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Povo-Retana A, Sánchez-García S, Alvarez-Lucena C, Landauro-Vera R, Prieto P, Delgado C, Martín-Sanz P, Boscá L. Crosstalk between P2Y receptors and cyclooxygenase activity in inflammation and tissue repair. Purinergic Signal 2024; 20:145-155. [PMID: 37052777 PMCID: PMC10997571 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-023-09938-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of extracellular nucleotides as modulators of inflammation and cell stress is well established. One of the main actions of these molecules is mediated by the activation of purinergic receptors (P2) of the plasma membrane. P2 receptors can be classified according to two different structural families: P2X ionotropic ion channel receptors, and P2Y metabotropic G protein-coupled receptors. During inflammation, damaged cells release nucleotides and purinergic signaling occurs along the temporal pattern of the synthesis of pro-inflammatory and pro-resolving mediators by myeloid and lymphoid cells. In macrophages under pro-inflammatory conditions, the expression and activity of cyclooxygenase 2 significantly increases and enhances the circulating levels of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), which exerts its effects both through specific plasma membrane receptors (EP1-EP4) and by activation of intracellular targets. Here we review the mechanisms involved in the crosstalk between PGE2 and P2Y receptors on macrophages, which is dependent on several isoforms of protein kinase C and protein kinase D1. Due to this crosstalk, a P2Y-dependent increase in calcium is blunted by PGE2 whereas, under these conditions, macrophages exhibit reduced migratory capacity along with enhanced phagocytosis, which contributes to the modulation of the inflammatory response and tissue repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrián Povo-Retana
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (Centro Mixto CSIC-UAM), Arturo Duperier 4, 28029, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Sergio Sánchez-García
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (Centro Mixto CSIC-UAM), Arturo Duperier 4, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlota Alvarez-Lucena
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (Centro Mixto CSIC-UAM), Arturo Duperier 4, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rodrigo Landauro-Vera
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (Centro Mixto CSIC-UAM), Arturo Duperier 4, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Patricia Prieto
- Departamento de Farmacología, Farmacognosia y Botánica. Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Delgado
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (Centro Mixto CSIC-UAM), Arturo Duperier 4, 28029, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Melchor Fernández Almagro 6, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Paloma Martín-Sanz
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (Centro Mixto CSIC-UAM), Arturo Duperier 4, 28029, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Melchor Fernández Almagro 6, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lisardo Boscá
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (Centro Mixto CSIC-UAM), Arturo Duperier 4, 28029, Madrid, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Melchor Fernández Almagro 6, 28029, Madrid, Spain.
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2
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Huang L, Xie S, Zhang Y, Du W, Liang X, Pan W, Yang F, Niu R, Chen H, Geng L, Xiang L, Gong S, Xu W. The novel mechanism of human norovirus induced diarrhea: Activation of PKD2 caused by HuNoVs destroyed AQP3 expression through AP2γ in intestinal epithelial cells. Life Sci 2024; 337:122348. [PMID: 38103725 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.122348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Our previous work has demonstrated protein kinase D2 (PKD2) played a critical influence in experimental colitis in animal. However, the role of PKD2 in human norovirus (HuNoVs)-induced diarrhea remained unknown. Aquaporin 3 (AQP3) expression, a critical protein mediating diarrhea, was assessed by western blot, qRT-PCR in intestinal epithelial cells (IECs). Luciferase, IF, IP and ChIP assay were used to explore the mechanism through which HuNoVs regulated AQP3. Herein, we found that AQP3 expression was drastically decreased in IECs in response to VP1 transfection, the major capsid protein of HuNoVs, or HuNoVs infection. Mechanistically, HuNoVs triggered phosphorylation of PKD2 through TLR2/MyD88/IRAK4, which further inhibited AP2γ activation and nuclear translocation, leading to suppress AQP3 transactivation in IECs. Most importantly, PKD2 interacted with MyD88/IRAK4, and VP1 overexpression enhanced this complex form, which, in turn, to increase PKD2 phosphorylation. In addition, endogenous PKD2 interacted with AP2γ, and this interaction was enhanced in response to HuNoVs treatment, and subsequently resulting in AP2γ phosphorylation inhibition. Moreover, inhibition of PKD2 activation could reverse the inhibitory effect of HuNoVs on AQP3 expression. In summary, we established a novel mechanism that HuNoV inhibited AQP3 expression through TLR2/MyD88/IRAK4/PKD2 signaling pathway, targeting PKD2 activity could be a promising strategy for prevention of HuNoVs-induced gastroenteritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Huang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510623, China; Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Guangzhou 510623, China
| | - Shuping Xie
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510623, China; Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Guangzhou 510623, China
| | - Yuhua Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Putian Ninety-Five Hospital, Putian 351100, China
| | - Wenjun Du
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510623, China; Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Guangzhou 510623, China
| | - Xinhua Liang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510623, China; Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Guangzhou 510623, China
| | - Wenxu Pan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510623, China; Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Guangzhou 510623, China
| | - Fangying Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510623, China; Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Guangzhou 510623, China
| | - Rongwei Niu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510623, China
| | - Huan Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510623, China; Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Guangzhou 510623, China
| | - Lanlan Geng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510623, China; Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Guangzhou 510623, China
| | - Li Xiang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510623, China; Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Guangzhou 510623, China.
| | - Sitang Gong
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510623, China; Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Guangzhou 510623, China.
| | - Wanfu Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510623, China; Guangzhou Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Guangzhou 510623, China.
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3
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Mao X, Wu Y, Xu W. miR-126-5p expression in the plasma of patients with sepsis-induced acute lung injury and its correlation with inflammation and immune function. THE CLINICAL RESPIRATORY JOURNAL 2023. [PMID: 37248197 PMCID: PMC10363794 DOI: 10.1111/crj.13646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This work was implemented to elucidate the miR-126-5p expression in the plasma of patients with sepsis-induced acute lung injury (ALI) and its correlation with inflammation and immune function. METHODS The peripheral blood of patients with sepsis-induced ALI was obtained, and the levels of inflammatory factors (interleukin-6 [IL-6], C-reactive protein [CRP], and procalcitonin [PCT]) were determined. Meanwhile, T lymphocyte subsets (CD3+, CD4+, and CD8+), and immunoglobulins (IgA, IgM, and IgG) were tested. miR-126-5p and TRAF6 mRNA expression in plasma was assessed. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was performed to assess the diagnostic accuracy of miR-126-5p in sepsis without ALI and sepsis with ALI. Correlation between miR-126-5p expression and clinical indicators was analyzed. The targets of miR-126-5p were predicted using the bioinformatics method, and the direct targets were verified through investigations. RESULTS miR-126-5p expression in plasma of patients with sepsis-induced ALI was reduced than that of patients with sepsis without ALI. miR-126-5p expression was negatively correlated with IL-6, CRP, and PCT but positively correlated with IgA, IgM, and IgG as well as CD3+, CD4+, and CD8+ in patients with sepsis-induced ALI. ROC curve suggested that miR-126-5p (AUC: 0.777; 95%CI: 0.689-0.866) could distinguish patients with sepsis with ALI from patients with sepsis without ALI. TRAF6 expression in patients with sepsis-induced ALI was higher than that in patients with sepsis without ALI. TRAF6 was a target gene of miR-126-5p, CONCLUSION: This research highlights that miR-126-5p is reduced in the plasma of patients with sepsis-induced ALI, and miR-126-5p relates to systemic inflammation and immune function indicators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyong Mao
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Zhuji People's Hospital, Shaoxing, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yiping Wu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second People's Hospital of Zhuji, Shaoxing, Zhejiang, China
| | - Weifeng Xu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second People's Hospital of Zhuji, Shaoxing, Zhejiang, China
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Burciaga SD, Saavedra F, Fischer L, Johnstone K, Jensen ED. Protein kinase D3 conditional knockout impairs osteoclast formation and increases trabecular bone volume in male mice. Bone 2023; 172:116759. [PMID: 37044359 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2023.116759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Studies using kinase inhibitors have shown that the protein kinase D (PRKD) family of serine/threonine kinases are required for formation and function of osteoclasts in culture. However, the involvement of individual protein kinase D genes and their in vivo significance to skeletal dynamics remains unclear. In the current study we present data indicating that protein kinase D3 is the primary form of PRKD expressed in osteoclasts. We hypothesized that loss of PRKD3 would impair osteoclast formation, thereby decreasing bone resorption and increasing bone mass. Conditional knockout (cKO) of Prkd3 using a murine Cre/Lox system driven by cFms-Cre revealed that its loss in osteoclast-lineage cells reduced osteoclast differentiation and resorptive function in culture. Examination of the Prkd3 cKO mice showed that bone parameters were unaffected in the femur at 4 weeks of age, but consistent with our hypothesis, Prkd3 conditional knockout resulted in 18 % increased trabecular bone mass in male mice at 12 weeks and a similar increase at 6 months. These effects were not observed in female mice. As a further test of our hypothesis, we asked if Prkd3 cKO could protect against bone loss in a ligature-induced periodontal disease model but did not see any reduction in bone destruction in this system. Together, our data indicate that PRKD3 promotes osteoclastogenesis both in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel D Burciaga
- Department of Diagnostic & Biological Sciences, University of Minnesota School of Dentistry, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Flavia Saavedra
- Department of Diagnostic & Biological Sciences, University of Minnesota School of Dentistry, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Lori Fischer
- Department of Diagnostic & Biological Sciences, University of Minnesota School of Dentistry, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Karen Johnstone
- Department of Diagnostic & Biological Sciences, University of Minnesota School of Dentistry, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Eric D Jensen
- Department of Diagnostic & Biological Sciences, University of Minnesota School of Dentistry, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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5
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Veazey JM, Wong GS, Eliseeva SI, Smyth TR, Chapman TJ, Lim K, Kim M, Georas SN. Protein kinase D3 promotes neutrophil migration during viral infection. Immunol Cell Biol 2023; 101:130-141. [PMID: 36318273 PMCID: PMC10112008 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Protein kinase D (PKD) is a serine/threonine kinase family with three isoforms (PKD1-3) that are expressed in most cells and implicated in a wide array of signaling pathways, including cell growth, differentiation, transcription, secretion, polarization and actin turnover. Despite growing interest in PKD, relatively little is known about the role of PKD in immune responses. We recently published that inhibiting PKD limits proinflammatory cytokine secretion and leukocyte accumulation in mouse models of viral infection, and that PKD3 is highly expressed in the murine lung and immune cell populations. Here we focus on the immune-related phenotypes of PKD3 knockout mice. We report that PKD3 is necessary for maximal neutrophil accumulation in the lung following challenge with inhaled polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid, a double-stranded RNA, as well as following influenza A virus infection. Using reciprocal bone marrow chimeras, we found that PKD3 is required in the hematopoietic compartment for optimal neutrophil migration to the lung. Ex vivo transwell and chemokinesis assays confirmed that PKD3-/- neutrophils possess an intrinsic motility defect, partly because of reduced surface expression of CD18, which is critical for leukocyte migration. Finally, the peak of neutrophilia was significantly reduced in PKD3-/- mice after lethal influenza A virus infection. Together, these results demonstrate that PKD3 has an essential, and nonredundant, role in promoting neutrophil recruitment to the lung. A better understanding of the isoform-specific and cell type-specific activities of PKD has the potential to lead to novel therapeutics for respiratory illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janelle M Veazey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Gordon S Wong
