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Besir Akpinar M. A Hidden Organism, Chlamydia in the Age of Atherosclerosis. Infect Dis (Lond) 2023. [DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.109745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease. It is still the leading cause of mortality and morbidity in the world. Inflammation in the vessels plays the most important role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Many studies have been emphasized that Chlamydia pneumoniae triggers inflammation in the vessels and associated with atherosclerosis. It is stated that most of the chlamydial infections are asymptomatic and around 40% of adult individuals are infected. Chlamydia has different subgroups. It was thought to be a virus due to its intracellular pathogenicity, but it was included in the bacteria genus because it contains DNA and RNA chromosomes and has enzymatic activity. Chlamidya can easily be transmitted through the respiratory tract and sexual transmission. Seroepidemiological and pathological studies of atherosclerotic plaques showed the presence of Chlamydia in the plaque. This section will provide relationship between Chlamydia and atherosclerosis on the recent researces and current information will be discussed.
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Otani T, Nishihira K, Azuma Y, Yamashita A, Shibata Y, Asada Y, Hatakeyama K. Chlamydia pneumoniae is Prevalent in Symptomatic Coronary Atherosclerotic Plaque Samples Obtained From Directional Coronary Atherectomy, but its Quantity is Not Associated With Plaque Instability: An Immunohistochemical and Molecular Study. CLINICAL PATHOLOGY (THOUSAND OAKS, VENTURA COUNTY, CALIF.) 2022; 15:2632010X221125179. [PMID: 36176379 PMCID: PMC9513565 DOI: 10.1177/2632010x221125179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Aim To clarify whether there is any association between the extent of Chlamydia pneumoniae (C. pneumoniae) infection and plaque instability or post-directional coronary atherectomy (DCA) restenosis, we determined the frequency of C. pneumoniae infection and its localization in symptomatic coronary atherosclerotic plaques using specimens obtained from DCA. Methods and results Immunohistochemistry (IHC) and real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) revealed the existence of C. pneumoniae in all 50 specimens of coronary atherosclerotic plaques obtained by DCA. C. pneumoniae-positive cell ratio determined with IHC or copy numbers of C. pneumoniae DNA detected by RT-PCR did not differ significantly between patients with stable angina pectoris and those with acute coronary syndrome (IHC: 16.4 ± 7.6% vs 18.0 ± 7.1%, P = .42; RT-PCR: no. of cases with high copy numbers 12/25 vs 10/25, P = .78), or between patients with subsequent post-DCA restenosis and those without (IHC: 17.1 ± 8.0% vs 18.0 ± 7.4%, P = .74; RT-PCR: 5/12 vs 10/21, P = 1.00). Conclusions C. pneumoniae was highly prevalent in coronary atherosclerotic plaques of patients who underwent DCA. However, the extent of C. pneumoniae infection in coronary atherosclerotic plaques was not associated with plaque instability or post-DCA restenosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyuki Otani
- Department of Pathology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Pathology, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kensaku Nishihira
- Department of Cardiology, Miyazaki Medical Association Hospital, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Yoshinao Azuma
- Molecular Biochemistry Lab, Biology-Oriented Science and Technology, Kindai University, Kinokawa, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Atsushi Yamashita
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Yoshisato Shibata
- Department of Cardiology, Miyazaki Medical Association Hospital, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Yujiro Asada
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan.,Department of Pathology, Miyazaki Medical Association Hospital, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Kinta Hatakeyama
- Department of Pathology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
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The association of Chlamydia pneumoniae infection with atherosclerosis: Review and update of in vitro and animal studies. Microb Pathog 2021; 154:104803. [PMID: 33609645 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2021.104803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have tended to relate Chlamydia pneumoniae (Cpn) infection to atherosclerosis. However, while serological studies have mostly reinforced this hypothesis, inconsistent and even contradictory findings have been reported in various researches. Recent papers have pointed to the significance of Cpn in atherosclerotic lesions, which are regarded as the initiator and cause of chronic inflammation. This bacterium develops atherosclerosis by phenotypic changes in vascular smooth muscle cells, dysregulation of endothelin-1 in the vascular wall, and releasing pro-inflammatory cytokines from Toll-like receptor-2 (TLR2). Furthermore, Cpn infection, particularly under hyperlipidemic conditions, enhances monocyte adhesion to endothelium; changes the physiology of the host, e.g., cholesterol homeostasis; and activates the Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor, which is the initial step in atherogenesis. On the other hand, it has been reported that Cpn, even without the immune system of the host, has the ability to stimulate arterial thickening. Moreover, there is evidence that Cpn can increase the impact of the classical risk factors such as hyperlipidemia, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and smoking for atherosclerosis. Furthermore, animal studies have shown that Cpn infection can induce atherosclerotic, which alongside hyperlipidemia is a co-risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Although the exact link between Cpn and atherosclerosis has not been determined yet, previous studies have reported possible mechanisms of pathogenesis for this bacterium. Accordingly, investigating the exact role of this infection in causing atherosclerosis may be helpful in controlling the disease.
