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Hashemikamangar SS, Khadivi Moghadam M, Vahedi M, Rohaninasab M, Chiniforush N. Color Changes in Artificially Induced Incipient Caries after Photodynamic Therapy with Different Concentrations of Methylene Blue and Toluidine Blue and Irrigation with Water and Hypochlorite. Int J Dent 2024; 2024:6624453. [PMID: 39247582 PMCID: PMC11379501 DOI: 10.1155/2024/6624453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 09/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Aim The aim of this study was to assess the color changes in artificially induced incipient caries after photodynamic therapy (PDT) using different concentrations of methylene blue and toluidine blue, along with irrigation using water and hypochlorite. Materials and Methods Forty-two sound human premolar teeth were used to create two artificial incipient carious lesions. One lesion was placed on the buccal surface and the other on the lingual surface. The color of these artificial incipient carious surfaces was determined using the CIE L ∗ a ∗ b ∗ color system. The teeth were then randomly assigned to 12 groups (n = 7) based on the PDT method. These methods included methylene blue with concentrations of 50, 100, and 150 µg/mL, followed by water irrigation, methylene blue with concentrations of 50, 100, and 150 µg/mL, followed by hypochlorite solution irrigation, toluidine blue with concentrations of 50, 100, and 150 µg/mL, followed by water irrigation, and toluidine blue with concentrations of 50, 100, and 150 µg/mL, followed by hypochlorite solution irrigation. The teeth underwent a colorimetry procedure again, and the resulting color changes were calculated. A three-way ANOVA was performed to analyze the effects of laser wavelength, concentration of the light-absorbing material, and irrigation solution on ΔE. Results The results showed that the color changes caused by toluidine blue photosensitizer at a concentration of 100 µg/mL, with both water and hypochlorite irrigation, were not noticeable to the naked eye (ΔEwater = 3.04, ΔEhypochlorite = 2.00). However, in the other study groups, the color changes were perceptible (ΔE > 3.3). There were no significant differences in ΔE between different concentrations of methylene blue and toluidine blue when using either water or hypochlorite irrigation (P > 0.05). A significant difference was observed between methylene blue and toluidine blue at a concentration of 100 µg/mL with water irrigation (P=0.006). Additionally, a significant difference was found between methylene blue and toluidine blue at a concentration of 100 µg/mL with hypochlorite irrigation (P=0.049). However, no significant differences were observed between methylene blue and toluidine blue at other concentrations with either water or hypochlorite irrigation (P > 0.05). Conclusion In conclusion, tooth color in teeth with incipient caries did not change significantly after PDT using toluidine blue (the photosensitizer) at a concentration of 100 µg/mL with either water or 1% hypochlorite solution irrigation for 5 s.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mahtab Vahedi
- Department of Restorative Dentistry School of Dentistry Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Marzieh Rohaninasab
- Department of Restorative Dentistry School of Dentistry Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nasim Chiniforush
- Department of Surgical Sciences and Integrated Diagnostics University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV, Genoa, Italy
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Hashemikamangar SS, Vahedi M, Khadivi Moghadam M, Behniafar B, Chiniforush N. Evaluation of the cumulative effect of photodynamic therapy and local fluoride on the microhardness and topography of demineralized enamel and cementum surfaces. Heliyon 2024; 10:e35224. [PMID: 39161806 PMCID: PMC11332834 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e35224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 07/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The present study aimed to determine the cumulative effect of two photodynamic therapy methods with methylene blue and indocyanine green and two topical fluoride therapy methods with fluoride varnish and silver diamine fluoride alone and in combination on the microhardness and topography of demineralized enamel and cementum surfaces. Materials and methods Seventy-two sound human teeth were selected, and their buccal and lingual surfaces were assigned to two main groups of enamel and cementum using simple randomization. The initial surface hardness (SH) of the enamel and cementum in each sample was determined using a micro-Vickers hardness tester using a 200-g force in 10 s. Then artificial caries was induced by immersion in a demineralizing/remineralizing solution (i.e., each tooth provided two samples, one on the buccal aspect and the other on the lingual aspect). Each enamel/cementum main group was divided into two subgroups using simple randomization based on the local fluoride type (fluoride varnish and silver diamine fluoride) and the type of the photosensitizer agent (methylene blue and indocyanine green). Finally, 16 groups were achieved (n = 9). The final surface hardness of the enamel and cementum samples was determined as described above. Finally, the sample surfaces were prepared for the surface topography evaluation under a scanning electron microscope. The baseline microhardness was compared between the 16 study groups in the first step using one-way ANOVA. Then, three-way ANOVA was used to evaluate the effect of fluoride, laser, and surface (enamel and cementum) on microhardness. Results All the groups exhibited decreased microhardness due to the induction of artificial caries. In both main groups of enamel and cementum, the lowest decrease in microhardness was recorded with combined photodynamic therapy and methylene blue photosensitizer material and fluoride varnish (15.1 % for cementum and 16.7 % for enamel), and the highest decrease in microhardness was recorded in the methylene blue group (35.7 % for cementum and 34.9 % for enamel). Conclusion The combination of photodynamic therapy with the photosensitizer substance methylene blue or indocyanine green together with fluoride varnish or silver diamine fluoride is effective on the remineralization of demineralized enamel and cementum. Although there is no difference between the combination of photodynamic therapy with fluoride varnish compared to fluoride varnish alone, both of these treatments are more effective than using photodynamic therapy alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sedighe Sadat Hashemikamangar
