Urgent Attention Needed for Mental Health Challenges Arising from Prolonged Grief During and in the Aftermath of COVID-19

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Clinical work with suicide loss survivors: Implications of the U.S. postvention guidelines

The loss of a loved one to suicide can present difficult challenges for suicide loss survivors (people bereaved by suicide) as well as for clinicians who would seek to help them. Building on the recommendations in the new document Responding to Grief, Trauma, and Distress after a Suicide: U.S. National Guidelines, this article provides an overview of clinical work with suicide loss survivors. It includes discussions of the common themes of suicide bereavement, the psychological tasks for integration of a suicide loss, and the options for providing grief therapy after a suicide. The article will be of value to caregivers who work with suicide loss survivors in counseling or therapeutic context.

Complicated grief and bereavement in young adults following close friend and sibling loss

BACKGROUND

This study examined the association between types of loss (i.e., sibling or close friend) and relationship quality (i.e., depth and conflict) with complicated grief, depression, somatic symptoms, and world assumptions in bereaved young adults.

METHODS

Participants were 107 young adults aged 17-29 years who were either bereaved or had never experienced a loss. Among bereaved participants, 66 lost a close friend and seven lost a sibling within the past 3 years (M = 1.63 years).

RESULTS

Nineteen percent of the young adults met criteria for complicated grief and 31% had mild to severe depression. Participants with a deceased sibling reported greater depth in the relationship as compared to those who lost a friend. They were also more likely to have complicated grief (57% versus 15%) and report significantly higher levels of grief, depression, and somatic symptoms. Those who lost a sibling reported a lower sense of meaningfulness and benevolence of the world and self-worth as compared with those who lost a close friend or had not experienced a loss.

CONCLUSIONS

Complicated grief and depression are common among bereaved young adults. Sibling loss is particularly distressing to young adults, due in part to the high level of relationship depth, and is associated with increased psychological and physical symptoms postloss.

The relationship between adult separation anxiety disorder and complicated grief in a cohort of 454 outpatients with mood and anxiety disorders

BACKGROUND

Recent epidemiological studies indicate that separation anxiety disorder occurs more frequently in adults than children. Data from literature suggest that Adult Separation Anxiety Disorder (ASAD) may develop after a bereavement or threat of loss. Research has demonstrated that bereaved persons may present a clinically significant grief reaction, defined as Complicated Grief (CG) that causes a severe impairment in the quality of life. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between ASAD and CG in a large cohort of outpatients with mood and anxiety disorders.

METHODS

Study participants comprised 454 adult psychiatric outpatients with DSM-IV mood or anxiety disorders diagnoses. Diagnostic assessments were performed using the SCID-I; ASAD was assessed using an adapted version of the Structured Clinical Interview for Separation Anxiety Symptoms (SCI-SAS-adult). Complicated grief symptoms were assessed by the Inventory of Complicated Grief (ICG). Social and work impairments were evaluated using the Sheehan Disability Scale (SDS). Adult attachment styles were assessed by the Relationship Questionnaire (RQ).

RESULTS

The overall frequency of ASAD in our sample was 43% and that of CG was 23%. Individuals with CG had a greater frequency of ASAD (56%) with respect to those without CG (40%). Subjects with CG plus ASAD reported higher scores on ICG and greater impairment on quality of life, as measured with SDS, than CG patients without ASAD.

CONCLUSIONS

Adult separation anxiety disorder occurs in a high proportion of adult psychiatric outpatients with complicated grief. The association between these two conditions should be further investigated in light of their clinical implications.

Late-life bereavement and complicated grief: a proposed comprehensive framework

OBJECTIVES

The construct of complicated grief (CG) has garnered increased empirical attention since it has been proposed as a diagnostic category for the upcoming Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-V. The aim of this article is to critically examine construct validity in light of a proposed conceptual framework, with special emphasis on understanding late-life bereavement.

METHOD

This is a review article that critically examined current bereavement and grief models. We explored discriminant and convergent validity between CG and uncomplicated grief (UG) and other psychopathological constructs in terms of symptom intensity, symptom trajectories, bereavement outcomes, and treatment response.