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Vinod V, Pushkaran AC, Kumar A, Mohan CG, Biswas R. Interaction mechanism of Mycobacterium tuberculosis GroEL2 protein with macrophage Lectin-like, oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1: An integrated computational and experimental study. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2020; 1865:129758. [PMID: 33031906 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2020.129758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bacterial surface proteins act as potential adhesins or invasins. The GroEL is a signal peptide-free surface expressed protein that aids adhesion in Escherichia coli by binding to LOX-1 receptor of the host cells. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) expresses GroEL2 protein, having high level sequence identity with E. coli GroEL. This study investigates the interaction mechanism of GroEL2 protein of Mtb with LOX-1 of macrophages using integrated computational and experimental approach. METHODS Mtb GroEL2 protein was purified as histidine tagged protein using Ni-NTA chromatography. Confocal and scanning electron microscopies were used to study the uptake of GroEL2 coated fluorescent latex beads through the LOX-1 receptor in RAW264.7 macrophage cell line. Docking studies were performed to understand the interaction between the GroEL2 and LOX-1 proteins. Polyinosinic acid (PIA) was used as a LOX-1 inhibitor in both in silico and in vitro experiments. RESULTS GroEL2 protein coating enhances uptake of latex beads into macrophages through LOX-1 receptor. LOX-1 inhibitor PIA decreased the uptake of GroEL2 coated latex beads. GroEL2 interacts with the key ligand binding regions of the LOX-1 receptor, such as the basic spine and the saddle hydrophobic patch. PIA molecule destabilized the LOX-1-GroEL2 docked complex. CONCLUSION Surface associated GroEL2 protein of Mtb is a potential ligand for macrophage LOX-1 receptor. Interaction between GroEL2 and LOX-1 receptor may be utilized by Mtb to gain its intracellular access. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Surface associated GroEL2 of Mtb may bind to the macrophage LOX-1 receptor, enabling the internalization of the bacteria and progression of the infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Vinod
- Center for Nanosciences and Molecular Medicine, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Center (AIMS), Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi 682041, Kerala, India
| | - Anju Choorakottayil Pushkaran
- Center for Nanosciences and Molecular Medicine, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Center (AIMS), Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi 682041, Kerala, India
| | - Anil Kumar
- Department of Microbiology, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Center, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi 682041, Kerala, India
| | - Chethampadi Gopi Mohan
- Center for Nanosciences and Molecular Medicine, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Center (AIMS), Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi 682041, Kerala, India..
| | - Raja Biswas
- Center for Nanosciences and Molecular Medicine, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Center (AIMS), Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi 682041, Kerala, India..
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Talepoor AG, Fouladseresht H, Khosropanah S, Doroudchi M. Immune-Inflammation in Atherosclerosis: A New Twist in an Old Tale. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets 2020; 20:525-545. [DOI: 10.2174/1871530319666191016095725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Background and Objective:Atherosclerosis, a chronic and progressive inflammatory disease, is triggered by the activation of endothelial cells followed by infiltration of innate and adaptive immune cells including monocytes and T cells in arterial walls. Major populations of T cells found in human atherosclerotic lesions are antigen-specific activated CD4+ effectors and/or memory T cells from Th1, Th17, Th2 and Treg subsets. In this review, we will discuss the significance of T cell orchestrated immune inflammation in the development and progression of atherosclerosis.Discussion:Pathogen/oxidative stress/lipid induced primary endothelial wound cannot develop to a full-blown atherosclerotic lesion in the absence of chronically induced inflammation. While the primary inflammatory response might be viewed as a lone innate response, the persistence of such a profound response over time must be (and is) associated with diverse local and systemic T cell responses. The interplay between T cells and innate cells contributes to a phenomenon called immuneinflammation and has an impact on the progression and outcome of the lesion. In recent years immuneinflammation, an old term, has had a comeback in connecting the puzzle pieces of chronic inflammatory diseases.Conclusion:Taking one-step back and looking from afar at the players of immune-inflammation may help us provide a broader perspective of these complicated interactions. This may lead to the identification of new drug targets and the development of new therapies as well as preventative measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atefe Ghamar Talepoor
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Hamed Fouladseresht
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Shahdad Khosropanah
- Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mehrnoosh Doroudchi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Shih CM, Huang CY, Wang KH, Huang CY, Wei PL, Chang YJ, Hsieh CK, Liu KT, Lee AW. Oxidized Low-Density Lipoprotein-Deteriorated Psoriasis Is Associated with the Upregulation of Lox-1 Receptor and Il-23 Expression In Vivo and In Vitro. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19092610. [PMID: 30177636 PMCID: PMC6163499 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19092610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease. Even though scientists predict that abnormalities in lipid metabolism play an important role in the pathogenesis of psoriasis, the actual underlying mechanisms are still unclear. Therefore, understanding the possible relationship between mechanisms of the occurrence of psoriasis and dyslipidemia is an important issue that may lead to the development of effective therapies. Under this principle, we investigated the influences of hyperlipidemia in imiquimod (IMQ)-induced psoriasis-like B6.129S2-Apoetm1Unc/J mice and oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) in tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α-stimulated Hacat cells. In our study, we showed that a high-cholesterol diet aggravated psoriasis-like phenomena in IMQ-treated B6.129S2-Apoetm1Unc/J mice. In vitro analysis showed that oxLDL increased keratinocyte migration and lectin-type oxLDL receptor 1 (LOX-1) expression. Evidence suggested that interleukin (IL)-23 was a main cytokine in the pathogenesis of psoriasis. High-cholesterol diet aggravated IL-23 expression in IMQ-treated B6.129S2-Apoetm1Unc/J mice, and oxLDL induced IL-23 expression mediated by LOX-1 in TNF-α-stimulated Hacat cells. Therefore, it will be interesting to investigate the factors for the oxLDL induction of LOX-1 in psoriasis. LOX-1 receptor expression may be another novel treatment option for psoriasis and might represent the most promising strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Ming Shih
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
- Division of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
| | - Chien-Yu Huang
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
| | - Kuo-Hsien Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
| | - Chun-Yao Huang
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
- Division of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
| | - Po-Li Wei
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine and Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
| | - Yu-Jia Chang
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine and Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
| | - Chi-Kun Hsieh
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
| | - Kuan-Ting Liu
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
| | - Ai-Wei Lee
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
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Dahal U, Sharma D, Dahal K. An Unsettled Debate About the Potential Role of Infection in Pathogenesis of Atherosclerosis. J Clin Med Res 2017; 9:547-554. [PMID: 28611853 PMCID: PMC5458650 DOI: 10.14740/jocmr3032w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Association of infection with atherosclerosis is by no means new. Several sero-epidemiological and pathologic studies as well as animal models have shown a link between infection and atherosclerosis. Exciting discoveries in recent times related to role of inter-individual genetic variation in modulating inflammatory response to infection have reignited the enthusiasm in proving a causal link between infection and atherosclerosis. The purpose of this article was to review and analyze the available evidence linking infection with atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Udip Dahal