- Department of Medicine, Yale New Haven Health, Greenwich Hospital, Greenwich, CT, USA
- Department of Medicine, Pulmonary and Critical Care, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Sophia I Eliseeva
- Department of Medicine, Pulmonary and Critical Care, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Timothy R Smyth
- Department of Toxicology, University of North Caroline, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Timothy J Chapman
- Department of Medicine, Pulmonary and Critical Care, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
- Merck, Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | - Kihong Lim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Minsoo Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Steve N Georas
- Department of Medicine, Pulmonary and Critical Care, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
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Chen G, Wang X, Liu C, Zhang M, Han X, Xu Y. The interaction of MD-2 with small molecules in huanglian jiedu decoction play a critical role in the treatment of sepsis. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:947095. [PMID: 36160407 PMCID: PMC9500189 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.947095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Huanglian Jiedu Decoction (HJD) is used for treating sepsis in China. Active components from HJD refer to various active ingredients of HJD, while active component formulation (ACF) refers to the combination of palmatine, berberine, baicalin, and geniposide from HJD according to the quantity of HJD. The detailed mechanisms of the active components from HJD and ACF in sepsis treatment are unclear. Molecular docking, surface plasmon resonance (SPR), ELISA, RT-qPCR, and Western blotting were used to assay the possible mechanism in vitro. The efficacy and mechanism of ACF and HJD were assessed by pharmacodynamics and metabolomics analyses, respectively. The results revealed that palmatine, berberine, baicalin, and geniposide showed good binding capacity to MD-2; decreased the release of NO, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β; inhibited the mRNA expression of iNOS, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, and COX-2; and downregulated the protein expressions of MD-2, MyD88, p-p65, and iNOS induced by LPS; which indicated that they can inactivate the LPS-TLR4/MD-2-NF-κB pathway. Thus, ACF was formed, and the pharmacodynamics assay suggested that ACF can reduce inflammatory cell infiltration and organ damage in accordance with HJD. Furthermore, 39 metabolites were selected and identified and the regulatory effect of these metabolites by ACF and HJD was almost consistent, but ACF might alleviate physical damage caused by HJD through regulating metabolites, such as 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid. ACF could represent HJD as a new formulation to treat sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guirong Chen
- College of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, China
- Taizhou Central Hospital (Taizhou University Hospital), Taizhou, China
- Institute of Pharmacy, 967th Hospital of the Joint Logistics Support Force of the Chinese People’s Liberation Army, Dalian, China
| | - Xiaobo Wang
- Institute of Pharmacy, 967th Hospital of the Joint Logistics Support Force of the Chinese People’s Liberation Army, Dalian, China
| | - Chang Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, China
| | - Mingbo Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, China
| | - Xueying Han
- College of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, China
- *Correspondence: Xueying Han, ; Yubin Xu,
| | - Yubin Xu
- Taizhou Central Hospital (Taizhou University Hospital), Taizhou, China
- *Correspondence: Xueying Han, ; Yubin Xu,
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7
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Toll-like Receptor Signaling Inhibitory Peptide Improves Inflammation in Animal Model and Human Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222312764. [PMID: 34884569 PMCID: PMC8657918 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222312764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a major role in the innate immune system. Several studies have shown the regulatory effects of TLR-mediated pathways on immune and inflammatory diseases. Dysregulated functions of TLRs within the endosomal compartment, including TLR7/9 trafficking, may cause systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). TLR signaling pathways are fine-tuned by Toll/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) domain-containing adapters, leading to interferon (IFN)-α production. This study describes a TLR inhibitor peptide 1 (TIP1) that primarily suppresses the downstream signaling mediated by TIR domain-containing adapters in an animal model of lupus and patients with SLE. The expression of most downstream proteins of the TLR7/9/myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88)/IFN regulatory factor 7 signaling was downregulated in major tissues such as the kidney, spleen, and lymph nodes of treated mice. Furthermore, the pathological analysis of the kidney tissue confirmed that TIP1 could improve inflammation in MRL/lpr mice. TIP1 treatment downregulated many downstream proteins associated with TLR signaling, such as MyD88, interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase, tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6, and IFN-α, in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells of patients with SLE. In conclusion, our data suggest that TIP1 can serve as a potential candidate for the treatment of SLE.
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8
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Yang L, He X, Jing G, Wang H, Niu J, Qian Y, Wang S. Layered Double Hydroxide Nanoparticles with Osteogenic Effects as miRNA Carriers to Synergistically Promote Osteogenesis of MSCs. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:48386-48402. [PMID: 34618442 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c14382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Inefficient differentiation and poor engraftment hinder the clinical applications of mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-based cell therapies in regenerative medicine. Layered double hydroxide (LDH) nanoparticles are sheet-like materials with desirable biocompatibility and anion-exchange properties and have been widely applied as drug and nucleotide carriers in the field of tissue repair. However, few studies have focused on the biological effects of LDH itself. In this study, we demonstrated the novel function of LDH in stimulating osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow-derived MSCs (BMSCs). The expression of osteogenic-related genes, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, and calcium deposits were significantly increased after LDH treatment. Mechanistic analysis performed with RNA sequencing revealed that LDH promoted osteogenesis by targeting the LGR5/β-catenin axis. LDH also inactivated IKK/NF-κB signaling under LPS-triggered inflamed conditions, suggesting the dual benefits of LDH in enhancing bone regeneration and alleviating the inflammatory response. Furthermore, we utilized LDH as the transport vehicle of the osteoinductive miRNA let-7d to synergistically regulate BMSCs toward the osteoblastic lineage. The LDH/let-7d complex resulted in a better induction of osteogenesis than LDH alone. For cell transplantation, BMSCs were seeded in LDH/let-7d-incorporated fibrin scaffolds, which proved enhanced osteoinduction capability in the subcutaneous ectopic osteogenesis model in nude mice. Taken together, this study provides a novel strategy for effective and synergistic improvement of osteogenesis via LDH-mediated delivery of miRNA let-7d, thus shedding light on the future application of LDH in regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Yang
- Research Center for Translational Medicine at East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
- Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaolie He
- Research Center for Translational Medicine at East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Guoxin Jing
- Research Center for Translational Medicine at East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Hong Wang
- Research Center for Translational Medicine at East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Jintong Niu
- Research Center for Translational Medicine at East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yechang Qian
- Department of Respiratory Disease, Baoshan District Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai 201900, China
| | - Shilong Wang
- Research Center for Translational Medicine at East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
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9
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Giffney HE, Cummins EP, Murphy EP, Brayden DJ, Crean D. Protein kinase D, ubiquitin and proteasome pathways are involved in adenosine receptor-stimulated NR4A expression in myeloid cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 555:19-25. [PMID: 33812054 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.03.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Adenosine is a purine nucleoside pivotal for homeostasis in cells and tissues. Stimulation of the adenosine receptors (AR) has been shown to regulate the nuclear orphan receptor 4A (NR4A1-3) family, resulting in attenuation of hyper-inflammatory responses in myeloid cells. The NR4A1-3 orphan receptors are early immediate response genes and transcriptional regulators of cell and tissue homeostasis. The signal transduction and transcriptional mechanism(s) of how AR-stimulation promotes NR4A expression in myeloid cells is unknown and is the focus of this study. We confirm that adenosine and the stable analogue, 5'-N-Ethylcarboxamidoadenosine (NECA), enhance NR4A1-3 expression in THP-1 cells. Pharmacological approaches identified that protein kinase D (PKD) mediates AR-stimulated NR4A expression in myeloid cells and reveals no involvement of PKA nor PKC. The role of NF-κB, a principal regulator of NR4A expression in myeloid cells, was examined as a possible transcriptional regulator downstream of PKD. Utilising BAY11-7082 and MG-132, inhibitors of the respective ubiquitin and proteasome pathways essential for NF-κB activation, suggested a prospective role for NF-κB, or more specifically signalling via IKKα/β. However, biological interventional studies using overexpression of IκBα in myeloid cells and MEF cells lacking IKKα and IKKβ (IKKα/β-/-) revealed the NF-κB pathway is not utilised in mediating AR-stimulated NR4A expression. Thus, this study contributes mechanistic insight into how AR signalling modulates the expression of NR4A receptors, pivotal regulators of inflammatory responses in myeloid cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugh E Giffney
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Ireland; UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Eoin P Cummins
- UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Ireland; UCD School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - David J Brayden
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Ireland; UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Daniel Crean
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Ireland; UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Ireland.
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10
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Zhang X, Connelly J, Chao Y, Wang QJ. Multifaceted Functions of Protein Kinase D in Pathological Processes and Human Diseases. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11030483. [PMID: 33807058 PMCID: PMC8005150 DOI: 10.3390/biom11030483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein kinase D (PKD) is a family of serine/threonine protein kinases operating in the signaling network of the second messenger diacylglycerol. The three family members, PKD1, PKD2, and PKD3, are activated by a variety of extracellular stimuli and transduce cell signals affecting many aspects of basic cell functions including secretion, migration, proliferation, survival, angiogenesis, and immune response. Dysregulation of PKD in expression and activity has been detected in many human diseases. Further loss- or gain-of-function studies at cellular levels and in animal models provide strong support for crucial roles of PKD in many pathological conditions, including cancer, metabolic disorders, cardiac diseases, central nervous system disorders, inflammatory diseases, and immune dysregulation. Complexity in enzymatic regulation and function is evident as PKD isoforms may act differently in different biological systems and disease models, and understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying these differences and their biological significance in vivo is essential for the development of safer and more effective PKD-targeted therapies. In this review, to provide a global understanding of PKD function, we present an overview of the PKD family in several major human diseases with more focus on cancer-associated biological processes.
