital, Nara, Japan
| | - Yukio Tsugihashi
- Medical Home Care Centre, Tenri Hospital Shirakawa Branch, Nara, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Hatta
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Tenri Hospital, Nara, Japan
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Han JY, Cho SK, Sung YK. Epidemiology of systemic lupus erythematosus in Korea. JOURNAL OF RHEUMATIC DISEASES 2023; 30:211-219. [PMID: 37736591 PMCID: PMC10509641 DOI: 10.4078/jrd.2023.0037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by diverse organ system disabilities, predominantly affecting young females. The clinical manifestations of SLE encompass various organs, including the kidney, cardiovascular system, and central nervous system. Young females with SLE experience higher mortality rates than the general population, making it imperative to gain insights into the disease patterns and associated factors. The current review examines the epidemiological studies to analyze the prevalence, incidence, and mortality trends of SLE in Korea and compares them with the findings from other countries. We aim to identify potential similarities, differences, and factors contributing to the burden of SLE in different populations by exploring the comparative epidemiological aspects. The knowledge derived from this comparison would aid in advancing the overall management of SLE in Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Yong Han
- Department of Rheumatology, Hanyang University Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases, Seoul, Korea
- Hanyang University Institute for Rheumatology Research, Seoul, Korea
| | - Soo-Kyung Cho
- Department of Rheumatology, Hanyang University Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases, Seoul, Korea
- Hanyang University Institute for Rheumatology Research, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yoon-Kyoung Sung
- Department of Rheumatology, Hanyang University Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases, Seoul, Korea
- Hanyang University Institute for Rheumatology Research, Seoul, Korea
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Hashemi S, Farahbakhsh S, Aghakhani Z, MomayezanMarnani A, Hemati N, Hashemi S. Health-related quality of life and its related factors in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus in southwest Iran: a cross-sectional study. BMC Psychol 2023; 11:259. [PMID: 37658385 PMCID: PMC10472603 DOI: 10.1186/s40359-023-01300-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Quality of life (QoL) is an important measure in health assessment. It is impacted by unclear factors in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) patients. The study aimed to investigate the factors related to QoL in SLE patients. METHODS This cross-sectional study was performed on 140 (136 women and four men) Iranian SLE patients of Hafiz Hospital from June 2019 to August 2020. The Lupus Erythematosus Quality of Life Questionnaire (LEQoL) was used to evaluate the quality of life. The patients were evaluated with this questionnaire for four weeks in eight dimensions health, emotional health, body image, pain, planning, intimate relationships, and the burden of others. Related factors of LEQoL were evaluated using multivariable linear regression. RESULTS The mean age was 34.09(8.96) years. The total mean QoL Score was 65.5 ± 22.4. The multivariable analysis showed that duration of disease (β:-1.12, 95% CI:-1.44 to -0.79, P:0.001), physical activity(β:-12.99, 95% CI:-19.2 to -6.13, P:0.001), kidney involvement (β:-9.2, 95% CI:-16.61 to -2.79, P:0.03) and skin involvement(β:-8.7, 95% CI:-17.2 to -0.2, P:0.031) were significantly related to the total mean QOL score of SLE patients. CONCLUSION The QoL of Iranian patients with SLE was low. Age and gender can be related to the decrease in the QoL of patients with SLE. Increasing the disease duration, physical activity, kidney involvement, and skin involvement can be related to the decrease in the QOL of Iranian patients with SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakineh Hashemi
- Internal Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Sahar Farahbakhsh
- Occupational Therapy, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | | | | | - Nazi Hemati
- Clinical Exercise Physiology, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Somayeh Hashemi
- Clinical Exercise Physiology, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
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Lao C, White D, Rabindranath K, Van Dantzig P, Foxall D, Aporosa A, Lawrenson R. Incidence and prevalence of systemic lupus erythematosus in New Zealand from the national administrative datasets. Lupus 2023:9612033231182203. [PMID: 37268603 DOI: 10.1177/09612033231182203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aims to provide updated data on the incidence and prevalence of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in New Zealand and to examine the difference between ethnic groups. METHODS We identified the SLE cases from the national administrative datasets. The date of first identification of SLE was the earliest date of a related inpatient event or the earliest date of a related outpatient event. The crude incidence and prevalence of SLE in 2010-2021 were estimated by gender, age group and ethnicity. The WHO (World Health Organization) age-standardised rate (ASR) of incidence and prevalence of SLE was calculated, after stratifying the cases by ethnicity and gender. RESULTS The average ASR of incidence and prevalence of SLE in 2010-2021 was 2.1 and 42.1 per 100,000 people in New Zealand. The average ASR of incidence for women was 3.4 per 100,000 for women and 0.6 for men. It was highest for Pacific women (9.8), followed by Asian women (5.3) and Māori women (3.6), and was lowest for Europeans/Others (2.1). The average ASR of prevalence was 65.2 per 100,000 for women and 8.5 for men. It was highest for Pacific women (176.2), followed by Māori women (83.7) and Asian women (72.2), and was lowest for Europeans/Others (48.5). The ASR of prevalence of SLE has been increasing slightly over time: from 60.2 in 2010 to 66.1 per 100,000 in 2021 for women and from 7.6 in 2010 to 8.8 per 100,000 in 2021 for men. CONCLUSION The incidence and prevalence of SLE in New Zealand were comparable to the rates in European countries. Pacific people had the highest incidence and prevalence of SLE, more than three times the rates for Europeans/others. The high incidence of SLE in Māori and Asian people also has implications for the future as these populations increase as a proportion to the total population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhuan Lao