- Department of Medicine, University of Utah, 50 N Medical Drive, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Dikshya Sharma
- Department of Internal Medicine, Staten Island University Hospital, 475 Seaview Avenue, Staten Island, NY, USA
| | - Kumud Dahal
- Department of Infectious Disease, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, 1 Illinoi Drive, Peoria, IL, USA
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Samanta D, Mulye M, Clemente TM, Justis AV, Gilk SD. Manipulation of Host Cholesterol by Obligate Intracellular Bacteria. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:165. [PMID: 28529926 PMCID: PMC5418226 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol is a multifunctional lipid that plays important metabolic and structural roles in the eukaryotic cell. Despite having diverse lifestyles, the obligate intracellular bacterial pathogens Chlamydia, Coxiella, Anaplasma, Ehrlichia, and Rickettsia all target cholesterol during host cell colonization as a potential source of membrane, as well as a means to manipulate host cell signaling and trafficking. To promote host cell entry, these pathogens utilize cholesterol-rich microdomains known as lipid rafts, which serve as organizational and functional platforms for host signaling pathways involved in phagocytosis. Once a pathogen gains entrance to the intracellular space, it can manipulate host cholesterol trafficking pathways to access nutrient-rich vesicles or acquire membrane components for the bacteria or bacteria-containing vacuole. To acquire cholesterol, these pathogens specifically target host cholesterol metabolism, uptake, efflux, and storage. In this review, we examine the strategies obligate intracellular bacterial pathogens employ to manipulate cholesterol during host cell colonization. Understanding how obligate intracellular pathogens target and use host cholesterol provides critical insight into the host-pathogen relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhritiman Samanta
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of MedicineIndianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Minal Mulye
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of MedicineIndianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Tatiana M Clemente
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of MedicineIndianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Anna V Justis
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of MedicineIndianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Stacey D Gilk
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of MedicineIndianapolis, IN, USA
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Liu PL, Chong IW, Lee YC, Tsai JR, Wang HM, Hsieh CC, Kuo HF, Liu WL, Chen YH, Chen HL. Anti-inflammatory Effects of Resveratrol on Hypoxia/Reoxygenation-Induced Alveolar Epithelial Cell Dysfunction. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:9480-9487. [PMID: 26466890 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b01168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Reducing oxidative stress is crucial to prevent hypoxia-reoxygenation (H/R)-induced lung injury. Resveratrol has excellent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, and this study investigated its role in H/R-induced type II pneumocyte dysfunction. H/R conditions increased expression of inflammatory cytokines including interleukin (IL)-1β (142.3 ± 21.2%, P < 0.05) and IL-6 (301.9 ± 35.1%, P < 0.01) in a type II alveolar epithelial cell line (A549), while the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 (64.6 ± 9.8%, P < 0.05) and surfactant proteins (SPs) decreased. However, resveratrol treatment effectively inhibited these effects. H/R significantly activated an inflammatory transcription factor, nuclear factor (NF)-κB, while resveratrol significantly inhibited H/R-induced NF-κB transcription activities. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study showing resveratrol-mediated reversal of H/R-induced inflammatory responses and dysfunction of type II pneumocyte cells in vitro. The effects of resveratrol were partially mediated by promoting SP expression and inhibiting inflammation with NF-κB pathway involvement. Therefore, our study provides new insights into mechanisms underlying the action of resveratrol in type II pneumocyte dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Len Liu
- Department of Respiratory Therapy, Department of Fragrance and Cosmetic Science, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University , Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Inn-Wen Chong
- Department of Respiratory Therapy, Department of Fragrance and Cosmetic Science, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University , Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Department of Pediatrics, Department of Internal Medicine, Department of Chest Surgery, Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital , Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chen Lee
- Department of Respiratory Therapy, Department of Fragrance and Cosmetic Science, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University , Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Jong-Rung Tsai
- Department of Respiratory Therapy, Department of Fragrance and Cosmetic Science, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University , Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Department of Pediatrics, Department of Internal Medicine, Department of Chest Surgery, Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital , Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Min Wang
- Department of Respiratory Therapy, Department of Fragrance and Cosmetic Science, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University , Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Chong-Chao Hsieh
- Department of Pediatrics, Department of Internal Medicine, Department of Chest Surgery, Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital , Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Hsuan-Fu Kuo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University , Kaohsiung 801, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Lun Liu
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Chi Mei Medical Center , Tainan 736, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Hsiang Chen
- Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University , Taichung 404, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital , Taichung 404, Taiwan
- Department of Psychology, College of Medical and Health Science, Asia University , Taichung 413, Taiwan
| | - Hsiu-Lin Chen
- Department of Respiratory Therapy, Department of Fragrance and Cosmetic Science, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University , Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Department of Pediatrics, Department of Internal Medicine, Department of Chest Surgery, Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital , Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
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Chlamydia pneumoniae-Mediated Inflammation in Atherosclerosis: A Meta-Analysis. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:378658. [PMID: 26346892 PMCID: PMC4546765 DOI: 10.1155/2015/378658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Several studies have attempted to relate the C. pneumoniae-mediated inflammatory state with atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases, providing inconsistent results. Therefore, we performed a meta-analysis to clarify whether C. pneumoniae may contribute to the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis by enhancing inflammation. 12 case-control, 6 cross-sectional, and 7 prospective studies with a total of 10,176 patients have been included in this meta-analysis. Odds Ratio (OR) with a 95% confidence interval was used to assess the seroprevalence of C. pneumoniae and differences between levels of inflammatory markers were assessed by standard mean differences. Publication bias was performed to ensure the statistical power. hsCRP, fibrinogen, interleukin- (IL-) 6, TNF-α, and IFN-γ showed a significant increase in patients with atherosclerosis compared to healthy controls (P < 0.05), along with a higher seroprevalence of C. pneumoniae (OR of 3.11, 95% CI: 2.88–3.36, P < 0.001). More interestingly, hsCRP, IL-6, and fibrinogen levels were significantly higher in C. pneumoniae IgA seropositive compared to seronegative atherosclerotic patients (P < 0.0001). In conclusion, the present meta-analysis suggests that C. pneumoniae infection may contribute to atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases by enhancing the inflammatory state, and, in particular, seropositivity to C. pneumoniae IgA, together with hsCRP, fibrinogen, and IL-6, may be predictive of atherosclerotic cardiovascular risk.