- Professor, Dental Research Center, Dentistry Research Institute, Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahtab Vahedi
- Dental Student, Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammadreza Khadivi Moghadam
- Dental Student, Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Behnaz Behniafar
- Assistant Professor, Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nasim Chiniforush
- Laser Research Center of Dentistry, Dentistry Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Alhamdan MM, Knowles JC, McDonald AV. In Vitro Evaluation of Remineralization Potential of Five Toothpastes on Soft Drink-Eroded Human Enamel and Dentine. Cureus 2024; 16:e62921. [PMID: 38912082 PMCID: PMC11193552 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.62921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the potential remineralization of enamel and dentine erosion lesions after the application of five different toothpastes. METHODOLOGY A total of 104 enamel and dentine samples were prepared from maxillary third molars. Each group was divided according to the toothpaste application mode (topical = 56; brushing = 48) and the toothpaste used seven topical groups and six brushing groups (n = 8). The groups included negative control (NC), positive control (PC), Sensodyne Pronamel (SP), Regenerate (R), Regenerate with boosting serum (R+), Colgate Duraphat 5000 (CD), and tooth mousse (TM). RESULTS The statistical analysis showed significant surface microhardness (SMH) change. All enamel groups showed a significant decrease in SMH compared to NC for both application modes. However, no significance was recorded between test groups. Similar results were observed between dentine groups and their relevant controls for both application modes, except brushed R and R+ groups, which were insignificant to their NC. For topical groups, TM showed a significant increase in SMH. While R and R+ showed lower loss than SP and CD. CONCLUSIONS All tested agents offered a degree of remineralization in both enamel and dentine with no significant difference between agents in enamel groups while R, R+, and TM offered better results in dentine groups. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE For dentine groups, similar findings were observed with superior tooth surface protection with the application of TM over other agents. Tooth surface remineralization was achieved when agents were either applied topically or brushed over the surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai M Alhamdan
- Department of Prosthetic Dental Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, SAU
| | - Jonathan C Knowles
- Division of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, University College London, London, GBR
| | - Ailbhe V McDonald
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, University College London, London, GBR
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Orilisi G, Vitiello F, Notarstefano V, Furlani M, Riberti N, Monterubbianesi R, Bellezze T, Campus G, Carrouel F, Orsini G, Putignano A. Multidisciplinary evaluation of the remineralization potential of three fluoride-based toothpastes on natural white spot lesions. Clin Oral Investig 2023; 27:7451-7462. [PMID: 37857734 PMCID: PMC10713761 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-023-05334-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This in vitro study aimed assessing the remineralization potential of three commercial fluoride-based toothpastes in permanent teeth with natural white spot lesions (WSLs). A multidisciplinary approach based on Raman microspectroscopy (RMS), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and Vickers microhardness (VMH) was exploited. METHODS N = 12 human molars with natural WSLs in the proximal-vestibular zone were selected and divided into 4 groups (n = 3) according to the different treatments: HAF (hydroxyapatite with fluoride ions); SMF (sodium monofluorophosphate with arginine); SF (sodium fluoride with enzymes), and CTRL (untreated group). All toothpastes tested contained 1450 ppm of fluoride. Teeth samples were submitted to the following protocol: a 7-day pH cycling treatment, with two daily exposures (2 min each time) to the commercial toothpastes described above. The surface micromorphology (SEM), the chemical/elemental composition (RMS and EDS), and the Vickers microhardness (VMH) were evaluated. Statistical analysis was performed. RESULTS A remarkable remineralization of WSLs in SEM images was observed in all treated groups compared to CTRL. In particular, HAF and SF displayed higher values of VMH, phosphates amount (I960), crystallinity (FWHM960), and lower ones of C/P (I1070/I960) with respect to CTRL. Intermediate values were found in SMF, higher than CTRL but lower with respect to HAF and SF. As regards the Ca/P ratio, statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) were found between SF and the other groups. CONCLUSIONS All the tested dentifrices have shown to remineralize the WSLs. SF and HAF have comparable capability in hardness recovery and crystallinity; however, SF shows the best remineralizing potential according to both micromorphological and chemical analyses. Clinical relevance The daily use of toothpastes containing hydroxyapatite partially replaced with fluoride, sodium monofluorophosphate with arginine and sodium fluoride toothpaste associated with enzymes represents a preventive, therapeutic, effective, and non-invasive tool for remineralize WSLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Orilisi
