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Punnanitinont A, Biswas S, Kasperek EM, Osinski J, Zhu C, Miecznikowski JC, Romano RA, Kramer JM. Tlr7 drives sex- and tissue-dependent effects in Sjögren's disease. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 12:1434269. [PMID: 39310226 PMCID: PMC11413591 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2024.1434269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 08/19/2024] [Indexed: 09/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Primary Sjögren's disease (pSD) is a systemic autoimmune disease that has the strongest female predilection of all autoimmune diseases. The underlying mechanisms that govern this sexual dimorphism, however, remain poorly understood. We hypothesized that pSD females would exhibit more robust disease as compared to males, and that Tlr7 controls distinct disease manifestations in males and females. Using a well-established pSD mouse model, we harvested exocrine glands, and pulmonary and renal tissue from males and females and quantified the inflammation present. We then collected salivary glands, spleens, and cervical lymph nodes and performed flow cytometry to assess immune populations implicated in disease. We also harvested sera to examine total and autoreactive antibodies. Our data revealed that pSD mice displayed sex-biased disease, as pSD females showed decreased dacryoadenitis, but increased nephritis as compared to males. Moreover, females exhibited increased proportions of germinal center B cells and CD4+ activated/memory T cells in the periphery. Additionally, salivary gland immune populations were altered in a sex-dependent manner in pSD. Females with pSD also displayed elevated total and autoreactive IgG as compared to males. Additionally, splenic B cell Tlr7 expression was increased in females. We next generated pSD mice that lacked Tlr7 systemically and found that ablation of Tlr7 was primarily protective in pSD females, while Tlr7-deficient pSD males showed heightened disease. Thus, pSD mice display sex-biased disease and these dichotomous manifestations are governed by Tlr7 activation. This study identifies Tlr7 as a druggable target for pSD, and highlights the importance of studying pSD disease mechanisms in both sexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achamaporn Punnanitinont
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, The University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Sheta Biswas
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, The University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali, Bangladesh
| | - Eileen M. Kasperek
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, The University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Jason Osinski
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, The University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Chengsong Zhu
- Department of Immunology, Microarray and Immune Phenotyping Core Facility, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Jeffrey C. Miecznikowski
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health and Health Professions, The University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Rose-Anne Romano
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, The University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Jill M. Kramer
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, The University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, United States
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Reuveni D, Assi S, Gore Y, Brazowski E, Leung PSC, Shalit T, Gershwin ME, Zigmond E. Conventional type 1 dendritic cells are essential for the development of primary biliary cholangitis. Liver Int 2024; 44:2063-2074. [PMID: 38700427 DOI: 10.1111/liv.15961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) is a progressive-cholestatic autoimmune liver disease. Dendritic cells (DC) are professional antigen-presenting cells and their prominent presence around damaged bile ducts of PBC patients are documented. cDC1 is a rare subset of DC known for its cross-presentation abilities and interleukin 12 production. Our aim was to assess the role of cDC1 in the pathogenesis of PBC. METHODS We utilized an inducible murine model of PBC and took advantage of the DC reporter mice Zbtb46gfp and the Batf3-/- mice that specifically lack the cDC1 subset. cDC1 cells were sorted from blood of PBC patients and healthy individuals and subjected to Bulk-MARS-seq transcriptome analysis. RESULTS Histopathology assessment demonstrated peri-portal inflammation in wild type (WT) mice, whereas only minor abnormalities were observed in Batf3-/- mice. Flow cytometry analysis revealed a two-fold reduction in hepatic CD8/CD4 T cells ratio in Batf3-/- mice, suggesting reduced intrahepatic CD8 T cells expansion. Histological evidence of portal fibrosis was detected only in the WT but not in Batf3-/- mice. This finding was supported by decreased expression levels of pro-fibrotic genes in the livers of Batf3-/- mice. Transcriptome analysis of human cDC1, revealed 78 differentially expressed genes between PBC patients and controls. Genes related to antigen presentation, TNF and IFN signalling and mitochondrial dysfunction were significantly increased in cDC1 isolated from PBC patients. CONCLUSION Our data illustrated the contribution the cDC1 subset in the pathogenesis of PBC and provides a novel direction for immune based cell-specific targeted therapeutic approach in PBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debby Reuveni
- The Research Center for Digestive Tract and Liver Diseases, Department of Gastroenterology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- The Center for Liver Diseases, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Siwar Assi
- The Research Center for Digestive Tract and Liver Diseases, Department of Gastroenterology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Yael Gore
- The Research Center for Digestive Tract and Liver Diseases, Department of Gastroenterology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Eli Brazowski
- Department of Pathology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Patrick S C Leung
- Division of Rheumatology, University of California at Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Tali Shalit
- The Mantoux Bioinformatics Institute of the Nancy and Stephen Grand Israel National Center for Personalized Medicine, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Merrill E Gershwin
- Division of Rheumatology, University of California at Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Ehud Zigmond
- The Research Center for Digestive Tract and Liver Diseases, Department of Gastroenterology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- The Center for Liver Diseases, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
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3
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Gordon RA, Cosgrove HA, Marinov A, Gingras S, Tilstra JS, Campbell AM, Bastacky SI, Kashgarian M, Perl A, Nickerson KM, Shlomchik MJ. NADPH oxidase in B cells and macrophages protects against murine lupus by regulation of TLR7. JCI Insight 2024; 9:e178563. [PMID: 39042716 PMCID: PMC11343599 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.178563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Loss of NADPH oxidase (NOX2) exacerbates systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in mice and humans, but the mechanisms underlying this effect remain unclear. To identify the cell lineages in which NOX2 deficiency drives SLE, we employed conditional KO and chimeric approaches to delete Cybb in several hematopoietic cell lineages of MRL.Faslpr SLE-prone mice. Deletion of Cybb in macrophages/monocytes exacerbated SLE nephritis, though not to the degree observed in the Cybb global KOs. Unexpectedly, the absence of Cybb in B cells resulted in profound glomerulonephritis and interstitial nephritis, rivaling that seen with global deletion. Furthermore, we identified that NOX2 is a key regulator of TLR7, a driver of SLE pathology, both globally and specifically in B cells. This is mediated in part through suppression of TLR7-mediated NF-κB signaling in B cells. Thus, NOX2's immunomodulatory effect in SLE is orchestrated not only by its function in the myeloid compartment, but through a pivotal role in B cells by selectively inhibiting TLR7 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael A. Gordon
- Department of Immunology and
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Haylee A. Cosgrove
- Department of Immunology and
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | | | - Jeremy S. Tilstra
- Department of Immunology and
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Allison M. Campbell
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Sheldon I. Bastacky
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Michael Kashgarian
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Andras Perl
- Departments of Medicine, Microbiology and Immunology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, College of Medicine, Syracuse, New York, USA
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4
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von Hofsten S, Fenton KA, Pedersen HL. Human and Murine Toll-like Receptor-Driven Disease in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5351. [PMID: 38791389 PMCID: PMC11120885 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25105351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is linked to the differential roles of toll-like receptors (TLRs), particularly TLR7, TLR8, and TLR9. TLR7 overexpression or gene duplication, as seen with the Y-linked autoimmune accelerator (Yaa) locus or TLR7 agonist imiquimod, correlates with increased SLE severity, and specific TLR7 polymorphisms and gain-of-function variants are associated with enhanced SLE susceptibility and severity. In addition, the X-chromosome location of TLR7 and its escape from X-chromosome inactivation provide a genetic basis for female predominance in SLE. The absence of TLR8 and TLR9 have been shown to exacerbate the detrimental effects of TLR7, leading to upregulated TLR7 activity and increased disease severity in mouse models of SLE. The regulatory functions of TLR8 and TLR9 have been proposed to involve competition for the endosomal trafficking chaperone UNC93B1. However, recent evidence implies more direct, regulatory functions of TLR9 on TLR7 activity. The association between age-associated B cells (ABCs) and autoantibody production positions these cells as potential targets for treatment in SLE, but the lack of specific markers necessitates further research for precise therapeutic intervention. Therapeutically, targeting TLRs is a promising strategy for SLE treatment, with drugs like hydroxychloroquine already in clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susannah von Hofsten
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, 9019 Tromsø, Norway;
| | - Kristin Andreassen Fenton
- Centre of Clinical Research and Education, University Hospital of North Norway, Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, 9019 Tromsø, Norway;
| | - Hege Lynum Pedersen
- Centre of Clinical Research and Education, University Hospital of North Norway, Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, 9019 Tromsø, Norway;
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5
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Alee I, Chantawichitwong P, Leelahavanichkul A, Paludan SR, Pisitkun T, Pisitkun P. The STING inhibitor (ISD-017) reduces glomerulonephritis in 129.B6.Fcgr2b-deficient mice. Sci Rep 2024; 14:11020. [PMID: 38745067 PMCID: PMC11094069 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-61597-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
The absence of stimulator of interferon genes (STING) in 129.B6.Fcgr2b-deficient mice rescue lupus phenotypes. The administration of a STING inhibitor (ISD017) into the young 129.B6.Fcgr2b-deficient mice prevents lupus nephritis development. This study mainly aimed to evaluate the effects of STING inhibition (ISD107) on established SLE in mice to prove that ISD017 could be a good therapeutic drug to reverse the already set-up autoimmunity and kidney impairment. Twenty-four-week-old Fcgr2b-deficient mice were treated with cyclophosphamide (25 mg/kg, intraperitoneal, once per week), ISD017 (10 mg/kg, intraperitoneal, three times per week), or control vehicle for 8 weeks, and were analyzed for phenotypes. Both ISD017 and cyclophosphamide treatment increased long-term survival and reduced the severity of glomerulonephritis in Fcgr2b-deficient mice. While cyclophosphamide reduced activated B cells (B220+GL-7+), ISD017 decreased activated T cells (CD4+CD69+) and neutrophils (Ly6c+Ly6g+) in Fcgr2b-deficient mice. In addition, ISD017 reduced IL-1β and interferon-inducible genes. In summary, ISD017 treatment in symptomatic 129.B6.Fcgr2b-deficient mice reduced the severity of glomerulonephritis and increased long-term survival. ISD017 worked comparably to cyclophosphamide for treating lupus nephritis in 129.B6.Fcgr2b-deficient mice. ISD017 reduced activated T cells and neutrophils, while cyclophosphamide targeted activated B cells. These results suggested that STING inhibitors can potentially be a new therapeutic drug for treating lupus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isara Alee
- Center of Excellence in Systems Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Medical Sciences Program, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Papasara Chantawichitwong
- Center of Excellence in Systems Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Graduated Program in Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Salaya, Thailand
| | - Asada Leelahavanichkul
- Center of Excellence in Translational Research in Inflammation and Immunology (CETRII), Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Søren R Paludan
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Trairak Pisitkun
- Center of Excellence in Systems Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
- Epithelial Systems Biology Laboratory, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Prapaporn Pisitkun
- Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
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6