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Di Pietro M, Filardo S, De Santis F, Mastromarino P, Sessa R. Chlamydia pneumoniae and oxidative stress in cardiovascular disease: state of the art and prevention strategies. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 16:724-35. [PMID: 25561227 PMCID: PMC4307271 DOI: 10.3390/ijms16010724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 12/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlamydia pneumoniae, a pathogenic bacteria responsible for respiratory tract infections, is known as the most implicated infectious agent in atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Accumulating evidence suggests that C. pneumoniae-induced oxidative stress may play a critical role in the pathogenesis of CVDs. Indeed, the overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) within macrophages, endothelial cells, platelets and vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) after C. pneumoniae exposure, has been shown to cause low density lipoprotein oxidation, foam cell formation, endothelial dysfunction, platelet adhesion and aggregation, and VSMC proliferation and migration, all responsible for the typical pathological changes of atherosclerotic plaque. The aim of this review is to improve our insight into C. pneumoniae-induced oxidative stress in order to suggest potential strategies for CVD prevention. Several antioxidants, acting on multi-enzymatic targets related to ROS production induced by C. pneumoniae, have been discussed. A future strategy for the prevention of C. pneumoniae-associated CVDs will be to target chlamydial HSP60, involved in oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisa Di Pietro
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, "Sapienza" University, Rome 00185, Italy.
| | - Simone Filardo
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, "Sapienza" University, Rome 00185, Italy.
| | - Fiorenzo De Santis
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, "Sapienza" University, Rome 00185, Italy.
| | - Paola Mastromarino
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, "Sapienza" University, Rome 00185, Italy.
| | - Rosa Sessa
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, "Sapienza" University, Rome 00185, Italy.
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Tuleta I, Reek D, Braun P, Bauriedel G, Nickenig G, Skowasch D, Andrié R. Influence of intimal Chlamydophila pneumoniae persistence on cardiovascular complications after coronary intervention. Infection 2014; 43:51-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s15010-014-0694-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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13
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Chen YH, Chen CJ, Yeh S, Lin YN, Wu YC, Hsieh WT, Wu BT, Ma WL, Chen WC, Chang C, Chen HY. Urethral dysfunction in female mice with estrogen receptor β deficiency. PLoS One 2014; 9:e109058. [PMID: 25275480 PMCID: PMC4183540 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Estrogen has various regulatory functions in the growth, development, and differentiation of the female urogenital system. This study investigated the roles of ERβ in stress urinary incontinence (SUI). Wild-type (ERβ+/+) and knockout (ERβ−/−) female mice were generated (aged 6–8 weeks, n = 6) and urethral function and protein expression were measured. Leak point pressures (LPP) and maximum urethral closure pressure (MUCP) were assessed in mice under urethane anesthesia. After the measurements, the urethras were removed for proteomic analysis using label-free quantitative proteomics by nano-liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis. The interaction between these proteins was further analysed using MetaCore. Lastly, Western blot was used to confirm the candidate proteins. Compared with the ERβ+/+ group, the LPP and MUCP values of the ERβ−/− group were significantly decreased. Additionally, we identified 85 differentially expressed proteins in the urethra of ERβ−/− female mice; 57 proteins were up-regulated and 28 were down-regulated. The majority of the ERβ knockout-modified proteins were involved in cell-matrix adhesion, metabolism, immune response, signal transduction, nuclear receptor translational regelation, and muscle contraction and development. Western blot confirmed the up-regulation of myosin and collagen in urethra. By contrast, elastin was down-regulated in the ERβ−/− mice. This study is the first study to estimate protein expression changes in urethras from ERβ−/− female mice. These changes could be related to the molecular mechanism of ERβ in SUI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yung-Hsiang Chen
- Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, Department of Physical Therapy, Graduate Institute of Rehabilitation Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Departments of Medical Research, Urology, and Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sex Hormone Research Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Jung Chen
- Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, Department of Physical Therapy, Graduate Institute of Rehabilitation Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Departments of Medical Research, Urology, and Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sex Hormone Research Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shuyuan Yeh
- Department of Urology, George H Whipple Laboratory for Cancer Research, Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Yu-Ning Lin
- Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, Department of Physical Therapy, Graduate Institute of Rehabilitation Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yang-Chang Wu
- Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, Department of Physical Therapy, Graduate Institute of Rehabilitation Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Tsong Hsieh
- Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, Department of Physical Therapy, Graduate Institute of Rehabilitation Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Bor-Tsang Wu
- Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, Department of Physical Therapy, Graduate Institute of Rehabilitation Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Lung Ma
- Departments of Medical Research, Urology, and Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sex Hormone Research Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chi Chen
- Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, Department of Physical Therapy, Graduate Institute of Rehabilitation Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Departments of Medical Research, Urology, and Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sex Hormone Research Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chawnshang Chang
- Departments of Medical Research, Urology, and Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sex Hormone Research Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Urology, George H Whipple Laboratory for Cancer Research, Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail: (HYC); (CC)
| | - Huey-Yi Chen
- Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, Department of Physical Therapy, Graduate Institute of Rehabilitation Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Departments of Medical Research, Urology, and Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sex Hormone Research Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (HYC); (CC)
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14
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Tsai KS, Chen YH, Chen HY, Shen EY, Lee YC, Shen JL, Wu SY, Lin JG, Chen YH, Chen WC. Antipruritic effect of cold stimulation at the Quchi acupoint (LI11) in mice. Altern Ther Health Med 2014; 14:341. [PMID: 25239797 PMCID: PMC4179855 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-14-341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Background Acupuncture and moxibustion are used to treat pruritus and atopic dermatitis. However, whether cold stimulation (defined as that the temperature conducted under skin temperature) of acupoints affects itching in experimental murine models remains unclear. Methods The present study was designed to determine the therapeutic effects of different thermal stimulations at the Quchi acupoint (LI11) in a murine model in which scratching behaviour was elicited by subcutaneous injection with a pruritogenic agent (compound 48/80). Male ICR mice were divided into several groups as follows: control (saline), those receiving compound 48/80 and compound 48/80 with various thermal stimulations (5°C–45°C) at LI11 (n = 6 per group). The scratch response of each animal to these stimulations was recorded for 30 min. The antipruritic effect of the acupoint was further evaluated in LI11 and sham (non-acupoint) groups (n = 6 per group). Results Treatment with lower temperature (20°C) at the LI11 acupoint significantly attenuated compound 48/80-induced scratching; however, this antipruritic effect was not observed with stimulation at the sham point. The expression of c-fos in the neuron of the cervical spine induced by compound 48/80 was suppressed by cold stimulation at LI11. The antipruritic effect of cold stimulation was blocked by ruthium red (RR), a non-selective transient receptor potential (TRP) channel blocker, suggesting that TRP channels may play an important role in the antipruritic effect of cold stimulation at LI11 in mice. Conclusions This study demonstrated that cold stimulation at LI11 attenuated compound 48/80-induced scratching behaviour in mice, possibly by a TRP-related pathway.