- Medical Research Centre, The University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Douglas White
- Rheumatology Department, Waikato Hospital, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | | | | | - Donna Foxall
- Te Huataki Waiora - School of Health, The University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Apo Aporosa
- School of Psychology, The University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Ross Lawrenson
- Medical Research Centre, The University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand
- Strategy and Funding, Waikato Hospital, Hamilton, New Zealand
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Lee JE, Nam DR, Sung YK, Kim YJ, Jung SY. Nationwide patterns of hydroxychloroquine dosing and monitoring of retinal toxicity in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Sci Rep 2023; 13:7270. [PMID: 37142639 PMCID: PMC10160043 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-34022-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This study identified trends in hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) prescription and retinopathy screening in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) according to clinical practice guidelines to minimise the risk of HCQ retinopathy. We used data from patients diagnosed with SLE between 2004 and 2019 from the National Health Insurance Service in Korea. To assess trends of daily dose per actual body weight (ABW), we performed an interrupted time-series analysis and identified effects after revision of guidelines. Among 38,973 patients with SLE, 28,415 (72.9%) were prescribed HCQ from 2004 to 2019. The proportion of patients using HCQ among SLE patients was 63% in 2004 and increased to 76% in 2019. The median daily dose per ABW for HCQ users decreased from 5.88 mg/kg in 2004 to 3.98 mg/kg in 2019, and from 5.45 mg/kg in 2005 to 4.17 mg/kg in 2019 for HCQ new users. The annual implementation rate of screening tests among HCQ new users increased from 3.5% in 2006 to 22.5% in 2019. Study results indicated that HCQ dosing management was adequate based on the revised guidelines. Although the implementation rate of retinal screening has increased, it is necessary to enhance awareness of retinal screening in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Eun Lee
- Department of Global Innovative Drugs and College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Dal Ri Nam
- Department of Global Innovative Drugs and College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon-Kyoung Sung
- Department of Rheumatology, Hanyang University Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu Jeong Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hanyang University Hospital, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Young Jung
- Department of Global Innovative Drugs and College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea.
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Tian J, Zhang D, Yao X, Huang Y, Lu Q. Global epidemiology of systemic lupus erythematosus: a comprehensive systematic analysis and modelling study. Ann Rheum Dis 2023; 82:351-356. [PMID: 36241363 PMCID: PMC9933169 DOI: 10.1136/ard-2022-223035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 91.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To quantify global, regional and country-specific estimates of epidemiology of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). METHODS Four databases were systematically searched, and a Bayesian hierarchical linear mixed model was constructed to estimate the global, regional, and country-specific incidence and prevalence of SLE. RESULTS 112 studies met the inclusion criteria. The global SLE incidence and newly diagnosed population were estimated to be 5.14 (1.4 to 15.13) per 100 000 person-years and 0.40 million people annually, respectively. In women, the values were 8.82 (2.4 to 25.99) per 100 000 person-years and 0.34 million people annually, while in men, the estimates were 1.53 (0.41 to 4.46) per 100 000 person-years and 0.06 million people annually, respectively. Poland, the USA and Barbados had the highest estimates of SLE incidence. Regarding prevalence, the global SLE prevalence and affected population were estimated to be 43.7 (15.87 to 108.92) per 100 000 persons and 3.41 million people, respectively. In women, the values were 78.73 (28.61 to 196.33) per 100 000 persons and 3.04 million people, while in men the estimates were 9.26 (3.36 to 22.97) per 100 000 persons and 0.36 million people, respectively. The United Arab Emirates, Barbados and Brazil had the highest SLE prevalence. In addition to regional and sex differences, age and prevalence estimation method (period or point prevalence) differences could also lead to variations in epidemiological SLE findings. CONCLUSIONS Epidemiological data on SLE are lacking for 79.8% of countries worldwide. The epidemiology of SLE varies substantially between different sex and age groups and is distributed unequally among geographical regions; specifically, SLE occurs more frequently in high-income countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingru Tian
- Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, China,Key Laboratory of Basic and Translational Research on Immune-Mediated Skin Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanjing, China,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and STIs, Nanjing, China
| | - Dingyao Zhang
- Graduate Program in Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA,Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Xu Yao
- Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, China
| | - Yaqing Huang
- Department of Pathology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Qianjin Lu
- Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, China .,Key Laboratory of Basic and Translational Research on Immune-Mediated Skin Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and STIs, Nanjing, China
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11