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11
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Jiang X, Hao J, Liu Z, Ma X, Feng Y, Teng L, Li Y, Wang D. Anti-obesity effects of Grifola frondosa through the modulation of lipid metabolism via ceramide in mice fed a high-fat diet. Food Funct 2021; 12:6725-6739. [PMID: 34160500 DOI: 10.1039/d1fo00666e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is characterized by massive fat deposition and is related to a series of metabolic complications, such as insulin resistance (IR) and steatohepatitis. Grifola frondosa (GF) is a basidiomycete fungus and a source of various nutritional ingredients related to human health. In this study, after a systematic analysis of its nutritional ingredients, GF was administered to mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD) to investigate its effects on lipid metabolism. In HFD-fed mice, GF significantly controlled the body weight, blood glucose and related organ indices, and effectively counteracted hyperlipidemia and IR triggered by the HFD. GF administration efficiently alleviated hepatic steatosis and adipocyte hypertrophy, and regulated alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase in the liver. An analysis of the intestinal microflora showed that GF reversed obesity-induced dysbiosis by affecting the relative abundance of certain bacteria, reducing lipopolysaccharide production and regulating the superpathway of heme biosynthesis associated with inflammation. According to the results of lipidomics, ceramide, a metabolite related to inflammation and IR, was found to be dysregulated in HFD-fed mice. However, GF regulated the ceramide levels and restored lipid metabolism via the suppression of Toll-like receptor 4/nuclear factor kappa-B signaling, which is involved in inflammation and IR. This study provides the experimental basis for the application of GF as an agent for obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Jiang
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
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12
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Veazey JM, Eliseeva SI, Hillman SE, Stiles K, Smyth TR, Morrissey CE, Tillotson EJ, Topham DJ, Chapman TJ, Georas SN. Inhibiting Protein Kinase D Promotes Airway Epithelial Barrier Integrity in Mouse Models of Influenza A Virus Infection. Front Immunol 2020; 11:580401. [PMID: 33381112 PMCID: PMC7767883 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.580401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale Protein kinase D (PKD) is a serine/threonine kinase family that is involved in a wide array of signaling pathways. Although PKD has been implicated in immune responses, relatively little is known about the function of PKD in the lung or during viral infections. Objectives We investigated the hypothesis that PKD is involved in multiple aspects of host response to viral infection. Methods The selective PKD inhibitor CRT0010166 was administered to C57BL/6 mice prior to and during challenge with either inhaled double-stranded RNA or Influenza A Virus. PKD signaling pathways were investigated in human bronchial epithelial cells treated with CRT0010166, double-stranded RNA, and/or infected with Influenza A Virus. Measurements Total protein and albumin accumulation in the bronchoalveolar fluid was used to asses inside/out leak. Clearance of inhaled FITC-dextran out of the airspace was used to assess outside/in leak. Cytokines and neutrophils in bronchoalveolar lavage were assayed with ELISAs and cytospins respectively. Viral RNA level was assessed with RT-PCR and protein level assessed by ELISA. Main Results PKD inhibition prevented airway barrier dysfunction and pro-inflammatory cytokine release. Epithelial cells express PKD3, and PKD3 siRNA knock-down inhibited polyI:C induced cytokine production. Lung epithelial-specific deletion of PKD3 (CC10-Cre x PKD3-floxed mice) partially attenuated polyI:C-induced barrier disruption in vivo. Mechanistically, we found that PKD promoted cytokine mRNA transcription, not secretion, likely through activating the transcription factor Sp1. Finally, prophylactic CRT treatment of mice promoted barrier integrity during influenza virus infection and reduced viral burden. Conclusions Inhibiting PKD promotes barrier integrity, limit pathogenic cytokine levels, and restrict Influenza A Virus infection. Therefore, PKD is an attractive target for novel antiviral therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janelle M Veazey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Sophia I Eliseeva
- Department of Medicine, Pulmonary and Critical Care, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Sara E Hillman
- Department of Medicine, Pulmonary and Critical Care, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Kristie Stiles
- Department of Medicine, Pulmonary and Critical Care, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Timothy R Smyth
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
| | | | - Erika J Tillotson
- Department of Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Dave J Topham
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Timothy J Chapman
- Center for Infectious Disease and Immunology, Rochester Regional Health, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Steve N Georas
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States.,Department of Medicine, Pulmonary and Critical Care, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States.,Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
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13
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Yoon TW, Kim YI, Cho H, Brand DD, Rosloniec EF, Myers LK, Postlethwaite AE, Hasty KA, Stuart JM, Yi AK. Ameliorating effects of Gö6976, a pharmacological agent that inhibits protein kinase D, on collagen-induced arthritis. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0226145. [PMID: 31809526 PMCID: PMC6897462 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0226145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling can contribute to the pathogenesis of arthritis. Disruption of TLR signaling at early stages of arthritis might thereby provide an opportunity to halt the disease progression and ameliorate outcomes. We previously found that Gö6976 inhibits TLR-mediated cytokine production in human and mouse macrophages by inhibiting TLR-dependent activation of protein kinase D1 (PKD1), and that PKD1 is essential for proinflammatory responses mediated by MyD88-dependent TLRs. In this study, we investigated whether PKD1 contributes to TLR-mediated proinflammatory responses in human synovial cells, and whether Gö6976 treatment can suppress the development and progression of type II collagen (CII)-induced arthritis (CIA) in mouse. We found that TLR/IL-1R ligands induced activation of PKD1 in human fibroblast-like synoviocytes (HFLS). TLR/IL-1R-induced expression of cytokines/chemokines was substantially inhibited in Gö6976-treated HFLS and PKD1-knockdown HFLS. In addition, serum levels of anti-CII IgG antibodies, and the incidence and severity of arthritis after CII immunization were significantly reduced in mice treated daily with Gö6976. Synergistic effects of T-cell receptor and TLR, as well as TLR alone, on spleen cell proliferation and cytokine production were significantly inhibited in the presence of Gö6976. Our results suggest a possibility that ameliorating effects of Gö6976 on CIA may be due to its ability to inhibit TLR/IL-1R-activated PKD1, which might play an important role in proinflammatory responses in arthritis, and that PKD1 could be a therapeutic target for inflammatory arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Won Yoon
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Young-In Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Hongsik Cho
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Biomedical Engineering, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - David D. Brand
- Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center-Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Edward F. Rosloniec
- Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center-Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Linda K. Myers
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Arnold E. Postlethwaite
- Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center-Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Karen A. Hasty
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Biomedical Engineering, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center-Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - John M. Stuart
- Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center-Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Ae-Kyung Yi
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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14
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Cho H, Bhatti FUR, Hasty KA, Yi AK. Nanosome-Mediated Delivery Of Protein Kinase D Inhibitor Protects Chondrocytes From Interleukin-1β-Induced Stress And Apoptotic Death. Int J Nanomedicine 2019; 14:8835-8846. [PMID: 31806974 PMCID: PMC6857658 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s218901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Inflammatory stress caused by protein kinase D (PKD) plays a critical role in damaging chondrocytes and extracellular matrix (ECM) during osteoarthritis (OA). The PKD inhibitor (PKDi) (CRT0066101) has been used to overcome inflammation in different cell types. However, the efficacy of a therapeutic drug can be limited due to off-target distribution, slow cellular internalization, and limited lysosomal escape. In order to overcome this issue, we developed nanosomes carrying CRT0066101 (PKDi-Nano) and tested their efficacy in vitro in chondrocytes. Methods Chondrocytes were subjected to IL-1β-induced inflammatory stress treated with either PKDi or PKDi-Nano. Effects of treatment were measured in terms of cytotoxicity, cellular morphology, viability, apoptosis, phosphorylation of protein kinase B (Akt), and anabolic/catabolic gene expression analyses related to cartilage tissue. Results and Discussion The effects of PKDi-Nano treatment were more pronounced as compared to PKDi treatment. Cytotoxicity and apoptosis were significantly reduced following PKDi-Nano treatment (P < 0.001). Cellular morphology was also restored to normal size and shape. The viability of chondrocytes was significantly enhanced in PKDi-Nano-treated cells (P < 0.001). The data indicated that PKDi-Nano acted independently of the Akt pathway. Gene expression analyses revealed significant increases in the expression levels of anabolic genes with concomitant decreases in the level of catabolic genes. Our results indicate that PKDi-Nano attenuated the effects of IL-1β via the nuclear factor kappa-light-chain enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) pathway. Conclusion Taken together, these results suggest that PKDi-Nano can be used as a successful strategy to reduce IL1β-induced inflammatory stress in chondrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongsik Cho
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Biomedical Engineering, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Campbell Clinic, Memphis, TN, USA.,151 Research Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Fazal-Ur-Rehman Bhatti
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Biomedical Engineering, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA.,151 Research Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Karen A Hasty
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Biomedical Engineering, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Campbell Clinic, Memphis, TN, USA.,151 Research Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Ae-Kyung Yi
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
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15
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Tian SH, Yu DJ, Li ZY, Zhang WL. The inhibition of microRNA-203 on ischemic reperfusion injury after total knee arthroplasty via suppressing MYD88-mdiated toll-like receptor signaling pathway. Gene 2019; 697:175-183. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2019.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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16
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Zhang J, Zhang Y, Wang J, Zhang S, Zhao Y, Ren H, Chu Y, Feng L, Wang C. Protein kinase D3 promotes gastric cancer development through p65/6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-biphosphatase 3 activation of glycolysis. Exp Cell Res 2019; 380:188-197. [PMID: 31026442 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2019.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Although serine/threonine-protein kinases are found to participate in a wide range of cancer progression, the involvement of protein kinase D3 (PRKD3) in gastric cancer has not been explored. Here, we investigated the role of PRKD3 in gastric cancer (GC) and its potential mechanisms. PRKD3 was over-expressed in gastric cancer tissues and cells. In vitro, PRKD3 ectopic expression accelerated the proliferation and growth of GES-1, SGC7901 and MKN-28 cells. By contrast, PRKD3 knockdown suppressed the proliferation of SGC7901 and MKN-28 GC cells. In vivo, xenograted tumorigenesis was blunted by PRKD3 silencing. Mechanistically, PRKD3 up-regulated 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-biphosphatase 3 (PFKFB3) and activated glycolysis as shown by increased glucose consumption and lactate production. Knockdown of PFKFB3 suppressed the glycolysis in gastric cancer cells with highly expressed PRKD3 but not in PRKD3 silenced cells. PRKD3 over-expression induced phosphorylation of p65 at serine 536 was critical for the up-regulation of glycolytic enzyme PFKFB3. Furthermore, PRKD and PFKFB3 inhibitor suppressed the viability of GC cells. Our results suggest that targeting PRKD3/p65/PFKFB3 cascade maybe a promising therapeutic strategy for gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianwei Zhang
- Pancreatic and Gastric Surgery Department, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Yajing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Jiaqi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Shuisheng Zhang
- Pancreatic and Gastric Surgery Department, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Yajie Zhao
- Pancreatic and Gastric Surgery Department, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Hu Ren
- Pancreatic and Gastric Surgery Department, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Yunmian Chu
- Pancreatic and Gastric Surgery Department, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Lin Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China.
| | - Chengfeng Wang
- Pancreatic and Gastric Surgery Department, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China.