RESULTS

The findings from this review show mixed support for differentiating CG from other outcomes of bereavement for the following reasons: (1) a clear boundary between CG and UG has not been adequately supported, (2) symptoms of CG and bereavement-related depression and anxiety overlap, although there is some evidence of incremental validity in that CG symptoms predict global functioning above and beyond symptoms of depression, and (3) the treatment literature demonstrated that general grief interventions and treatment targeted for improving depression are ineffective at treating symptoms of CG, whereas interventions specially tailored to treating CG have been moderately effective. The findings also emphasize the importance of considering pre-bereavement circumstances, such as preexisting depression, in the conceptualization of broader bereavement outcome.

CONCLUSION

There were mixed findings supporting the construct validation of CG. A comprehensive framework that emphasizes pre-bereavement circumstances was proposed in order to better predict various grief trajectories and outcomes of late-life loss.

Do clinical psychologists extend the bereavement exclusion for major depression to other stressful life events?

BACKGROUND

In assessing potential cases of major depressive disorder (MDD), to what extent do clinicians interpret symptoms within the explanatory context of major life stressors? Past research suggests that when clinicians know a plausible life event cause for a person's disordered symptoms, they generally judge that person to be less abnormal than if the cause was unknown. However, the current, fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders specifies that only bereavement-related life events exclude a client from a diagnosis of MDD, and the upcoming fifth edition of the manual (DSM-V) is currently slated to eliminate this bereavement clause altogether.

OBJECTIVE

To systematically examine whether clinicians' judgments reflect agreement with either of these formal DSM specifications.

METHOD

In a controlled experiment, 72 practicing, licensed clinical psychologists made judgments about realistic MDD vignettes that included a bereavement event, stressful non-bereavement event, neutral event, or no event.

RESULTS

Bonferroni-corrected paired comparisons revealed that both bereavement and non-bereavement life events led MDD symptoms to be rated as significantly less indicative of a depression diagnosis, less abnormal, less rare, and less culturally unacceptable (all P ≤ 0.001) relative to control conditions.

LIMITATIONS

Clinicians made judgments of realistic, controlled vignettes rather than patients.

CONCLUSIONS

The results suggest that practicing clinical psychologists assess symptoms within the explanatory context of bereavement and non-bereavement life stressors, indicating a departure from the DSM's recommendations, both current and proposed.

IMPLICATIONS

for diagnostic decision making and the clinical utility of the DSM's recommendations are discussed.

Grief and bereavement: what psychiatrists need to know

THIS REVIEW COVERS FOUR AREAS OF CLINICAL IMPORTANCE TO PRACTICING PSYCHIATRISTS: a) symptoms and course of uncomplicated (normal) grief; b) differential diagnosis, clinical characteristics and treatment of complicated grief; c) differential diagnosis, clinical characteristics and treatment of grief-related major depression; and d) psychiatrists' reactions to patient suicides. Psychiatrists often are ill prepared to identify complicated grief and grief-related major depression, and may not always be trained to identify or provide the most appropriate course of treatment. Both conditions overlap with symptoms found in ordinary, uncomplicated grief, and often are written off as "normal" with the faulty assumption that time, strength of character and the natural support system will heal. While uncomplicated grief may be extremely painful, disruptive and consuming, it is usually tolerable and self-limited and does not require formal treatment. However, both complicated grief and grief-related major depression can be persistent and gravely disabling, can dramatically interfere with function and quality of life, and may even be life threatening in the absence of treatment; and both usually respond to targeted psychiatric interventions. In addition, patient suicide has been reported as one of the most frequent and stressful crises experienced by health providers, and psychiatrists are not immune to complicated grief or grief-related depression when they, themselves, become survivors. Thus, it is essential for psychiatrists to recognize their own vulnerabilities to the personal assaults that often accompany such losses, not only for their own mental health and well-being, but also to provide the most sensitive and enlightened care to their patients.