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Bhoite R, Satyavrat V, Premasudha Sadananda M. Clinical benefits of β-glucan supplementation in children: a review. DISCOVER FOOD 2022. [PMCID: PMC9793387 DOI: 10.1007/s44187-022-00038-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
AbstractMalnutrition is a global concern since it affects 130 million children under the age of 5 worldwide. The child’s immunity is brutally compromised, making them susceptible to various diseases and infections, leading to a high mortality rate. Multiple strategies have been implemented to strengthen immunity in children with compromised immunity, such as rendering a balanced diet, fortifying food, dietary supplements, and introducing potential natural dietary fibers to maintain good nutrition status, such as β-glucan. A class of biologically active polysaccharides, sourced from yeast, mushroom, bacteria, and cereals with versatile immunomodulatory benefits that potentially primes the host immune system, drives several metabolic health effects, increases infection resistance, shields against the damaging effects of stress, and maintains healthy energy levels. This review focuses on the capabilities, underlying mechanisms, immune-stimulating potency, and clinically meaningful shreds of evidence to substantiate the multiple health benefits of β-glucan in children. Although, more clinical studies are required, current findings confirms the various biological response modifying abilities of β-glucan that may notably aid in the development of a strong immune system in children for their overall health and wellbeing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachana Bhoite
- Dr Reddy’s Laboratories Pvt Ltd, Ameerpet, Hyderabad, India
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2
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Caseiro C, Dias JNR, de Andrade Fontes CMG, Bule P. From Cancer Therapy to Winemaking: The Molecular Structure and Applications of β-Glucans and β-1, 3-Glucanases. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:3156. [PMID: 35328577 PMCID: PMC8949617 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23063156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
β-glucans are a diverse group of polysaccharides composed of β-1,3 or β-(1,3-1,4) linked glucose monomers. They are mainly synthesized by fungi, plants, seaweed and bacteria, where they carry out structural, protective and energy storage roles. Because of their unique physicochemical properties, they have important applications in several industrial, biomedical and biotechnological processes. β-glucans are also major bioactive molecules with marked immunomodulatory and metabolic properties. As such, they have been the focus of many studies attesting to their ability to, among other roles, fight cancer, reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases and control diabetes. The physicochemical and functional profiles of β-glucans are deeply influenced by their molecular structure. This structure governs β-glucan interaction with multiple β-glucan binding proteins, triggering myriad biological responses. It is then imperative to understand the structural properties of β-glucans to fully reveal their biological roles and potential applications. The deconstruction of β-glucans is a result of β-glucanase activity. In addition to being invaluable tools for the study of β-glucans, these enzymes have applications in numerous biotechnological and industrial processes, both alone and in conjunction with their natural substrates. Here, we review potential applications for β-glucans and β-glucanases, and explore how their functionalities are dictated by their structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Caseiro
- CIISA—Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal; (C.C.); (J.N.R.D.)
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Joana Nunes Ribeiro Dias
- CIISA—Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal; (C.C.); (J.N.R.D.)
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | - Pedro Bule
- CIISA—Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal; (C.C.); (J.N.R.D.)