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15
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Synergistic effect of vaginal trauma and ovariectomy in a murine model of stress urinary incontinence: upregulation of urethral nitric oxide synthases and estrogen receptors. Mediators Inflamm 2014; 2014:314846. [PMID: 25258476 PMCID: PMC4166435 DOI: 10.1155/2014/314846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms underlying stress urinary incontinence (SUI) are unclear. We aimed to evaluate the molecular alterations in mice urethras following vaginal trauma and ovariectomy (OVX). Twenty-four virgin female mice were equally distributed into four groups: noninstrumented control; vaginal distension (VD) group; OVX group; and VD + OVX group. Changes in leak point pressures (LPPs), genital tract morphology, body weight gain, plasma 17β-estradiol level and expressions of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), induced nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and estrogen receptors (ERs—ERα and ERβ) were analyzed. Three weeks after VD, the four groups differed significantly in genital size and body weight gain. Compared with the control group, the plasma estradiol levels were significantly decreased in the OVX and VD + OVX groups, and LPPs were significantly decreased in all three groups. nNOS, iNOS, and ERα expressions in the urethra were significantly increased in the VD and VD + OVX groups, whereas ERβ expression was significantly increased only in the VD + OVX group. These results show that SUI following vaginal trauma and OVX involves urethral upregulations of nNOS, iNOS, and ERs, suggesting that NO- and ER-mediated signaling might play a role in the synergistic effect of birth trauma and OVX-related SUI pathogenesis.
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16
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Suzuki M, Minami A, Nakanishi A, Kobayashi K, Matsuda S, Ogura Y, Kitagishi Y. Atherosclerosis and tumor suppressor molecules (review). Int J Mol Med 2014; 34:934-40. [PMID: 25069568 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2014.1866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis, the major cause of heart attack and stroke, is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by the formation of atherosclerotic plaque. Oxidized low-density lipoprotein through increased oxidative stress has been identified as one of the primary factors responsible for atherogenesis. Cell proliferation and death are key processes in the progression of atherosclerosis. The oxidative environment in areas of lipid accumulation is mainly created by the production of reactive oxygen species, which are assumed to mediate vascular tissue injury. Oxidative DNA damage and levels of DNA repair are reduced during dietary lipid lowering. The tumor suppressor molecules play a pivotal role in regulating cell proliferation, DNA repair and cell death, which are important processes in regulating the composition of atherosclerotic plaque. Accordingly, in this review, we discuss the fundamental role of tumor suppressor molecules in regulating atherogenesis. In particular, we discuss how tumor suppressor molecules are activated in the complex environment of atherosclerotic plaque, and regulate growth arrest, cell senescence and the apoptosis of vascular smooth muscle cells, which may protect against the progression of atherosclerosis. In addition, we discuss promising alternatives to the use of medications (such as statin) against atherosclerosis, namely diet, with the use of plant-derived supplements to modulate the expression and/or activity of tumor suppressor molecules. We also summarize the progress of research made on herbs with a focus on the modulatory roles of tumor suppressors, and on the molecular mechanisms underlying the prevention if atherosclerosis, supporting designs for further research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miho Suzuki
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Nara Women's University, Nishimachi, Nara 630-8506, Japan
| | - Akari Minami
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Nara Women's University, Nishimachi, Nara 630-8506, Japan
| | - Atsuko Nakanishi
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Nara Women's University, Nishimachi, Nara 630-8506, Japan
| | - Keiko Kobayashi
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Nara Women's University, Nishimachi, Nara 630-8506, Japan
| | - Satoru Matsuda
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Nara Women's University, Nishimachi, Nara 630-8506, Japan
| | - Yasunori Ogura
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Nara Women's University, Nishimachi, Nara 630-8506, Japan
| | - Yasuko Kitagishi
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Nara Women's University, Nishimachi, Nara 630-8506, Japan
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17
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Chen YH, Lin YN, Chen WC, Hsieh WT, Chen HY. Treatment of Stress Urinary Incontinence by Ginsenoside Rh2. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2014; 42:817-31. [DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x14500529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Stress urinary incontinence (SUI) is a common disorder in middle-aged women and the elderly. Although surgical treatment of SUI has progressed, there are no effective pharmacological therapies without a side effect. We studied the effect of ginsenoside Rh2 against SUI. Here, we studied the effect of ginsenoside Rh2 on the contractile force of the urethra and blood vessels in an ex vivo organ bath assay. We further investigated the mechanisms and effects of Rh2 in cell culture and animal models. Ginsenoside Rh2 dose-dependently reduced lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced nitric oxide (NO) production and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression in RAW 264.7 cells. In the vaginal distension (VD)-induced SUI mouse model, ginsenoside Rh2 significantly reversed the VD-induced SUI physical signs and reduced blood pressure. The modulation of several SUI-related proteins, including myosin, survival motor neuron (SMN) protein, α-adrenergic receptor 1a (AdR1a), and superoxide dismutase 3 (SOD3), may play some crucial roles in the therapeutic approaches against SUI. In conclusion, the ginsenoside Rh2 may offer therapeutic potential against SUI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yung-Hsiang Chen
- Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Research Center for Chinese Medicine & Acupuncture, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
- Departments of Medical Research, Urology, and Obstetrics and Gynecology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ning Lin
- Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Research Center for Chinese Medicine & Acupuncture, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chi Chen
- Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Research Center for Chinese Medicine & Acupuncture, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
- Departments of Medical Research, Urology, and Obstetrics and Gynecology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Tsong Hsieh
- Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Research Center for Chinese Medicine & Acupuncture, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | - Huey-Yi Chen
- Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Research Center for Chinese Medicine & Acupuncture, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
- Departments of Medical Research, Urology, and Obstetrics and Gynecology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
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18
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Treatment of stress urinary incontinence by cinnamaldehyde, the major constituent of the chinese medicinal herb ramulus cinnamomi. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2014; 2014:280204. [PMID: 24711852 PMCID: PMC3966347 DOI: 10.1155/2014/280204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2013] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Stress urinary incontinence (SUI) is a common disorder in middle-aged women and the elderly population. Although surgical treatment of SUI has progressed, pharmacological therapies remain unelucidated. We screened potential herbal medicines against SUI with an ex vivo organ bath assay. Ramulus Cinnamomi and its major constituent cinnamaldehyde cause a high contractile force of the urethra and a low contractile force of blood vessels. Cinnamaldehyde dose-dependently reduced lipopolysaccharide-induced nitric oxide (NO) production and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression in RAW 264.7 cells. In the vaginal distension- (VD-) induced SUI model in mice, cinnamaldehyde significantly reversed the VD-induced SUI physical signs and reduced blood pressure. Cinnamaldehyde may offer therapeutic potential against SUI without the possible side effect of hypertension. The modulation of several SUI-related proteins including myosin, iNOS, survival motor neuron (SMN) protein, and superoxide dismutase 3 (SOD3) may play some crucial roles in the therapeutic approach against SUI. This information may offer clues to the pathogenesis of SUI and open additional avenues for potential therapy strategies.
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19
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Lin YW, Huang CY, Chen YH, Shih CM, Tsao NW, Lin CY, Chang NC, Tsai CS, Tsai HY, Tsai JC, Huang PH, Li CY, Lin FY. GroEL1, a heat shock protein 60 of Chlamydia pneumoniae, impairs neovascularization by decreasing endothelial progenitor cell function. PLoS One 2013; 8:e84731. [PMID: 24376840 PMCID: PMC3871664 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0084731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2013] [Accepted: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The number and function of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) are sensitive to hyperglycemia, hypertension, and smoking in humans, which are also associated with the development of atherosclerosis. GroEL1 from Chlamydia pneumoniae has been found in atherosclerotic lesions and is related to atherosclerotic pathogenesis. However, the actual effects of GroEL1 on EPC function are unclear. In this study, we investigate the EPC function in GroEL1-administered hind limb-ischemic C57BL/B6 and C57BL/10ScNJ (a toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) mutation) mice and human EPCs. In mice, laser Doppler imaging, flow cytometry, and immunohistochemistry were used to evaluate the degree of neo-vasculogenesis, circulating level of EPCs, and expression of CD34, vWF, and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) in vessels. Blood flow in the ischemic limb was significantly impaired in C57BL/B6 but not C57BL/10ScNJ mice treated with GroEL1. Circulating EPCs were also decreased after GroEL1 administration in C57BL/B6 mice. Additionally, GroEL1 inhibited the expression of CD34 and eNOS in C57BL/B6 ischemic muscle. In vitro, GroEL1 impaired the capacity of differentiation, mobilization, tube formation, and migration of EPCs. GroEL1 increased senescence, which was mediated by caspases, p38 MAPK, and ERK1/2 signaling in EPCs. Furthermore, GroEL1 decreased integrin and E-selectin expression and induced inflammatory responses in EPCs. In conclusion, these findings suggest that TLR4 and impaired NO-related mechanisms could contribute to the reduced number and functional activity of EPCs in the presence of GroEL1 from C. pneumoniae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Wen Lin
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiovascular Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Yao Huang
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiovascular Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Hsiang Chen
- Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Ming Shih
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiovascular Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Nai-Wen Tsao
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Yen Lin
- Department of Computer Science and Information Management, Hung Kuang University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Nen-Chung Chang
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiovascular Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Sung Tsai
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Ya Tsai
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jui-Chi Tsai
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiovascular Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Po-Hsun Huang
- Division of Cardiology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Yuan Li
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Anesthesiology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Feng-Yen Lin
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiovascular Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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20
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Zhang J, Wang H, Zhang L, Zhang T, Wang B, Li X, Wei J, Zhang L. Chlamydia pneumoniae infection induces vascular smooth muscle cell migration via Rac1 activation. J Med Microbiol 2013; 63:155-161. [PMID: 24248991 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.065359-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Chlamydia pneumoniae infection has been shown to be associated with the development of atherosclerosis by promoting the migration of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). However, how C. pneumoniae infection induces VSMC migration is not fully understood. A primary role of Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 (Rac1) is to generate a protrusive force at the leading edge that contributes to cell migration. Whether Rac1 activation plays a role in C. pneumoniae infection-induced VSMC migration is not well defined. In the present study, we therefore examined Rac1 activation in C. pneumoniae-infected rat primary VSMCs and the role of Rac1 activation in C. pneumoniae infection-induced VSMC migration. Glutathione S-transferase pull-down assay results showed that Rac1 was activated in C. pneumoniae-infected rat primary VSMCs. A Rac1 inhibitor, NSC23766 (50 µM,) suppressed Rac1 activation stimulated by C. pneumoniae infection, and thereby inhibited C. pneumoniae infection-induced VSMC migration. In addition, C. pneumoniae infection-induced Rac1 activation in the VSMCs was blocked by LY294002 (25 µM), an inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K). Taken together, these data suggest that C. pneumoniae infection promotes VSMC migration, possibly through activating Rac1 via PI3K.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junxia Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, PR China