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Kim IY, Eun Y, Lee J, Han K, Kim DH, Min JH, Cha HS, Koh EM, Shin DW, Kim H. Systemic lupus erythematosus is associated with increased risk of Parkinson’s disease. Ther Adv Musculoskelet Dis 2023. [DOI: 10.1177/1759720x231152653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: A small number of studies have suggested an association between systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and Parkinson’s disease (PD). Objectives: This study aimed to determine the risk of incident PD among Korean patients with SLE. Design: A nationwide retrospective cohort study using the claims database of the National Health Insurance Service of Korea was conducted. Methods: Patients above 40 years of age diagnosed with SLE between 2010 and 2015 were included in the study. The primary outcome of the study was incident PD, defined by registration in the rare intractable diseases program for PD and an ICD-10 code of G20. Subjects were followed until PD diagnosis or the end of 2017. We estimated the cumulative incidence of PD among the SLE cohort and compared this to that in a 1:5 age- and sex-matched control group. Results: Totals of 11,615 SLE cases and 58,075 matched controls were identified. The cumulative incidence rate of PD was 0.7 per 1000 person-years in the SLE cohort. The crude hazard ratio (HR) of incident PD was 1.71 (95% CI: 1.25–2.36) among the SLE cohort compared to the control group. The HR was 1.59 (95% CI: 1.15–2.20) after adjustment for age, sex, income, and baseline comorbidities. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that patients with SLE had an increased risk of incident PD compared to non-SLE controls. Further research is required to determine the mechanism underlying this and to elucidate the precise role of systemic inflammation in the development of PD in patients with SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- In Young Kim
- Department of Medicine, National Police Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yeonghee Eun
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jaejoon Lee
- Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kyungdo Han
- Department of Statistics and Actuarial Science, Soongsil University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Da Hye Kim
- Department of Biostatistics, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ju-Hong Min
- Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hoon-Suk Cha
- Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Eun-Mi Koh
- Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Dong Wook Shin
- Department of Family Medicine and Supportive Care Center, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Clinical Research Design & Evaluation/Department of Digital Health, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Science & Technology (SAIHST), Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 81 Irwon-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul 06351, South Korea
| | - Hyungjin Kim
- Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Souht Korea
- Department of Medical Humanities, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 81 Irwon-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul 06351, South Korea
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12
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Duarte-García A, Hocaoglu M, Valenzuela-Almada M, Osei-Onomah SA, Dabit JY, Sanchez-Rodriguez A, Duong SQ, Giblon RE, Langenfeld HE, Alarcón GS, Helmick CG, Crowson CS. Rising incidence and prevalence of systemic lupus erythematosus: a population-based study over four decades. Ann Rheum Dis 2022; 81:1260-1266. [PMID: 35577385 PMCID: PMC10481386 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2022-222276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine the trends in incidence, prevalence and mortality of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in a US population over four decades. METHODS We identified all the patients with SLE in Olmsted County, Minnesota who fulfilled the European Alliance of Associations for Rheumatology (EULAR)/American College of Rheumatology (ACR) criteria for SLE during 1976-2018. Age-specific and sex-specific incidence and prevalence rates were adjusted to the standard 2000 projected US population. The EULAR/ACR score was used as a proxy for disease severity. Standardised mortality ratio (SMR) was estimated. RESULTS There were 188 incident SLE cases in 1976-2018 (mean age 46.3±SD 16.9; 83% women). Overall age-adjusted and sex-adjusted annual SLE incidence per 100 000 population was 4.77 (95% CI 4.09 to 5.46). Incidence was higher in women (7.58) than men (1.89). The incidence rate increased from 3.32 during 1976-1988 to 6.44 during 2009-2018. Incidence rates were higher among the racial and ethnic minority populations than non-Hispanic whites. The EULAR/ACR score did not change significantly over time. Overall prevalence increased from 30.6 in 1985 to 97.4 in 2015. During the study period, there was no improvement in SMR over time (p=0.31). CONCLUSIONS The incidence and prevalence of SLE are increasing in this US population. The increase in incidence may be at least partially explained by the rising ethnic/racial diversity of the population. There was no evidence that the severity of SLE has changed over time. The survival gap between SLE and the general population remains unchanged. As the US population grows more diverse, we might continue to see an increase in the incidence of SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alí Duarte-García
- Division of Rheumatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
- Robert D. and Patricia E. Kern Center for the Science of Health Care Delivery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Mehmet Hocaoglu
- Division of Rheumatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland Medical Center Midtown Campus, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | | | - Jesse Y Dabit
- Division of Rheumatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | | | - Stephanie Q Duong
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Rachel E Giblon
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Hannah E Langenfeld
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Graciela S Alarcón
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- School of Medicine, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | | | - Cynthia S Crowson
- Division of Rheumatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, New York, USA
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13