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Bracken SJ, Suthers AN, DiCioccio RA, Su H, Anand S, Poe JC, Jia W, Visentin J, Basher F, Jordan CZ, McManigle WC, Li Z, Hakim FT, Pavletic SZ, Bhuiya NS, Ho VT, Horwitz ME, Chao NJ, Sarantopoulos S. Heightened TLR7 signaling primes BCR-activated B cells in chronic graft-versus-host disease for effector functions. Blood Adv 2024; 8:667-680. [PMID: 38113462 PMCID: PMC10839617 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2023010362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD) is a debilitating, autoimmune-like syndrome that can occur after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Constitutively activated B cells contribute to ongoing alloreactivity and autoreactivity in patients with cGVHD. Excessive tissue damage that occurs after transplantation exposes B cells to nucleic acids in the extracellular environment. Recognition of endogenous nucleic acids within B cells can promote pathogenic B-cell activation. Therefore, we hypothesized that cGVHD B cells aberrantly signal through RNA and DNA sensors such as Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) and TLR9. We found that B cells from patients and mice with cGVHD had higher expression of TLR7 than non-cGVHD B cells. Using ex vivo assays, we found that B cells from patients with cGVHD also demonstrated increased interleukin-6 production after TLR7 stimulation with R848. Low-dose B-cell receptor (BCR) stimulation augmented B-cell responses to TLR7 activation. TLR7 hyperresponsiveness in cGVHD B cells correlated with increased expression and activation of the downstream transcription factor interferon regulatory factor 5. Because RNA-containing immune complexes can activate B cells through TLR7, we used a protein microarray to identify RNA-containing antigen targets of potential pathological relevance in cGVHD. We found that many of the unique targets of active cGVHD immunoglobulin G (IgG) were nucleic acid-binding proteins. This unbiased assay identified the autoantigen and known cGVHD target Ro-52, and we found that RNA was required for IgG binding to Ro-52. Herein, we find that BCR-activated B cells have aberrant TLR7 signaling responses that promote potential effector responses in cGVHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonali J. Bracken
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Amy N. Suthers
- Division of Hematologic Malignancies and Cellular Therapy, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Rachel A. DiCioccio
- Division of Hematologic Malignancies and Cellular Therapy, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Hsuan Su
- Division of Hematologic Malignancies and Cellular Therapy, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Sarah Anand
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Jonathan C. Poe
- Division of Hematologic Malignancies and Cellular Therapy, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Wei Jia
- Division of Hematologic Malignancies and Cellular Therapy, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Jonathan Visentin
- Division of Hematologic Malignancies and Cellular Therapy, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
- Department of Immunology and Immunogenetics, Bordeaux University Hospital, Bordeaux, France
- UMR CNRS 5164 ImmunoConcEpT, Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, France
| | - Fahmin Basher
- Division of Hematologic Malignancies and Cellular Therapy, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Collin Z. Jordan
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham NC
| | - William C. McManigle
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham NC
| | - Zhiguo Li
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham NC
- Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham NC
| | - Frances T. Hakim
- Experimental Transplantation and Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Steven Z. Pavletic
- Experimental Transplantation and Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Nazmim S. Bhuiya
- Experimental Transplantation and Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Vincent T. Ho
- Division of Hematologic Malignancies and Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
| | - Mitchell E. Horwitz
- Division of Hematologic Malignancies and Cellular Therapy, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
- Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham NC
| | - Nelson J. Chao
- Division of Hematologic Malignancies and Cellular Therapy, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
- Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham NC
- Department of Integrated Immunobiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC
| | - Stefanie Sarantopoulos
- Division of Hematologic Malignancies and Cellular Therapy, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
- Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham NC
- Department of Integrated Immunobiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC
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7
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Tay SH, Zharkova O, Lee HY, Toh MMX, Libau EA, Celhar T, Narayanan S, Ahl PJ, Ong WY, Joseph C, Lim JCT, Wang L, Larbi A, Liang S, Lateef A, Akira S, Ling LH, Thamboo TP, Yeong JPS, Lee BTK, Edwards SW, Wright HL, MacAry PA, Connolly JE, Fairhurst AM. Platelet TLR7 is essential for the formation of platelet-neutrophil complexes and low-density neutrophils in lupus nephritis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2024; 63:551-562. [PMID: 37341646 PMCID: PMC10836995 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/kead296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Platelets and low-density neutrophils (LDNs) are major players in the immunopathogenesis of SLE. Despite evidence showing the importance of platelet-neutrophil complexes (PNCs) in inflammation, little is known about the relationship between LDNs and platelets in SLE. We sought to characterize the role of LDNs and Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) in clinical disease. METHODS Flow cytometry was used to immunophenotype LDNs from SLE patients and controls. The association of LDNs with organ damage was investigated in a cohort of 290 SLE patients. TLR7 mRNA expression was assessed in LDNs and high-density neutrophils (HDNs) using publicly available mRNA sequencing datasets and our own cohort using RT-PCR. The role of TLR7 in platelet binding was evaluated in platelet-HDN mixing studies using TLR7-deficient mice and Klinefelter syndrome patients. RESULTS SLE patients with active disease have more LDNs, which are heterogeneous and more immature in patients with evidence of kidney dysfunction. LDNs are platelet bound, in contrast to HDNs. LDNs settle in the peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) layer due to the increased buoyancy and neutrophil degranulation from platelet binding. Mixing studies demonstrated that this PNC formation was dependent on platelet-TLR7 and that the association results in increased NETosis. The neutrophil:platelet ratio is a useful clinical correlate for LDNs, and a higher NPR is associated with past and current flares of LN. CONCLUSIONS LDNs sediment in the upper PBMC fraction due to PNC formation, which is dependent on the expression of TLR7 in platelets. Collectively, our results reveal a novel TLR7-dependent crosstalk between platelets and neutrophils that may be an important therapeutic opportunity for LN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sen Hee Tay
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, National University Hospital, Singapore
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Olga Zharkova
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Hui Yin Lee
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Michelle Min Xuan Toh
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Eshele Anak Libau
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Teja Celhar
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Sriram Narayanan
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Patricia Jennifer Ahl
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Wei Yee Ong
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Craig Joseph
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Jeffrey Chun Tatt Lim
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Lingzhi Wang
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Anis Larbi
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Shen Liang
- Biostatistics Unit, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Aisha Lateef
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, National University Hospital, Singapore
| | | | - Lieng Hsi Ling
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Cardiology, National University Hospital, Singapore
| | | | - Joe Poh Seng Yeong
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Division of Pathology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
| | - Bernett Teck Kwong Lee
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Steven W Edwards
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Helen L Wright
- Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Paul Anthony MacAry
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - John E Connolly
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Institute of Biomedical Studies, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
| | - Anna-Marie Fairhurst
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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8
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Tilstra JS, Kim M, Gordon RA, Leibler C, Cosgrove HA, Bastacky S, Nickerson KM, Shlomchik MJ. B cell-intrinsic Myd88 regulates disease progression in murine lupus. J Exp Med 2023; 220:e20230263. [PMID: 37787782 PMCID: PMC10541815 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20230263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Nucleic acid-specific Toll-like receptors (TLRs) have been implicated in promoting disease pathogenesis in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Whether such TLRs mediate disease onset, progression, or both remains undefined; yet the answer to this question has important therapeutic implications. MyD88 is an essential adaptor that acts downstream of IL-1 family receptors and most TLRs. Both global and B cell-specific Myd88 deficiency ameliorated disease in lupus-prone mice when constitutively deleted. To address whether Myd88 was needed to sustain ongoing disease, we induced B cell-specific deletion of Myd88 after disease onset in MRL.Faslpr mice using an inducible Cre recombinase. B cell-specific deletion of Myd88 starting after disease onset resulted in ameliorated glomerulonephritis and interstitial inflammation. Additionally, treated mice had reduced autoantibody formation and an altered B cell compartment with reduced ABC and plasmablast numbers. These experiments demonstrate the role of MyD88 in B cells to sustain disease in murine lupus. Therefore, targeting MyD88 or its upstream activators may be a viable therapeutic option in SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy S. Tilstra
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Lupus Center of Excellence, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Minjung Kim
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Rachael A. Gordon
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Claire Leibler
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Haylee A. Cosgrove
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Sheldon Bastacky
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Kevin M. Nickerson
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Mark J. Shlomchik
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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9
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Liu F, Chen H, Cao C, Liang Y, Zhou Y. The role of toll-like receptors (TLRs) and their therapeutic applications in glomerulonephritis. Int Urol Nephrol 2023; 55:2845-2856. [PMID: 37060433 DOI: 10.1007/s11255-023-03592-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
One of the most important features of innate immunity is the presence of a special group of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) called toll-like receptors (TLRs), which recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), resulting in a quick and effective immune response to them. Glomerulonephritis (GN) is one of the most important categories of renal disorders characterized by destructive responses of the immune system to the glomerulus. To date, the association of TLRs as important innate immune system members with GN has been one of the topics that attracted the attention of researchers in this field. However, the exact role of these receptors in the immunopathogenesis of GN has not yet been fully discussed. Therefore, this study aims to overview the role of TLRs in GN and the possibility of using them as a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feiyan Liu
- Hemodialysis Room, Nanchang First Hospital, No. 128, Xiangshan North Road, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Huimin Chen
- Hemodialysis Room, Nanchang First Hospital, No. 128, Xiangshan North Road, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Caixia Cao
- Hemodialysis Room, Nanchang First Hospital, No. 128, Xiangshan North Road, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Yanlin Liang
- Hemodialysis Room, Nanchang First Hospital, No. 128, Xiangshan North Road, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Ying Zhou
- Hemodialysis Room, Nanchang First Hospital, No. 128, Xiangshan North Road, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China.
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10
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Ren W, Zhao L, Sun Y, Wang X, Shi X. HMGB1 and Toll-like receptors: potential therapeutic targets in autoimmune diseases. Mol Med 2023; 29:117. [PMID: 37667233 PMCID: PMC10478470 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-023-00717-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023] Open
Abstract
HMGB1, a nucleoprotein, is expressed in almost all eukaryotic cells. During cell activation and cell death, HMGB1 can function as an alarm protein (alarmin) or damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP) and mediate early inflammatory and immune response when it is translocated to the extracellular space. The binding of extracellular HMGB1 to Toll-like receptors (TLRs), such as TLR2 and TLR4 transforms HMGB1 into a pro-inflammatory cytokine, contributing to the occurrence and development of autoimmune diseases. TLRs, which are members of a family of pattern recognition receptors, can bind to endogenous DAMPs and activate the innate immune response. Additionally, TLRs are key signaling molecules mediating the immune response and play a critical role in the host defense against pathogens and the maintenance of immune balance. HMGB1 and TLRs are reported to be upregulated in several autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, type 1 diabetes mellitus, and autoimmune thyroid disease. The expression levels of HMGB1 and some TLRs are upregulated in tissues of patients with autoimmune diseases and animal models of autoimmune diseases. The suppression of HMGB1 and TLRs inhibits the progression of inflammation in animal models. Thus, HMGB1 and TLRs are indispensable biomarkers and important therapeutic targets for autoimmune diseases. This review provides comprehensive strategies for treating or preventing autoimmune diseases discovered in recent years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxuan Ren
- Department of Endocrinology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning, China
| | - Lei Zhao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning, China
| | - Ying Sun
- Department of Endocrinology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning, China
| | - Xichang Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning, China
| | - Xiaoguang Shi
- Department of Endocrinology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning, China.