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Stomatology (DISCO), Università Politecnica Delle Marche, 60126, Ancona, Italy
| | - Flavia Vitiello
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Stomatology (DISCO), Università Politecnica Delle Marche, 60126, Ancona, Italy
- Health, Systemic, Process (P2S), Research Unit UR 4129, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, University of Lyon, 69008, Lyon, France
| | - Valentina Notarstefano
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Università Politecnica Delle Marche (DISVA), 60131, Ancona, Italy
| | - Michele Furlani
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Stomatology (DISCO), Università Politecnica Delle Marche, 60126, Ancona, Italy
| | - Nicole Riberti
- Department of Neurosciences Imaging and Clinical Sciences (DNISC), University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100, Chieti, Italy
| | - Riccardo Monterubbianesi
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Stomatology (DISCO), Università Politecnica Delle Marche, 60126, Ancona, Italy
| | - Tiziano Bellezze
- Department of Materials, Environmental Sciences and Urban Planning (SIMAU), Università Politecnica Delle Marche, 60131, Ancona, Italy
| | - Guglielmo Campus
- Department of Surgery, Microsurgery and Medicine Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Sassari, 07100, Sassari, Italy
- Department of Restorative, Preventive and Pediatric Dentistry, University of Bern, CH-3010, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Florence Carrouel
- Health, Systemic, Process (P2S), Research Unit UR 4129, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, University of Lyon, 69008, Lyon, France
| | - Giovanna Orsini
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Stomatology (DISCO), Università Politecnica Delle Marche, 60126, Ancona, Italy.
| | - Angelo Putignano
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Stomatology (DISCO), Università Politecnica Delle Marche, 60126, Ancona, Italy
- National Institute of Health and Science of Aging (INRCA), 60124, Ancona, Italy
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Zeng S, Wu Y, Wang L, Huang Y, Huang W, Li Z, Gao W, Jiang S, Ge L, Zhang J. In vivo real-time assessment of developmental defects in enamel of anti-Act1 mice using optical coherence tomography. Heliyon 2023; 9:e16545. [PMID: 37274657 PMCID: PMC10238730 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e16545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to explore the feasibility of using optical coherence tomography (OCT) for real-time and quantitative monitoring of enamel development in gene-edited enamel defect mice. NF-κB activator 1, known as Act1, is associated with many inflammatory diseases. The antisense oligonucleotide of Act1 was inserted after the CD68 gene promoter, which would cover the start region of the Act1 gene and inhibit its transcription. Anti-Act1 mice, gene-edited mice, were successfully constructed and demonstrated amelogenesis imperfecta by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy. Wild-type (WT) mice were used as the control group in this study. WT mice and anti-Act1 mice at 3 weeks old were examined by OCT every week and killed at eight weeks old. Their mandibular bones were dissected and examined by OCT, micro-computed tomography (micro-CT), and SEM. OCT images showed that the outer layer of enamel of anti-Act1 mice was obviously thinner than that of WT mice but no difference in total thickness. When assessing enamel thickness, there was a significant normal linear correlation between these methods. OCT could scan the imperfect developed enamel noninvasively and quickly, providing images of the enamel layers of mouse incisors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujuan Zeng
- Department of Pedodontics, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Oral Restoration and Reconstruction, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou, 510182, China
| | - Yuejun Wu
- Department of Pedodontics, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Oral Restoration and Reconstruction, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou, 510182, China
| | - Lijing Wang
- Vascular Biology Research Institute, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yuhang Huang
- Department of Pedodontics, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Oral Restoration and Reconstruction, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou, 510182, China
| | - Wenyan Huang
- Department of Pedodontics, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Oral Restoration and Reconstruction, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou, 510182, China
| | - Ziling Li
- Department of Pedodontics, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Oral Restoration and Reconstruction, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou, 510182, China
| | - Weijian Gao
- School of Biomedical Engineering, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Siqing Jiang
- Department of Temporomandibular Joint, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou, 510182, China
| | - Lihong Ge
- Department of Pedodontics, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Oral Restoration and Reconstruction, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou, 510182, China