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Lee S, Jung S, Kim MJ, Lee JS, Jang HN, Chang SH, Kim HJ. Clinical and histopathological analyses of kidney biopsies in a single center for 7 years. Medicine (Baltimore) 2022; 101:e29695. [PMID: 35866761 PMCID: PMC9302247 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000029695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Kidney biopsy is the most important tool for diagnosing kidney disease and can be helpful in determining treatment and prognosis. Pathological spectra vary by country, region, race, sex, and age. We are the first to investigate the pathological spectrum of biopsy-proven kidney disease in Gyeongnam province of South Korea. We retrospectively analyzed 631 patients who underwent a kidney biopsy between 2013 and 2019 at Gyeongsang National University Hospital. The mean age of the 631 patients was 51.5 ± 18.1 years, and 361 patients (57.2%) were male. The mean estimated glomerular filtration rate by serum creatinine (Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration [CKD-EPI]) was 68.0 ± 45.7 mL/min/1.73 m2. The mean systolic blood pressure was higher in 2017, 2018, and 2019 than in 2013 (P = .002). Hypertension (47.4%) was the most common comorbid disease, followed by diabetes (18.2%) and dyslipidemia (10.9%). Common clinical syndromes at the time of biopsy were renal insufficiency (42.0%) and nephrotic syndrome (33.9%). The prevalence of primary and secondary glomerular disease and tubulointerstitial disease were 71.4%, 16.9%, and 5.4%, respectively. Immunoglobulin A nephropathy was the most common primary glomerular disease (34.9%). Diabetic nephropathy was the most common secondary glomerular disease, followed by lupus nephritis. Tubulointerstitial disease was underestimated, as in other reports. Our data can be a useful reference for diagnosing kidney disease and understanding the patients in our province.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seunghye Lee
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine and Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Jinju, South Korea
| | - Sehyun Jung
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine and Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Jinju, South Korea
| | - Mi-Ji Kim
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine, Jinju, South Korea
- Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea
| | - Jong Sil Lee
- Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea
- Department of Pathology, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine and Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Jinju, South Korea
| | - Ha Nee Jang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine and Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Jinju, South Korea
- Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea
| | - Se-Ho Chang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine and Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Jinju, South Korea
- Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea
| | - Hyun-Jung Kim
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine and Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Jinju, South Korea
- Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Hyun-Jung Kim, Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine and Gyeongsang National University Hospital, 79 Gangnam-ro, Jinju, 52727, South Korea (e-mail: )
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14
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Noh CK, Lee E, Park B, Ahn SS. A positive faecal immunochemical test result and its association with the incidence of rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and psoriatic arthritis: an analysis of one-million national colorectal cancer screening programme results. BMC Med 2022; 20:226. [PMID: 35786411 PMCID: PMC9251919 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-022-02416-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accumulating evidence now indicates that the presence of faecal haemoglobin, in the absence of gastrointestinal bleeding, may be an indicator of systemic inflammation and is linked to the development of human diseases. We evaluated whether a positive faecal immunochemical test (FIT) is associated with the development of immune-mediated inflammatory diseases (IMIDs). METHODS Data from the nationwide colorectal cancer screening programme from 2009 to 2013 were used. Participants (n=8,646,887) were divided into FIT (+) and FIT (-) groups by performing a 1:1 random sampling matched by age and sex. Participants with concurrent haemorrhoids, colorectal cancer (CRC), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and missed CRC and IBD were excluded using the colonoscopy results, ICD-10 codes, and the special exemption code (V code). Endpoints were the incidence of IMIDs (rheumatoid arthritis [RA], systemic lupus erythematosus [SLE], and psoriatic arthritis [PsA]) after FIT. RESULTS Of the 1,044,955 eligible participants, 229,594 and 815,361 individuals were included in the FIT (+) and the FIT (-) groups, respectively. During the mean follow-up period of 7.59 years, a total of 7645 (incidence rate [IR] 9.56/10,000 person-years [PY]), 208 (IR 0.26/10,000 PY), and 101 (IR 0.13/10,000 PY) patients were diagnosed with RA, SLE, and PsA, respectively. An adjusted Cox analysis demonstrated that FIT positivity conferred a 1.16 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.09-1.24, p<0.001) times greater risk of developing RA. Kaplan-Meier analysis in the 1:2 propensity-score matched population also confirmed these results (hazard ratio [HR] 1.18, 95% CI 1.10-1.27, p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS Positive FIT is associated with increased risk of RA in the general population, corroborating that aberrancies of gut mucosa are associated with the development of IMIDs. Vigilant monitoring and early referral to a specialist upon medical suspicion is required in this population. TRIAL REGISTRATION Retrospectively registered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Choong-Kyun Noh
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunyoung Lee
- Department of Medical Sciences, Biomedical Informatics, Graduate School of Ajou University, Suwon, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biomedical Informatics, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea.,Office of Biostatistics, Ajou Research Institute for Innovative Medicine, Ajou University Medical Center, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Bumhee Park
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea. .,Office of Biostatistics, Ajou Research Institute for Innovative Medicine, Ajou University Medical Center, Suwon, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sung Soo Ahn
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yongin Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Yongin, Republic of Korea.