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11
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Cosgrove HA, Gingras S, Kim M, Bastacky S, Tilstra JS, Shlomchik MJ. B cell-intrinsic TLR7 expression drives severe lupus in TLR9-deficient mice. JCI Insight 2023; 8:e172219. [PMID: 37606042 PMCID: PMC10543715 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.172219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The endosomal Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) is a major driver of murine and human systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). The role of TLR7 in lupus pathogenesis is enhanced when the regulatory role of TLR9 is absent. TLR7 signaling in plasmacytoid DCs (pDC) is generally thought to be a major driver of the IFN response and disease pathology; however, the cell types in which TLR7 acts to mediate disease have not been distinguished. To address this, we selectively deleted TLR7 in either CD11c+ cells or CD19+ cells; using a TLR7-floxed allele, we created on the lupus-prone MRL/lpr background, along with a BM chimera strategy. Unexpectedly, TLR7 deficiency in CD11c+ cells had no impact on disease, while TLR7 deficiency in CD19+ B cells yielded mild suppression of proteinuria and a trend toward reduced glomerular disease. However, in TLR9-deficient MRL/lpr mice with accelerated SLE, B cell-specific TLR7 deficiency greatly improved disease. These results support revision of the mechanism by which TLR7 drives lupus and highlight a cis regulatory interaction between the protective TLR9 and the pathogenic TLR7 within the B cell compartment. They suggest B cell-directed, dual TLR7 antagonism/TLR9 agonism or dual TLR7/9 antagonism as a potential future therapeutic strategy to treat SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Jeremy S. Tilstra
- Department of Immunology
- Department of Medicine, and
- Lupus Center of Excellence, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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12
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Gavin AL, Blane TR, Thinnes TC, Gerlt E, Marshak-Rothstein A, Huang D, Nemazee D. Disease in the Pld4thss/thss Model of Murine Lupus Requires TLR9. Immunohorizons 2023; 7:577-586. [PMID: 37555846 PMCID: PMC10441812 DOI: 10.4049/immunohorizons.2300058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Phospholipase D4 (PLD4) is an endolysosomal exonuclease of ssRNA and ssDNA, rather than a phospholipase as its name suggests. Human polymorphisms in the PLD4 gene have been linked by genome-wide association studies to systemic sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and systemic lupus erythematosus. However, B6.129 Pld4-/- mice develop features of a distinct disease, macrophage activation syndrome, which is reversed in mice mutated in TLR9. In this article, we compare a Pld4 null mutant identified on the BALB/c background, Pld4thss/thss, which has distinct phenotypes: short stature, thin hair, and features of systemic lupus erythematosus. All phenotypes analyzed were largely normalized in Pld4thss/thssTlr9-/- mice. Thus, Pld4thss/thss represents a rare model in which mouse lupus etiology is TLR9 dependent. Compared with PLD4-deficient B6 mice, Pld4thss/thss mice had elevated levels of serum IgG, IgG anti-dsDNA autoantibodies, BAFF, and IFN-γ and elevated B cell numbers. Overall, the data suggest that PLD4 deficiency can lead to a diverse array of rheumatological abnormalities depending upon background-modifying genes, and that these diseases of PLD4 deficiency are largely driven by TLR9 recognition of ssDNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda L. Gavin
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Tanya R. Blane
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Theresa C. Thinnes
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | | | | | - Deli Huang
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - David Nemazee
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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13
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Wang J, Gan M. DNA Nanoflowers' Amelioration of Lupus Symptoms in Mice via Blockade of TLR7/9's Signal. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232416030. [PMID: 36555668 PMCID: PMC9784230 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232416030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibitory oligodeoxynucleotides (INH-ODN) can exert an immunomodulatory effect to specifically block TLR7 and TLR9 signaling in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). To extend the half-life of INH-ODN in vivo, the phosphorothioate backbone, instead of the native phosphodiester, is preferred due to its strong resistance against nuclease degradation. However, its incomplete degradation in vivo may lead to potential risk. To solve these problems and enhance the blockage of TLR7 and TLR9, we prepared highly compressed DNA nanoflowers with prolonged native DNA backbones and repeated INH-ODN motifs. Three therapeutic types of nanoflower, incorporating INH-ODN sequences, including IRS 661, IRS 869, and IRS 954, were prepared by rolling circle amplification and were subcutaneously injected into MRL/lpr mice. The TLR7 blocker of the IRS 661 nanoflower and the TLR9 antagonist of the IRS 869 nanoflower could decrease autoantibodies, reduce cytokine secretion, and alleviate lupus nephritis in mice. However, the IRS 954 nanoflower, the TLR7 and TLR9 dual antagonist, did not have additive or opposing effects on lupus nephritis but only showed a decrease in serum IFNα, suggesting that the TLR7 and TLR9 antagonist may have a competition mechanism or signal-dependent switching relationship. INH-ODN nanoflowers were proposed as a novel and potential therapeutic nucleic acids for SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- Laboratory Animal Center of Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Mingzhe Gan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nano-Bio Interface, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-512-62872987
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14
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Voss LF, Howarth AJ, Wittenborn TR, Hummelgaard S, Juul-Madsen K, Kastberg KS, Pedersen MK, Jensen L, Papanastasiou AD, Vorup-Jensen T, Weyer K, Degn SE. The extrafollicular response is sufficient to drive initiation of autoimmunity and early disease hallmarks of lupus. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1021370. [PMID: 36591222 PMCID: PMC9795406 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1021370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Many autoimmune diseases are characterized by germinal center (GC)-derived, affinity-matured, class-switched autoantibodies, and strategies to block GC formation and progression are currently being explored clinically. However, extrafollicular responses can also play a role. The aim of this study was to investigate the contribution of the extrafollicular pathway to autoimmune disease development. Methods We blocked the GC pathway by knocking out the transcription factor Bcl-6 in GC B cells, leaving the extrafollicular pathway intact. We tested the impact of this intervention in two murine models of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE): a pharmacological model based on chronic epicutaneous application of the Toll-like receptor (TLR)-7 agonist Resiquimod (R848), and 564Igi autoreactive B cell receptor knock-in mice. The B cell intrinsic effects were further investigated in vitro and in autoreactive mixed bone marrow chimeras. Results GC block failed to curb autoimmune progression in the R848 model based on anti-dsDNA and plasma cell output, superoligomeric DNA complexes, and immune complex deposition in glomeruli. The 564Igi model confirmed this based on anti-dsDNA and plasma cell output. In vitro, loss of Bcl-6 prevented GC B cell expansion and accelerated plasma cell differentiation. In a competitive scenario in vivo, B cells harboring the genetic GC block contributed disproportionately to the plasma cell output. Discussion We identified the extrafollicular pathway as a key contributor to autoimmune progression. We propose that therapeutic targeting of low quality and poorly controlled extrafollicular responses could be a desirable strategy to curb autoreactivity, as it would leave intact the more stringently controlled and high-quality GC responses providing durable protection against infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lasse F. Voss
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark,Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Lisbeth Jensen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | | | - Kathrin Weyer
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Søren E. Degn
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark,*Correspondence: Søren E. Degn,
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15
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Alexopoulou L. Nucleic acid-sensing toll-like receptors: Important players in Sjögren’s syndrome. Front Immunol 2022; 13:980400. [PMID: 36389822 PMCID: PMC9659959 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.980400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Sjögren’s syndrome (SS) is a chronic systemic autoimmune disease that affects the salivary and lacrimal glands, as well as other organ systems like the lungs, kidneys and nervous system. SS can occur alone or in combination with another autoimmune disease, such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) or rheumatoid arthritis. The etiology of SS is unknown but recent studies have revealed the implication of the activation of innate immune receptors, including Toll-like receptors (TLRs), mainly through the detection of endogenous nucleic acids, in the pathogenesis of systemic autoimmune diseases. Studies on SS mouse models suggest that TLRs and especially TLR7 that detects single-stranded RNA of microbial or endogenous origin can drive the development of SS and findings in SS patients corroborate those in mouse models. In this review, we will give an overview of the function and signaling of nucleic acid-sensing TLRs, the interplay of TLR7 with TLR8 and TLR9 in the context of autoimmunity, summarize the evidence for the critical role of TLR7 in the pathogenesis of SS and present a possible connection between SARS-CoV-2 and SS.
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16
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Su YJ, Li FA, Sheu JJC, Li SC, Weng SW, Shen FC, Chang YH, Chen HY, Liou CW, Lin TK, Chuang JH, Wang PW. A Study on MDA5 Signaling in Splenic B Cells from an Imiquimod-Induced Lupus Mouse Model with Proteomics. Cells 2022; 11:3350. [PMID: 36359746 PMCID: PMC9657434 DOI: 10.3390/cells11213350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 07/17/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Several environmental stimuli may influence lupus, particularly viral infections. In this study, we used an imiquimod-induced lupus mouse model focused on the TLR7 pathway and proteomics analysis to determine the specific pathway related to viral infection and the related protein expressions in splenic B cells to obtain insight into B-cell responses to viral infection in the lupus model. MATERIALS AND METHODS We treated FVB/N wild-type mice with imiquimod for 8 weeks to induce lupus symptoms and signs, retrieved splenocytes, selected B cells, and conducted the proteomic analysis. The B cells were co-cultured with CD40L+ feeder cells for another week before performing Western blot analysis. Panther pathway analysis was used to disclose the pathways activated and the protein-protein interactome was analyzed by the STRING database in this lupus murine model. RESULTS The lupus model was well established and well demonstrated with serology evidence and pathology proof of lupus-mimicking organ damage. Proteomics data of splenic B cells revealed that the most important activated pathways (fold enrichment > 100) demonstrated positive regulation of the MDA5 signaling pathway, negative regulation of IP-10 production, negative regulation of chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 2 production, and positive regulation of the RIG-I signaling pathway. A unique protein-protein interactome containing 10 genes was discovered, within which ISG15, IFIH1, IFIT1, DDX60, and DHX58 were demonstrated to be downstream effectors of MDA5 signaling. Finally, we found B-cell intracellular cytosolic proteins via Western blot experiment and continued to observe MDA5-related pathway activation. CONCLUSION In this experiment, we confirmed that the B cells in the lupus murine model focusing on the TLR7 pathway were activated through the MDA5 signaling pathway, an important RNA sensor implicated in the detection of viral infections and autoimmunity. The MDA5 agonist/antagonist RNAs and the detailed molecular interactions within B cells are worthy of further investigation for lupus therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Jih Su
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
- Center for Mitochondrial Research and Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
- Departments of Nuclear Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
| | - Fu-An Li
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Jim Jinn-Chyuan Sheu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 804201, Taiwan
| | - Sung-Chou Li
- Center for Mitochondrial Research and Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
- Medical Research and Core Laboratory for Phenomics and Diagnostics, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
| | - Shao-Wen Weng
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
- Center for Mitochondrial Research and Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
| | - Feng-Chih Shen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
- Center for Mitochondrial Research and Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Hsiang Chang
- Center for Mitochondrial Research and Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
| | - Huan-Yuan Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Wei Liou
- Center for Mitochondrial Research and Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
| | - Tsu-Kung Lin
- Center for Mitochondrial Research and Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
| | - Jiin-Haur Chuang
- Center for Mitochondrial Research and Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
- Pediatric Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Wen Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
- Center for Mitochondrial Research and Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
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17
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Mackensen A, Müller F, Mougiakakos D, Böltz S, Wilhelm A, Aigner M, Völkl S, Simon D, Kleyer A, Munoz L, Kretschmann S, Kharboutli S, Gary R, Reimann H, Rösler W, Uderhardt S, Bang H, Herrmann M, Ekici AB, Buettner C, Habenicht KM, Winkler TH, Krönke G, Schett G. Anti-CD19 CAR T cell therapy for refractory systemic lupus erythematosus. Nat Med 2022; 28:2124-2132. [PMID: 36109639 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-022-02017-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 309] [Impact Index Per Article: 154.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a life-threatening autoimmune disease characterized by adaptive immune system activation, formation of double-stranded DNA autoantibodies and organ inflammation. Five patients with SLE (four women and one man) with a median (range) age of 22 (6) years, median (range) disease duration of 4 (8) years and active disease (median (range) SLE disease activity index Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index: 16 (8)) refractory to several immunosuppressive drug treatments were enrolled in a compassionate-use chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell program. Autologous T cells from patients with SLE were transduced with a lentiviral anti-CD19 CAR vector, expanded and reinfused at a dose of 1 × 106 CAR T cells per kg body weight into the patients after lymphodepletion with fludarabine and cyclophosphamide. CAR T cells expanded in vivo, led to deep depletion of B cells, improvement of clinical symptoms and normalization of laboratory parameters including seroconversion of anti-double-stranded DNA antibodies. Remission of SLE according to DORIS criteria was achieved in all five patients after 3 months and the median (range) Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index score after 3 months was 0 (2). Drug-free remission was maintained during longer follow-up (median (range) of 8 (12) months after CAR T cell administration) and even after the reappearance of B cells, which was observed after a mean (±s.d.) of 110 ± 32 d after CAR T cell treatment. Reappearing B cells were naïve and showed non-class-switched B cell receptors. CAR T cell treatment was well tolerated with only mild cytokine-release syndrome. These data suggest that CD19 CAR T cell transfer is feasible, tolerable and highly effective in SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Mackensen
- Department of Internal Medicine 5-Hematology and Oncology, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany.,Deutsches Zentrum für Immuntherapie (DZI), Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Fabian Müller
- Department of Internal Medicine 5-Hematology and Oncology, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany.,Deutsches Zentrum für Immuntherapie (DZI), Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Dimitrios Mougiakakos
- Department of Internal Medicine 5-Hematology and Oncology, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany.,Deutsches Zentrum für Immuntherapie (DZI), Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany.,Department of Hematology and Oncology, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg (OVGU), Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Böltz
- Deutsches Zentrum für Immuntherapie (DZI), Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine 3-Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Artur Wilhelm
- Deutsches Zentrum für Immuntherapie (DZI), Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine 3-Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Michael Aigner
- Department of Internal Medicine 5-Hematology and Oncology, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany.,Deutsches Zentrum für Immuntherapie (DZI), Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Simon Völkl
- Department of Internal Medicine 5-Hematology and Oncology, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany.,Deutsches Zentrum für Immuntherapie (DZI), Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - David Simon
- Deutsches Zentrum für Immuntherapie (DZI), Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine 3-Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Arnd Kleyer
- Deutsches Zentrum für Immuntherapie (DZI), Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine 3-Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Luis Munoz
- Deutsches Zentrum für Immuntherapie (DZI), Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine 3-Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sascha Kretschmann
- Department of Internal Medicine 5-Hematology and Oncology, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany.,Deutsches Zentrum für Immuntherapie (DZI), Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Soraya Kharboutli
- Department of Internal Medicine 5-Hematology and Oncology, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany.,Deutsches Zentrum für Immuntherapie (DZI), Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Regina Gary
- Department of Internal Medicine 5-Hematology and Oncology, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany.,Deutsches Zentrum für Immuntherapie (DZI), Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Hannah Reimann
- Department of Internal Medicine 5-Hematology and Oncology, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany.,Deutsches Zentrum für Immuntherapie (DZI), Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Wolf Rösler
- Department of Internal Medicine 5-Hematology and Oncology, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany.,Deutsches Zentrum für Immuntherapie (DZI), Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Stefan Uderhardt
- Deutsches Zentrum für Immuntherapie (DZI), Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine 3-Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | | | - Martin Herrmann
- Deutsches Zentrum für Immuntherapie (DZI), Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine 3-Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Arif Bülent Ekici
- Institute of Human Genetics, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christian Buettner
- Institute of Human Genetics, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | | | - Thomas H Winkler
- Division of Genetics, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Gerhard Krönke
- Deutsches Zentrum für Immuntherapie (DZI), Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine 3-Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Georg Schett
- Deutsches Zentrum für Immuntherapie (DZI), Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany. .,Department of Internal Medicine 3-Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany.