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Stomatology Hospital of Peking University, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Pedodontics, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Oral Restoration and Reconstruction, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou, 510182, China
- School of Biomedical Engineering, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
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Tosco V, Vitiello F, Monterubbianesi R, Gatto ML, Orilisi G, Mengucci P, Putignano A, Orsini G. Assessment of the Remineralizing Potential of Biomimetic Materials on Early Artificial Caries Lesions after 28 Days: An In Vitro Study. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:bioengineering10040462. [PMID: 37106649 PMCID: PMC10135753 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10040462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the loss of mineral content in the enamel surface in early artificial lesions and to assess the remineralizing potential of different agents by means of SEM coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX). The analysis was performed on the enamel of 36 molars divided into six equal groups, in which the experimental ones (3-6) were treated using remineralizing agents for a 28-day pH cycling protocol as follows: Group 1, sound enamel; Group 2, artificially demineralized enamel; Group 3, CPP-ACP treatment; Group 4, Zn-hydroxyapatite treatment; Group 5, NaF 5% treatment; and Group 6, F-ACP treatment. Surface morphologies and alterations in Ca/P ratio were evaluated using SEM-EDX and data underwent statistical analysis (p < 0.05). Compared with the sound enamel of Group 1, the SEM images of Group 2 clearly showed loss of integrity, minerals, and interprismatic substances. Groups 3-6 showed a structural reorganization of enamel prisms, interestingly comprising almost the entire enamel surface. Group 2 revealed highly significant differences of Ca/P ratios compared with other groups, while Groups 3-6 showed no differences with Group 1. In conclusion, all tested materials demonstrated a biomimetic ability in remineralizing lesions after 28 days of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Tosco
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Stomatology (DISCO), Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60126 Ancona, Italy
| | - Flavia Vitiello
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Stomatology (DISCO), Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60126 Ancona, Italy
| | - Riccardo Monterubbianesi
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Stomatology (DISCO), Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60126 Ancona, Italy
| | - Maria Laura Gatto
- Department of Industrial Engineering and Mathematical Sciences (DIISM), Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Giulia Orilisi
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Stomatology (DISCO), Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60126 Ancona, Italy
| | - Paolo Mengucci
- Department of Materials, Environmental Sciences and Urban Planning (SIMAU) & UdR INSTM, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Angelo Putignano
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Stomatology (DISCO), Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60126 Ancona, Italy
- National Institute of Health and Science of Aging (INRCA), 60124 Ancona, Italy
| | - Giovanna Orsini
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Stomatology (DISCO), Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60126 Ancona, Italy
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Vitiello F, Tosco V, Monterubbianesi R, Orilisi G, Gatto ML, Sparabombe S, Memé L, Mengucci P, Putignano A, Orsini G. Remineralization Efficacy of Four Remineralizing Agents on Artificial Enamel Lesions: SEM-EDS Investigation. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:4398. [PMID: 35806523 PMCID: PMC9267358 DOI: 10.3390/ma15134398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Dental remineralization represents the process of depositing calcium and phosphate ions into crystal voids in demineralized enamel, producing net mineral gain and preventing early enamel lesions progression. The aim of the present study was to qualitatively and quantitatively compare the remineralizing effectiveness of four commercially available agents on enamel artificial lesions using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) combined with Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) techniques. Thirty-six extracted third molars were collected and randomly assigned to six groups (n = 6), five of which were suspended in demineralizing solution for 72 h to create enamel artificial lesions, and one serving as control: G1, treated with a mousse of casein phosphopeptide and amorphous calcium−phosphate (CPP-ACP); G2, treated with a gel containing nano-hydroxyapatite; G3, treated with a 5% SF varnish; G4, treated with a toothpaste containing ACP functionalized with fluoride and carbonate-coated with citrate; G5, not-treated artificial enamel lesions; G6, not demineralized and not treated sound enamel. G1−G4 were subjected to pH cycling over a period of seven days. Analyses of the specimens’ enamel surfaces morphology were performed by SEM and EDS. Data were statistically analyzed for multiple group comparison by one-way ANOVA/Tukey’s test (p < 0.05). The results show that the Ca/P ratio of the G5 (2.00 ± 0.07) was statistically different (p < 0.05) from G1 (1.73 ± 0.05), G2 (1.76 ± 0.01), G3 (1.88 ± 0.06) and G6 (1.74 ± 0.04), while there were no differences (p > 0.05) between G1, G2 and G6 and between G4 (2.01 ± 0.06) and G5. We concluded that G1 and G2 showed better surface remineralization than G3 and G4, after 7 days of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Vitiello
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Stomatology (DISCO), Polytechnic University of Marche, 60126 Ancona, Italy; (F.V.); (V.T.); (R.M.); (G.O.); (S.S.); (L.M.); (A.P.)
