A review of literature on the adverse effects of hyperthyroidism on the heart functional behavior

A review of literatures on the adverse effects of thyroid abnormalities and liver disorders: an overview on liver dysfunction and hypothyroidism

The healthy thyroid is vital for the liver metabolism. The liver also plays an important role in the metabolism of thyroid hormones. Thyroid and liver diseases can apparently have an adverse effects on each other organs. The main concept behind this present review is to analyze the coordination existed among thyroid and liver and the pathophysiology surrounding these two vital organs in human metabolism.

Female reproduction physiology adversely manipulated by thyroid disorders: a review of literature

Proper thyroid function is vital to have a healthy reproduction system. Female sex hormones are altered due to hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism. Female reproduction system is negatively manipulated by both hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism and menstrual disorders are the ultimate consequences. Hypomenorrhea, polymenorrhea and oligomenorrhea are the clinical manifestation associated with hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism, respectively. The female infertility is also adversely affected by thyrotoxicosis and myxedema, the clinical presentation of hyper and hypothyroidism. The simultaneous existence of autoimmunity which is present among some portion of pregnant women may aggravate the clinical manifestation of thyroid disorders in female reproductive physiology. Abortion, premature infants, low birth infant, are among clinical presentation of overt hypothyroidism. Auto antibody against thyroid stimulating hormone receptor and eventual hyperthyroidism considered as risk factors which require extra attention while the thyroid disorder is clinically managed during pregnancy to prevent the fetus from abnormal metabolism. The aim of this review is to elaborate the adverse role of hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism in female reproduction physiology.

A literature review on the adverse effects of hypothyroidism on kidney function

Thyroid produce two important hormone of thyroxine or tetraidothyronine (T4) and triidothyronine (T3), which are involved in whole aspect of metabolism. T4 and T3 play vital role in all biochemical function, growth and development in human body. The basic metabolic pathways in kidney and every organ in human controlled by these hormones. T4 and T3 are involved in kidney function in health and diseases condition therefore the pathophysiology of kidney can be directly influenced and regulated by thyroid hormones. Kidney growth, haemodynamic, blood circulation, tubular, electrolyte balance and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) are among such crucial process. Hypothyroidism which accompanied with reduced thyroid hormone production adversely affect the renal functions, development and eventually leading to reduced weight, kidney vascular disorders, electrolyte, tubular transport imbalances, lower filtration rate and other adverse consequences of hypothyroidism. On other hand kidney diseases can also disrupt the thyroid function metabolism resulting in the subsequent hypothyroidism. It is an interesting subject in how thyroid and kidney in health and diseases closely interacted. For the ideal clinical follow up of either of thyroid and renal diseases the two organs should be simultaneously examined for a proper patient management. Close correlation of thyroid and kidney clinical teams are essential to check the cross reactions and adverse interactions which might be produced between these two vital organs to avoid misdiagnosis either of thyroid or kidney abnormalities.