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18
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Genetic dissection of TLR9 reveals complex regulatory and cryptic proinflammatory roles in mouse lupus. Nat Immunol 2022; 23:1457-1469. [PMID: 36151396 PMCID: PMC9561083 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-022-01310-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In lupus, Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) and TLR9 mediate loss of tolerance to RNA and DNA, respectively. Yet, TLR7 promotes disease, while TLR9 protects from disease, implying differences in signaling. To dissect this 'TLR paradox', we generated two TLR9 point mutants (lacking either ligand (TLR9K51E) or MyD88 (TLR9P915H) binding) in lupus-prone MRL/lpr mice. Ameliorated disease of Tlr9K51E mice compared to Tlr9-/- controls revealed a TLR9 'scaffold' protective function that is ligand and MyD88 independent. Unexpectedly, Tlr9P915H mice were more protected than both Tlr9K51E and Tlr9WT mice, suggesting that TLR9 also possesses ligand-dependent, but MyD88-independent, regulatory signaling and MyD88-mediated proinflammatory signaling. Triple-mixed bone marrow chimeras showed that TLR9-MyD88-independent regulatory roles were B cell intrinsic and restrained differentiation into pathogenic age-associated B cells and plasmablasts. These studies reveal MyD88-independent regulatory roles of TLR9, shedding light on the biology of endosomal TLRs.
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19
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Zhang M, Zou Y, Zhou X, Zhou J. Inhibitory targeting cGAS-STING-TBK1 axis: Emerging strategies for autoimmune diseases therapy. Front Immunol 2022; 13:954129. [PMID: 36172373 PMCID: PMC9511411 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.954129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The cGAS-STING signaling plays an integral role in the host immune response, and the abnormal activation of cGAS-STING is highly related to various autoimmune diseases. Therefore, targeting the cGAS-STING-TBK1 axis has become a promising strategy in therapy of autoimmune diseases. Herein, we summarized the key pathways mediated by the cGAS-STING-TBK1 axis and various cGAS-STING-TBK1 related autoimmune diseases, as well as the recent development of cGAS, STING, or TBK1 selective inhibitors and their potential application in therapy of cGAS-STING-TBK1 related autoimmune diseases. Overall, the review highlights that inhibiting cGAS-STING-TBK1 signaling is an attractive strategy for autoimmune disease therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China
- Drug development and innovation center, College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China
| | - Yan Zou
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China
- Drug development and innovation center, College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China
| | - Xujun Zhou
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China
- Drug development and innovation center, College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China
| | - Jinming Zhou
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China
- Drug development and innovation center, College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China
- *Correspondence: Jinming Zhou,
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20
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Jain A, Mittal S, Tripathi LP, Nussinov R, Ahmad S. Host-pathogen protein-nucleic acid interactions: A comprehensive review. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2022; 20:4415-4436. [PMID: 36051878 PMCID: PMC9420432 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2022.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Recognition of pathogen-derived nucleic acids by host cells is an effective host strategy to detect pathogenic invasion and trigger immune responses. In the context of pathogen-specific pharmacology, there is a growing interest in mapping the interactions between pathogen-derived nucleic acids and host proteins. Insight into the principles of the structural and immunological mechanisms underlying such interactions and their roles in host defense is necessary to guide therapeutic intervention. Here, we discuss the newest advances in studies of molecular interactions involving pathogen nucleic acids and host factors, including their drug design, molecular structure and specific patterns. We observed that two groups of nucleic acid recognizing molecules, Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and the cytoplasmic retinoic acid-inducible gene (RIG)-I-like receptors (RLRs) form the backbone of host responses to pathogen nucleic acids, with additional support provided by absent in melanoma 2 (AIM2) and DNA-dependent activator of Interferons (IFNs)-regulatory factors (DAI) like cytosolic activity. We review the structural, immunological, and other biological aspects of these representative groups of molecules, especially in terms of their target specificity and affinity and challenges in leveraging host-pathogen protein-nucleic acid interactions (HP-PNI) in drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuja Jain
- School of Computational and Integrative Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Shikha Mittal
- School of Computational and Integrative Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Jaypee University of Information Technology, Waknaghat, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, 173234, India
| | - Lokesh P. Tripathi
- National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Ibaraki, Osaka, Japan
- Riken Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Tsurumi, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Ruth Nussinov
- Computational Structural Biology Section, Basic Science Program, Frederick National, Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel
| | - Shandar Ahmad
- School of Computational and Integrative Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
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21
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Pandey SP, Bender MJ, McPherson AC, Phelps CM, Sanchez LM, Rana M, Hedden L, Sangani KA, Chen L, Shapira JH, Siller M, Goel C, Verdú EF, Jabri B, Chang A, Chandran UR, Mullett SJ, Wendell SG, Singhi AD, Tilstra JS, Pierre JF, Arteel GE, Hinterleitner R, Meisel M. Tet2 deficiency drives liver microbiome dysbiosis triggering Tc1 cell autoimmune hepatitis. Cell Host Microbe 2022; 30:1003-1019.e10. [PMID: 35658976 PMCID: PMC9841318 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2022.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The triggers that drive interferon-γ (IFNγ)-producing CD8 T cell (Tc1 cell)-mediated autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) remain obscure. Here, we show that lack of hematopoietic Tet methylcytosine dioxygenase 2 (Tet2), an epigenetic regulator associated with autoimmunity, results in the development of microbiota-dependent AIH-like pathology, accompanied by hepatic enrichment of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) ligand-producing pathobionts and rampant Tc1 cell immunity. We report that AIH-like disease development is dependent on both IFNγ and AhR signaling, as blocking either reverts ongoing AIH-like pathology. Illustrating the critical role of AhR-ligand-producing pathobionts in this condition, hepatic translocation of the AhR ligand indole-3-aldehyde (I3A)-releasing Lactobacillus reuteri is sufficient to trigger AIH-like pathology. Finally, we demonstrate that I3A is required for L. reuteri-induced Tc1 cell differentiation in vitro and AIH-like pathology in vivo, both of which are restrained by Tet2 within CD8 T cells. This AIH-disease model may contribute to the development of therapeutics to alleviate AIH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surya P Pandey
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Mackenzie J Bender
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Alex C McPherson
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Catherine M Phelps
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | - Mohit Rana
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Lee Hedden
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Kishan A Sangani
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA; Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Li Chen
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA; Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jake H Shapira
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Magdalena Siller
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Chhavi Goel
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Elena F Verdú
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Bana Jabri
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA; Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Alexander Chang
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Uma R Chandran
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Steven J Mullett
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Health Sciences Metabolomics and Lipidomics Core, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Stacy G Wendell
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Health Sciences Metabolomics and Lipidomics Core, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Aatur D Singhi
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jeremy S Tilstra
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Joseph F Pierre
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Gavin E Arteel
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Reinhard Hinterleitner
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Marlies Meisel
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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22
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Tawaratsumida K, Redecke V, Wu R, Kuriakose J, Bouchard JJ, Mittag T, Lohman BK, Mishra A, High AA, Häcker H. A phospho-tyrosine-based signaling module using SPOP, CSK, and LYN controls TLR-induced IRF activity. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabq0084. [PMID: 35857476 PMCID: PMC9269885 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abq0084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) recognize pathogen- and host-derived factors and control immune responses via the adaptor protein MyD88 and members of the interferon regulatory transcription factor (IRF) family. IRFs orchestrate key effector functions, including cytokine release, cell differentiation, and, under certain circumstances, inflammation pathology. Here, we show that IRF activity is generically controlled by the Src kinase family member LYN, which phosphorylates all TLR-induced IRFs at a conserved tyrosine residue, resulting in K48-linked polyubiquitination and proteasomal degradation of IRFs. We further show that LYN activity is controlled by the upstream kinase C-terminal Src kinase (CSK), whose activity, in turn, is controlled by the adaptor protein SPOP, which serves as molecular bridge to recruit CSK into the TLR signaling complex and to activate CSK catalytic activity. Consistently, deletion of SPOP or CSK results in increased LYN activity, LYN-directed IRF degradation, and inhibition of IRF transcriptional activity. Together, the data reveal a key regulatory mechanism for IRF family members controlling TLR biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Tawaratsumida
- Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Signal Transduction, Department of Pathology, Division of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Vanessa Redecke
- Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Signal Transduction, Department of Pathology, Division of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Ruiqiong Wu
- Department of Hematology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Jeeba Kuriakose
- Children’s GMP, LLC., St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Jill J. Bouchard
- Department of Structural Biology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Tanja Mittag
- Department of Structural Biology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Brian K. Lohman
- Bioinformatics Shared Resource, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Ashutosh Mishra
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Anthony A. High
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Hans Häcker
- Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Signal Transduction, Department of Pathology, Division of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
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23
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Fetter T, Braegelmann C, de Vos L, Wenzel J. Current Concepts on Pathogenic Mechanisms and Histopathology in Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:915828. [PMID: 35712102 PMCID: PMC9196867 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.915828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous lupus erythematosus (CLE) is an interferon (IFN)-driven autoimmune disease that may be limited to the skin or can be associated with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). CLE occurs in several morphologic subtypes ranging from isolated, disc-shaped plaques to disseminated skin lesions. The typical histopathologic pattern of skin lesions is named interface dermatitis and characterized by a lymphocytic infiltrate and necroptotic keratinocytes at the dermo-epidermal junction. Other histopathologic patterns primarily involve the dermis or subcutis, depending on the subtype. One critical mechanism in CLE is the chronic reactivation of innate and adaptive immune pathways. An important step in this process is the recognition of endogenous nucleic acids released from dying cells by various pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), including Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and other cytosolic receptors. Crucial cells in CLE pathogenesis comprise plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) as major producers of type I IFN, T cells exerting cytotoxic effects, and B cells, previously believed to contribute via secretion of autoantibodies. However, B cells are increasingly considered to have additional functions, supported by studies finding them to occur in highest numbers in chronic discoid lupus erythematosus (CDLE), a subtype in which autoantibodies are often absent. More precise knowledge of how CLE subtypes differ pathophysiologically may allow a tailored pharmacotherapy in the future, taking into account the specific molecular signature in relation to the morphologic subtype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Fetter
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Luka de Vos
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Joerg Wenzel
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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24
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Sreekantha RK, Mussari CP, Dodd DS, Pasunoori L, Hegde S, Posy SL, Critton D, Ruepp S, Subramanian M, Salter-Cid LM, Tagore DM, Sarodaya S, Dudhgaonkar S, Poss MA, Schieven GL, Carter PH, Macor JE, Dyckman AJ. Identification of 2-Pyridinylindole-Based Dual Antagonists of Toll-like Receptors 7 and 8 (TLR7/8). ACS Med Chem Lett 2022; 13:812-818. [PMID: 35586440 PMCID: PMC9109266 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.2c00049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The toll-like receptors (TLRs) play key roles in activation of the innate immune system. Aberrant activation of TLR7 and TLR8 pathways can occur in the context of autoimmune disorders due to the elevated presence and recognition of self-RNA as activating ligands. Control of this unintended activation via inhibition of TLR7/8 signaling holds promise for the treatment of diseases such as psoriasis, arthritis, and lupus. Optimization of a 2-pyridinylindole series of compounds led to the identification of potent dual inhibitors of TLR7 and TLR8, which demonstrated good selectivity against TLR9 and other family members. The in vitro characterization and in vivo evaluation in rodent pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic and efficacy studies of BMS-905 is detailed, along with structural information obtained through X-ray cocrystallographic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christopher P. Mussari
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Dharmpal S. Dodd
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Laxman Pasunoori
- Biocon Bristol Myers Squibb Research Center (BBRC), Bangalore 560099, India
| | - Subramanya Hegde
- Biocon Bristol Myers Squibb Research Center (BBRC), Bangalore 560099, India
| | - Shana L. Posy
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - David Critton
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Stefan Ruepp
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Murali Subramanian
- Biocon Bristol Myers Squibb Research Center (BBRC), Bangalore 560099, India
| | - Luisa M. Salter-Cid
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | | | - Sanket Sarodaya
- Biocon Bristol Myers Squibb Research Center (BBRC), Bangalore 560099, India
| | | | - Michael A. Poss
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Gary L. Schieven
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Percy H. Carter
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - John E. Macor
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Alaric J. Dyckman
- Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
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25