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
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Brueggeman JM, Zhao J, Schank M, Yao ZQ, Moorman JP. Trained Immunity: An Overview and the Impact on COVID-19. Front Immunol 2022; 13:837524. [PMID: 35251030 PMCID: PMC8891531 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.837524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Effectively treating infectious diseases often requires a multi-step approach to target different components involved in disease pathogenesis. Similarly, the COVID-19 pandemic has become a global health crisis that requires a comprehensive understanding of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Corona Virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection to develop effective therapeutics. One potential strategy to instill greater immune protection against COVID-19 is boosting the innate immune system. This boosting, termed trained immunity, employs immune system modulators to train innate immune cells to produce an enhanced, non-specific immune response upon reactivation following exposure to pathogens, a process that has been studied in the context of in vitro and in vivo clinical studies prior to the COVID-19 pandemic. Evaluation of the underlying pathways that are essential to inducing protective trained immunity will provide insight into identifying potential therapeutic targets that may alleviate the COVID-19 crisis. Here we review multiple immune training agents, including Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG), β-glucan, and lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and the two most popular cell types involved in trained immunity, monocytes and natural killer (NK) cells, and compare the signaling pathways involved in innate immunity. Additionally, we discuss COVID-19 trained immunity clinical trials, emphasizing the potential of trained immunity to fight SARS-CoV-2 infection. Understanding the mechanisms by which training agents activate innate immune cells to reprogram immune responses may prove beneficial in developing preventive and therapeutic targets against COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin M. Brueggeman
- Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, United States,Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University (ETSU), Johnson City, TN, United States,Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Juan Zhao
- Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, United States,Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University (ETSU), Johnson City, TN, United States
| | - Madison Schank
- Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, United States,Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University (ETSU), Johnson City, TN, United States
| | - Zhi Q. Yao
- Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, United States,Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University (ETSU), Johnson City, TN, United States,Hepatitis (HCV/HBV/HIV) Program, James H. Quillen VA Medical Center, Department of Veterans Affairs, Johnson City, TN, United States
| | - Jonathan P. Moorman
- Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, United States,Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University (ETSU), Johnson City, TN, United States,Hepatitis (HCV/HBV/HIV) Program, James H. Quillen VA Medical Center, Department of Veterans Affairs, Johnson City, TN, United States,*Correspondence: Jonathan P. Moorman,
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4
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Zhong K, Liu Z, Lu Y, Xu X. Effects of yeast β-glucans for the prevention and treatment of upper respiratory tract infection in healthy subjects: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Nutr 2021; 60:4175-4187. [PMID: 33900466 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-021-02566-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Yeast β-glucans are known for their immune-modulating effects; however, their effects on human upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs) remain unclear. The aim of the present study was to use a systematic review and meta-analysis approach to investigate the effects of yeast β-glucans for the prevention and treatment of URTIs in healthy subjects. METHODS Databases including Pubmed, Web of Science, EMBASE and the Cochrane Library were searched and 13 RCTs investigating the effects of yeast β-glucans on the incidence, duration, and severity of URTIs in healthy subjects were included. RESULTS The results showed that compared to the placebo group, yeast β-glucan could significantly reduce the incidence of URTIs (OR = 0.345, 95% CI = 0.192 to 0.620, p < 0.001), decrease the average number of URTI episodes (SMD = - 0.315, 95% CI = - 0.500 to - 0.130, p < 0.05), and decrease the duration of URTIs (SMD = - 0.312, 95% CI = - 0.561 to - 0.064, p < 0.001). Improved severity of symptoms was found in yeast β-glucan group compared to the placebo group in the majority of included studies. In addition, yeast β-glucan was well tolerated and safe in general. CONCLUSION These findings suggest a positive effect of yeast β-glucans on human URTIs. However, due to the high heterogeneity and small number of included studies, more high-quality research and clinical trials are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunxia Zhong
- Center for Molecular Metabolism, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, 200 Xiaolingwei Street, Nanjing, 210094, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiqin Liu
- Center for Molecular Metabolism, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, 200 Xiaolingwei Street, Nanjing, 210094, People's Republic of China
| | - Yao Lu
- Center for Molecular Metabolism, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, 200 Xiaolingwei Street, Nanjing, 210094, People's Republic of China
| | - Xi Xu
- Center for Molecular Metabolism, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, 200 Xiaolingwei Street, Nanjing, 210094, People's Republic of China.
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Mahmoud Amer E, Saber SH, Abo Markeb A, Elkhawaga AA, Mekhemer IMA, Zohri ANA, Abujamel TS, Harakeh S, Abd-Allah EA. Enhancement of β-Glucan Biological Activity Using a Modified Acid-Base Extraction Method from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Molecules 2021; 26:2113. [PMID: 33917024 PMCID: PMC8067753 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26082113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Beta glucan (β-glucan) has promising bioactive properties. Consequently, the use of β-glucan as a food additive is favored with the dual-purpose potential of increasing the fiber content of food products and enhancing their health properties. Our aim was to evaluate the biological activity of β-glucan (antimicrobial, antitoxic, immunostimulatory, and anticancer) extracted from Saccharomyces cerevisiae using a modified acid-base extraction method. The results demonstrated that a modified acid-base extraction method gives a higher biological efficacy of β-glucan than in the water extraction method. Using 0.5 mg dry weight of acid-base extracted β-glucan (AB extracted) not only succeeded in removing 100% of aflatoxins, but also had a promising antimicrobial activity against multidrug-resistant bacteria, fungi, and yeast, with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of 0.39 and 0.19 mg/mL in the case of resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, respectively. In addition, AB extract exhibited a positive immunomodulatory effect, mediated through the high induction of TNFα, IL-6, IFN-γ, and IL-2. Moreover, AB extract showed a greater anticancer effect against A549, MDA-MB-232, and HepG-2 cells compared to WI-38 cells, at high concentrations. By studying the cell death mechanism using flow-cytometry, AB extract was shown to induce apoptotic cell death at higher concentrations, as in the case of MDA-MB-231 and HePG-2 cells. In conclusion, the use of a modified AB for β-glucan from Saccharomyces cerevisiae exerted a promising antimicrobial, immunomodulatory efficacy, and anti-cancer potential. Future research should focus on evaluating β-glucan in various biological systems and elucidating the underlying mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enas Mahmoud Amer
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt; (E.M.A.); (A.-N.A.Z.)
