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Maragos CM, Probyn C, Proctor RH, Sieve KK. Cyclopiazonic acid in soft-ripened and blue cheeses marketed in the USA. FOOD ADDITIVES & CONTAMINANTS. PART B, SURVEILLANCE 2023; 16:14-23. [PMID: 35997046 DOI: 10.1080/19393210.2022.2109213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Strains of Penicillium camemberti and P. roqueforti are used in the production of soft-ripened and blue-veined cheeses. However, some strains can produce toxic secondary metabolites (mycotoxins), including α-cyclopiazonic acid (CPA), a neurotoxin. Data on the levels of CPA in cheeses marketed in the USA are extremely limited. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was adapted for measuring CPA in soft-ripened and blue-veined cheeses. Recoveries from cheese curds were 103 ± 27% (n = 30). A total of 254 samples of soft-ripened, blue and miscellaneous cheeses were examined. CPA was detected in 36/79 (45.6%) of soft-ripened cheeses and in 41/168 (24.4%) of blue-veined cheeses. Median levels in positive samples were 48.5 µg/kg and 30 µg/kg, respectively. The highest levels found were 3,820 µg/kg (in a Brie), 1,250 µg/kg (in a blue) and 7,900 µg/kg (in a Monte Enebro). The implication of such exposures is unknown, as a consensus on acceptable intake remains to be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris M Maragos
- Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Peoria, Illinois, USA
| | - Crystal Probyn
- Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Peoria, Illinois, USA
| | - Robert H Proctor
- Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Peoria, Illinois, USA
| | - Kristal K Sieve
- Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Peoria, Illinois, USA
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Ezekiel CN, Ayeni KI, Akinyemi MO, Sulyok M, Oyedele OA, Babalola DA, Ogara IM, Krska R. Dietary Risk Assessment and Consumer Awareness of Mycotoxins among Household Consumers of Cereals, Nuts and Legumes in North-Central Nigeria. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:635. [PMID: 34564639 PMCID: PMC8472633 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13090635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
This study characterized the health risks due to the consumption of mycotoxin-contaminated foods and assessed the consumer awareness level of mycotoxins in households in two north-central Nigerian states during the harvest and storage seasons of 2018. Twenty-six mycotoxins and 121 other microbial and plant metabolites were quantified by LC-MS/MS in 250 samples of cereals, nuts and legumes. Aflatoxins were detected in all food types (cowpea, maize, peanut and sorghum) except in millet. Aflatoxin B1 was the most prevalent mycotoxin in peanut (64%) and rice (57%), while fumonisin B1 occurred most in maize (93%) and beauvericin in sorghum (71%). The total aflatoxin concentration was highest in peanut (max: 8422 µg/kg; mean: 1281 µg/kg) and rice (max: 955 µg/kg; mean: 94 µg/kg), whereas the totals of the B-type fumonisins and citrinin were highest in maize (max: 68,204 µg/kg; mean: 2988 µg/kg) and sorghum (max: 1335 µg/kg; mean: 186 µg/kg), respectively. Citrinin levels also reached 51,195 µg/kg (mean: 2343 µg/kg) in maize. Aflatoxin and citrinin concentrations in maize were significantly (p < 0.05) higher during storage than at harvest. The estimated chronic exposures to aflatoxins, citrinin and fumonisins were high, resulting in as much as 247 new liver cancer cases/year/100,000 population and risks of nephrotoxicity and esophageal cancer, respectively. Children who consumed the foods were the most vulnerable. Mycotoxin co-occurrence was evident, which could increase the health risk of the outcomes. Awareness of mycotoxin issues was generally low among the households.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chibundu N. Ezekiel
- Department of Microbiology, Babcock University, Ilishan Remo 121103, Ogun State, Nigeria; (K.I.A.); (M.O.A.); (O.A.O.)
- Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Konrad Lorenz-Str. 20, A-3430 Tulln, Austria; (M.S.); (R.K.)
| | - Kolawole I. Ayeni
- Department of Microbiology, Babcock University, Ilishan Remo 121103, Ogun State, Nigeria; (K.I.A.); (M.O.A.); (O.A.O.)
| | - Muiz O. Akinyemi
- Department of Microbiology, Babcock University, Ilishan Remo 121103, Ogun State, Nigeria; (K.I.A.); (M.O.A.); (O.A.O.)
| | - Michael Sulyok
- Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Konrad Lorenz-Str. 20, A-3430 Tulln, Austria; (M.S.); (R.K.)
| | - Oluwawapelumi A. Oyedele
- Department of Microbiology, Babcock University, Ilishan Remo 121103, Ogun State, Nigeria; (K.I.A.); (M.O.A.); (O.A.O.)
| | - Daniel A. Babalola
- Department of Agriculture and Industrial Technology, Babcock University, Ilishan Remo 121103, Ogun State, Nigeria;
| | - Isaac M. Ogara
- Faculty of Agriculture, Lafia Campus, Nasarawa State University, Keffi 950101, Nasarawa State, Nigeria;
| | - Rudolf Krska
- Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Konrad Lorenz-Str. 20, A-3430 Tulln, Austria; (M.S.); (R.K.)