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Gordon RA, Giannouli C, Raparia C, Bastacky SI, Marinov A, Hawse W, Cattley R, Tilstra JS, Campbell AM, Nickerson KM, Davidson A, Shlomchik MJ. Rubicon promotes rather than restricts murine lupus and is not required for LC3-associated phagocytosis. JCI Insight 2022; 7:155537. [PMID: 35192551 PMCID: PMC9057630 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.155537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
NADPH oxidase deficiency exacerbates lupus in murine models and patients, but the mechanisms remain unknown. It is hypothesized that NADPH oxidase suppresses autoimmunity by facilitating dead cell clearance via LC3-associated phagocytosis (LAP). The absence of LAP reportedly causes an autoinflammatory syndrome in aged, nonautoimmune mice. Prior work implicated cytochrome b-245, β polypeptide (CYBB), a component of the NADPH oxidase complex, and the RUN and cysteine-rich domain-containing Beclin 1-interacting protein (RUBICON) as requisite for LAP. To test the hypothesis that NADPH oxidase deficiency exacerbates lupus via a defect in LAP, we deleted Rubicon in the B6.Sle1.Yaa and MRL.Faslpr lupus mouse models. Under this hypothesis, RUBICON deficiency should phenocopy NADPH oxidase deficiency, as both work in the same pathway. However, we observed the opposite - RUBICON deficiency resulted in reduced mortality, renal disease, and autoantibody titers to RNA-associated autoantigens. Given that our data contradict the published role for LAP in autoimmunity, we assessed whether CYBB and RUBICON are requisite for LAP. We found that LAP is not dependent on either of these 2 pathways. To our knowledge, our data reveal RUBICON as a novel regulator of SLE, possibly by a B cell-intrinsic mechanism, but do not support a role for LAP in lupus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael A. Gordon
- Department of Immunology and,Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Christina Giannouli
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, USA
| | - Chirag Raparia
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, USA
| | - Sheldon I. Bastacky
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | | | | | - Jeremy S. Tilstra
- Department of Immunology and,Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Allison M. Campbell
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven Connecticut, USA
| | | | - Anne Davidson
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, USA
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26
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Tian Y, Huang B, Li J, Tian X, Zeng X. Identification of the Association Between Toll-Like Receptors and T-Cell Activation in Takayasu’s Arteritis. Front Immunol 2022; 12:792901. [PMID: 35126357 PMCID: PMC8812403 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.792901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
To explore the relationships between Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and the activation and differentiation of T-cells in Takayasu’s arteritis (TAK), using real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction, mRNA abundance of 29 target genes in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were detected from 27 TAK patients and 10 healthy controls. Compared with the healthy control group, the untreated TAK group and the treated TAK group had an increased mRNA level of TLR2 and TLR4. A sample-to-sample matrix revealed that 80% of healthy controls could be separated from the TAK patients. Correlation analysis showed that the inactive-treated TAK group exhibited a unique pattern of inverse correlations between the TLRs gene clusters (including TLR1/2/4/6/8, BCL6, TIGIT, NR4A1, etc) and the gene cluster associated with T-cell activation and differentiation (including TCR, CD28, T-bet, GATA3, FOXP3, CCL5, etc). The dynamic gene co-expression network indicated the TAK groups had more active communication between TLRs and T-cell activation than healthy controls. BCL6, CCL5, FOXP3, GATA3, CD28, T-bet, TIGIT, IκBα, and NR4A1 were likely to have a close functional relation with TLRs at the inactive stage. The co-expression of TLR4 and TLR6 could serve as a biomarker of disease activity in treated TAK (the area under curve/sensitivity/specificity, 0.919/100%/90.9%). The largest gene co-expression cluster of the inactive-treated TAK group was associated with TLR signaling pathways, while the largest gene co-expression cluster of the active-treated TAK group was associated with the activation and differentiation of T-cells. The miRNA sequencing of the plasma exosomes combining miRDB, DIANA-TarBase, and miRTarBase databases suggested that the miR-548 family miR-584, miR-3613, and miR-335 might play an important role in the cross-talk between TLRs and T-cells at the inactive stage. This study found a novel relation between TLRs and T-cell in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases, proposed a new concept of TLR-co-expression signature which might distinguish different disease activity of TAK, and highlighted the miRNA of exosomes in TLR signaling pathway in TAK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixiao Tian
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Peking Union Medical College Hospital (PUMCH), Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases (NCRC-DID), Ministry of Science & Technology, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital (PUMCH), Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Biqing Huang
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Peking Union Medical College Hospital (PUMCH), Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases (NCRC-DID), Ministry of Science & Technology, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital (PUMCH), Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Peking Union Medical College Hospital (PUMCH), Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases (NCRC-DID), Ministry of Science & Technology, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital (PUMCH), Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Jing Li, ; Xiaofeng Zeng,
| | - Xinping Tian
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Peking Union Medical College Hospital (PUMCH), Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases (NCRC-DID), Ministry of Science & Technology, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital (PUMCH), Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaofeng Zeng
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Peking Union Medical College Hospital (PUMCH), Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases (NCRC-DID), Ministry of Science & Technology, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital (PUMCH), Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Jing Li, ; Xiaofeng Zeng,
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Acharya M, Jackson SW. Regulatory strategies limiting endosomal Toll-like receptor activation in B cells. Immunol Rev 2022; 307:66-78. [PMID: 35040152 PMCID: PMC8986562 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The recognition of pathogen-associated nucleic acid (NA) promotes effective immunity against invading pathogens. However, endosomal Toll-like receptor (TLR) activation by self-NA also underlies the pathogenesis of systemic autoimmune diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). For this reason, the activation thresholds of NA-sensing TLRs must be tightly regulated to balance protective and pathogenic immune responses. In this study, we will provide an overview of the evolutionary mechanisms designed to limit the aberrant activation of endosomal TLRs by self-ligands, focusing on four broad strategies. These include the following: 1) the production of nucleases able to degrade self-DNA and RNA; 2) the cell-specific regulation of endosomal TLR expression; 3) the spatial and temporal control of TLR positioning at a sub-cellular level; and 4) the modulation of downstream TLR signaling cascades. Given the critical role of B cells in lupus pathogenesis, where possible, we will describe evidence for B cell-specific induction of these regulatory mechanisms. We will also highlight our own work showing how modulation of B cell endolysosomal flux tunes NA-sensing TLR activation signals. In the face of inevitable generation of self-NA during normal cellular turnover, these parallel mechanisms are vital to protect against pathogenic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mridu Acharya
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Shaun W Jackson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
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28
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Lee HY, Celhar T, Fairhurst AM. Assessing Lupus-Like Disease in Murine Model Systems. Curr Protoc 2021; 1:e272. [PMID: 34748281 DOI: 10.1002/cpz1.272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) is a complex and heterogenous autoimmune disease, where genetics, immunology, and environmental factors all play a role. Murine models have contributed critical information on mechanisms of disease and prospective therapeutics. The key features that have been used to study the disease include the development of anti-nuclear autoantibodies (ANAs), splenomegaly, and kidney disease. The loss of tolerance and subsequent autoimmune features, and the progression to severe disease, are all dependent on immune dysregulation. In this article, we will describe the methods used to evaluate the underlying immunological features of the disease, as a more sensitive strategy to understand the disease itself and the mechanisms of potential novel therapeutics. © 2021 The Authors. Current Protocols published by Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol 1: End study protocols for tissue harvesting Basic Protocol 2: End study protocols for tissue processing Basic Protocol 3: Immunophenotyping using flow cytometry protocols Support Protocol: Tissue processing for cold storage Basic Protocol 4: Additional tissue processing for later analyses Basic Protocol 5: Analysis of serum auto-antibodies by ELISAs (ANAs, snRNP, and dsDNA).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Yin Lee
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology (IMCB), Agency of Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
| | - Teja Celhar
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency of Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
| | - Anna-Marie Fairhurst
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology (IMCB), Agency of Science, Technology and Research, Singapore.,Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency of Science, Technology and Research, Singapore.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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29
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de Mol J, Kuiper J, Tsiantoulas D, Foks AC. The Dynamics of B Cell Aging in Health and Disease. Front Immunol 2021; 12:733566. [PMID: 34675924 PMCID: PMC8524000 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.733566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is considered to be an important risk factor for several inflammatory diseases. B cells play a major role in chronic inflammatory diseases by antibody secretion, antigen presentation and T cell regulation. Different B cell subsets have been implicated in infections and multiple autoimmune diseases. Since aging decreases B cell numbers, affects B cell subsets and impairs antibody responses, the aged B cell is expected to have major impacts on the development and progression of these diseases. In this review, we summarize the role of B cells in health and disease settings, such as atherosclerotic disease. Furthermore, we provide an overview of age-related changes in B cell development and function with respect to their impact in chronic inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill de Mol
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Johan Kuiper
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | | | - Amanda C Foks
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
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30
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Marklein B, Jenning M, Konthur Z, Häupl T, Welzel F, Nonhoff U, Krobitsch S, Mulder DM, Koenders MI, Joshua V, Cope AP, Shlomchik MJ, Anders HJ, Burmester GR, Hensvold A, Catrina AI, Rönnelid J, Steiner G, Skriner K. The citrullinated/native index of autoantibodies against hnRNP-DL predicts an individual "window of treatment success" in RA patients. Arthritis Res Ther 2021; 23:239. [PMID: 34521462 PMCID: PMC8439038 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-021-02603-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a need for biomarker to identify patients "at risk" for rheumatoid arthritis (risk-RA) and to better predict the therapeutic response and in this study we tested the hypothesis that novel native and citrullinated heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein (hnRNP)-DL autoantibodies could be possible biomarkers. METHODS Using protein macroarray and ELISA, epitope recognition against hnRNP-DL was analysed in sera from different developed RA disease and diagnosed SLE patients. Toll-like receptor (TLR) 7/9 and myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 (MyD88)-dependency were studied in sera from murine disease models. HnRNP-DL expression in cultivated cells and synovial tissue was analysed by indirect immunofluorescence, immunoblot and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS HnRNP-DL was highly expressed in stress granules, citrullinated in the rheumatoid joint and targeted by autoantibodies either as native or citrullinated proteins in patient subsets with different developed RA disease. Structural citrullination dependent epitopes (SCEs) of hnRNP-DL were detected in 58% of the SLE patients although 98% of these sera were α-CCP-2-negative. To obtain a specific citrullinated signal value, we subtracted the native antibody value from the citrullinated signal. The citrullinated/native index of autoantibodies against hnRNP-DL (CNDL-Index) was identified as a new value for an "individual window of treatment success" in early RA and for the detection of RF IgM/α-CCP-2 seronegative RA patients (24-46%). Negative CNDL-index was found in SLE patients, risk-RA and early RA cohorts such as EIRA where the majority of these patients are DAS28-responders to methotrexate (MTX) treatment (87%). High positive CNDL-values were associated with more severe RA, shared epitope and parenchymal changes in the lung. Specifically, native α-hnRNP-DL is TLR7/9-dependent, associated with pain and ROC analysis revealed an association to initial MTX or etanercept treatment response, especially in seronegative RA patients. CONCLUSION CNDL-index defines people at risk to develop RA and the "window of treatment success" thereby closing the sensitivity gap in RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianka Marklein
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charite Campus Mitte, Rheumatologisches Forschungslabor - AG Skriner, Chariteplatz 1 (intern Virchowweg 11, 5.OG, R011), 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Madeleine Jenning
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charite Campus Mitte, Rheumatologisches Forschungslabor - AG Skriner, Chariteplatz 1 (intern Virchowweg 11, 5.OG, R011), 10117, Berlin, Germany
- German Rheumatism Research Centre, Leibniz Institute, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Zoltán Konthur
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam, Germany
- Department of Analytical Chemistry (Dpt.1), Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und-prüfung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Häupl
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charite Campus Mitte, Rheumatologisches Forschungslabor - AG Skriner, Chariteplatz 1 (intern Virchowweg 11, 5.OG, R011), 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Ute Nonhoff
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Debbie M Mulder
- Department of Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Marije I Koenders
- Department of Experimental Rheumatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Vijay Joshua
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andrew P Cope
- Centre for Rheumatic Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Mark J Shlomchik
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Hans-Joachim Anders
- Medical Clinic and Policlinic IV, Nephrological Center, Ludwig-Maximilian-University Hospital, Munich, Germany
| | - Gerd R Burmester
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charite Campus Mitte, Rheumatologisches Forschungslabor - AG Skriner, Chariteplatz 1 (intern Virchowweg 11, 5.OG, R011), 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Aase Hensvold
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Academic Specialist Center, Center for Rheumatology, Stockholm Health Region, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anca I Catrina
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johan Rönnelid
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Günter Steiner
- Division of Rheumatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Ludwig Boltzmann Cluster for Arthritis and Rehabilitation, Vienna, Austria
| | - Karl Skriner
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charite Campus Mitte, Rheumatologisches Forschungslabor - AG Skriner, Chariteplatz 1 (intern Virchowweg 11, 5.OG, R011), 10117, Berlin, Germany.