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15
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Population-based study for the comorbidities and associated factors in Ménière's disease. Sci Rep 2022; 12:8266. [PMID: 35585157 PMCID: PMC9117186 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-12492-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
To date, no study has reported the objective metabolic laboratory findings worldwide or the comorbidities for Ménière’s disease (MD) using a population-based design in Asian populations. The aim of this study was to investigate the comorbidities and associated factors for MD using the Korean National Health Insurance Service database. This retrospective population-based study was conducted using a data from the National Sample Cohort database from 2009 to 2015. We only enrolled patients whose records showed a prescription for MD medicine and audiometry findings as well as an appropriate diagnostic code. We also included a matched cohort without MD who were enrolled randomly and matched for sex, age, year of diagnosis, income level, and residential area with the MD group with a ratio of 10:1. We evaluated comorbidities including autoimmune, allergic, metabolic diseases and cancer and the health screening data including general characteristics (height, weight, waist circumference, body mass index, and blood pressure), laboratory findings (fasting glucose, cholesterol, triglyceride, high-density lipoproteintryglyceride (HDL) cholesterol, low-density lipoproteintryglyceride cholesterol, hemoglobin, creatinine, aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase, and gamma-glutamyltrans- peptidase (rGT)), and general health behaviors (smoking, alcohol, and exercise) of the MD group, and compared these characteristics with those of the MD-free control group. A total of 2,013 and 20,130 participants were included in the MD and MD-free control groups (1,640 and 15,458 for health screening data). We found the increase in incidence of allergic rhinitis and allergic asthma, decrease in systolic blood pressure, HDL cholesterol, and rGT, and less frequent alcohol consumption and less prevalent smoking in the MD group. No significant differences were observed between the groups in the incidence of autoimmune diseases, and cerebro- and cardiovascular disease as well as health screening data and objective laboratory findings. Inconsistence with published studies, the results of this study suggest that the autoimmunity and metabolic disorder, and skeletal growth might not be associated with the onset of MD. Another well-designed study for other races will be needed to the generalization of this study results.
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16
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Song JY, Park SE, Byun JH, Lee N, Han YM, Byun SY, Kim SH. Neonatal Lupus Erythematosus as a Rare Cause of Fever in Young Infants. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10143195. [PMID: 34300361 PMCID: PMC8306892 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10143195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Neonatal lupus erythematosus (NLE) is a rare disease caused by passively transmitted autoantibodies from the mother. NLE is a multi-organ system disease characterized by cutaneous, cardiac, hematological, hepatobiliary, and neurological manifestations. This study aimed to review the various symptoms and clinical manifestations in young infants with NLE and their mothers. We conducted a retrospective review of medical records of patients with NLE who were both examined and treated at Pusan National University Children's Hospital between January 2009 and December 2020 and their mothers. Twenty-seven patients with NLE comprising 13 male patients (48.1%) and 14 female patients (51.9%) were included. The most common symptom was rash (40.7%), followed by fever (25.9%), arrhythmia (14.8%), splenomegaly (11.1%), and intrauterine growth retardation (7.4%). Seven patients with fever had various organ system manifestations, including cutaneous (100%), hematological (71.4%), hepatobiliary (57.1%), and central nervous system (CNS; 28.6%) manifestations. Two of the febrile patients had aseptic meningitis. Cutaneous, cardiac, hematological, hepatobiliary, and CNS involvement were noted in 44.4%, 18.5%, 51.9%, 40.7%, and 22.2% of the patients, respectively. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) was the most common maternal disease (14/27, 51.9%). Ten mothers (37.0%) had not been diagnosed with any autoimmune disease until their babies were diagnosed. Among them, three were subsequently diagnosed with SLE, five were diagnosed with the Sjögren's syndrome, and two of them still had no known diagnosis of any autoimmune disorder. Fever is a common symptom of NLE; thus, when there is no clear focus of fever in infants, NLE needs to be considered, especially in cases with skin rashes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Yeon Song
- Department of Pediatrics, Pusan National University Children’s Hospital, Yangsan 50612, Korea; (J.Y.S.); (S.E.P.); (J.-H.B.); (N.L.); (Y.M.H.); (S.Y.B.)