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17
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Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells and Infected Cells Form an Interferogenic Synapse Required for Antiviral Responses. Cell Host Microbe 2019; 25:730-745.e6. [PMID: 31003939 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2019.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Type I interferon (IFN-I) is critical for antiviral defense, and plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) are a predominant source of IFN-I during virus infection. pDC-mediated antiviral responses are stimulated upon physical contact with infected cells, during which immunostimulatory viral RNA is transferred to pDCs, leading to IFN production via the nucleic acid sensor TLR7. Using dengue, hepatitis C, and Zika viruses, we demonstrate that the contact site of pDCs with infected cells is a specialized platform we term the interferogenic synapse, which enables viral RNA transfer and antiviral responses. This synapse is formed via αLβ2 integrin-ICAM-1 adhesion complexes and the recruitment of the actin network and endocytic machinery. TLR7 signaling in pDCs promotes interferogenic synapse establishment and provides feed-forward regulation, sustaining pDC contacts with infected cells. This interferogenic synapse may allow pDCs to scan infected cells and locally secrete IFN-I, thereby confining a potentially deleterious response.
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18
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Sutton JA, Rogers LM, Dixon B, Kirk L, Doster R, Algood HM, Gaddy JA, Flaherty R, Manning SD, Aronoff DM. Protein kinase D mediates inflammatory responses of human placental macrophages to Group B Streptococcus. Am J Reprod Immunol 2019; 81:e13075. [PMID: 30582878 PMCID: PMC6459189 DOI: 10.1111/aji.13075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM During pregnancy, Group B Streptococcus (GBS) can infect fetal membranes to cause chorioamnionitis, resulting in adverse pregnancy outcomes. Macrophages are the primary resident phagocyte in extraplacental membranes. Protein kinase D (PKD) was recently implicated in mediating pro-inflammatory macrophage responses to GBS outside of the reproductive system. This work aimed to characterize the human placental macrophage inflammatory response to GBS and address the extent to which PKD mediates such effects. METHOD Primary human placental macrophages were infected with GBS in the presence or absence of a specific, small molecule PKD inhibitor, CRT 0066101. Macrophage phenotypes were characterized by evaluating gene expression, cytokine release, assembly of the NLRP3 inflammasome, and NFκB activation. RESULTS GBS evoked a strong inflammatory phenotype characterized by the release of inflammatory cytokines (TNFα, IL-1β, IL-6 (P ≤ 0.05), NLRP3 inflammasome assembly (P ≤ 0.0005), and NFκB activation (P ≤ 0.05). Pharmacological inhibition of PKD suppressed these responses, newly implicating a role for PKD in mediating immune responses of primary human placental macrophages to GBS. CONCLUSION PKD plays a critical role in mediating placental macrophage inflammatory activation in response to GBS infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A. Sutton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Meharry Medical College School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37208, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Lisa M. Rogers
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Beverly Dixon
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Leslie Kirk
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Ryan Doster
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Holly M. Algood
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare Systems, Nashville, Tennessee, U.S.A
| | - Jennifer A. Gaddy
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare Systems, Nashville, Tennessee, U.S.A
| | - Rebecca Flaherty
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Shannon D. Manning
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - David M. Aronoff
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Meharry Medical College School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37208, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
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19
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Umezawa K, Nagano T, Kobayashi K, Dokuni R, Katsurada M, Yamamoto M, Yoshikawa Y, Kataoka T, Nishimura Y. Phospholipase Cε plays a crucial role in neutrophilic inflammation accompanying acute lung injury through augmentation of CXC chemokine production from alveolar epithelial cells. Respir Res 2019; 20:9. [PMID: 30634975 PMCID: PMC6330467 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-019-0975-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We have shown that phospholipase Cε (PLCε), an effector of Ras and Rap1 small GTPases, plays pivotal roles in inflammation and inflammation-associated carcinogenesis by augmenting proinflammatory cytokine production from epithelial cells of various organs. The purpose of this study is to analyze its role in neutrophilic alveolar inflammation accompanying acute lung injury (ALI), focusing on that in alveolar epithelial cells (AECs), which are known to make a major contribution to the pathogenesis of ALI. METHODS We examine the effect of the PLCε genotypes on the development of ALI induced by intratracheal administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to PLCε wild-type (PLCε+/+) and knockout (PLCεΔX/ΔX) mice. Pathogenesis of ALI is analyzed by histological examination of lung inflammation and measurements of the levels of various cytokines, in particular neutrophil-attracting chemokines such as Cxcl5, by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and immunostaining. Primary cultures of AECs, established from PLCε+/+ and PLCεΔX/ΔX mice, are used to analyze the roles of PLCε, protein kinase D (PKD) and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) in augmentation of LPS-induced Cxcl5 expression. RESULTS Compared to PLCε+/+ mice, PLCεΔX/ΔX mice exhibit marked alleviation of lung inflammation as shown by great reduction in lung wet/dry weight ratios, accumulation of inflammatory cells in the alveolar space and thickening of alveolar walls as well as the number of neutrophils and the protein concentration in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Also, LPS-induced expression of the CXC family of chemokines, in particular Cxcl5, is substantially diminished in the total lung and AECs of PLCεΔX/ΔX mice. Moreover, LPS-induced Cxcl5 expression in primary cultured AECs is markedly suppressed on the PLCεΔX/ΔX background (p < 0.05 versus PLCε+/+ AECs), which is accompanied by the reduction in phosphorylation of inhibitor κB (IκB), PKD and nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65. Also, it is suppressed by the treatment with inhibitors of PKD and IκB kinase, suggesting the involvement of the PLCε-PKD-IκB-NF-κB pathway. CONCLUSIONS PLCε-mediated augmentation of the production of the CXC family of chemokines, in particular Cxcl5, in AECs plays a crucial role in neutrophilic alveolar inflammation accompanying ALI, suggesting that PLCε may be a potential molecular target for the treatment of acute respiratory distress syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanoko Umezawa
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Nagano
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan.
| | - Kazuyuki Kobayashi
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan
| | - Ryota Dokuni
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan
| | - Masahiro Katsurada
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan
| | - Masatsugu Yamamoto
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan
| | - Yoko Yoshikawa
- Division of Molecular Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan
| | - Tohru Kataoka
- Division of Molecular Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan.,Kobe University Incubation Center, 1-5-6 Miyakojima Minami-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Nishimura
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan
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20
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Liu J, Yuan Y, Xu J, Xiao K, Xu Y, Guo T, Zhang L, Wang J, Zheng H. β-TrCP Restricts Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-Induced Activation of TRAF6-IKK Pathway Upstream of IκBα Signaling. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2930. [PMID: 30619291 PMCID: PMC6300488 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
β transducin repeat-containing protein (β-TrCP) is a Skp1-Cul1-F-box ubiquitin ligase, which plays important roles in controlling numerous signaling pathways. Notably, β-TrCP induces ubiquitination and degradation of inhibitor of NF-κB (IκBα), thus triggering activation of NF-κB signaling. Here, we unexpectedly find that β-TrCP restricts TRAF6-IKK signaling upstream of IκBα induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). In LPS-Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) pathway, protein kinase D1 (PKD1) is essential for activation of TRAF6-IKK-IκBα signaling including TRAF6 ubiquitination, IKK phosphorylation and subsequent IκBα degradation. We found that LPS promotes binding of β-TrCP to PKD1, and results in downregulation of PKD1 and recovery of IκBα protein level. Knockdown of β-TrCP blocks LPS-induced downregulation of PKD1. Supplement of enough PKD1 in cells inhibits recovery of IκBα protein levels during LPS stimulation. Furthermore, we demonstrate that β-TrCP inhibits LPS-induced TRAF6 ubiquitination and IKK phosphorylation. Taken together, our findings identify β-TrCP as an important negative regulator for upstream signaling of IκBα in LPS pathway, and therefore renew the understanding of the roles of β-TrCP in regulating TLRs inflammatory signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Liu
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yukang Yuan
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jing Xu
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Kui Xiao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Institute of Respiratory Disease, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ying Xu
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Tingting Guo
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Liting Zhang
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Hui Zheng
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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21
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Abstract
Preterm infants (i.e., born before <37 wk of gestation) are at increased risk of morbidity and mortality and long-term disabilities. Global prevalence of preterm birth (PTB) varies from 5 to 18 per cent. There are multiple aetiological causes and factors associated with PTB. Intrapartum infections are conventionally associated with PTB. However, maternal genotype modulates response to these infections. This review highlights the association of cytokine gene polymorphisms and their levels with PTB. Varying PTB rates across the different ethnic groups may be as a result of genetically mediated varying cytokines response to infections. Studies on genetic variations in tumour necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-1 alpha (IL-1α), IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10 and toll-like receptor-4 genes and their association with PTB, have been reviewed. No single polymorphism of the studied genes was found to be associated with PTB. However, increased maternal levels of IL-1β and IL-6 and low levels of IL-10 have been found to be associated with PTB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Pandey
- Department of Pediatrics, Translational Medicine Unit, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India
| | - Mradula Chauhan
- Department of Pediatrics, Translational Medicine Unit, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India
| | - Shally Awasthi
- Department of Pediatrics, Translational Medicine Unit, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India
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22
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Baker J, Falconer AMD, Wilkinson DJ, Europe-Finner GN, Litherland GJ, Rowan AD. Protein kinase D3 modulates MMP1 and MMP13 expression in human chondrocytes. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0195864. [PMID: 29652915 PMCID: PMC5898748 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0195864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Many catabolic stimuli, including interleukin-1 (IL-1) in combination with oncostatin M (OSM), promote cartilage breakdown via the induction of collagen-degrading collagenases such as matrix metalloproteinase 1 (MMP1) and MMP13 in human articular chondrocytes. Indeed, joint diseases with an inflammatory component are characterised by excessive extracellular matrix (ECM) catabolism. Importantly, protein kinase C (PKC) signalling has a primary role in cytokine-induced MMP1/13 expression, and is known to regulate cellular functions associated with pathologies involving ECM remodelling. At present, substrates downstream of PKC remain undefined. Herein, we show that both IL-1- and OSM-induced phosphorylation of protein kinase D (PKD) in human chondrocytes is strongly associated with signalling via the atypical PKCι isoform. Consequently, inhibiting PKD activation with a pan-PKD inhibitor significantly reduced the expression of MMP1/13. Specific gene silencing of the PKD isoforms revealed that only PKD3 (PRKD3) depletion mirrored the observed MMP repression, indicative of the pharmacological inhibitor specifically affecting only this isoform. PRKD3 silencing was also shown to reduce serine phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) as well as phosphorylation of all three mitogen-activated protein kinase groups. This altered signalling following PRKD3 silencing led to a significant reduction in the expression of the activator protein-1 (AP-1) genes FOS and JUN, critical for the induction of many MMPs including MMP1/13. Furthermore, the AP-1 factor activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3) was also reduced concomitant with the observed reduction in MMP13 expression. Taken together, we highlight an important role for PKD3 in the pro-inflammatory signalling that promotes cartilage destruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Baker
- Skeletal Research Group, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Adrian M. D. Falconer
- Skeletal Research Group, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - David J. Wilkinson
- Skeletal Research Group, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - G. Nicholas Europe-Finner
- Skeletal Research Group, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Gary J. Litherland
- Skeletal Research Group, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew D. Rowan
- Skeletal Research Group, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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23
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Global issues in allergy and immunology: Parasitic infections and allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2017; 140:1217-1228. [PMID: 29108604 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2017.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Revised: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Allergic diseases are on the increase globally in parallel with a decrease in parasitic infection. The inverse association between parasitic infections and allergy at an ecological level suggests a causal association. Studies in human subjects have generated a large knowledge base on the complexity of the interrelationship between parasitic infection and allergy. There is evidence for causal links, but the data from animal models are the most compelling: despite the strong type 2 immune responses they induce, helminth infections can suppress allergy through regulatory pathways. Conversely, many helminths can cause allergic-type inflammation, including symptoms of "classical" allergic disease. From an evolutionary perspective, subjects with an effective immune response against helminths can be more susceptible to allergy. This narrative review aims to inform readers of the most relevant up-to-date evidence on the relationship between parasites and allergy. Experiments in animal models have demonstrated the potential benefits of helminth infection or administration of helminth-derived molecules on chronic inflammatory diseases, but thus far, clinical trials in human subjects have not demonstrated unequivocal clinical benefits. Nevertheless, there is sufficiently strong evidence to support continued investigation of the potential benefits of helminth-derived therapies for the prevention or treatment of allergic and other inflammatory diseases.