- German Rheumatism Research Centre, Leibniz Institute, 10117, Berlin, Germany.
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31
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Targeting Toll-like Receptor (TLR) Pathways in Inflammatory Arthritis: Two Better Than One? Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11091291. [PMID: 34572504 PMCID: PMC8464963 DOI: 10.3390/biom11091291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory arthritis is a cluster of diseases caused by unregulated activity of the immune system. The lost homeostasis is followed by the immune attack of one’s self, what damages healthy cells and tissues and leads to chronic inflammation of various tissues and organs (e.g., joints, lungs, heart, eyes). Different medications to control the excessive immune response are in use, however, drug resistances, flare-reactions and adverse effects to the current therapies are common in the affected patients. Thus, it is essential to broaden the spectrum of alternative treatments and to develop disease-modifying drugs. In the last 20 years, the involvement of the innate immune receptors TLRs in inflammatory arthritis has been widely investigated and targeting either the receptor itself or the proteins in the downstream signalling cascades has emerged as a promising therapeutic strategy. Yet, concerns about the use of pharmacological agents that inhibit TLR activity and may leave the host unprotected against invading pathogens and toxicity issues amid inhibition of downstream kinases crucial in various cellular functions have arisen. This review summarizes the existing knowledge on the role of TLRs in inflammatory arthritis; in addition, the likely druggable related targets and the developed inhibitors, and discusses the pros and cons of their potential clinical use.
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32
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Kiripolsky J, Kasperek EM, Zhu C, Li QZ, Wang J, Yu G, Kramer JM. Immune-Intrinsic Myd88 Directs the Production of Antibodies With Specificity for Extracellular Matrix Components in Primary Sjögren's Syndrome. Front Immunol 2021; 12:692216. [PMID: 34381449 PMCID: PMC8350326 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.692216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary Sjögren's syndrome is an autoimmune disease that is predominantly seen in women. The disease is characterized by exocrine gland dysfunction in combination with serious systemic manifestations. At present, the causes of pSS are poorly understood. Pulmonary and renal inflammation are observed in pSS mice, reminiscent of a subset of pSS patients. A growing body of evidence indicates that inflammation mediated by Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns (DAMPs) contributes to autoimmunity, although this is not well-studied in pSS. Degraded extracellular matrix (ECM) constituents can serve as DAMPs by binding pattern-recognition receptors and activating Myd88-dependent signaling cascades, thereby exacerbating and perpetuating inflammatory cascades. The ECM components biglycan (Bgn) and decorin (Dcn) mediate sterile inflammation and both are implicated in autoimmunity. The objective of this study was to determine whether these ECM components and anti-ECM antibodies are altered in a pSS mouse model, and whether this is dependent on Myd88 activation in immune cells. Circulating levels of Bgn and Dcn were similar among pSS mice and controls and tissue expression studies revealed pSS mice had robust expression of both Bgn and Dcn in the salivary tissue, saliva, lung and kidney. Sera from pSS mice displayed increased levels of autoantibodies directed against ECM components when compared to healthy controls. Further studies using sera derived from conditional knockout pSS mice demonstrated that generation of these autoantibodies relies, at least in part, on Myd88 expression in the hematopoietic compartment. Thus, this study demonstrates that ECM degradation may represent a novel source of chronic B cell activation in the context of pSS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Kiripolsky
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, The University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Eileen M. Kasperek
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, The University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Chengsong Zhu
- Department of Immunology, Microarray & Immune Phenotyping Core Facility, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Quan-Zhen Li
- Department of Immunology, Microarray & Immune Phenotyping Core Facility, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Jia Wang
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health and Health Professions, The University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Guan Yu
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health and Health Professions, The University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Jill M. Kramer
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, The University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, United States
- Department of Oral Diagnostics Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, The University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, United States
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33
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Lind NA, Rael VE, Pestal K, Liu B, Barton GM. Regulation of the nucleic acid-sensing Toll-like receptors. Nat Rev Immunol 2021; 22:224-235. [PMID: 34272507 PMCID: PMC8283745 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-021-00577-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Many of the ligands for Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are unique to microorganisms, such that receptor activation unequivocally indicates the presence of something foreign. However, a subset of TLRs recognizes nucleic acids, which are present in both the host and foreign microorganisms. This specificity enables broad recognition by virtue of the ubiquity of nucleic acids but also introduces the possibility of self-recognition and autoinflammatory or autoimmune disease. Defining the regulatory mechanisms required to ensure proper discrimination between foreign and self-nucleic acids by TLRs is an area of intense research. Progress over the past decade has revealed a complex array of regulatory mechanisms that ensure maintenance of this delicate balance. These regulatory mechanisms can be divided into a conceptual framework with four categories: compartmentalization, ligand availability, receptor expression and signal transduction. In this Review, we discuss our current understanding of each of these layers of regulation. Activation of nucleic acid-sensing Toll-like receptors is finely tuned to limit self-reactivity while maintaining recognition of foreign microorganisms. The authors describe recent progress made in defining the regulatory mechanisms that facilitate this delicate balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A Lind
- Division of Immunology and Pathogenesis, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Victoria E Rael
- Division of Immunology and Pathogenesis, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Kathleen Pestal
- Division of Immunology and Pathogenesis, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Bo Liu
- Division of Immunology and Pathogenesis, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.,CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Gregory M Barton
- Division of Immunology and Pathogenesis, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
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34
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Jütte BB, Krollmann C, Cieslak K, Koerber RM, Boor P, Graef CM, Bartok E, Wagner M, Carell T, Landsberg J, Aymans P, Wenzel J, Brossart P, Teichmann LL. Intercellular cGAMP transmission induces innate immune activation and tissue inflammation in Trex1 deficiency. iScience 2021; 24:102833. [PMID: 34368651 PMCID: PMC8326191 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Intercellular transmission of the second messenger 2′,3′-cGAMP, synthesized by the viral DNA sensor cGAMP synthase (cGAS), is a potent mode of bystander activation during host defense. However, whether this mechanism also contributes to cGAS-dependent autoimmunity remains unknown. Here, using a murine bone marrow transplantation strategy, we demonstrate that, in Trex1−/−-associated autoimmunity, cGAMP shuttling from radioresistant to immune cells induces NF-κB activation, interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) phosphorylation, and subsequent interferon signaling. cGAMP travel prevented myeloid cell and lymphocyte death, promoting their accumulation in secondary lymphoid tissue. Nonetheless, it did not stimulate B cell differentiation into autoantibody-producing plasmablasts or aberrant T cell priming. Although cGAMP-mediated bystander activation did not induce spontaneous organ disease, it did trigger interface dermatitis after UV light exposure, similar to cutaneous lupus erythematosus. These findings reveal that, in Trex1-deficiency, intercellular cGAMP transfer propagates cGAS signaling and, under conducive conditions, causes tissue inflammation. In Trex1−/−-associated autoimmunity radioresistant cells transfer cGAMP to immune cells cGAMP shuttling induces NF-κB activation, IRF3 and IFN signaling in vivo Intercellular cGAMP transmission is sufficient to cause UV skin inflammation
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca B. Jütte
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Calvin Krollmann
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Kevin Cieslak
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Peter Boor
- Institute of Pathology and Division of Nephrology, University Hospital of the RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Claus M. Graef
- Department I of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Eva Bartok
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Unit of Experimental Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Mirko Wagner
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Carell
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Pia Aymans
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jörg Wenzel
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Peter Brossart
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Lino L. Teichmann
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Corresponding author
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Abstract
The humoral immune response and antibody-mediated functions of B cells during viral infections are well described. However, we have limited understanding of antibody-independent B cell functions, such as cytokine production and antigen presentation, in acute and chronic viral infections and their role in protection and/or immunopathogenesis. Here, we summarize the current literature on these antibody-independent B cell functions and identify remaining knowledge gaps. B cell subsets produce anti- and pro-inflammatory cytokines, which can have both beneficial and detrimental effects during viral clearance. As professional antigen presenting cells, B cells also play an important role in immune regulation/shaping of the developing adaptive immune responses. Since B cells primarily express TLR7 and TLR9, we specifically discuss the role of Toll-like receptor (TLR)-mediated B cell responses to viral infections and their role in augmenting adaptive immunity through enhanced cytokine production and antigen presentation. However, viruses have evolved strategies to subvert TLR signaling and additional stimulation via B cell receptor (BCR) may be required to overcome the defective TLR response in B cells. To conclude, antibody-independent B cell functions seem to have an important role in regulating both acute and chronic viral infections and may form the basis for novel therapeutic approaches in treatment of viral infections in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinit Upasani
- Immunology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Institut Pasteur International Network, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Izabela Rodenhuis-Zybert
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Tineke Cantaert
- Immunology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Institut Pasteur International Network, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
- * E-mail:
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36
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Baek WY, Lee SM, Lee SW, Son IO, Choi S, Suh CH. Intravenous Administration of Toll-Like Receptor Inhibitory Peptide 1 is Effective for the Treatment of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus in a Mus musculus Model. JOURNAL OF RHEUMATIC DISEASES 2021; 28:133-142. [PMID: 37475994 PMCID: PMC10324895 DOI: 10.4078/jrd.2021.28.3.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Objective Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a common chronic autoimmune inflammatory disease According to recent studies, signaling through Toll-like receptor (TLR) protein, which promotes the production of inflammatory cytokines, leads to the development of SLE TLR-inhibitory peptide 1 (TIP1) has been newly identified for the treatment of autoimmune diseases. Methods The effect of TIP1 was analyzed in an SLE mouse model (MRL/lpr) The mice in the control treatment group (n=5) were administered an intravenous injection of phosphate-buffered saline twice weekly, whereas the mice in the TIP1 treatment group (n=6) were administered an intravenous injection of TIP1 (1 nmol/g) twice weekly MRL/mpj mice (n=5) were selected as normal controls The mice were injected for 4 weeks between 14 and 18 weeks of age, followed by assays of their spleen, kidneys, lymph nodes, serum, and urine. Results The antinuclear antibody and inflammatory cytokine (interferon-α) in the serum as well as levels of albumin in the urine of the mice in the TIP1 treatment group had decreased when compared to those of mice in the control treatment group Kidney inflammation in mice in the TIP1 treatment group was alleviated The mRNA expression levels of TLR7- or TLR9-related downstream signaling molecules also decreased in all organs of the mice in the TIP1 treatment group. Conclusion Intravenous treatment with TIP1 reduces symptoms and markers of inflammation in MRL/lpr mice Hence, TIP1 is a promising medication for the treatment of SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wook-Young Baek
- Department of Rheumatology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Sung-Min Lee
- Department of Rheumatology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Sang-Won Lee
- Department of Rheumatology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - In-Ok Son
- Department of Rheumatology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Sangdun Choi
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Chang-Hee Suh
- Department of Rheumatology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, Korea
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Overexpression of TLR7 and TLR9 Occurs Before Onset Symptoms In First-Degree Relatives of Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients. Arch Med Res 2021; 53:86-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2021.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Toll-like receptor 7-driven lupus autoimmunity induces hypertension and vascular alterations in mice. J Hypertens 2021; 38:1322-1335. [PMID: 32004206 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0000000000002368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate whether toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) activation induces an increase in blood pressure and vascular damage in wild-type mice treated with the TLR7 agonist imiquimod (IMQ). METHODS Female BALB/c mice (7-9 week old) were randomly assigned to two experimental groups: an untreated control group and a group treated topically with IMQ (IMQ-treated) for 4 or 8 weeks. A group of IMQ-treated mice that take a combination of the antioxidants tempol and apocynin, and another treated IL-17-neutralizing antibody were also performed. RESULTS TLR7 activation gradually increased blood pressure, associated with elevated plasma levels of anti-dsDNA autoantibodies, splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, and severe expansion of splenic immune cells with an imbalance between proinflammatory T cells and regulatory T cells. TLR7 activation induced a marked vascular remodeling in mesenteric arteries characterized by an increased media--lumen ratio (≈40%), and an impaired endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation in aortas from wild-type mice after 8 weeks of treatment. In addition, an increased ROS production, as a result of the upregulation of NADPH oxidase subunits, and an enhanced vascular inflammation were found in aortas from IMQ-treated mice. These functional and structural vascular alterations induced by IMQ were improved by antioxidant treatment. Anti-IL-17 treatment reduced blood pressure and improved endothelial dysfunction in IMQ-treated mice. CONCLUSION Our results demonstrate that TLR7 activation induces the development of hypertension and vascular damage in BALB/c mice, and further underscore the increased vascular inflammation and oxidative stress, mediated in part by IL-17, as key factors contributing to cardiovascular complications in this TLR7-driven lupus autoimmunity model.