| | - Su Eun Park
- Department of Pediatrics, Pusan National University Children’s Hospital, Yangsan 50612, Korea; (J.Y.S.); (S.E.P.); (J.-H.B.); (N.L.); (Y.M.H.); (S.Y.B.)
| | - Joung-Hee Byun
- Department of Pediatrics, Pusan National University Children’s Hospital, Yangsan 50612, Korea; (J.Y.S.); (S.E.P.); (J.-H.B.); (N.L.); (Y.M.H.); (S.Y.B.)
| | - Narae Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Pusan National University Children’s Hospital, Yangsan 50612, Korea; (J.Y.S.); (S.E.P.); (J.-H.B.); (N.L.); (Y.M.H.); (S.Y.B.)
| | - Young Mi Han
- Department of Pediatrics, Pusan National University Children’s Hospital, Yangsan 50612, Korea; (J.Y.S.); (S.E.P.); (J.-H.B.); (N.L.); (Y.M.H.); (S.Y.B.)
| | - Shin Yun Byun
- Department of Pediatrics, Pusan National University Children’s Hospital, Yangsan 50612, Korea; (J.Y.S.); (S.E.P.); (J.-H.B.); (N.L.); (Y.M.H.); (S.Y.B.)
| | - Seong Heon Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University Children’s Hospital & College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-2072-4304
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17
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Nimesh S, Ahmad MI, Dhama S, Kumar P, Akram M, Hasaroeih NEN. Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease: An Overview of the Clinical Approach to Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Treatment. BORNEO JOURNAL OF PHARMACY 2021. [DOI: 10.33084/bjop.v4i2.1950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), commonly known as Lupus, is a rare and complex multisystem autoimmune disease where one’s immune system is overactive, and the body attacks its organ systems. SLE is a historically old disease described already in antiquity; it is an example of a chronic disease with physical, psychological, financial, and social implications for individuals diagnosed. It has inspired medical and basic biological scientists that focus on molecular biology, basic immunology, immunopathology, clinical science, genetics, and epidemiology. The syndrome is real in its existence-although hidden behind obstacles, cumbersome for patients and clinicians, and rebellious for scientists. There is currently no cure for SLE. The goal of treatment is to ease symptoms. This article will review information on the general approach to SLE therapy, focusing on currently approved therapies and novel approaches that might be used in the future.
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18
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Tan Y, Yu F, Long J, Gan L, Wang H, Zhang L, Zhao M. Frequency of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Was Decreasing Among Hospitalized Patients From 2013 to 2017 in a National Database in China. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:648727. [PMID: 33889586 PMCID: PMC8056078 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.648727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Backgrounds: Limited data was reported for the frequency of SLE in China. The aim of this study was to investigate the frequency, geographical, and ethnic distributions of hospitalized SLE patients with data from the Hospital Quality Monitoring System (HQMS) in China. Methods: Hospitalized patients were investigated from a national inpatient database covering 46.0% of tertiary hospitals in China from 2013 to 2017. Data regarding the diagnosis of SLE were extracted based on ICD-10 codes. We collected and analyzed data from the front page of the records of inpatients, including frequency, demographic characteristics, and geographic distributions of SLE. Results: Among 158.3 million inpatients attended during the study period, 0.31% (491, 225) were diagnosed with SLE. The frequency of SLE decreased during the study period (from 0.30% in 2013 to 0.27% in 2017). The frequency of SLE increased with latitude (0.21% in northern China and 0.39% in southern China in 2017). Hospitalizations mostly occurred in winter (31.24%). The Li population had the highest frequency of patients with SLE (0.76%). The all-cause in-hospital mortality rate of SLE decreased from 0.74% (255/34,746) in 2013 to 0.54% (295/54,168) in 2017. The percentage of SLE patients with infections increased from 3.14% in 2013 to 4.72% in 2017. The percentage of SLE patients with tumors and thrombosis also increased slightly from 0.85 and 1.43% in 2013 to 1.27 and 2.45% in 2017, respectively. Conclusion: This study provided epidemiological information of SLE in hospitalized patients in China for the first time. An ethnic and spatial clustering trend of SLE was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Tan
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China.,Peking University Institute of Nephrology, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Renal Disease, Ministry of Health of China, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of CKD Prevention and Treatment, Ministry of Education of China, Beijing, China.,Research Units of Diagnosis and Treatment of Immune-mediated Kidney Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Yu
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China.,Peking University Institute of Nephrology, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Renal Disease, Ministry of Health of China, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of CKD Prevention and Treatment, Ministry of Education of China, Beijing, China.,Research Units of Diagnosis and Treatment of Immune-mediated Kidney Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Department of Nephrology, Peking University International Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jianyan Long
- China Standard Medical Information Research Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lanxia Gan