| | - Saber H. Saber
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt;
| | - Ahmad Abo Markeb
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt; (A.A.M.); (I.M.A.M.)
| | - Amal A. Elkhawaga
- Medical Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt;
| | - Islam M. A. Mekhemer
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt; (A.A.M.); (I.M.A.M.)
| | - Abdel-Naser A. Zohri
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt; (E.M.A.); (A.-N.A.Z.)
| | - Turki S. Abujamel
- Vaccines and Immunotherapy Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center (KFMRC), King Abdulaziz University (KAU), Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University (KAU), Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Steve Harakeh
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University (KAU), Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center and Yousef Abdullatif Jameel Chair of Prophetic Medicine Application, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University (KAU), Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Elham A. Abd-Allah
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, New Valley University, El-Kharga 72511, Egypt;
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De Marco Castro E, Calder PC, Roche HM. β-1,3/1,6-Glucans and Immunity: State of the Art and Future Directions. Mol Nutr Food Res 2021; 65:e1901071. [PMID: 32223047 PMCID: PMC7816268 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201901071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The innate immune system responds in a rapid and non-specific manner against immunologic threats; inflammation is part of this response. This is followed by a slower but targeted and specific response termed the adaptive or acquired immune response. There is emerging evidence that dietary components, including yeast-derived β-glucans, can aid host defense against pathogens by modulating inflammatory and antimicrobial activity of neutrophils and macrophages. Innate immune training refers to a newly recognized phenomenon wherein compounds may "train" innate immune cells, such that monocyte and macrophage precursor biology is altered to mount a more effective immunological response. Although various human studies have been carried out, much uncertainty still exists and further studies are required to fully elucidate the relationship between β-glucan supplementation and human immune function. This review offers an up-to-date report on yeast-derived β-glucans as immunomodulators, including a brief overview of the current paradigm regarding the interaction of β-glucans with the immune system. The recent pre-clinical work that has partly decrypted mode of action and the newest evidence from human trials are also reviewed. According to pre-clinical studies, β-1,3/1,6-glucan derived from baker's yeast may offer increased immuno-surveillance, although the human evidence is weaker than that gained from pre-clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena De Marco Castro
- Nutrigenomics Research GroupSchool of Public Health, Physiotherapy, and Sports ScienceConway Institute, and Institute of Food and HealthUniversity College DublinDublin 4D04 V1W8Ireland
- Diabetes Complications Research CentreConway InstituteUniversity College DublinDublin 4D04 V1W8Ireland
| | - Philip C. Calder
- Faculty of MedicineUniversity of SouthamptonSouthamptonSO16 6YDUK
- NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research CentreUniversity Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation TrustUniversity of SouthamptonSouthamptonSO16 6YDUK
| | - Helen M. Roche
- Nutrigenomics Research GroupSchool of Public Health, Physiotherapy, and Sports ScienceConway Institute, and Institute of Food and HealthUniversity College DublinDublin 4D04 V1W8Ireland
- Diabetes Complications Research CentreConway InstituteUniversity College DublinDublin 4D04 V1W8Ireland
- Institute for Global Food SecurityQueens University BelfastBelfastNorthern IrelandBT9 5DLUK
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7
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Di Sotto A, Vitalone A, Di Giacomo S. Plant-Derived Nutraceuticals and Immune System Modulation: An Evidence-Based Overview. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:E468. [PMID: 32842641 PMCID: PMC7563161 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8030468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunomodulators are agents able to affect the immune system, by boosting the immune defences to improve the body reaction against infectious or exogenous injuries, or suppressing the abnormal immune response occurring in immune disorders. Moreover, immunoadjuvants can support immune system acting on nonimmune targets, thus improving the immune response. The modulation of inflammatory pathways and microbiome can also contribute to control the immune function. Some plant-based nutraceuticals have been studied as possible immunomodulating agents due to their multiple and pleiotropic effects. Being usually more tolerable than pharmacological treatments, their adjuvant contribution is approached as a desirable nutraceutical strategy. In the present review, the up to date knowledge about the immunomodulating properties of polysaccharides, fatty acids and labdane diterpenes have been analyzed, in order to give scientific basic and clinical evidence to support their practical use. Since promising evidence in preclinical studies, limited and sometimes confusing results have been highlighted in clinical trials, likely due to low methodological quality and lacking standardization. More investigations of high quality and specificity are required to describe in depth the usefulness of these plant-derived nutraceuticals in the immune system modulation, for health promoting and disease preventing purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Di Sotto