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Wu X, Chen X, Lyu X, Zheng H. Advances in Microbiome Detection Technologies and Application in Antirheumatic Drug Design. Curr Pharm Des 2021; 27:891-899. [PMID: 33308114 DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666201211114609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Rheumatic diseases are a kind of chronic inflammatory and autoimmune disease affecting the connection or supporting structures of the human body, such as the most common diseases Ankylosing spondylitis (AS), gout and Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Although the precise etiology and pathogenesis of the different types of rheumatic diseases remain mostly unknown, it is now commonly believed that these diseases are attributed to some complex interactions between genetics and environmental factors, especially the gut microbiome. Altered microbiome showed clinical improvement in disease symptoms and partially restored to normality after prescribing disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) or other treatment strategies. Recent advances in next-generation sequencing-based microbial profiling technology, especially metagenomics, have identified alteration of the composition and function of the gut microbiota in patients. Clinical and experimental data suggest that dysbiosis may play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of these diseases. In this paper, we provide a brief review of the advances in the microbial profiling technology and up-to-date resources for accurate taxonomic assignment of metagenomic reads, which is a key step for metagenomics studies. In addition, we review the altered gut microbiota signatures that have been reported so far across various studies, upon which diagnostics classification models can be constructed, and the drug-induced regulation of the host microbiota can be used to control disease progression and symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, 415 Fengyang Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiang Chen
- Department of Bioinformatics, Hangzhou Nuowei Information Technology, Co., Ltd. Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaochen Lyu
- Department of Bioinformatics, Hangzhou Nuowei Information Technology, Co., Ltd. Hangzhou, China
| | - Hao Zheng
- Department of Bioinformatics, Hangzhou Nuowei Information Technology, Co., Ltd. Hangzhou, China
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Marinov AD, Wang H, Bastacky SI, van Puijenbroek E, Schindler T, Speziale D, Perro M, Klein C, Nickerson KM, Shlomchik MJ. The Type II Anti-CD20 Antibody Obinutuzumab (GA101) Is More Effective Than Rituximab at Depleting B Cells and Treating Disease in a Murine Lupus Model. Arthritis Rheumatol 2021; 73:826-836. [PMID: 33277983 DOI: 10.1002/art.41608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Depleting pathogenic B cells could treat systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). However, depleting B cells in an inflammatory setting such as lupus is difficult. This study was undertaken to investigate whether a type II anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody (mAb) with a different mechanism of action, obinutuzumab (GA101), is more effective than a type I anti-CD20 mAb, rituximab (RTX), in B cell depletion in lupus, and whether efficient B cell depletion results in amelioration of disease. METHODS We treated lupus-prone MRL/lpr mice expressing human CD20 on B cells (hCD20 MRL/lpr mice) with either RTX or GA101 and measured B cell depletion under various conditions, as well as multiple clinical end points. RESULTS A single dose of GA101 was markedly more effective than RTX in depleting B cells in diseased MRL/lpr mice (P < 0.05). RTX overcame resistance to B cell depletion in diseased MRL/lpr mice with continuous treatments. GA101 was more effective in treating hCD20 MRL/lpr mice with early disease, as GA101-treated mice had reduced glomerulonephritis (P < 0.05), lower anti-RNA autoantibody titers (P < 0.05), and fewer activated CD4+ T cells (P < 0.0001) compared to RTX-treated mice. GA101 also treated advanced disease, and continual treatment prolonged survival. Using variants of GA101, we also elucidated B cell depletion mechanisms in vivo in mice with lupus. CONCLUSION Albeit both anti-CD20 antibodies ameliorated early disease, GA101 was more effective than RTX in important parameters, such as glomerulonephritis score. GA101 proved beneficial in an advanced disease model, where it prolonged survival. These data support clinical testing of GA101 in SLE and lupus nephritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony D Marinov
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Kevin M Nickerson
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Mark J Shlomchik
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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Kiripolsky J, Kasperek EM, Zhu C, Li QZ, Wang J, Yu G, Kramer JM. Tissue-specific activation of Myd88-dependent pathways governs disease severity in primary Sjögren's syndrome. J Autoimmun 2021; 118:102608. [PMID: 33596533 PMCID: PMC8299268 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2021.102608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Myd88 activation is an important driver of autoimmunity. Primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS) is an autoimmune disease characterized by exocrine gland dysfunction in combination with serious systemic disease manifestations. Myd88-dependent signaling networks remain incompletely understood in the context of pSS. The objective of this study was to establish the contribution of tissue-specific Myd88 activation to local (exocrine) and systemic pSS manifestations. To this end, we generated two novel conditional knockout pSS mouse models; one lacking Myd88 in hematopoietic cells and a second strain in which Myd88 was deleted in the stromal compartment. Spontaneous production of inflammatory mediators was altered in salivary tissue, and nephritis was diminished in both conditional knockout strains. In contrast, pulmonary inflammation was increased in mice lacking Myd88 in hematopoietic cells and was reduced when Myd88 was ablated in stromal cells. Finally, anti-nuclear autoantibodies (ANAs) were attenuated in pSS mice lacking Myd88 in immune cells. Additionally, the ANA-specific B cell repertoire was skewed in the Myd88-deficient strains. Collectively, these data demonstrate that Myd88 activation in specific cell types is essential for distinct aspects of pSS pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Kiripolsky
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, The University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA
| | - Eileen M Kasperek
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, The University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA
| | - Chengsong Zhu
- Department of Immunology, Microarray & Immune Phenotyping Core Facility, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Quan-Zhen Li
- Department of Immunology, Microarray & Immune Phenotyping Core Facility, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Jia Wang
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health and Health Professions, The University at Buffalo, State University of New York, 3435 Main Street, 718 Kimball Tower, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA
| | - Guan Yu
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health and Health Professions, The University at Buffalo, State University of New York, 3435 Main Street, 718 Kimball Tower, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA
| | - Jill M Kramer
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, The University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA; Department of Oral Diagnostics Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, The University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA.
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Liu M, Zen K. Toll-Like Receptors Regulate the Development and Progression of Renal Diseases. KIDNEY DISEASES 2021; 7:14-23. [PMID: 33614730 DOI: 10.1159/000511947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Background Stimulated by both microbial and endogenous ligands, toll-like receptors (TLRs) play an important role in the development and progression of renal diseases. Summary As a highly conserved large family, TLRs have 11 members in humans (TLR1∼TLR11) and 13 members in mouse (TLR1∼TLR13). It has been widely reported that TLR2 and TLR4 signaling, activated by both exogenous and endogenous ligands, promote disease progression in both renal ischemia-reperfusion injury and diabetic nephropathy. TLR4 also vitally functions in CKD and infection-associated renal diseases such as pyelonephritis induced by urinary tract infection. Stimulation of intracellular TLR7/8 and TLR9 by host-derived nucleic acids also plays a key role in systemic lupus erythematosus. Given that certain microRNAs with GU-rich sequence have recently been found to be able to serve as TLR7/8 ligands, these microRNAs may initiate pro-inflammatory signal via activating TLR signal. Moreover, as microRNAs can be transferred across different organs via cell-secreted exosomes or protein-RNA complex, the TLR signaling activated by the miRNAs released by other injured organs may also result in renal dysfunction. Key Messages In this review, we sum up the recent progress in the role of TLRs in various forms of glomerulonephritis and discuss the possible prevention or therapeutic strategies for clinic treatment to renal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghui Liu
- School of Life Science and Technology, Chinese Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ke Zen
- School of Life Science and Technology, Chinese Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.,School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
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B Cell Aberrance in Lupus: the Ringleader and the Solution. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2021; 62:301-323. [PMID: 33534064 DOI: 10.1007/s12016-020-08820-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a prototypical autoimmune disease with high heterogeneity but the common characterization of numerous autoantibodies and systemic inflammation which lead to the damage of multiple organs. Aberrance of B cells plays a pivotal role in the immunopathogenesis of SLE via both antibody-dependent and antibody-independent manners. Escape of autoreactive B cells from the central and peripheral tolerance checkpoints, over-activation of B cells and their excessive cytokines release which drive T cells and dendritic cells stimulation, and dysregulated surface molecules, as well as intracellular signal pathways involved in B cell biology, are all contributing to B cell aberrance and participating in the pathogenesis of SLE. Based on that rationale, targeting aberrance of B cells and relevant molecules and pathways is expected to be a promising strategy for lupus control. Multiple approaches targeting B cells through different mechanisms have been attempted, including B-cell depletion via monoclonal antibodies against B-cell-specific molecules, blockade of B-cell survival and activation factors, suppressing T-B crosstalk by interrupting costimulatory molecules and inhibiting intracellular activation signaling cascade by targeting pathway molecules in B cells. Though most attempts ended in failure, the efficacy of B-cell targeting has been encouraged by the FDA approval of belimumab that blocks B cell-activating factor (BAFF) and the recommended use of anti-CD20 as a remedial therapy in refractory lupus. Still, quantities of clinical trials targeting B cells or relevant molecules are ongoing and some of them have displayed promising preliminary results. Additionally, advances in multi-omics studies help deepen our understandings of B cell biology in lupus and may promote the discovery of novel potential therapeutic targets. The combination of real-world data with basic research achievements may pave the road to conquering lupus.