| | - Haiwei Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, PR China
| | - Lijun Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, PR China
| | - Tengteng Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, PR China
| | - Beibei Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, PR China
| | - Xiankui Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, PR China
| | - Junyan Wei
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, PR China
| | - Lijun Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, PR China
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21
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Campbell LA, Lee AW, Rosenfeld ME, Kuo CC. Chlamydia pneumoniae induces expression of pro-atherogenic factors through activation of the lectin-like oxidized LDL receptor-1. Pathog Dis 2013; 69:1-6. [PMID: 23821487 DOI: 10.1111/2049-632x.12058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Revised: 06/21/2013] [Accepted: 06/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Several lines of evidence have associated Chlamydia pneumoniae with cardiovascular disease including acceleration of atherosclerotic lesion progression in hyperlipidemic animal models by infection. Many of the pro-atherogenic effects of oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) occur through the activation of the lectin-like ox-LDL receptor-1 (LOX-1). Chlamydia pneumoniae upregulates the expression of the LOX-1 mRNA, promotes the uptake of ox-LDL, and utilizes the LOX-1 receptor for infectivity. The overall goal of this study was to determine whether C. pneumoniae organisms upregulated LOX-1 protein expression in vascular cells and whether upregulation of pro-atherogenic factors by C. pneumoniae occurred through LOX-1. Chlamydia pneumoniae induced LOX-1 protein expression in both endothelial cells and RAW macrophages. Upregulation was prevented by preincubation of cells with LOX-1 antibody prior to infection. Similarly, C. pneumoniae upregulated protein expression of adhesion molecules, MMP-1, and MMP-3, which was mitigated by anti-LOX-1 antibody. Prior treatment of organisms with PNGase, which removes the chlamydial glycan that is N-linked to the major outer membrane, abolished C. pneumoniae upregulation of LOX-1. These studies suggest that activation of LOX-1 expression occurs through binding of the chlamydial glycan and provides one mechanism by which C. pneumoniae infection could play a role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee A Campbell
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Amy W Lee
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Cho-Chou Kuo
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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22
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Chlamydia pneumoniae infection promotes vascular smooth muscle cell migration through a Toll-like receptor 2-related signaling pathway. Infect Immun 2013; 81:4583-91. [PMID: 24082081 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01087-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The migration of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) from the media to the intima is proposed to be a key event in the development of atherosclerosis. Recently, we reported that Chlamydia pneumoniae infection is involved in VSMC migration. However, the exact mechanisms for C. pneumoniae infection-induced VSMC migration are not yet well elucidated. In this study, we examined the role of the Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) activation-related signaling pathway in VSMC migration induced by C. pneumoniae infection. An Affymetrix-based gene expression array was conducted to identify the changes of gene expression in rat primary VSMCs (rVSMCs) infected with C. pneumoniae. Both the microarray analysis and quantitative real-time reverse transcription (RT)-PCR revealed that TLR2 mRNA expression was strongly upregulated 12 h after C. pneumoniae infection. RT-PCR and Western blot analysis further showed that the expression levels of TLR2 mRNA and protein significantly increased at the different time points after infection. Immunocytochemical analysis suggested a TLR2 recruitment to the vicinity of C. pneumoniae inclusions. Cell migration assays showed that the TLR2-neutralizing antibody could significantly inhibit C. pneumoniae infection-induced rVSMC migration. In addition, C. pneumoniae infection stimulated Akt phosphorylation at Ser 473, which was obviously suppressed by the PI3K inhibitor LY294002, thereby inhibiting rVSMC migration caused by C. pneumoniae infection. Furthermore, both the infection-induced Akt phosphorylation and rVSMC migration were suppressed by the TLR2-neutralizing antibody. Taken together, these data suggest that C. pneumoniae infection can promote VSMC migration possibly through the TLR2-related signaling pathway.
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23
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Di Pietro M, Filardo S, De Santis F, Sessa R. Chlamydia pneumoniae infection in atherosclerotic lesion development through oxidative stress: a brief overview. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:15105-20. [PMID: 23877837 PMCID: PMC3742290 DOI: 10.3390/ijms140715105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Revised: 07/04/2013] [Accepted: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlamydia pneumoniae, an obligate intracellular pathogen, is known as a leading cause of respiratory tract infections and, in the last two decades, has been widely associated with atherosclerosis by seroepidemiological studies, and direct detection of the microorganism within atheroma. C. pneumoniae is presumed to play a role in atherosclerosis for its ability to disseminate via peripheral blood mononuclear cells, to replicate and persist within vascular cells, and for its pro-inflammatory and angiogenic effects. Once inside the vascular tissue, C. pneumoniae infection has been shown to induce the production of reactive oxygen species in all the cells involved in atherosclerotic process such as macrophages, platelets, endothelial cells, and vascular smooth muscle cells, leading to oxidative stress. The aim of this review is to summarize the data linking C. pneumoniae-induced oxidative stress to atherosclerotic lesion development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisa Di Pietro
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, “Sapienza” University, Rome 00185, Italy; E-Mails: (M.D.P.); (S.F.); (F.D.S.)
| | - Simone Filardo
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, “Sapienza” University, Rome 00185, Italy; E-Mails: (M.D.P.); (S.F.); (F.D.S.)
| | - Fiorenzo De Santis
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, “Sapienza” University, Rome 00185, Italy; E-Mails: (M.D.P.); (S.F.); (F.D.S.)
| | - Rosa Sessa
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, “Sapienza” University, Rome 00185, Italy; E-Mails: (M.D.P.); (S.F.); (F.D.S.)