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, University Road, Belfast BT7 1NN, UK
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Impact of fullerol C 60(OH) 24 nanoparticles on the production of emerging toxins by Aspergillus flavus. Sci Rep 2020; 10:725. [PMID: 31959903 PMCID: PMC6971017 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-57706-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The impact of fullerene C60 water soluble daughter molecules - fullerols C60(OH)24 nanoparticles (FNP) on emerging (non-aflatoxin biosynthetic pathway) toxins production in mycelia and yeast extract sucrose (YES) media of A. flavus was investigated under growth conditions of 29 °C in the dark for a 168 h period. The FNP solution (10, 100 and 1000 ng mL−1) contained predominantly nanoparticles of 8 nm diameter and with zeta potential mean value of −33 mV. Ten emerging metabolites were produced at concentrations reaching 1,745,035 ng 50 mL−1 YES medium. Seven of the metabolites were found in mycelia and media, while three were only in mycelia. Majority of the metabolites were detected in higher quantity in mycelia than in media, at a ratio of 99:1 (m/m). However, higher metabolite quantities were found in media following FNP application, while FNP caused a decrease of total metabolite quantities in mycelia. The concentrations of the metabolites in media increased in the presence of 1000 ng mL−1 FNP while mycelial quantities of the metabolites decreased with increased applied FNP dose. The impacts of global climate changes on FNP availability in the environment and on mycotoxin occurrence in crops increase the relevance of this study for risk assessment of nanoparticles. Cordycepin is reported for the first time as metabolite of A. flavus.
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Peromingo B, Rodríguez A, Delgado J, Córdoba JJ, Rodríguez M. Relationship between cyclopiazonic acid production and gene expression in Penicillium griseofulvum under dry-cured ham processing environmental conditions. Mycotoxin Res 2019; 35:353-361. [PMID: 30972701 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-019-00357-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Cyclopiazonic acid (CPA)-producing Penicillium griseofulvum is usually found on the dry-cured ham surface during its ripening. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of temperature and water activity (aw) of dry-cured ham processing on growth, CPA production, and temporal relative expression of genes involved in CPA biosynthesis on dry-cured meat-based media. P. griseofulvum CECT 2919 grew faster than P. griseofulvum IBT 14319 in all conditions tested, although no growth occurred at 0.85 aw. Besides, the dry-cured ham-based medium favoured CPA synthesis for both strains compared to the meat-based medium. For the strain CECT 2919, the expression of the mfs-1 and pks-nrps genes were stimulated at 0.90 and 0.95 aw, respectively, while the dmaT gene expression was inhibited during the incubation time. By contrast, the strain IBT 14319 showed that the dmaT gene expression was stimulated at 0.90 aw, while the pks-nrps and mfs-1 genes were repressed throughout incubation time. In conclusion, it is necessary to reduce aw on the surface of the hams below 0.85 during ripening before to increase temperature to reduce growth of P. griseofulvum and CPA production. This information may be useful to design preventive and corrective actions to minimise risks associated with the presence of CPA in dry-cured ham.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belén Peromingo
- Food Hygiene and Safety, Meat and Meat Products Research Institute. Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Extremadura, Avda. de las Ciencias, s/n, 10003, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Alicia Rodríguez
- Food Hygiene and Safety, Meat and Meat Products Research Institute. Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Extremadura, Avda. de las Ciencias, s/n, 10003, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Josué Delgado
- Heart Clinical Unit, Virgen de la Victoria University Clinic Hospital, Institute of Biomedical Research in Malaga, IBIMA, CIBERCV, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Juan J Córdoba
- Food Hygiene and Safety, Meat and Meat Products Research Institute. Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Extremadura, Avda. de las Ciencias, s/n, 10003, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Mar Rodríguez
- Food Hygiene and Safety, Meat and Meat Products Research Institute. Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Extremadura, Avda. de las Ciencias, s/n, 10003, Cáceres, Spain.
