Dual Diagnosis and Total Hip Arthroplasty

Acute kidney injury in patients undergoing elective primary lower limb arthroplasty

Purpose

Recent research has outlined the increasing incidence of acute kidney injury (AKI) and its effect on morbidity/mortality. There is evidence that current rates are significantly under-reported nationally, with uncertainty about pre-operative factors that might influence AKI reduction and the impact on other healthcare outcomes such as mortality and later Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) development. We set out to help address these current deficiencies in the literature.

Methods

A retrospective cohort study was undertaken using data collected from patients undergoing elective primary lower limb arthroplasty within our institution from 01/10/16–31/09/17 with a 2-year follow-up.

Results

53/782 (6.8%) patients had an AKI during the study time period. This was associated with a longer inpatient stay (p < 0.001). There was no significant difference in 30-day mortality (p = 0.134), 30-day readmission (p = 1.00) or later CKD development (p = 0.63). Independent predictors of AKI were as follows: Diabetes (OR 2.49; 95%CI 1.15–5.38; p = 0.021), CKD (OR 4.59; 95%CI 2.37–8.92; p < 0.001) and Male sex (OR 2.61; 95%CI 1.42–4.78; p = 0.002).

Conclusions

AKI in those undergoing hip and knee arthroplasty remains under-reported at a national level. AKI development was associated with an increased length of stay, but not long-term healthcare outcomes. This may be due to the mechanism of AKI development or the low absolute numbers of AKI suffered. We have identified three pre-operative factors (Diabetes, CKD & Male Sex) that were independently predictive of AKI. Targeted interventions may reduce the risk of AKI after lower limb arthroplasty.

Preexisting Opioid Use Disorder and Outcomes After Lower Extremity Arthroplasty: A Multistate Analysis, 2007–2014

Objective

The aim of this study was to examine the association of preexisting opioid use disorder and postoperative outcomes in patients undergoing total hip or knee arthroplasty (THA and TKA, respectively) in the overall population and in the Medicare-only population.

Methods

This retrospective cohort study examined data from the State Inpatient Databases of the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project for the years 2007–2014 from California, Florida, New York, Maryland, and Kentucky. We compared patients with and without opioid use disorders on unadjusted rates and calculated adjusted odds ratios (aORs) of in-hospital mortality, postoperative complications, length of stay, and 30-day and 90-day readmission status; analyses were repeated in a subgroup of Medicare insurance patients only.

Subjects

After applying our exclusion criteria, our study included 1,422,210 adult patients undergoing lower extremity arthroplasties, including 818,931 Medicare insurance patients. In our study, 0.4% of THA patients and 0.3% of TKA patients had present-on-admission opioid use disorder.

Results

Opioid use disorder patients were at higher risk for in-hospital mortality (aOR = 3.10), 30- and 90-day readmissions (aORs = 1.81, 1.81), and pulmonary and infectious complications (aORs = 1.25, 1.96).

Conclusions

Present-on-admission opioid use disorder was a risk factor for worse postoperative outcomes and increased health care utilization in the lower extremity arthroplasty population. Opioid use disorder is a potentially modifiable risk factor for mortality, postoperative complications, and health care utilization, especially in the at-risk Medicare population.

Acute Kidney Injury in Patients Undergoing Total Hip Arthroplasty: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Background: The number of total hip arthroplasties (THA) performed across the world is growing rapidly. We performed this meta-analysis to evaluate the incidence of acute kidney injury (AKI) in patients undergoing THA. Methods: A literature search was performed using MEDLINE, EMBASE and Cochrane Database from inception until July 2018 to identify studies assessing the incidence of AKI (using standard AKI definitions of RIFLE, AKIN, and KDIGO classifications) in patients undergoing THA. We applied a random-effects model to estimate the incidence of AKI. The protocol for this meta-analysis is registered with PROSPERO (no. CRD42018101928). Results: Seventeen cohort studies with a total of 24,158 patients undergoing THA were enrolled. Overall, the pooled estimated incidence rates of AKI and severe AKI requiring dialysis following THA were 6.3% (95% CI: 3.8%–10.2%) and 0.5% (95% CI: 0.1%–2.3%). Subgroup analysis based on the countries by continent was performed and demonstrated the pooled estimated incidence of AKI following THA of 9.2% (95% CI: 5.6%–14.8%) in Asia, 8.1% (95% CI: 4.9%–13.2%) in Australia, 7.4% (95% CI: 3.2%–16.3%) in Europe, and 2.8% (95% CI: 1.2%–17.0%) in North America. Meta-regression of all included studies showed significant negative correlation between incidence of AKI following THA and study year (slope = −0.37, p <0.001). There was no publication bias as assessed by the funnel plot and Egger’s regression asymmetry test with p = 0.13 for the incidence of AKI in patients undergoing THA. Conclusion: The overall estimated incidence rates of AKI and severe AKI requiring dialysis in patients undergoing THA are 6.3% and 0.5%, respectively. There has been potential improvement in AKI incidence for patients undergoing THA over time.