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy;
| | - Annabella Vitalone
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy;
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Calabrese DR, Wang P, Chong T, Hoover J, Singer JP, Torgerson D, Hays SR, Golden JA, Kukreja J, Dugger D, Christie JD, Greenland JR. Dectin-1 genetic deficiency predicts chronic lung allograft dysfunction and death. JCI Insight 2019; 4:133083. [PMID: 31613800 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.133083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUNDInnate immune activation impacts lung transplant outcomes. Dectin-1 is an innate receptor important for pathogen recognition. We hypothesized that genotypes reducing dectin-1 activity would be associated with infection, graft dysfunction, and death in lung transplant recipients.METHODSWe assessed the rs16910526 CLEC7A gene polymorphism Y238X, which results in dectin-1 truncation, in 321 lung allograft recipients at a single institution and in 1,129 lung allograft recipients in the multicenter Lung Transplant Outcomes Group (LTOG) cohort. Differences in dectin-1 mRNA, cytokines, protein levels, immunophenotypes, and clinical factors were assessed.RESULTSY238X carriers had decreased dectin-1 mRNA expression (P = 0.0001), decreased soluble dectin-1 protein concentrations in bronchoalveolar lavage (P = 0.008) and plasma (P = 0.04), and decreased monocyte surface dectin-1 (P = 0.01) compared with wild-type subjects. Y238X carriers had an increased risk of fungal pathogens (HR 1.17, CI 1.0-1.4), an increased risk of graft dysfunction or death (HR 1.6, CI 1.0-2.6), as well increased mortality in the UCSF cohort (HR 1.8, CI 1.1-3.8) and in the LTOG cohort (HR 1.3, CI 1.1-1.6), compared with wild-type CLEC7A subjects.CONCLUSIONIncreased rates of graft dysfunction and death associated with this dectin-1 polymorphism may be amplified by immunosuppression that drives higher fungal burden from compromised pathogen recognition.FUNDINGThe UCSF Nina Ireland Program for Lung Health Innovative Grant program, the Clinical Sciences Research & Development Service of the VA Office of Research and Development, and the Joel D. Cooper Career Development Award from the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Calabrese
- Department of Medicine, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA.,Medical Service, Veterans Affairs Health Care System, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Ping Wang
- Department of Medicine, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Tiffany Chong
- Department of Medicine, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jonathan Hoover
- Department of Medicine, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | - Dara Torgerson
- Department of Medicine, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Steven R Hays
- Department of Medicine, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | | | - Daniel Dugger
- Medical Service, Veterans Affairs Health Care System, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jason D Christie
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - John R Greenland
- Department of Medicine, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA.,Medical Service, Veterans Affairs Health Care System, San Francisco, California, USA
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9
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Korolenko TA, Bgatova NP, Vetvicka V. Glucan and Mannan-Two Peas in a Pod. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20133189. [PMID: 31261851 PMCID: PMC6651133 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20133189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent decades, various polysaccharides isolated from algae, mushrooms, yeast, and higher plants have attracted serious attention in the area of nutrition and medicine. The reasons include their low toxicity, rare negative side effects, relatively low price, and broad spectrum of therapeutic actions. The two most and best-studied polysaccharides are mannan and glucan. This review focused on their biological properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana A Korolenko
- Department of Experimental Models of Neurodegeneration, Scientific Research Institute of Physiology and Basic Medicine, Timakov St. 4, 630117 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Nataliya P Bgatova
- Laboratory of Electron Miscroscopy, Research Institute of Clinical and Experimental Lymphology-Affiliated Branch of Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 630060 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Vaclav Vetvicka
- Department of Pathology, University of Louisville, 511 S. Floyd, Louisville, KY 40292, USA.