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Delgado J, Peromingo B, Rodríguez A, Rodríguez M. Biocontrol of Penicillium griseofulvum to reduce cyclopiazonic acid contamination in dry-fermented sausages. Int J Food Microbiol 2018; 293:1-6. [PMID: 30616199 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2018.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Dry-fermented sausages are very appreciated by consumers. The environmental conditions during its ripening favor colonization of their surface by toxigenic molds. These molds contribute to the development of sensory characteristics; however, some of them could produce mycotoxins such as cyclopiazonic acid (CPA). CPA is mainly produced by Penicillium commune and Penicillium griseofulvum which have been found in dry-cured meat products. Thus, strategies to prevent the CPA contamination in dry-fermented sausages are needed. The objective of this work was to evaluate the ability of P. griseofulvum to produce CPA in dry-fermented sausage during its ripening as well as to test different strategies to prevent CPA production. The ability of PgAFP antifungal protein-producing Penicillium chrysogenum, Debaryomyces hansenii and Pediococcus acidilactici for inhibiting CPA production by P. griseofulvum was tested on dry-fermented sausage-based medium. Only P. chrysogenum inhibited the CPA production, so this mold was co-inoculated with P. griseofulvum on sausages whose ripening was performed at low temperature. CPA reached around 800 ng/g in the control batch, being reduced to 20 ng/g by the presence of P. chrysogenum. This work demonstrates the risk posed by CPA on dry-fermented sausages, and provides a successful strategy to prevent this hazard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josué Delgado
- Food Hygiene and Safety, Meat and Meat Products Research Institute, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Extremadura, Avda, de las Ciencias, s/n, 10003 Cáceres, Spain
| | - Belén Peromingo
- Food Hygiene and Safety, Meat and Meat Products Research Institute, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Extremadura, Avda, de las Ciencias, s/n, 10003 Cáceres, Spain
| | - Alicia Rodríguez
- Food Hygiene and Safety, Meat and Meat Products Research Institute, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Extremadura, Avda, de las Ciencias, s/n, 10003 Cáceres, Spain
| | - Mar Rodríguez
- Food Hygiene and Safety, Meat and Meat Products Research Institute, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Extremadura, Avda, de las Ciencias, s/n, 10003 Cáceres, Spain.
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Peromingo B, Rodríguez M, Núñez F, Silva A, Rodríguez A. Sensitive determination of cyclopiazonic acid in dry-cured ham using a QuEChERS method and UHPLC–MS/MS. Food Chem 2018; 263:275-282. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.04.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Maragos CM. Complexation of the Mycotoxin Cyclopiazonic Acid with Lanthanides Yields Luminescent Products. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:E285. [PMID: 29996475 PMCID: PMC6071049 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10070285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cycopiazonic acid (CPA) is a neurotoxin that acts through inhibition of the sarco(endo)plasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase (SERCA). CPA blocks the calcium access channel of the enzyme. The inhibition may involve the binding of CPA with a divalent cation such as Mg2+. The potential for CPA to act as a chelator also has implications for methods to detect this toxin. Certain of the lanthanide metals undergo a dramatic increase in luminescence upon coordination with small molecules that can transfer excitation energy to the metal. This report is the first to describe the coordination of CPA with lanthanide metals, resulting in a substantial enhancement of their luminescence. The luminescence expressed was dependent upon the type of lanthanide, its concentration, and the environment (solvent, water content, pH). Based upon the phenomenon, a competitive assay was also developed wherein terbium (Tb3+) and a series of metal cations competed for binding with CPA. With increasing cation concentration, the luminescence of the CPA/Tb3+ complex was inhibited. The chlorides of ten metals were tested. Inhibition was best with Cu2+, followed by Co2+, Al3+, Fe3+, Mn2+, Au3+, Mg2+, and Ca2+. Two cations in oxidation state one (Na⁺, K⁺) did not inhibit the interaction significantly. The interaction of CPA with lanthanides provides a novel recognition assay for this toxin. It also provides a novel way to probe the binding of CPA to metals, giving insights into CPA’s mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris M Maragos
- Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Peoria, IL 61604, USA.