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TLR7 mediated viral recognition results in focal type I interferon secretion by dendritic cells. Nat Commun 2017; 8:1592. [PMID: 29150602 PMCID: PMC5693993 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01687-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC) sense viral RNA through toll-like
receptor 7 (TLR7), form self-adhesive pDC–pDC clusters, and produce type I
interferons. This cell adhesion enhances type I interferon production, but little is
known about the underlying mechanisms. Here we show that MyD88-dependent TLR7
signaling activates CD11a/CD18 integrin to induce microtubule elongation.
TLR7+ lysosomes then become linked with these
microtubules through the GTPase Arl8b and its effector SKIP/Plekhm2, resulting in
perinuclear to peripheral relocalization of TLR7. The type I interferon signaling
molecules TRAF3, IKKα, and mTORC1 are constitutively associated in pDCs. TLR7
localizes to mTORC1 and induces association of TRAF3 with the upstream molecule
TRAF6. Finally, type I interferons are secreted in the vicinity of cell–cell
contacts between clustered pDCs. These results suggest that TLR7 needs to move to
the cell periphery to induce robust type I interferon responses in pDCs. Antiviral immune responses involve clustering of plasmacytoid
dendritic cells (pDC) in response to endosomal TLR7-mediated sensing of viral RNA.
Here the authors show the GTPase Arl8b controls translocation of
TLR7+ endosomes to the periphery of the cell via
microtubule interactions, thus enabling pDC clustering and type I interferon
production.
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Upadhyay K, Park JE, Yoon TW, Halder P, Kim YI, Metcalfe V, Talati AJ, English BK, Yi AK. Group B Streptococci Induce Proinflammatory Responses via a Protein Kinase D1-Dependent Pathway. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 198:4448-4457. [PMID: 28461572 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Group B streptococci (GBS) are one of the leading causes of life-threatening illness in neonates. Proinflammatory responses to GBS mediated through host innate immune receptors play a critical role in the disease manifestation. However, the mechanisms involved in proinflammatory responses against GBS, as well as the contribution of signaling modulators involved in host immune defense, have not been fully elucidated. In the present study, we investigated the role of protein kinase D (PKD)1 in the proinflammatory responses to GBS. We found that both live and antibiotic-killed GBS induce activation of PKD1 through a pathway that is dependent on the TLR signaling adaptor MyD88 and its downstream kinase IL-1R-associated kinase 1, but independent of TNFR-associated factor 6. Our studies using pharmacological PKD inhibitors and PKD1-knockdown macrophages revealed that PKD1 is indispensable for GBS-mediated activation of MAPKs and NF-κB and subsequent expression of proinflammatory mediators. Furthermore, systemic administration of a PKD inhibitor protects d-galactosamine-sensitized mice from shock-mediated death caused by antibiotic-killed GBS. These findings imply that PKD1 plays a critical regulatory role in GBS-induced proinflammatory reactions and sepsis, and inhibition of PKD1 activation together with antibiotic treatment in GBS-infected neonates could be an effective way to control GBS diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirtikumar Upadhyay
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163.,Children's Foundation Research Institute, Le Bonheur Children's Hospital, Memphis, TN 38103
| | - Jeoung-Eun Park
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163
| | - Tae Won Yoon
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163; and
| | - Priyanka Halder
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163; and
| | - Young-In Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163.,Children's Foundation Research Institute, Le Bonheur Children's Hospital, Memphis, TN 38103
| | - Victoria Metcalfe
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163; and
| | - Ajay J Talati
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163.,Children's Foundation Research Institute, Le Bonheur Children's Hospital, Memphis, TN 38103
| | - B Keith English
- Department of Pediatrics and Human Development, Michigan State University, Lansing, MI 48912
| | - Ae-Kyung Yi
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163; and
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Investigation of the Role of Protein Kinase D in Human Rhinovirus Replication. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.00217-17. [PMID: 28228588 PMCID: PMC5391474 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00217-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Picornavirus replication is known to cause extensive remodeling of Golgi and endoplasmic reticulum membranes, and a number of the host proteins involved in the viral replication complex have been identified, including oxysterol binding protein (OSBP) and phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase III beta (PI4KB). Since both OSBP and PI4KB are substrates for protein kinase D (PKD) and PKD is known to be involved in the control of Golgi membrane vesicular and lipid transport, we hypothesized that PKD played a role in viral replication. We present multiple lines of evidence in support of this hypothesis. First, infection of HeLa cells with human rhinovirus (HRV) induced the phosphorylation of PKD. Second, PKD inhibitors reduced HRV genome replication, protein expression, and titers in a concentration-dependent fashion and also blocked the replication of poliovirus (PV) and foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) in a variety of cells. Third, HRV replication was significantly reduced in HeLa cells overexpressing wild-type and mutant forms of PKD1. Fourth, HRV genome replication was reduced in HAP1 cells in which the PKD1 gene was knocked out by clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-Cas9. Although we have not identified the molecular mechanism through which PKD regulates viral replication, our data suggest that this is not due to enhanced interferon signaling or an inhibition of clathrin-mediated endocytosis, and PKD inhibitors do not need to be present during viral uptake. Our data show for the first time that targeting PKD with small molecules can inhibit the replication of HRV, PV, and FMDV, and therefore, PKD may represent a novel antiviral target for drug discovery. IMPORTANCE Picornaviruses remain an important family of human and animal pathogens for which we have a very limited arsenal of antiviral agents. HRV is the causative agent of the common cold, which in itself is a relatively trivial infection; however, in asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients, this virus is a major cause of exacerbations resulting in an increased use of medication, worsening symptoms, and, frequently, hospital admission. Thus, HRV represents a substantial health care and economic burden for which there are no approved therapies. We sought to identify a novel host target as a potential anti-HRV therapy. HRV infection induces the phosphorylation of PKD, and inhibitors of this kinase effectively block HRV replication at an early stage of the viral life cycle. Moreover, PKD inhibitors also block PV and FMDV replication. This is the first description that PKD may represent a target for antiviral drug discovery.
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Protein Kinase D2 Protects against Acute Colitis Induced by Dextran Sulfate Sodium in Mice. Sci Rep 2016; 6:34079. [PMID: 27659202 PMCID: PMC5034322 DOI: 10.1038/srep34079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease is characterized by dysregulation of the mucosal immune system resulting from impaired intestinal epithelial barrier function. Protein kinase D2 has been implicated in the regulation of immune responses. The present study was to define PKD2 might affect murine colitis. Colitis was induced in wild-type mice (PKD2WT/WT) and PKD2 catalytic activity deficient mice (PKD2SSAA/SSAA) with dextran sulfate sodium. PKD2SSAA-knockin mice displayed catalytic activity deficiency and increased susceptibility to DSS-induced colitis with enhanced weight loss, colonic inflammation compared with PKD2WT/WT mice. Furthermore, crucial inflammatory cytokines mRNA levels in PKD2SSAA-knockin mice were higher than controls accompanied with down-regulation of ZO-1, MUC2 and intestinal barrier dysfunction. However, there were no differences in the proliferation or apoptosis of intestinal epithelial cells in PKD2SSAA-knockin mice compared with wild-type controls. In addition, PKD2 expression was repressed in patients with IBD compared with healthy controls. These studies suggested that activation of PKD2 in the colonic epithelium microenvironment may contribute to protect against DSS-induced colitis through regulation of intestinal mucosal immunity and barrier function.
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28
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Najibi M, Labed SA, Visvikis O, Irazoqui JE. An Evolutionarily Conserved PLC-PKD-TFEB Pathway for Host Defense. Cell Rep 2016; 15:1728-42. [PMID: 27184844 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.04.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Revised: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms that tightly control the transcription of host defense genes have not been fully elucidated. We previously identified TFEB as a transcription factor important for host defense, but the mechanisms that regulate TFEB during infection remained unknown. Here, we used C. elegans to discover a pathway that activates TFEB during infection. Gene dkf-1, which encodes a homolog of protein kinase D (PKD), was required for TFEB activation in nematodes infected with Staphylococcus aureus. Conversely, pharmacological activation of PKD was sufficient to activate TFEB. Furthermore, phospholipase C (PLC) gene plc-1 was also required for TFEB activation, downstream of Gαq homolog egl-30 and upstream of dkf-1. Using reverse and chemical genetics, we discovered a similar PLC-PKD-TFEB axis in Salmonella-infected mouse macrophages. In addition, PKCα was required in macrophages. These observations reveal a previously unknown host defense signaling pathway, which has been conserved across one billion years of evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehran Najibi
- Laboratory of Comparative Immunology, Center for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Sid Ahmed Labed
- Laboratory of Comparative Immunology, Center for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Orane Visvikis
- Laboratory of Comparative Immunology, Center for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Javier Elbio Irazoqui
- Laboratory of Comparative Immunology, Center for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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29
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Li YF, Lee KG, Ou X, Lam KP. Bruton's tyrosine kinase and protein kinase C µ are required for TLR7/9-induced IKKα and IRF-1 activation and interferon-β production in conventional dendritic cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e105420. [PMID: 25170774 PMCID: PMC4149510 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0105420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Stimulation of TLR7/9 by their respective ligands leads to the activation of IκB kinase α (IKKα) and Interferon Regulatory Factor 1 (IRF-1) and results in interferon (IFN)-β production in conventional dendritic cells (cDC). However, which other signaling molecules are involved in IKKα and IRF-1 activation during TLR7/9 signaling pathway are not known. We and others have shown that Bruton's Tyrosine Kinase (BTK) played a part in TLR9-mediated cytokine production in B cells and macrophages. However, it is unclear if BTK participates in TLR7/9-induced IFN-β production in cDC. In this study, we show that BTK is required for IFN-β synthesis in cDC upon TLR7/9 stimulation and that stimulated BTK-deficient cDC are defective in the induction of IKKα/β phosphorylation and IRF-1 activation. In addition, we demonstrate that Protein Kinase C µ (PKCµ) is also required for TLR7/9-induced IRF-1 activation and IFN-β upregulation in cDC and acts downstream of BTK. Taken together, we have uncovered two new molecules, BTK and PKCµ, that are involved in TLR7/9-triggered IFN-β production in cDC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Feng Li
- Immunology Group, Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Koon-Guan Lee
- Immunology Group, Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Xijun Ou
- Immunology Group, Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kong-Peng Lam
- Immunology Group, Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Microbiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Pediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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30
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Protein kinase D is increased and activated in lung epithelial cells and macrophages in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e101983. [PMID: 25000413 PMCID: PMC4084945 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0101983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a relentlessly progressive and usually fatal lung disease of unknown etiology for which no effective treatments currently exist. Hence, there is a profound need for the identification of novel drugable targets to develop more specific and efficacious therapeutic intervention in IPF. In this study, we performed immunohistochemical analyses to assess the cell type-specific expression and activation of protein kinase D (PKD) family kinases in normal and IPF lung tissue sections. We also analyzed PKD activation and function in human lung epithelial cells. We found that PKD family kinases (PKD1, PKD2 and PKD3) were increased and activated in the hyperplastic and regenerative alveolar epithelial cells lining remodeled fibrotic alveolar septa and/or fibroblast foci in IPF lungs compared with normal controls. We also found that PKD family kinases were increased and activated in alveolar macrophages, bronchiolar epithelium, and honeycomb cysts in IPF lungs. Interestingly, PKD1 was highly expressed and activated in the cilia of IPF bronchiolar epithelial cells, while PKD2 and PKD3 were expressed in the cell cytoplasm and nuclei. In contrast, PKD family kinases were not apparently increased and activated in IPF fibroblasts or myofibroblasts. We lastly found that PKD was predominantly activated by poly-L-arginine, lysophosphatidic acid and thrombin in human lung epithelial cells and that PKD promoted epithelial barrier dysfunction. These findings suggest that PKD may participate in the pathogenesis of IPF and may be a novel target for therapeutic intervention in this disease.