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Huang J, Peng J, Pearson JA, Efthimiou G, Hu Y, Tai N, Xing Y, Zhang L, Gu J, Jiang J, Zhao H, Zhou Z, Wong FS, Wen L. Toll-like receptor 7 deficiency suppresses type 1 diabetes development by modulating B-cell differentiation and function. Cell Mol Immunol 2021; 18:328-338. [PMID: 33432061 PMCID: PMC8027372 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-020-00590-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Innate immunity mediated by Toll-like receptors (TLRs), which can recognize pathogen molecular patterns, plays a critical role in type 1 diabetes development. TLR7 is a pattern recognition receptor that senses single-stranded RNAs from viruses and host tissue cells; however, its role in type 1 diabetes development remains unclear. In our study, we discovered that Tlr7-deficient (Tlr7-/-) nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice, a model of human type 1 diabetes, exhibited a significantly delayed onset and reduced incidence of type 1 diabetes compared with Tlr7-sufficient (Tlr7+/+) NOD mice. Mechanistic investigations showed that Tlr7 deficiency significantly altered B-cell differentiation and immunoglobulin production. Moreover, Tlr7-/- NOD B cells were found to suppress diabetogenic CD4+ T-cell responses and protect immunodeficient NOD mice from developing diabetes induced by diabetogenic T cells. In addition, we found that Tlr7 deficiency suppressed the antigen-presenting functions of B cells and inhibited cytotoxic CD8+ T-cell activation by downregulating the expression of both nonclassical and classical MHC class I (MHC-I) molecules on B cells. Our data suggest that TLR7 contributes to type 1 diabetes development by regulating B-cell functions and subsequent interactions with T cells. Therefore, therapeutically targeting TLR7 may prove beneficial for disease protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Huang
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology (Central South University), Ministry of Education, and Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jian Peng
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - James Alexander Pearson
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Georgios Efthimiou
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Microbiology, University of Hull, Hull, UK
| | - Youjia Hu
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Ningwen Tai
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Yanpeng Xing
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery of the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Luyao Zhang
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery of the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Jianlei Gu
- Department of Biostatistics, Data Science & Genetics, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jianping Jiang
- Department of Biostatistics, Data Science & Genetics, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Hongyu Zhao
- Department of Biostatistics, Data Science & Genetics, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Zhiguang Zhou
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology (Central South University), Ministry of Education, and Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - F Susan Wong
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Li Wen
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
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Rasmussen NS, Nielsen CT, Nielsen CH, Jacobsen S. Microvesicles in active lupus nephritis show Toll-like receptor 9-dependent co-expression of galectin-3 binding protein and double-stranded DNA. Clin Exp Immunol 2021; 204:64-77. [PMID: 33354779 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating microvesicles (MVs) from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) express the type 1 interferon (IFN)-inducible protein galectin-3 binding protein (G3BP), which may enhance their deposition in the glomerular basement membrane. The release of G3BP-expressing MVs from normal peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) is induced by Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR-9) ligands, and these vesicles contain autoantibody-accessible double-stranded DNA (dsDNA). This study compares the release of MVs expressing G3BP and dsDNA from PBMCs derived from SLE patients with or without active lupus nephritis (LN) and from healthy donors, and taps further into the potential dependency on IFN-α for their generation and impacts of TLR-7/TLR-9 co-stimulation. PBMCs from 10 healthy donors and 12 SLE patients, six of whom had active LN at study inclusion, were stimulated in-vitro with recombinant human IFN-α and the TLR-9 agonists oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN)2216 or ODN2395 alone or in combination with the TLR-7 agonist gardiquimod. MVs in the supernatants were subsequently isolated by differential centrifugation and their expression of G3BP and dsDNA was quantified by flow cytometry. Stimulation with ODN2395 significantly increased the release of MVs co-expressing G3BP and dsDNA from PBMCs isolated from healthy donors and SLE patients. The expression of G3BP on individual MVs and the proportion of G3BP and dsDNA double-positive MVs released were increased in active LN patients. Neither co-stimulation with gardiquimod nor with the IFN-α inhibitor IN-1 had any effect on the MV release induced by ODN2395. In conclusion, the TLR-9-mediated inducibility of MVs co-expressing G3BP and dsDNA is increased in SLE patients with active LN.
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Affiliation(s)
- N S Rasmussen
- Institute for Inflammation Research, Center for Rheumatology and Spine Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Copenhagen Lupus and Vasculitis Clinic, Center for Rheumatology and Spine Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - C T Nielsen
- Copenhagen Lupus and Vasculitis Clinic, Center for Rheumatology and Spine Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - C H Nielsen
- Institute for Inflammation Research, Center for Rheumatology and Spine Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - S Jacobsen
- Copenhagen Lupus and Vasculitis Clinic, Center for Rheumatology and Spine Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Ren Q, Cheng L, Yi J, Ma L, Pan J, Gou SJ, Fu P. Toll-like Receptors as Potential Therapeutic Targets in Kidney Diseases. Curr Med Chem 2020; 27:5829-5854. [PMID: 31161985 DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666190603110907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like Receptors (TLRs) are members of pattern recognition receptors and serve a pivotal role in host immunity. TLRs response to pathogen-associated molecular patterns encoded by pathogens or damage-associated molecular patterns released by dying cells, initiating an inflammatory cascade, where both beneficial and detrimental effects can be exerted. Accumulated evidence has revealed that TLRs are closely associated with various kidney diseases but their roles are still not well understood. This review updated evidence on the roles of TLRs in the pathogenesis of kidney diseases including urinary tract infection, glomerulonephritis, acute kidney injury, transplant allograft dysfunction and chronic kidney diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Ren
- Kidney Research Laboratory, Division of Nephrology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Lu Cheng
- Kidney Research Laboratory, Division of Nephrology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Jing Yi
- Kidney Research Laboratory, Division of Nephrology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Liang Ma
- Kidney Research Laboratory, Division of Nephrology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Jing Pan
- Kidney Research Laboratory, Division of Nephrology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Shen-Ju Gou
- Kidney Research Laboratory, Division of Nephrology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Ping Fu
- Kidney Research Laboratory, Division of Nephrology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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Jung JY, Kim JW, Suh CH, Kim HA. Roles of Interactions Between Toll-Like Receptors and Their Endogenous Ligands in the Pathogenesis of Systemic Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis and Adult-Onset Still's Disease. Front Immunol 2020; 11:583513. [PMID: 33224145 PMCID: PMC7674197 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.583513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) and adult-onset Still’s disease (AOSD) are systemic inflammatory disorders that manifest as high-spiking fever, joint pain, evanescent skin rash, and organomegaly. Their pathogenesis is unclear, but inflammation is triggered by activation of the innate immune system with aberrant production of proinflammatory cytokines. Along with extrinsic factors, intrinsic pathways can trigger an unexpected immune response. Damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) induce the activation of innate immune cells, leading to sterile inflammation in systemic JIA and AOSD. These endogenous proteins interact with Toll-like receptors (TLRs), which are pattern recognition receptors, and mediate immune signaling following stimulation by pathogen-associated molecular patterns and DAMPs. Several DAMPs, such as S100 proteins, play a role in the development or severity of systemic JIA and AOSD, in which their interactions with TLRs are altered. Also, the expression levels of genes encoding DAMPs contribute to the susceptibility to systemic JIA and AOSD. Herein, we review reports that TLR and DAMP signaling initiates and/or maintains the inflammatory response in systemic JIA and AOSD, and their correlations with the clinical characteristics of those diseases. In addition, we assess their utility as biomarkers or therapeutics for systemic JIA and AOSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju-Yang Jung
- Department of Rheumatology, Ajou University of Medical School, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Ji-Won Kim
- Department of Rheumatology, Ajou University of Medical School, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Chang-Hee Suh
- Department of Rheumatology, Ajou University of Medical School, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Hyoun-Ah Kim
- Department of Rheumatology, Ajou University of Medical School, Suwon, South Korea
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Chen L, Zheng L, Chen P, Liang G. Myeloid Differentiation Primary Response Protein 88 (MyD88): The Central Hub of TLR/IL-1R Signaling. J Med Chem 2020; 63:13316-13329. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lingfeng Chen
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
- Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325001, China
| | - Lulu Zheng
- Department of Pharmacy, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310000, China
| | - Pengqin Chen
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Guang Liang
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
- Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325001, China
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Thim-Uam A, Prabakaran T, Tansakul M, Makjaroen J, Wongkongkathep P, Chantaravisoot N, Saethang T, Leelahavanichkul A, Benjachat T, Paludan S, Pisitkun T, Pisitkun P. STING Mediates Lupus via the Activation of Conventional Dendritic Cell Maturation and Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cell Differentiation. iScience 2020; 23:101530. [PMID: 33083760 PMCID: PMC7502826 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Signaling through stimulator of interferon genes (STING) leads to the production of type I interferons (IFN-Is) and inflammatory cytokines. A gain-of-function mutation in STING was identified in an autoinflammatory disease (STING-associated vasculopathy with onset in infancy; SAVI). The expression of cyclic GMP-AMP, DNA-activated cGAS-STING pathway, increased in a proportion of patients with SLE. The STING signaling pathway may be a candidate for targeted therapy in SLE. Here, we demonstrated that disruption of STING signaling ameliorated lupus development in Fcgr2b-deficient mice. Activation of STING promoted maturation of conventional dendritic cells and differentiation of plasmacytoid dendritic cells via LYN interaction and phosphorylation. The inhibition of LYN decreased the differentiation of STING-activated dendritic cells. Adoptive transfer of STING-activated bone marrow-derived dendritic cells into the FCGR2B and STING double-deficiency mice restored lupus phenotypes. These findings provide evidence that the inhibition of STING signaling may be a candidate targeted treatment for a subset of patients with SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthid Thim-Uam
- Interdisciplinary Program of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School, Chulalongkorn University, 1873 Rama 4 Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.,Center of Excellence in Systems Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, 1873 Rama 4 Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | | | - Mookmanee Tansakul
- Section for Translational Medicine Program, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, 270 Rama 6 Road, Ratchathewi, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Jiradej Makjaroen
- Center of Excellence in Systems Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, 1873 Rama 4 Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Piriya Wongkongkathep
- Center of Excellence in Systems Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, 1873 Rama 4 Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Naphat Chantaravisoot
- Center of Excellence in Systems Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, 1873 Rama 4 Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.,Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, 1873 Rama 4 Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Thammakorn Saethang
- Center of Excellence in Systems Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, 1873 Rama 4 Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Asada Leelahavanichkul
- Center of Excellence in Immunology and Immune-mediated Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, 1873 Rama 4 Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Thitima Benjachat
- Center of Excellence in Immunology and Immune-mediated Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, 1873 Rama 4 Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Søren Paludan
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus 8000, Denmark
| | - Trairak Pisitkun
- Center of Excellence in Systems Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, 1873 Rama 4 Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.,Epithelial Systems Biology Laboratory, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Prapaporn Pisitkun
- Section for Translational Medicine Program, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, 270 Rama 6 Road, Ratchathewi, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.,Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, 270 Rama 6 Road, Ratchathewi, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
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Chen L, Ishigami T, Doi H, Arakawa K, Tamura K. Gut microbiota and atherosclerosis: role of B cell for atherosclerosis focusing on the gut-immune-B2 cell axis. J Mol Med (Berl) 2020; 98:1235-1244. [PMID: 32737524 PMCID: PMC7447622 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-020-01936-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is the leading cause of cardiovascular mortality and morbidity worldwide and is described as a complex disease involving several different cell types and their molecular products. Recent studies have revealed that atherosclerosis arises from a systemic inflammatory process, including the accumulation and activities of various immune cells. However, the immune system is a complicated network made up of many cell types, hundreds of bioactive cytokines, and millions of different antigens, making it challenging to readily define the associated mechanism of atherosclerosis. Nevertheless, we previously reported a potential persistent inflammatory process underlying atherosclerosis development, centered on a pathological humoral immune response between commensal microbes and activated subpopulations of substantial B cells in the vicinity of the arterial adventitia. Accumulating evidence has indicated the importance of gut microbiota in atherosclerosis development. Commensal microbiota are considered important regulators of immunity and metabolism and also to be possible antigenic sources for atherosclerosis development. However, the interplay between gut microbiota and metabolism with regard to the modulation of atherosclerosis-associated immune responses remains poorly understood. Here, we review the mechanisms by which the gut microbiota may influence atherogenesis, with particular focus on humoral immunity and B cells, especially the gut-immune-B2 cell axis. Under high-fat and high-calorie conditions, signals driven by the intestinal microbiota via the TLR signaling pathway cause B2 cells in the spleen to become functionally active and activated B2 cells then modify responses such as antibody production (generation of active antibodies IgG and IgG3), thereby contributing to the development of atherosclerosis. On the other hand, intestinal microbiota also resulted in recruitment and ectopic activation of B2 cells via the TLR signaling pathway in perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT), and, subsequently, an increase in circulating IgG and IgG3 led to the enhanced disease development. This is a potential link between microbiota alterations and B cells in the context of atherosclerosis. ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Chen
- Department of Medical Science and Cardio-Renal Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, 3-9, Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan.,Department of Cardiology, Sir Run Run Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Long Mian Avenue 109 Jiangning, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tomoaki Ishigami
- Department of Medical Science and Cardio-Renal Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, 3-9, Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Doi
- Department of Medical Science and Cardio-Renal Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, 3-9, Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kentaro Arakawa
- Department of Medical Science and Cardio-Renal Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, 3-9, Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kouichi Tamura
- Department of Medical Science and Cardio-Renal Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, 3-9, Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
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