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Ostry V, Toman J, Grosse Y, Malir F. Cyclopiazonic acid: 50th anniversary of its discovery. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2018. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2017.2243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In 1968, the mycotoxin cyclopiazonic acid (CPA) was first discovered and characterised as a chemical substance. Within the following five decades, much has been learned from the results of CPA research. CPA is produced by several Penicillium species (P. griseofulvum, P. camemberti, P. commune, P. dipodomyicola) and Aspergillus species (A. flavus, A. oryzae and A. tamarii). It is widespread on naturally contaminated agricultural raw materials. CPA has been reported to occur in food commodities (e.g. oilseeds, nuts, cereals, dried figs, milk, cheese and meat products) and to possess toxicological significance. CPA is also frequently detected in peanuts and maize; the presence of CPA and aflatoxins in maize and peanuts contaminated with A. flavus suggests that synergism may occur. CPA is toxic to several animal species, such as rats, pigs, guinea pigs, poultry and dogs. After ingesting CPA-contaminated feeds, test animals display severe gastrointestinal upsets and neurological disorders. Organs affected include the liver, kidney, heart, and digestive tract, which show degenerative changes and necrosis. Biologically, CPA is a specific inhibitor of sarco(endo)plasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase. Data from toxicological evaluation of aflatoxins and CPA in broiler chickens demonstrate that both aflatoxins and CPA alone and the aflatoxin-CPA combination can adversely affect broiler health. The effects of aflatoxins and CPA combination were additive in most cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- V. Ostry
- National Institute of Public Health, Centre for Health, Nutrition and Food, National Reference Centre for Microfungi and Mycotoxins in Food Chains, Palackeho 3a, 61242 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - J. Toman
- University of Hradec Kralove, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Rokitanskeho 62, 50003 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Y. Grosse
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, 150 Cours Albert Thomas, 69372 Lyon Cedex 08, France
| | - F. Malir
- University of Hradec Kralove, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Rokitanskeho 62, 50003 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
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Chalivendra SC, DeRobertis C, Chang PK, Damann KE. Cyclopiazonic Acid Is a Pathogenicity Factor for Aspergillus flavus and a Promising Target for Screening Germplasm for Ear Rot Resistance. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2017; 30:361-373. [PMID: 28447887 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-02-17-0026-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Aspergillus flavus, an opportunistic pathogen, contaminates maize and other key crops with carcinogenic aflatoxins (AFs). Besides AFs, A. flavus makes many more secondary metabolites (SMs) whose toxicity in insects or vertebrates has been studied. However, the role of SMs in the invasion of plant hosts by A. flavus remains to be investigated. Cyclopiazonic acid (CPA), a neurotoxic SM made by A. flavus, is a nanomolar inhibitor of endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPases (ECAs) and a potent inducer of cell death in plants. We hypothesized that CPA, by virtue of its cytotoxicity, may serve as a key pathogenicity factor that kills plant cells and supports the saprophytic life style of the fungus while compromising the host defense response. This proposal was tested by two complementary approaches. A comparison of CPA levels among A. flavus isolates indicated that CPA may be a determinant of niche adaptation, i.e., isolates that colonize maize make more CPA than those restricted only to the soil. Further, mutants in the CPA biosynthetic pathway are less virulent in causing ear rot than their wild-type parent in field inoculation assays. Additionally, genes encoding ECAs are expressed in developing maize seeds and are induced by A. flavus infection. Building on these results, we developed a seedling assay in which maize roots were exposed to CPA, and cell death was measured as Evans Blue uptake. Among >40 maize inbreds screened for CPA tolerance, inbreds with proven susceptibility to ear rot were also highly CPA sensitive. The publicly available data on resistance to silk colonization or AF contamination for many of the lines was also broadly correlated with their CPA sensitivity. In summary, our studies show that i) CPA serves as a key pathogenicity factor that enables the saprophytic life style of A. flavus and ii) maize inbreds are diverse in their tolerance to CPA. Taking advantage of this natural variation, we are currently pursuing both genome-wide and candidate gene approaches to identify novel components of maize resistance to Aspergillus ear rot.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Perng-Kuang Chang
- 2 USDA-Southern Region Research Center, New Orleans, LA 70124, U.S.A
| | - Kenneth E Damann
- 1 Louisiana State University Ag Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, U.S.A.; and
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Detection of cyclopiazonic acid (CPA) in maize by immunoassay. Mycotoxin Res 2017; 33:157-165. [DOI: 10.1007/s12550-017-0275-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Revised: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Targeting Other Mycotoxin Biosynthetic Genes. Methods Mol Biol 2016. [PMID: 27924541 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6707-0_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
Real-time PCR (qPCR) methods are adequate tools for sensitive and rapid detection and quantification of toxigenic molds contaminating food commodities. Methods of qPCR for quantifying zearalenone (ZEA)-, sterigmatocystin (ST)-, cyclopiazonic acid (CPA)-, and patulin (PAT)-producing molds have been designed on the basis of specific target genes involved in the biosynthesis of these mycotoxins. In this chapter reliable qPCR protocols to detect and quantify such toxigenic molds are described. All of these methods are suitable when working with mold pure cultures and mold contaminated foods. For ZEA-producing molds, two qPCR using the SYBR Green fluorochrome and based on two polyketide synthase (PKS) genes are detailed. qPCR protocols relied on the fluG and the idh genes able to quantify ST- and PAT-producing molds, respectively, which can be performed by both SYBR Green and TaqMan methodologies are described. Regarding CPA-producing molds a TaqManq PCR method including a competitive internal amplification control is detailed. Since DNA extraction is a critical step in the detection and quantification of toxigenic molds by qPCR, a protocol for extracting DNA from mold pure cultures and food is also described.