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31
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Sehgal L, Mukhopadhyay A, Rajan A, Khapare N, Sawant M, Vishal SS, Bhatt K, Ambatipudi S, Antao N, Alam H, Gurjar M, Basu S, Mathur R, Borde L, Hosing AS, Vaidya MM, Thorat R, Samaniego F, Kolthur-Seetharam U, Dalal SN. 14-3-3γ-Mediated transport of plakoglobin to the cell border is required for the initiation of desmosome assembly in vitro and in vivo. J Cell Sci 2014; 127:2174-88. [PMID: 24610948 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.125807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The regulation of cell-cell adhesion is important for the processes of tissue formation and morphogenesis. Here, we report that loss of 14-3-3γ leads to a decrease in cell-cell adhesion and a defect in the transport of plakoglobin and other desmosomal proteins to the cell border in HCT116 cells and cells of the mouse testis. 14-3-3γ binds to plakoglobin in a PKCμ-dependent fashion, resulting in microtubule-dependent transport of plakoglobin to cell borders. Transport of plakoglobin to the border is dependent on the KIF5B-KLC1 complex. Knockdown of KIF5B in HCT116 cells, or in the mouse testis, results in a phenotype similar to that observed upon 14-3-3γ knockdown. Our results suggest that loss of 14-3-3γ leads to decreased desmosome formation and a decrease in cell-cell adhesion in vitro, and in the mouse testis in vivo, leading to defects in testis organization and spermatogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lalit Sehgal
- KS215, ACTREC, Tata Memorial Centre Kharghar Node, Navi Mumbai 410210, India Department of Lymphoma/Myeloma, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | | | - Anandi Rajan
- KS215, ACTREC, Tata Memorial Centre Kharghar Node, Navi Mumbai 410210, India
| | - Nileema Khapare
- KS215, ACTREC, Tata Memorial Centre Kharghar Node, Navi Mumbai 410210, India
| | - Mugdha Sawant
- KS215, ACTREC, Tata Memorial Centre Kharghar Node, Navi Mumbai 410210, India
| | - Sonali S Vishal
- KS215, ACTREC, Tata Memorial Centre Kharghar Node, Navi Mumbai 410210, India
| | - Khyati Bhatt
- KS215, ACTREC, Tata Memorial Centre Kharghar Node, Navi Mumbai 410210, India
| | - Srikant Ambatipudi
- KS215, ACTREC, Tata Memorial Centre Kharghar Node, Navi Mumbai 410210, India
| | - Noelle Antao
- KS215, ACTREC, Tata Memorial Centre Kharghar Node, Navi Mumbai 410210, India
| | - Hunain Alam
- KS215, ACTREC, Tata Memorial Centre Kharghar Node, Navi Mumbai 410210, India
| | - Mansa Gurjar
- KS215, ACTREC, Tata Memorial Centre Kharghar Node, Navi Mumbai 410210, India
| | - Srikanta Basu
- KS215, ACTREC, Tata Memorial Centre Kharghar Node, Navi Mumbai 410210, India
| | - Rohit Mathur
- Department of Lymphoma/Myeloma, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Lalit Borde
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Homi Bhabha Road, Mumbai 400005, India
| | - Amol S Hosing
- KS215, ACTREC, Tata Memorial Centre Kharghar Node, Navi Mumbai 410210, India
| | - Milind M Vaidya
- KS215, ACTREC, Tata Memorial Centre Kharghar Node, Navi Mumbai 410210, India
| | - Rahul Thorat
- KS215, ACTREC, Tata Memorial Centre Kharghar Node, Navi Mumbai 410210, India
| | - Felipe Samaniego
- Department of Lymphoma/Myeloma, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Ullas Kolthur-Seetharam
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Homi Bhabha Road, Mumbai 400005, India
| | - Sorab N Dalal
- KS215, ACTREC, Tata Memorial Centre Kharghar Node, Navi Mumbai 410210, India
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32
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Través PG, Pimentel-Santillana M, Carrasquero LMG, Pérez-Sen R, Delicado EG, Luque A, Izquierdo M, Martín-Sanz P, Miras-Portugal MT, Boscá L. Selective impairment of P2Y signaling by prostaglandin E2 in macrophages: implications for Ca2+-dependent responses. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2013; 190:4226-35. [PMID: 23479225 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1203029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular nucleotides have been recognized as important modulators of inflammation via their action on specific pyrimidine receptors (P2). This regulation coexists with the temporal framework of proinflammatory and proresolution mediators released by the cells involved in the inflammatory response, including macrophages. Under proinflammatory conditions, the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 leads to the release of large amounts of PGs, such as PGE2, that exert their effects through EP receptors and other intracellular targets. The effect of these PGs on P2 receptors expressed in murine and human macrophages was investigated. In thioglycollate-elicited and alternatively activated macrophages, PGE2 selectively impairs P2Y but not P2X7 Ca(2+) mobilization. This effect is absent in LPS-activated cells and is specific for PGE2 because it cannot be reproduced by other PGs with cyclopentenone structure. The inhibition of P2Y responses by PGE2 involves the activation of nPKCs (PKCε) and PKD that can be abrogated by selective inhibitors or by expression of dominant-negative forms of PKD. The inhibition of P2Y signaling by PGE2 has an impact on the cell migration elicited by P2Y agonists in thioglycollate-elicited and alternatively activated macrophages, which provide new clues to understand the resolution phase of inflammation, when accumulation of PGE2, anti-inflammatory and proresolving mediators occurs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paqui G Través
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular IV, Facultad de Veterinaria e Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Williams MJ, Almén MS, Fredriksson R, Schiöth HB. What model organisms and interactomics can reveal about the genetics of human obesity. Cell Mol Life Sci 2012; 69:3819-34. [PMID: 22618246 PMCID: PMC11114734 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-012-1022-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2012] [Revised: 04/22/2012] [Accepted: 05/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies have identified a number of genes associated with human body weight. While some of these genes are large fields within obesity research, such as MC4R, POMC, FTO and BDNF, the majority do not have a clearly defined functional role explaining why they may affect body weight. Here, we searched biological databases and discovered 33 additional genes associated with human obesity (CADM2, GIPR, GPCR5B, LRP1B, NEGR1, NRXN3, SH2B1, FANCL, GNPDA2, HMGCR, MAP2K5, NUDT3, PRKD1, QPCTL, TNNI3K, MTCH2, DNAJC27, SLC39A8, MTIF3, RPL27A, SEC16B, ETV5, HMGA1, TFAP2B, TUB, ZNF608, FAIM2, KCTD15, LINGO2, POC5, PTBP2, TMEM18, TMEM160). We find that the majority have orthologues in distant species, such as D. melanogaster and C. elegans, suggesting that they are important for the biology of most bilateral species. Intriguingly, signalling cascade genes and transcription factors are enriched among these obesity genes, and several of the genes show properties that could be useful for potential drug discovery. In this review, we demonstrate how information from several distant model species, interactomics and signalling pathway analysis represents an important way to better understand the functional diversity of the surprisingly high number of molecules that seem to be important for human obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Williams
- Department of Neuroscience, Functional Pharmacology, Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, Box 593, 75 124 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Markus S. Almén
- Department of Neuroscience, Functional Pharmacology, Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, Box 593, 75 124 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Robert Fredriksson
- Department of Neuroscience, Functional Pharmacology, Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, Box 593, 75 124 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Helgi B. Schiöth
- Department of Neuroscience, Functional Pharmacology, Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, Box 593, 75 124 Uppsala, Sweden
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A targeted library screen reveals a new inhibitor scaffold for protein kinase D. PLoS One 2012; 7:e44653. [PMID: 23028574 PMCID: PMC3445516 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0044653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2012] [Accepted: 08/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein kinase D (PKD) has emerged as a potential therapeutic target in multiple pathological conditions, including cancer and heart diseases. Potent and selective small molecule inhibitors of PKD are valuable for dissecting PKD-mediated cellular signaling pathways and for therapeutic application. In this study, we evaluated a targeted library of 235 small organic kinase inhibitors for PKD1 inhibitory activity at a single concentration. Twenty-eight PKD inhibitory chemotypes were identified and six exhibited excellent PKD1 selectivity. Five of the six lead structures share a common scaffold, with compound 139 being the most potent and selective for PKD vs PKC and CAMK. Compound 139 was an ATP-competitive PKD1 inhibitor with a low double-digit nanomolar potency and was also cell-active. Kinase profiling analysis identified this class of small molecules as pan-PKD inhibitors, confirmed their selectivity again PKC and CAMK, and demonstrated an overall favorable selectivity profile that could be further enhanced through structural modification. Furthermore, using a PKD homology model based on similar protein kinase structures, docking modes for compound 139 were explored and compared to literature examples of PKD inhibition. Modeling of these compounds at the ATP-binding site of PKD was used to rationalize its high potency and provide the foundation for future further optimization. Accordingly, using biochemical screening of a small number of privileged scaffolds and computational modeling, we have identified a new core structure for highly potent PKD inhibition with promising selectivity against closely related kinases. These lead structures represent an excellent starting point for the further optimization and the design of selective and therapeutically effective small molecule inhibitors of PKD.