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Kang Y, Wang F, Lu Z, Ying H, Zhang H, Ding W, Wang C, Shi L. MAPK kinase 3 potentiates Chlamydia HSP60-induced inflammatory response through distinct activation of NF-κB. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 191:386-94. [PMID: 23729445 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1300481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Chlamydia pneumonia (C. pneumonia) remains one of the leading causes of bacterial pneumonia and has been implicated in the pathogenesis of some inflammation-related diseases, such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and vascular diseases. Heat shock protein 60 is one of the pathogenic components of C. pneumonia that is closely associated with the inflammatory disorders. However, the molecular basis for the immunopathologic property of chlamydial heat shock protein (cHSP60) has not been elucidated. In this article, we report that MAPK kinase 3 (MKK3) is essential for cHSP60-induced lung inflammation, because MKK3-knockout mice displayed significantly reduced lung neutrophil accumulation and decreased production of proinflammatory mediators, correlating with the alleviated inflammatory response in lung tissues. Mechanistically, p38 kinase was selectively activated by MKK3 in response to cHSP60 and activated NF-κB by stimulating the nuclear kinase, mitogen- and stress-activated protein kinase 1. The specific knockdown of mitogen- and stress-activated protein kinase 1 in macrophages resulted in a defective phosphorylation of NF-κB/RelA at Ser(276) but had no apparent effect on RelA translocation. Furthermore, TGF-β-activated kinase 1 was found to relay the signal to MKK3 from TLR4, the major receptor that sensed cHSP60 in the initiation of the inflammatory response. Thus, we establish a critical role for MKK3 signaling in cHSP60 pathology and suggest a novel mechanism underlying C. pneumonia-associated inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhua Kang
- Department of Basic Medical Science, Key Laboratory of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310036, China
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25
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Henderson B, Fares MA, Lund PA. Chaperonin 60: a paradoxical, evolutionarily conserved protein family with multiple moonlighting functions. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2013; 88:955-87. [DOI: 10.1111/brv.12037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2012] [Revised: 02/20/2013] [Accepted: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Brian Henderson
- Department of Microbial Diseases, UCL-Eastman Dental Institute; University College London; London WC1X 8LD U.K
| | - Mario A. Fares
- Department of Genetics; University of Dublin, Trinity College Dublin; Dublin 2 Ireland
- Department of Abiotic Stress; Instituto de Biologia Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC-UPV); Valencia 46022 Spain
| | - Peter A. Lund
- School of Biosciences; University of Birmingham; Birmingham B15 2TT U.K
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26
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Surface-associated GroEL facilitates the adhesion of Escherichia coli to macrophages through lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1. Microbes Infect 2013; 15:172-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2012.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2012] [Revised: 09/30/2012] [Accepted: 10/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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27
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Ren S. Moonlight chaperonade. Interview by Sophia Häfner. Microbes Infect 2013; 15:169-71. [PMID: 23376727 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2012.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2012] [Accepted: 12/14/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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28
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Stehr M, Elamin AA, Singh M. Cytosolic lipid inclusions formed during infection by viral and bacterial pathogens. Microbes Infect 2012; 14:1227-37. [PMID: 22982567 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2012.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2012] [Revised: 08/03/2012] [Accepted: 08/06/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Lipid inclusions play an important role in several pathological processes. Intracellular bacterial pathogens, such as members of the Mycobacterium and Chlamydia species are able to trigger the formation of lipid-laden foamy macrophages. Lipid droplet accumulation in the host constitutes a reservoir used by the bacilli for long-term persistence. Viruses need lipid droplets as assembly platform. We present the current knowledge about structural, functional and regulatory aspects of lipid inclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Stehr
- Department of Gene Regulation and Differentiation, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, Braunschweig, Germany.
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29
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Huang CY, Shih CM, Tsao NW, Chen YH, Li CY, Chang YJ, Chang NC, Ou KL, Lin CY, Lin YW, Nien CH, Lin FY. GroEL1, from Chlamydia pneumoniae, induces vascular adhesion molecule 1 expression by p37(AUF1) in endothelial cells and hypercholesterolemic rabbit. PLoS One 2012; 7:e42808. [PMID: 22900050 PMCID: PMC3416774 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0042808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2012] [Accepted: 07/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The expression of vascular adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) by endothelial cells may play a major role in atherogenesis. The actual mechanisms of chlamydia pneumoniae (C. pneumoniae) relate to atherogenesis are unclear. We investigate the influence of VCAM-1 expression in the GroEL1 from C. pneumoniae-administered human coronary artery endothelial cells (HCAECs) and hypercholesterolemic rabbits. In this study, we constructed the recombinant GroEL1 from C. pneumoniae. The HCAECs/THP-1 adhesion assay, tube formation assay, western blotting, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, actinomycin D chase experiment, luciferase reporter assay, and immunohistochemical stainings were performed. The results show that GroEL1 increased both VCAM-1expression and THP-1 cell adhesives, and impaired tube-formation capacity in the HCAECs. GroEL1 significantly increased the VCAM-1 mRNA stability and cytosolic AU-binding factor 1 (AUF1) level. Overexpression of the p37AUF1 significantly increased VCAM-1 gene expression in GroEL1-induced bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAECs). GroEL1 prolonged the stability of VCAM-1 mRNA by increasing both p37AUF1 and the regulation of the 5′ untranslated region (UTR) of the VCAM-1 mRNA in BAECs. In hypercholesterolemic rabbits, GroEL1 administration enhanced fatty-streak and macrophage infiltration in atherosclerotic lesions, which may be mediated by elevated VCAM-1 expression. In conclusion, GroEL1 induces VCAM-1 expression by p37AUF1 in endothelial cells and enhances atherogenesis in hypercholesterolemic rabbits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Yao Huang
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Research Center For Biomedical Implants and Microsurgery Devices, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Ming Shih
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Nai-Wen Tsao
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Hsiang Chen
- Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Yuan Li
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, China Medical University and Department of Anesthesiology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Jia Chang
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Nen-Chung Chang
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Keng-Liang Ou
- Research Center For Biomedical Implants and Microsurgery Devices, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Yen Lin
- Department of Computer Science and Information Management, Hung Kuang University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Wen Lin
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hao Nien
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Feng-Yen Lin
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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