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10
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Beta Glucan: Supplement or Drug? From Laboratory to Clinical Trials. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24071251. [PMID: 30935016 PMCID: PMC6479769 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24071251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucans are part of a group of biologically active natural molecules and are steadily gaining strong attention not only as an important food supplement, but also as an immunostimulant and potential drug. This paper represents an up-to-date review of glucans (β-1,3-glucans) and their role in various immune reactions and the treatment of cancer. With more than 80 clinical trials evaluating their biological effects, the question is not if glucans will move from food supplement to widely accepted drug, but how soon.
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Abstract
Immunosuppression caused by parasitic infections represents the foremost way by which the parasites overcome or escape the host’s immune response. Glucan is a well-established natural immunomodulator with the ability to significantly improve immune system, from innate immunity to both branches of specific immunity. Our review is focused on the possible role of glucan’s action in antiparasite therapies and vaccine strategies. We concluded that the established action of glucan opens a new window in treatment and protection against parasitic infections.
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12
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Závorková M, Vetvicka V, Richter J, Kral V, Liehnova I, Rajnohova DL. Effects of Glucan and Vitamin D Supplementation on Obesity and Lipid Metabolism in Diabetic Retinopathy. Open Biochem J 2018; 12:36-45. [PMID: 29760812 PMCID: PMC5897984 DOI: 10.2174/1874091x01812010036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Revised: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease manifested by an increase of blood glucose. Objective: To evaluate the effects of glucan and vitamin D supplementation in patients with diabetic retinopathy. Method: We evaluated the effects of 3-month supplementation with glucan and vitamin D in 54 patients with diabetic retinopathy. We measured levels of vitamin D, cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, and triglycerides. Results: The supplementation strongly decreased the cholesterol levels and improved the levels of HDL cholesterol. In addition, vitamin D levels were strongly improved, but still not at optimal values. Conclusion: From our data, we concluded that glucan and vitamin D supplementation strongly influence lipid metabolism and have positive effects on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Závorková
- Official Clinic of UJEP Masaryk Hospital, Regional Health, Usti and Labem, Czech Republic
| | - Vaclav Vetvicka
- University of Louisville, Department of Pathology, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Josef Richter
- Health Institute with headquarters in Usti and Labem, Usti and Labem, Czech Republic
| | - Vlastimil Kral
- Health Institute with headquarters in Usti and Labem, Usti and Labem, Czech Republic
| | - Ivana Liehnova
- Official Clinic of UJEP Masaryk Hospital, Regional Health, Usti and Labem, Czech Republic
| | - Dobiasova L Rajnohova
- Health Institute with headquarters in Usti and Labem, Usti and Labem, Czech Republic
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13
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Clinical and Physiological Perspectives of β-Glucans: The Past, Present, and Future. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18091906. [PMID: 28872611 PMCID: PMC5618555 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18091906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Revised: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
β-Glucans are a group of biologically-active fibers or polysaccharides from natural sources with proven medical significance. β-Glucans are known to have antitumor, anti-inflammatory, anti-obesity, anti-allergic, anti-osteoporotic, and immunomodulating activities. β-Glucans are natural bioactive compounds and can be taken orally, as a food supplement, or as part of a daily diet, and are considered safe to use. The medical significance and efficiency of β-glucans are confirmed in vitro, as well as using animal- and human-based clinical studies. However, systematic study on the clinical and physiological significance of β-glucans is scarce. In this review, we not only discuss the clinical and physiological importance of β-glucans, we also compare their biological activities through the existing in vitro and animal-based in vivo studies. This review provides extensive data on the clinical study of β-glucans.