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Malachová A, Sulyok M, Beltrán E, Berthiller F, Krska R. Optimization and validation of a quantitative liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometric method covering 295 bacterial and fungal metabolites including all regulated mycotoxins in four model food matrices. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1362:145-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.08.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 323] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Revised: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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13
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Rodríguez A, Werning ML, Rodríguez M, Bermúdez E, Córdoba JJ. Quantitative real-time PCR method with internal amplification control to quantify cyclopiazonic acid producing molds in foods. Food Microbiol 2012; 32:397-405. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2012.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2012] [Revised: 07/26/2012] [Accepted: 08/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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King ED, Bobby Bassi AB, Ross DC, Druebbisch B. An industry perspective on the use of "atoxigenic" strains of Aspergillus flavus as biological control agents and the significance of cyclopiazonic acid. TOXIN REV 2011; 30:33-41. [PMID: 22844262 PMCID: PMC3339596 DOI: 10.3109/15569543.2011.588818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2011] [Accepted: 05/12/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Several nonaflatoxigenic strains of Aspergillus flavus have been registered in the United States to reduce aflatoxin accumulation in maize and other crops, but there may be unintended negative consequences if these strains produce cyclopiazonic acid (CPA). AF36, a nonaflatoxigenic, CPA-producing strain has been shown to produce CPA in treated maize and peanuts. Alternative strains, including Afla-Guard® brand biocontrol agent and K49, do not produce CPA and can reduce both aflatoxin and CPA in treated crops. Chronic toxicity of CPA has not been studied, and recent animal studies show significant harmful effects from short-term exposure to CPA at low doses. Grower and industry confidence in this approach must be preserved through transparency.
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Abbas HK, Weaver MA, Horn BW, Carbone I, Monacell JT, Shier WT. Selection ofAspergillus flavusisolates for biological control of aflatoxins in corn. TOXIN REV 2011. [DOI: 10.3109/15569543.2011.591539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Martos P, Thompson W, Diaz G. Multiresidue mycotoxin analysis in wheat, barley, oats, rye and maize grain by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2010. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2010.1212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A method has been developed for the simultaneous analysis of 22 mycotoxins in wheat, barley, oats, rye and maize grain. Analysis is carried out with liquid chromatography-electrospray ionisation tandem mass spectrometry. The compounds included in this analysis are aflatoxins, sterigmatocystin, cyclopiazonic acid, tricothecenes, ochratoxin A, fumonisins, zearalonone, and ergot alkaloids. Sample extraction (2 g) with acetonitrile:water (8 ml, 80:20) was carried out for 2 min using a commercial sample preparation apparatus (Stomacher®). The extract was then centrifuged, filtered and analysed. Extraction of fumonisins from maize (2 g) was optimised by first extracting the maize with acetonitrile: water (5 ml, 80:20) followed by the addition of water (3 ml), which permitted extraction of the 22 mycotoxins, including the fumonisins. Chromatography was carried out with a minicolumn (7.5×2.1 mm, 5 µm) (5 µl sample injection) and in 11 min, including column reconditioning. Analysis was carried out with 2 MRM transitions for the precursor ions. All method detection limits were below current maximum Canadian residue limits. Matrix effects for each compound in each of the 5 matrices were estimated and ranged from 70 to 149%, but most were 100±10%. Accuracy, repeatability and ruggedness were established. Proficiency samples from FERA (Food and Environment Research Agency, Sand Hutton, York, UK) were tested and are reported. Finally, 100 field samples of the various grains were tested with this method and are reported with the observation of numerous mycotoxins in all matrices, including ergotamine in winter wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. Martos
- Laboratory Services Division, University of Guelph, 95 Stone Rd. W., Guelph, Ontario N1H 8J7, Canada
| | - W. Thompson
- Laboratory Services Division, University of Guelph, 95 Stone Rd. W., Guelph, Ontario N1H 8J7, Canada
| | - G. Diaz
- Laboratorio de Toxicología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y de Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, D.C., Colombia
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