| | - Vincenzo Tosco
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Stomatology (DISCO), Polytechnic University of Marche, 60126 Ancona, Italy; (F.V.); (V.T.); (R.M.); (G.O.); (S.S.); (L.M.); (A.P.)
| | - Riccardo Monterubbianesi
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Stomatology (DISCO), Polytechnic University of Marche, 60126 Ancona, Italy; (F.V.); (V.T.); (R.M.); (G.O.); (S.S.); (L.M.); (A.P.)
| | - Giulia Orilisi
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Stomatology (DISCO), Polytechnic University of Marche, 60126 Ancona, Italy; (F.V.); (V.T.); (R.M.); (G.O.); (S.S.); (L.M.); (A.P.)
| | - Maria Laura Gatto
- Department of Materials, Environmental Sciences and Urban Planning (SIMAU) & UdR INSTM, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (M.L.G.); (P.M.)
| | - Scilla Sparabombe
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Stomatology (DISCO), Polytechnic University of Marche, 60126 Ancona, Italy; (F.V.); (V.T.); (R.M.); (G.O.); (S.S.); (L.M.); (A.P.)
| | - Lucia Memé
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Stomatology (DISCO), Polytechnic University of Marche, 60126 Ancona, Italy; (F.V.); (V.T.); (R.M.); (G.O.); (S.S.); (L.M.); (A.P.)
| | - Paolo Mengucci
- Department of Materials, Environmental Sciences and Urban Planning (SIMAU) & UdR INSTM, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy; (M.L.G.); (P.M.)
| | - Angelo Putignano
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Stomatology (DISCO), Polytechnic University of Marche, 60126 Ancona, Italy; (F.V.); (V.T.); (R.M.); (G.O.); (S.S.); (L.M.); (A.P.)
| | - Giovanna Orsini
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Stomatology (DISCO), Polytechnic University of Marche, 60126 Ancona, Italy; (F.V.); (V.T.); (R.M.); (G.O.); (S.S.); (L.M.); (A.P.)
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Radzki D, Wilhelm-Węglarz M, Pruska K, Kusiak A, Ordyniec-Kwaśnica I. A Fresh Look at Mouthwashes-What Is Inside and What Is It For? INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:3926. [PMID: 35409608 PMCID: PMC8997378 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19073926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Mouthwashes are a very popular additional oral hygiene element and there are plenty of individual products, whose compositions are in a state of flux. The aim of our study was to investigate the compositions of mouthwashes and their functions, as well as to discuss their effectiveness in preventing and curing oral diseases and side effects. We searched for mouthwashes available on the market in Poland. We identified 241 individual mouthwash products. The extraction of compositions was performed and functions of the ingredients were assessed. Then, analysis was performed. The evaluation revealed that there are plenty of ingredients, but a typical mouthwash is a water-glycerine mixture and consists of additional sweetener, surfactant, preservative, and some colourant and flavouring agent, as well as usually having two oral health substances, anticaries sodium fluoride and antimicrobial essential oils. The effectiveness or side effects of several substances of mouthwashes were thoroughly discussed. We recommend not multiplying individual mouthwash products and their ingredients beyond medical or pharmaceutical necessity, especially without scientific proof.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Radzki
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Mucosa Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-208 Gdańsk, Poland;
- Division of Molecular Bacteriology, Institute of Medical Biotechnology and Experimental Oncology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-211 Gdańsk, Poland;
| | - Marta Wilhelm-Węglarz
- Department of Dental Prosthetics, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-208 Gdańsk, Poland; (M.W.-W.); (I.O.-K.)
| | - Katarzyna Pruska
- Division of Molecular Bacteriology, Institute of Medical Biotechnology and Experimental Oncology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-211 Gdańsk, Poland;
| | - Aida Kusiak
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Mucosa Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-208 Gdańsk, Poland;
| | - Iwona Ordyniec-Kwaśnica
- Department of Dental Prosthetics, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-208 Gdańsk, Poland; (M.W.-W.); (I.O.-K.)
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