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Kim YI, Park JE, Kwon KH, Hong CY, Yi AK. Interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 2- and protein kinase D1-dependent regulation of IRAK-monocyte expression by CpG DNA. PLoS One 2012; 7:e43970. [PMID: 22928050 PMCID: PMC3426515 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0043970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2011] [Accepted: 07/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
As a part of the negative feedback mechanism, CpG DNA induces IRAK-M expression in monocytic cells. In the present study we investigated a biochemical signaling pathway and the transcription factors responsible for CpG DNA-mediated Irak-m gene expression. CpG DNA-induced Irak-m expression did not require new protein synthesis and was regulated at the transcriptional level through an endosomal pH-sensitive TLR9/MyD88 signaling pathway. Over-expression of the dominant negative (DN) form of or gene-specific knockdown of signaling modulators in the TLR9 pathway demonstrated that IRAK4, IRAK1, IRAK2, and PKD1 are required for Irak-m transcription induced by CpG DNA. Over-expression of DN-IRAK1 only partially, but significantly, inhibited CpG DNA-induced Irak-m promoter activity. While IRAK1 was critical for the initial phase, IRAK2 was required for the late phase of TLR9 signaling by sustaining activation of PKD1 that leads to activation of NF-κB and MAPKs. Irak-m promoter-luciferase reporters with alterations in the predicted cis-acting transcriptional regulatory elements revealed that the NF-κB consensus site in the Irak-m promoter region is absolutely required for Irak-m gene expression. AP-1 and CREB binding sites also contributed to the optimal Irak-m expression by CpG DNA. Collectively, our results demonstrate that IRAK2 plays a key role in the TLR9-mediated transcriptional regulation of Irak-m expression by sustaining activation of PKD1 and NF-κB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-In Kim
- Children's Foundation Research Institute at Le Bonheur Children's Hospital and Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Jeoung-Eun Park
- Children's Foundation Research Institute at Le Bonheur Children's Hospital and Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Ki Han Kwon
- Children's Foundation Research Institute at Le Bonheur Children's Hospital and Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Cheol Yi Hong
- Specialized Research Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Chonnam National University, Jeonnam, Korea
| | - Ae-Kyung Yi
- Children's Foundation Research Institute at Le Bonheur Children's Hospital and Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Zou Z, Zeng F, Xu W, Wang C, Ke Z, Wang QJ, Deng F. PKD2 and PKD3 promote prostate cancer cell invasion by modulating NF-κB- and HDAC1-mediated expression and activation of uPA. J Cell Sci 2012; 125:4800-11. [PMID: 22797919 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.106542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Although protein kinase D3 (PKD3) has been shown to contribute to prostate cancer cell growth and survival, the role of PKD in prostate cancer cell motility remains unclear. Here, we show that PKD2 and PKD3 promote nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling and urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) expression/activation, which are crucial for prostate cancer cell invasion. Silencing of endogenous PKD2 and/or PKD3 markedly decreased prostate cancer cell migration and invasion, reduced uPA and uPA receptor (uPAR) expression and increased plasminogen activator inhibitor-2 (PAI-2) expression. These results were further substantiated by the finding that PKD2 and PKD3 promoted the activity of uPA and matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9). Furthermore, depletion of PKD2 and/or PKD3 decreased the level of binding of the p65 subunit of NF-κB to the promoter of the gene encoding uPA (PLAU), suppressing transcriptional activation of uPA. Endogenous PKD2 and PKD3 interacted with inhibitor of NF-κB (IκB) kinase β (IKKβ); PKD2 mainly regulated the phosphorylated IKK (pIKK)-phosphorylated IκB (pIκB)-IκB degradation cascade, p65 nuclear translocation, and phosphorylation of Ser276 on p65, whereas PKD3 was responsible for the phosphorylation of Ser536 on p65. Conversely, inhibition of uPA transactivation by PKD3 silencing was rescued by constitutive Ser536 p65 phosphorylation, and reduced tumor cell invasion resulting from PKD2 or PKD3 silencing was rescued by ectopic expression of p65. Interestingly, PKD3 interacted with histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1), suppressing HDAC1 expression and decreasing its binding to the uPA promoter. Moreover, depletion of HDAC1 resulted in recovery of uPA transactivation in PKD3-knockdown cells. Taken together, these data suggest that PKD2 and PKD3 coordinate to promote prostate cancer cell invasion through p65 NF-κB- and HDAC1-mediated expression and activation of uPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhipeng Zou
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Sandig H, Bulfone-Paus S. TLR signaling in mast cells: common and unique features. Front Immunol 2012; 3:185. [PMID: 22783258 PMCID: PMC3389341 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2012] [Accepted: 06/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to the well known role of mast cells in immunity to multi-cellular parasites and in the pathogenesis of allergy and asthma, the importance of mast cells in the immune defense against bacteria and viruses is increasingly being recognized. Their location in the skin, gut, and airways puts mast cells in an ideal location to encounter and respond to pathogens, and in order to perform this function, these cells express a variety of pattern recognition receptors, including Toll-like receptors (TLRs). Mast cells respond to TLR ligands by secreting cytokines, chemokines, and lipid mediators, and some studies have found that TLR ligands can also cause degranulation, although this finding is contentious. In addition, stimulation via TLR ligands can synergize with signaling via the FcεRI, potentially enhancing the response of the cells to antigen in vivo. A great deal is now known about TLR signaling pathways. Some features of these pathways are cell type-specific, however, and work is under way to fully elucidate the TLR signaling cascades in the mast cell. Already, some interesting differences have been identified. This review aims to address what is known about the responses of mast cells to TLR ligands and the signaling pathways involved. Given the location of mast cells at sites exposed to the environment, the response of these cells to TLR ligands must be carefully regulated. The known mechanisms behind this regulation are also reviewed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilary Sandig
- Faculty of Human and Medical Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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Park DW, Lee HK, Jeong TW, Kim JS, Bae YS, Chin BR, Baek SH. The JAK2-Akt-glycogen synthase kinase-3β signaling pathway is involved in toll-like receptor 2-induced monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 regulation. Mol Med Rep 2012; 5:1063-7. [PMID: 22218715 PMCID: PMC3493083 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2012.741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2011] [Accepted: 12/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) is an essential cytokine for the migration of monocytes into vessels, and is also involved in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. In this study, we investigated the importance of janus kinase 2 (JAK2) and the function of the Akt and glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK3β) pathway in toll-like receptor (TLR2)-mediated MCP-1 expression. The TLR2 agonist, Pam3CSK4, induced MCP-1 expression in the Raw264.7 cell line. The induction of MCP-1 was seen in the bone marrow-derived macrophages of wild-type mice but not in TLR2 knockout mice. The TLR2-mediated MCP-1 induction was myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 (MyD88)-independent. By contrast, the inactivation of JAK2 attenuated TLR2-mediated MCP-1 expression. The JAK inhibitor suppressed the phosphorylation of GSK3β as well as Akt by Pam3CSK4 stimulation. While the inactivation of Akt by LY294002 suppressed TLR2-mediated MCP-1 induction, the inactivation of GSK3β by LiCl potentiated TLR2-mediated MCP-1 induction. Furthermore, Akt inhibitor suppressed TLR2-mediated phosphorylation of GSK3β. Taken together, these results suggest that a MyD88-independent pathway exists in TLR2 signaling; the JAK2-Akt-GSK3β pathway is a novel MyD88-independent pathway for MCP-1 induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae-Weon Park
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Aging-associated Vascular Disease Research Center, 210 Main Building, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, Daegu 705-802, Republic of Korea
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Wang Y, Yang Y, Liu X, Wang N, Cao H, Lu Y, Zhou H, Zheng J. Inhibition of clathrin/dynamin-dependent internalization interferes with LPS-mediated TRAM-TRIF-dependent signaling pathway. Cell Immunol 2012; 274:121-9. [PMID: 22341560 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2011.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2011] [Revised: 12/14/2011] [Accepted: 12/15/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Recognition of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) by Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) activates two district proinflammatory signaling pathway and initiates LPS internalization. To investigate roles of LPS internalization, a traditionally regarded metabolic pathway for LPS, in regulation of these two pathways, three internalization inhibitors, monodansylcadaverine (MDC, a clathrin inhibitor), dynasore (DS, a dynamin inhibitor) and chloroquine (CQ, an endosome acidifying maturation inhibitor) were applied to induce internalization dysfunction in macrophages. Results showed MDC and DS affected LPS internalization but did not interfere with their colocalization. Additionally, they decreased cytokines and chemokines release and inhibited signaling molecules activation mediated by TRAM-TRIF-dependent pathway as determined by protein array. In contrast, CQ did not inhibit LPS internalization but affected the colocalization. It also suppressed macrophage activation mediated by both MyD88-dependent and TRAM-TRIF-dependent pathways. The above data indicated that LPS internalization was clathrin/dynamin dependent and it was essential for activation of TRAM-TRIF-dependent signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Wang
- Medical Research Center, Southwest Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
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40
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Rozengurt E. Protein kinase D signaling: multiple biological functions in health and disease. Physiology (Bethesda) 2011; 26:23-33. [PMID: 21357900 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00037.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein kinase D (PKD) is an evolutionarily conserved protein kinase family with structural, enzymological, and regulatory properties different from the PKC family members. Signaling through PKD is induced by a remarkable number of stimuli, including G-protein-coupled receptor agonists and polypeptide growth factors. PKD1, the most studied member of the family, is increasingly implicated in the regulation of a complex array of fundamental biological processes, including signal transduction, cell proliferation and differentiation, membrane trafficking, secretion, immune regulation, cardiac hypertrophy and contraction, angiogenesis, and cancer. PKD mediates such a diverse array of normal and abnormal biological functions via dynamic changes in its spatial and temporal localization, combined with its distinct substrate specificity. Studies on PKD thus far indicate a striking diversity of both its signal generation and distribution and its potential for complex regulatory interactions with multiple downstream pathways, often regulating the subcellular localization of its targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique Rozengurt
- Department of Medicine, Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine, CURE: Digestive Diseases Research Center and Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA.