- China Standard Medical Information Research Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Haibo Wang
- China Standard Medical Information Research Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Luxia Zhang
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China.,Peking University Institute of Nephrology, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Renal Disease, Ministry of Health of China, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of CKD Prevention and Treatment, Ministry of Education of China, Beijing, China.,Research Units of Diagnosis and Treatment of Immune-mediated Kidney Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Center for Data Science in Health and Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Minghui Zhao
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China.,Peking University Institute of Nephrology, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Renal Disease, Ministry of Health of China, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of CKD Prevention and Treatment, Ministry of Education of China, Beijing, China.,Research Units of Diagnosis and Treatment of Immune-mediated Kidney Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Beijing, China
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19
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Jung SY, Kim MS, Kim MC, Choi SH, Chung JW, Choi ST. Effect of hydroxychloroquine pre-exposure on infection with SARS-CoV-2 in rheumatic disease patients: a population-based cohort study. Clin Microbiol Infect 2021; 27:611-617. [PMID: 33316402 PMCID: PMC7832641 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2020.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Early in vitro studies have suggested that hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) is a potentially useful drug against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections. This study was conducted to determine whether HCQ had a preventive effect on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in rheumatic disease patients who were taking HCQ. METHODS We conducted a population-based retrospective cohort study using the records of the Korean Health Insurance Review and Assessment (HIRA) claim records. The clinical data of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) or systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) who were tested for SARS-CoV-2 were investigated. We compared the attack rate of COVID-19 between those who underwent HCQ therapy within 14 days before the test for SARS-CoV-2 (HCQ users) and HCQ non-users. Data were analysed using logistic regression models, χ2, and Student's t-tests. RESULTS As of 15th May 2020, 2066 patients with RA or SLE were tested for COVID-19. Among them, 31.4% (649/2066) were treated with HCQ. Most HCQ users (93.7%, 608/649) were taking 200-400 mg/day recommended for the treatment of rheumatic diseases. The attack rate of COVID-19 in the HCQ users (2.3%, 15/649) did not differ from that in the HCQ non-users (2.2%, 31/1417) (p 0.86). CONCLUSIONS HCQ prophylactic use at a usual dose did not prevent COVID-19 in patients with rheumatic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun-Young Jung
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Global Innovative Drugs, Graduate School of Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Myo-Song Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Global Innovative Drugs, Graduate School of Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Chul Kim
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Chung-Ang University Hospital, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Ho Choi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Chung-Ang University Hospital, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jin-Won Chung
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Chung-Ang University Hospital, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Tae Choi
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chung-Ang University Hospital, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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The prevalence and incidence of systemic lupus erythematosus in Taiwan: a nationwide population-based study. Sci Rep 2021; 11:5631. [PMID: 33707552 PMCID: PMC7952694 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-84957-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
To estimate the prevalence and incidence rate of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in Taiwan by using a population-based longitudinal database from 2001 to 2011. We conducted a longitudinal Health Insurance Database (LHID) containing 1,000,000 beneficiaries' records for calculation of prevalence and incidence rate of SLE from 2001-2011. The overall prevalence of SLE in Taiwan in 2011 is 8.11 per 10,000 people with 14.3 per 10,000 people in female and 1.62 per 10,000 people in male. The overall incidence rate of SLE is 0.74-1 per 10,000 person-years with 1.09-1.76 per 10,000 person-years in female and 0.12-0.25 per 10,000 person-years in male. The highest prevalence rate was observed at 40-49 age group in females. There were no significant differences in the overall prevalence among the urban, suburban and rural area in Taiwan while the relative risk is higher in male population living in rural area (RR 1.36, 95% C.I. 1.03-1.79, p = 0.0303). The highest income group has a lower relative risk for the prevalence of SLE (RR 0.83, 95% C.I. 0.71-0.97, p = 0.0197). The incidence rate of SLE in male in the rural area is also higher than the urban area (RR 2.34, 95% C.I. 1.3-4.22, p = 0.0046). Our study covers the longest period among the nation-wide population studies of SLE in Taiwan. The prevalence was increasing especially in the elderly.