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Respiratory Tract Infections and the Role of Biologically Active Polysaccharides in Their Management and Prevention. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9070779. [PMID: 28726737 PMCID: PMC5537893 DOI: 10.3390/nu9070779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Revised: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory tract infections (RTIs) are the most common form of infections in every age category. Recurrent respiratory tract infections (RRTIs), a specific form of RTIs, represent a typical and common problem associated with early childhood, causing high indirect and direct costs on the healthcare system. They are usually the consequence of immature immunity in children and high exposure to various respiratory pathogens. Their rational management should aim at excluding other severe chronic diseases associated with increased morbidity (e.g., primary immunodeficiency syndromes, cystic fibrosis, and ciliary dyskinesia) and at supporting maturity of the mucosal immune system. However, RRTIs can also be observed in adults (e.g., during exhausting and stressful periods, chronic inflammatory diseases, secondary immunodeficiencies, or in elite athletes) and require greater attention. Biologically active polysaccharides (e.g., β-glucans) are one of the most studied natural immunomodulators with a pluripotent mode of action and biological activity. According to many studies, they possess immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, and anti-infectious activities and therefore could be suggested as an effective part of treating and preventing RTIs. Based on published studies, the application of β-glucans was proven as a possible therapeutic and preventive approach in managing and preventing recurrent respiratory tract infections in children (especially β-glucans from Pleurotus ostreatus), adults (mostly the studies with yeast-derived β-glucans), and in elite athletes (studies with β-glucans from Pleurotus ostreatus or yeast).
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Effect of Immune-Enhancing Enteral Nutrition Enriched with or without Beta-Glucan on Immunomodulation in Critically Ill Patients. Nutrients 2016; 8:nu8060336. [PMID: 27271657 PMCID: PMC4924177 DOI: 10.3390/nu8060336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Revised: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated whether high-protein enteral nutrition with immune-modulating nutrients (IMHP) enriched with β-glucan stimulates immune function in critically ill patients. In a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study, 30 patients consumed one of three types of enteral nutrition: a control or IMHP with and without β-glucan. The IMHP with β-glucan group showed increases in natural killer (NK) cell activities relative to the baseline, and greater increases were observed in NK cell activities relative to the control group after adjusting for age and gender. The IMHP groups with and without β-glucan had greater increases in serum prealbumin and decreases in high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) than the control group. The control group had a greater decrease in peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) interleukin (IL)-12 production than the IMHP with and without β-glucan groups. In all patients, the change (Δ) in hs-CRP was correlated with Δ prealbumin and Δ PBMC IL-12, which were correlated with ΔNK cell activity and Δ prealbumin. This study showed beneficial effects of a combination treatment of β-glucan and IMHP on NK cell activity. Additionally, strong correlations among changes in NK cell activity, PBMC IL-12, and hs-CRP suggested that β-glucan could be an attractive candidate for stimulating protective immunity without enhanced inflammation (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT02569203).
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Vetvicka V, Vetvickova J. Addition of Selenium Improves Immunomodulative Effects of Glucan. NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES 2016; 8:88-92. [PMID: 27042606 PMCID: PMC4791904 DOI: 10.4103/1947-2714.177311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Background: Selenium (Se) is an established essential nutrient that plays a role in various biological processes including cancer development. Similarly, stimulation of immune reactions by β-glucans is well-documented. Aims: In the current study, we focused on the stimulation of phagocytosis and interleukin (IL)-2 production and on potentiation of anticancer immunity by a combination of glucan with two types of Se. Materials and Methods: Phagocytosis was evaluated using synthetic microspheres; cancer development was measured either using breast cancer cells or using lung cancer cells. Results: Using two different murine models of cancer, we showed that the Se/glucan combination strongly suppressed the growth of cancer, mostly probably via stimulation of immunity. Conclusions: A combination of glucan with Se offers superior stimulation of immunity and inhibition of cancer growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaclav Vetvicka
- Department of Pathology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Jana Vetvickova
- Department of Pathology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