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Ivison SM, Himmel ME, Mayer M, Yao Y, Kifayet A, Levings MK, Steiner TS. The stress signal extracellular ATP modulates antiflagellin immune responses in intestinal epithelial cells. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2011; 17:319-33. [PMID: 20722064 DOI: 10.1002/ibd.21428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2010] [Accepted: 06/17/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) are continually exposed to commensal microbes, under healthy conditions they contribute to intestinal homeostasis while keeping inflammatory responses in check. In response to invading pathogens, however, IECs respond vigorously by producing inflammatory mediators. To better understand the signals that regulate the inflammatory responses of IECs, we investigated whether the danger signal ATP (which is released from injured cells) could alter responses to bacterial products. METHODS We measured chemokine production from Caco-2 cells stimulated with the Toll-like receptor 5 agonist flagellin with or without ATP. ATP increased flagellin-induced IL-8 secretion but reduced CCL20 secretion via distinct signaling pathways. RESULTS ATP-enhanced IL-8 production was only partly blocked by the P(2) receptor antagonist suramin and required activation of NF-κB while ATP-mediated reduction of CCL20 was completely blocked by suramin and required activation of ERK1/2. The effects of ATP on both chemokines required extracellular calcium but not phospholipase C, implicating P(2) X receptor involvement. To investigate how ATP alters IEC responses to bacterial products in vivo, mice receiving dextran sodium sulfate were given intrarectal flagellin with or without ATP. Addition of ATP to flagellin caused greater weight loss and increased antiflagellin antibody titers, as well as decreased colonic interferon gamma (IFN-γ) and higher antiflagellin IgG1/IgG2 ratios, which indicate decreased Th1 polarization. CONCLUSIONS Together, these data indicate that stress, in the form of extracellular ATP, reshapes both the inflammatory response of flagellin-stimulated IECs and downstream adaptive immunity, representing a possible strategy by which these cells differentiate between commensal and pathogenic bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine M Ivison
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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42
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Abstract
Mammalian PKD (protein kinase D) isoforms have been implicated in the regulation of diverse biological processes in response to diacylglycerol and PKC (protein kinase C) signalling. To compare the functions of PKD1 and PKD2 in vivo, we generated mice deficient in either PKD1 or PKD2 enzymatic activity, via homozygous expression of PKD1S744A/S748A or PKD2S707A/S711A ‘knockin’ alleles. We also examined PKD2-deficient mice generated using ‘gene-trap’ technology. We demonstrate that, unlike PKD1, PKD2 catalytic activity is dispensable for normal embryogenesis. We also show that PKD2 is the major PKD isoform expressed in lymphoid tissues, but that PKD2 catalytic activity is not essential for the development of mature peripheral T- and B-lymphocytes. PKD2 catalytic activity is, however, required for efficient antigen receptor-induced cytokine production in T-lymphocytes and for optimal T-cell-dependent antibody responses in vivo. Our results reveal a key in vivo role for PKD2 in regulating the function of mature peripheral lymphocytes during adaptive immune responses. They also confirm the functional importance of PKC-mediated serine phosphorylation of the PKD catalytic domain for PKD activation and downstream signalling and reveal that different PKD family members have unique and non-redundant roles in vivo.
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Duan GJ, Zhu J, Xu CY, Wan JY, Zhang L, Ge XD, Liu LM, Liu YS. Protective effect of Gö6976, a PKD inhibitor, on LPS/D: -GalN-induced acute liver injury in mice. Inflamm Res 2010; 60:357-66. [PMID: 21063746 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-010-0278-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2010] [Accepted: 10/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Protein kinase D (PKD) is a newly described serine/threonine protein kinase that plays a pivotal role in inflammatory response. In the present study, we examined the protective effect of Gö6976, a PKD inhibitor, on lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and D: -galactosamine (D: -GalN)-induced acute liver injury in mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS Mice were pretreated intraperitoneally with Gö6976 30 min before LPS/D: -GalN administration . The mortality and degree of hepatic injury was subsequently assessed. RESULTS The results indicated that LPS/D: -GalN administration markedly induced hepatic PKD activation, lethality and liver injury, while pretreatment of the PKD inhibitor Gö6976 significantly inhibited LPS-induced PKD activation, improved the survival of LPS/D: -GalN-administered mice and attenuated LPS/D: -GalN-induced liver injury, as evidenced by reduced levels of serum aminotransferases as well as reduced histopathological changes. In addition, the protective effects of Gö6976 were paralleled by suppressed activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), decreased expression of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and adhesion molecules, and reduced apoptosis and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity in liver. CONCLUSIONS Our experimental data indicated that Gö6976, a PKD inhibitor, could effectively prevent LPS/D: -GalN-induced acute liver injury by inhibition of MAPKs activation to reduce TNF-α production. This suggests the potential pharmacological value of PKD inhibitors in the intervention of inflammation-based liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- G J Duan
- Institute of Pathology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
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The phosphoproteome of toll-like receptor-activated macrophages. Mol Syst Biol 2010; 6:371. [PMID: 20531401 PMCID: PMC2913394 DOI: 10.1038/msb.2010.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2010] [Accepted: 04/12/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Recognition of microbial danger signals by toll-like receptors (TLR) causes re-programming of macrophages. To investigate kinase cascades triggered by the TLR4 ligand lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on systems level, we performed a global, quantitative and kinetic analysis of the phosphoproteome of primary macrophages using stable isotope labelling with amino acids in cell culture, phosphopeptide enrichment and high-resolution mass spectrometry. In parallel, nascent RNA was profiled to link transcription factor (TF) phosphorylation to TLR4-induced transcriptional activation. We reproducibly identified 1850 phosphoproteins with 6956 phosphorylation sites, two thirds of which were not reported earlier. LPS caused major dynamic changes in the phosphoproteome (24% up-regulation and 9% down-regulation). Functional bioinformatic analyses confirmed canonical players of the TLR pathway and highlighted other signalling modules (e.g. mTOR, ATM/ATR kinases) and the cytoskeleton as hotspots of LPS-regulated phosphorylation. Finally, weaving together phosphoproteome and nascent transcriptome data by in silico promoter analysis, we implicated several phosphorylated TFs in primary LPS-controlled gene expression.
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45
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Ivison SM, Wang C, Himmel ME, Sheridan J, Delano J, Mayer ML, Yao Y, Kifayet A, Steiner TS. Oxidative stress enhances IL-8 and inhibits CCL20 production from intestinal epithelial cells in response to bacterial flagellin. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2010; 299:G733-41. [PMID: 20595617 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00089.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal epithelial cells act as innate immune sentinels, as the first cells that encounter diarrheal pathogens. They use pattern recognition molecules such as the Toll-like receptors (TLRs) to identify molecular signals found on microbes but not host cells or food components. TLRs cannot generally distinguish the molecular signals on pathogenic bacteria from those found in commensals, yet under healthy conditions epithelial immune responses are kept in check. We hypothesized that, in the setting of tissue damage or stress, intestinal epithelial cells would upregulate their responses to TLR ligands to reflect the greater need for immediate protection against pathogens. We treated Caco-2 cells with the TLR5 agonist flagellin in the presence or absence of H(2)O(2) and measured chemokine production and intracellular signaling pathways. H(2)O(2) increased flagellin-induced IL-8 (CXCL8) production in a dose-dependent manner. This was associated with synergistic phosphorylation of p38 MAP kinase and with prolonged I-kappaB degradation and NF-kappaB activation. The H(2)O(2)-mediated potentiation of IL-8 production required the activity of p38, tyrosine kinases, phospholipase Cgamma, and intracellular calcium, but not protein kinase C or protein kinase D. H(2)O(2) prolonged and augmented NF-kappaB activation by flagellin. In contrast to IL-8, CCL20 (MIP3alpha) production by flagellin was reduced by H(2)O(2), and this effect was not calcium dependent. Oxidative stress biases intestinal epithelial responses to flagellin, leading to increased production of IL-8 and decreased production of CCL20. This suggests that epithelial cells are capable of sensing the extracellular environment and adjusting their antimicrobial responses accordingly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine M Ivison
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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Steiner TS, Ivison SM, Yao Y, Kifayet A. Protein kinase D1 and D2 are involved in chemokine release induced by toll-like receptors 2, 4, and 5. Cell Immunol 2010; 264:135-42. [PMID: 20557879 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2010.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2009] [Revised: 05/17/2010] [Accepted: 05/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The protein kinase D (PKD) family consists of three serine-threonine kinases involved in cellular proliferation, motility, and apoptosis. We previously reported that human toll-like receptor 5 (TLR5) contains a consensus PKD phosphorylation site. Flagellin stimulation of cells activated PKD1, and inhibition of PKD1 reduced flagellin-induced interleukin-8 (IL-8) production in epithelial cells. In the current work, we examined PKD1 and PKD2 involvement downstream of TLR5, TLR4 and TLR2. We found that inhibition of either kinase with shRNA reduced IL-8 and CCL20 release due to TLR4 and TLR2 agonists to a similar extent as previously reported for TLR5. PKD1 and PKD2 inhibition reduced NF-kappaB activity but not MAPK activation. These results demonstrate that both PKD1 and PKD2 are required for inflammatory responses following TLR2, TLR4, or TLR5 activation, although PKD1 is more strongly involved. These kinases likely act downstream of the TLRs themselves to facilitate NF-kappaB activation but not MAP kinase phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodore S Steiner
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Rm. D452 HP East, VGH, 2733 Heather St., Vancouver, BC, Canada V5Z 3J5.
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Kim YI, Park JE, Brand DD, Fitzpatrick EA, Yi AK. Protein kinase D1 is essential for the proinflammatory response induced by hypersensitivity pneumonitis-causing thermophilic actinomycetes Saccharopolyspora rectivirgula. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 184:3145-56. [PMID: 20142359 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0903718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Hypersensitivity pneumonitis is an interstitial lung disease that results from repeated pulmonary exposure to various organic Ags, including Saccharopolyspora rectivirgula, the causative agent of farmer's lung disease. Although the contributions of proinflammatory mediators to the disease pathogenesis are relatively well documented, the mechanism(s) involved in the initiation of proinflammatory responses against the causative microorganisms and the contribution of signaling molecules involved in the host immune defense have not been fully elucidated. In the current study, we found that S. rectivirgula induces the activation of protein kinase D (PKD)1 in lung cells in vitro and in vivo. Activation of PKD1 by S. rectivirgula was dependent on MyD88. Inhibition of PKD by pharmacological PKD inhibitor Gö6976 and silencing of PKD1 expression by small interfering RNA revealed that PKD1 is indispensable for S. rectivirgula-mediated activation of MAPKs and NF-kappaB and the expression of various proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines. In addition, compared with controls, mice pretreated with Gö6976 showed significantly suppressed alveolitis and neutrophil influx in bronchial alveolar lavage fluid and interstitial lung tissue, as well as substantially decreased myeloperoxidase activity in the lung after pulmonary exposure to S. rectivirgula. These results demonstrate that PKD1 is essential for S. rectivirgula-mediated proinflammatory immune responses and neutrophil influx in the lung. Our findings also imply the possibility that PKD1 is one of the critical factors that play a regulatory role in the development of hypersensitivity pneumonitis caused by microbial Ags and that inhibition of PKD1 activation could be an effective way to control microbial Ag-induced hypersensitivity pneumonitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-In Kim
- Children's Foundation Research Center at Le Bonheur Children's Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38103, USA
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