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21
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Huh K, Kim YE, Radnaabaatar M, Lee DH, Kim DW, Shin SA, Jung J. Estimating Baseline Incidence of Conditions Potentially Associated with Vaccine Adverse Events: a Call for Surveillance System Using the Korean National Health Insurance Claims Data. J Korean Med Sci 2021; 36:e67. [PMID: 33686812 PMCID: PMC7940120 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2021.36.e67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vaccines against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) are raising concerns about vaccine safety, particularly in the context of large-scale immunization. To address public concerns, we measured the baseline incidence rates of major conditions potentially related to vaccine-related adverse events (VAEs). We aimed to provide a basis for evaluating VAEs and verifying causality. METHODS Conditions of interest were selected from the US Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System Table of Reportable Events and a recent report from a European consortium on vaccine surveillance. We used the National Health Insurance Service database in Korea to identify the monthly numbers of cases with these conditions. Data from January 2006 to June 2020 were included. Prediction models were constructed from the observed incidences using an autoregressive integrated moving average. We predicted the incidences of the conditions and their respective 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for January through December 2021. In addition, subgroup analysis for the expected vaccination population was conducted. RESULTS Mean values (95% CIs) of the predicted monthly incidence of vasovagal syncope, anaphylaxis, brachial neuritis, acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, Bell's palsy, Guillain-Barré syndrome, encephalopathy, optic neuritis, transverse myelitis, immune thrombocytopenic purpura, and systemic lupus erythematosus in 2021 were 23.89 (19.81-27.98), 4.72 (3.83-5.61), 57.62 (51.37-63.88), 0.03 (0.01-0.04), 8.58 (7.90-9.26), 0.26 (0.18-0.34), 2.13 (1.42-2.83), 1.65 (1.17-2.13), 0.19 (0.14-0.25), 0.75 (0.61-0.90), and 3.40 (2.79-4.01) cases per 100,000 respectively. The majority of the conditions showed an increasing trend with seasonal variations in their incidences. CONCLUSION We measured the incidence of a total of 11 conditions that could potentially be associated with VAEs to predict the monthly incidence in 2021. In Korea, conditions that could potentially be related to VAEs occur on a regular basis, and an increasing trend is observed with seasonality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyungmin Huh
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Eun Kim
- Department of Big Data Strategy, National Health Insurance Service, Wonju, Korea
| | - Munkhzul Radnaabaatar
- Artificial Intelligence and Big-Data Convergence Center, Gil Medical Center, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
| | - Dae Ho Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gil Medical Center, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
| | - Dong Wook Kim
- Department of Big Data Strategy, National Health Insurance Service, Wonju, Korea
| | - Soon Ae Shin
- Department of Big Data Strategy, National Health Insurance Service, Wonju, Korea.
| | - Jaehun Jung
- Artificial Intelligence and Big-Data Convergence Center, Gil Medical Center, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon, Korea.
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22
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Yang CC, Kuo SC, Wei JCC. Comment on: Prevalence of systemic lupus erythematosus in Spain: higher than previously reported in other countries? Rheumatology (Oxford) 2021; 60:e118-e119. [PMID: 33254230 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/keaa709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Chieh-Chun Yang
- School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Chun Kuo
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - James Cheng-Chung Wei
- Department of Allergy, Immunology & Rheumatology, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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Chung MK, Park JS, Lim H, Lee CH, Lee J. Incidence and prevalence of systemic lupus erythematosus among Korean women in childbearing years: A nationwide population-based study. Lupus 2021; 30:674-679. [PMID: 33460342 DOI: 10.1177/0961203320984845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most women with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) are diagnosed with the disease in their reproductive years, but the incidence and prevalence of SLE among women of childbearing age have not been studied. The objective of this study was to estimate the incidence and prevalence of SLE among the Korean women of childbearing age. METHODS Women aged 20 to 44 years with SLE were identified from National Health Insurance Service - National Health Information Database (2009-2016), which contain health information of approximately 97% of the Korean population. SLE was defined by International Classification of Diseases, 10th revision code, M32. Incidence and prevalence were calculated per 100,000 person-years and stratified by year and age. RESULTS A total of 12,756 women with SLE were identified. The incidence of SLE from 2011 to 2016 among women in childbearing years was 8.18/100,000 person-years (95% CI 7.94-8.43), with the highest incidence in 2016 (8.56/100,000 person-years, 95% CI 7.95-9.17) and the lowest incidence in 2012 (7.85/100,000 person-years, 95% CI 7.28-8.42). The prevalence of SLE from 2009 to 2016 among women in childbearing years was 77.07/100,000 person-years (95% CI 75.76-78.39), with the highest prevalence in 2014 (79.47/100,000 person-years, 95% CI 77.64-81.30) and the lowest in 2010 (74.19/100,000 person-years, 95% CI 72.45-75.93). The peak age for SLE incidence was between 25-39 years, and lower incidence was seen in the early (20-24 years) and late (40-44 years) childbearing age periods. There was an increasing trend in prevalence according to age in women of childbearing age, with the highest prevalence occurring in the 40-44 age group. CONCLUSIONS The risk and burden of SLE are high among women during their childbearing years. This calls for special attention to this particular population group when allocating health resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Kyung Chung
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jin Su Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Health Insurance Service Ilsan Hospital, Goyang, South Korea
| | - Hyunsun Lim
- Research and Analysis Team, National Health Insurance Service Ilsal Hospital, Goyang-si, South Korea
| | - Chan Hee Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Health Insurance Service Ilsan Hospital, Goyang, South Korea
| | - Jisoo Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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