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Vetvicka V, Garcia-Mina JM, Yvin JC. Prophylactic effects of humic acid-glucan combination against experimental liver injury. JOURNAL OF COMPLEMENTARY MEDICINE RESEARCH 2015; 4:249-55. [PMID: 26401416 PMCID: PMC4579487 DOI: 10.5455/jice.20150519103113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Aim: Despite intensive research, liver diseases represent a significant health problem and current medicine does not offer a substance able to significantly inhibit the hepatotoxicity leading to various stages of liver disease. Based on our previously published studies showing the protective effects of a glucan-humic acid (HA) combination, we focused on the hypothesis that the combination of these two natural molecules can offer prophylactic protection against experimentally induced hepatotoxicity. Materials and Methods: Lipopolysaccharide, carbon tetrachloride, and ethanol were used to experimentally damage the liver. Levels of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, glutathione, superoxide dismutase, and malondialdehyde, known to correspond to the liver damage, were assayed. Results: Using three different hepatotoxins, we found that in all cases, some samples of HA and most of all the glucan-HA combination, offer strong protection against liver damage. Conclusion: Glucan-HA combination is a promising agent for use in liver protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaclav Vetvicka
- Department of Pathology, University of Louisville, Louisville, USA
| | - Jose Maria Garcia-Mina
- Department of Chemistry and Soil Chemistry, Agricultural Chemistry and Biology Group, University of Navarra, Spain
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Richter J, Svozil V, Král V, Rajnohová Dobiášová L, Vetvicka V. β-glucan affects mucosal immunity in children with chronic respiratory problems under physical stress: clinical trials. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2015; 3:52. [PMID: 25861607 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2305-5839.2015.03.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of β-glucan in children with respiratory problems is getting more and more attention. In this report we focused on the effects of 30 days oral supplementation with β-glucan on physical activity and immune status of children with respiratory problems. METHODS We measured the level of sIgA, eNO and physical activity [using a 6-minute walking test (6MWT)] in 77 children and evaluated the effect of 100 mg/day oral dose. RESULTS We found a significant difference between males and females in physical endurance. In the glucan group, the positive effects of glucan were significant in both age groups. In the glucan group, we found significant decrease of eNO levels and stabilization of the sIgA levels. CONCLUSIONS Short-term oral application of natural immunomodulator β-glucan stimulated physical endurance in children with respiratory problems and, via stabilization of the sIgA levels, helps their mucosal immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josef Richter
- 1 Zdravotní ústav se sídlem v Ústí nad Labem, Czech Republic ; 2 Sanatorium Edel, Zlaté Hory, Czech Republic ; 3 Department of Pathology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Vladimir Svozil
- 1 Zdravotní ústav se sídlem v Ústí nad Labem, Czech Republic ; 2 Sanatorium Edel, Zlaté Hory, Czech Republic ; 3 Department of Pathology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Vlastimil Král
- 1 Zdravotní ústav se sídlem v Ústí nad Labem, Czech Republic ; 2 Sanatorium Edel, Zlaté Hory, Czech Republic ; 3 Department of Pathology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Lucie Rajnohová Dobiášová
- 1 Zdravotní ústav se sídlem v Ústí nad Labem, Czech Republic ; 2 Sanatorium Edel, Zlaté Hory, Czech Republic ; 3 Department of Pathology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Vaclav Vetvicka
- 1 Zdravotní ústav se sídlem v Ústí nad Labem, Czech Republic ; 2 Sanatorium Edel, Zlaté Hory, Czech Republic ; 3 Department of Pathology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
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Vetvicka V, Vetvickova J. Glucan supplementation enhances the immune response against an influenza challenge in mice. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2015; 3:22. [PMID: 25738142 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2305-5839.2015.01.08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The strong immunostimulating potential of β-glucans has been well established in numerous diseases. However, the effects on viral infection were less studied. METHODS In our study, we focused on possible effects of a special combined glucan formulation on immunosuppression caused by influenza infection. RESULTS We found that a 2-week oral feeding with glucan mixture significantly reduced the effects of influenza infection in total mortality. Our study was focused on phagocytosis, cytokine levels, antibody response and cytotoxicity assay. CONCLUSIONS Based on our data, we concluded that these effects are caused by stimulation of both cellular and humoral immune reaction resulting in lower viral load.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaclav Vetvicka
- Department of Pathology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Jana Vetvickova
- Department of Pathology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
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Anti-stress action of an orally-given combination of resveratrol, β-glucan, and vitamin C. Molecules 2014; 19:13724-34. [PMID: 25255758 PMCID: PMC6271389 DOI: 10.3390/molecules190913724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Revised: 08/30/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress has repeatedly been found to reduce the abilities of the immune system to fight against individual attacks. The current dissatisfaction with classical medications has led to more attention being focused on natural molecules. As recent studies have suggested that some bioactive molecules can have synergistic effects in stimulation of immune system and reduction of stress, we have evaluated the stress-reducing effects of the resveratrol-β-glucan-vitamin C combination. We found that compared to its individual components, this combination was the strongest reducer of stress-related symptoms, including corticosterone levels and IL-6, IL-12 and IFN-γ production.
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