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Nobs E, Laschanzky K, Munke K, Movert E, Valfridsson C, Carlsson F. Cytosolic serpins act in a cytoprotective feedback loop that limits ESX-1-dependent death of Mycobacterium marinum-infected macrophages. mBio 2024; 15:e0038424. [PMID: 39087767 PMCID: PMC11389378 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00384-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Serine protease inhibitors (serpins) constitute the largest family of protease inhibitors expressed in humans, but their role in infection remains largely unexplored. In infected macrophages, the mycobacterial ESX-1 type VII secretion system permeabilizes internal host membranes and causes leakage into the cytosol of host DNA, which induces type I interferon (IFN) production via the cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) and stimulator of IFN genes (STING) surveillance pathway, and promotes infection in vivo. Using the Mycobacterium marinum infection model, we show that ESX-1-mediated type I IFN signaling in macrophages selectively induces the expression of serpina3f and serpina3g, two cytosolic serpins of the clade A3. The membranolytic activity of ESX-1 also caused leakage of cathepsin B into the cytosol where it promoted cell death, suggesting that the induction of type I IFN comes at the cost of lysosomal rupture and toxicity. However, the production of cytosolic serpins suppressed the protease activity of cathepsin B in this compartment and thus limited cell death, a function that was associated with increased bacterial growth in infected mice. These results suggest that cytosolic serpins act in a type I IFN-dependent cytoprotective feedback loop to counteract the inevitable toxic effect of ESX-1-mediated host membrane rupture. IMPORTANCE The ESX-1 type VII secretion system is a key virulence determinant of pathogenic mycobacteria. The ability to permeabilize host cell membranes is critical for several ESX-1-dependent virulence traits, including phagosomal escape and induction of the type I interferon (IFN) response. We find that it comes at the cost of lysosomal leakage and subsequent host cell death. However, our results suggest that ESX-1-mediated type I IFN signaling selectively upregulates serpina3f and serpina3g and that these cytosolic serpins limit cell death caused by cathepsin B that has leaked into the cytosol, a function that is associated with increased bacterial growth in vivo. The ability to rupture host membranes is widespread among bacterial pathogens, and it will be of interest to evaluate the role of cytosolic serpins and this type I IFN-dependent cytoprotective feedback loop in the context of human infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Nobs
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Kristina Munke
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Elin Movert
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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2
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Maheshwari S, Patel BM. Unravelling the role of cathepsins in cardiovascular diseases. Mol Biol Rep 2024; 51:579. [PMID: 38668953 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-024-09518-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024]
Abstract
Lysosomal cathepsins as a regulatory medium have been assessed as potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of various cardiac diseases such as abdominal aortic aneurysm, hypertension, cardiomyopathy, coronary heart disease, atherosclerosis, etc. They are ubiquitous lysosomal proteases with papain-like folded protein structures that are involved in a variety of physiological processes, such as the digestion of proteins, activation of pro-inflammatory molecules, degradation of extracellular matrix components, and maturation of peptide hormones. Cathepsins are classified into three major groups: cysteine cathepsins, aspartic cathepsins, and serine-threonine cathepsins. Each of these groups is further divided into subgroups based on their substrate specificity, structural characteristics, and biochemical properties. Several studies suggest that cathepsins control the degradation of ECM components such as collagen and elastin fibres. These enzymes are highly expressed in macrophages and inflammatory cells, and their upregulation has been demonstrated to be critical in the progression of atherosclerotic lesions. Additionally, increased cathepsin activity has been linked to increased vascular inflammation and oxidative stress, both of which are associated with CVDs. Specifically, the inhibition of cathepsins may reduce the release of pro-apoptotic mediators such as caspase-3 and PARP-1, which are thought to contribute to plaque instability. The potential of cathepsins as biomarkers and therapeutic targets has also been supported by the identification of potential cathepsin inhibitors, which could be used to modulate the activities of cathepsins in a range of diseases. This review shall familiarise the readers with the role of cysteinyl cathepsins and their inhibitors in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bhoomika M Patel
- School of Medico-Legal Studies, National Forensic Sciences University, Sector 9, Gandhinagar, 382007, India.
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3
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Castiglioni A, Yang Y, Williams K, Gogineni A, Lane RS, Wang AW, Shyer JA, Zhang Z, Mittman S, Gutierrez A, Astarita JL, Thai M, Hung J, Yang YA, Pourmohamad T, Himmels P, De Simone M, Elstrott J, Capietto AH, Cubas R, Modrusan Z, Sandoval W, Ziai J, Gould SE, Fu W, Wang Y, Koerber JT, Sanjabi S, Mellman I, Turley SJ, Müller S. Combined PD-L1/TGFβ blockade allows expansion and differentiation of stem cell-like CD8 T cells in immune excluded tumors. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4703. [PMID: 37543621 PMCID: PMC10404279 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40398-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/07/2023] Open
Abstract
TGFβ signaling is associated with non-response to immune checkpoint blockade in patients with advanced cancers, particularly in the immune-excluded phenotype. While previous work demonstrates that converting tumors from excluded to inflamed phenotypes requires attenuation of PD-L1 and TGFβ signaling, the underlying cellular mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we show that TGFβ and PD-L1 restrain intratumoral stem cell-like CD8 T cell (TSCL) expansion and replacement of progenitor-exhausted and dysfunctional CD8 T cells with non-exhausted T effector cells in the EMT6 tumor model in female mice. Upon combined TGFβ/PD-L1 blockade IFNγhi CD8 T effector cells show enhanced motility and accumulate in the tumor. Ensuing IFNγ signaling transforms myeloid, stromal, and tumor niches to yield an immune-supportive ecosystem. Blocking IFNγ abolishes the anti-PD-L1/anti-TGFβ therapy efficacy. Our data suggest that TGFβ works with PD-L1 to prevent TSCL expansion and replacement of exhausted CD8 T cells, thereby maintaining the T cell compartment in a dysfunctional state.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Zhe Zhang
- Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Minh Thai
- Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
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4
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Wang J, Zheng M, Yang X, Zhou X, Zhang S. The Role of Cathepsin B in Pathophysiologies of Non-tumor and Tumor tissues: A Systematic Review. J Cancer 2023; 14:2344-2358. [PMID: 37576397 PMCID: PMC10414043 DOI: 10.7150/jca.86531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Cathepsin B (CTSB), a lysosomal cysteine protease, plays an important role in human physiology and pathology. CTSB is associated with various human diseases, and its expression level and activity are closely related to disease progression and severity. Physiologically, CTSB is integrated into almost all lysosome-related processes, including protein turnover, degradation, and lysosome-mediated cell death. CTSB can lead to the development of various pathological processes through degradation and remodeling of the extracellular matrix. During tumor development and progression, CTSB has two opposing effects. Its pro-apoptotic properties reduce malignancy, while its proteolytic enzymatic activity promotes invasion and metastasis, thereby inducing malignancy. Here, we discuss the roles of CTSB in tumor and non-tumor disease pathophysiologies. We conclude that targeting the activity or expression of CTSB may be important for treating tumor and non-tumor diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangping Wang
- Graduate School, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, P.R. China
| | - Minying Zheng
- Department of Pathology, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Tianjin, 300071, P.R. China
| | - Xiaohui Yang
- Nankai University School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, P.R. China
| | - Xinyue Zhou
- Graduate School, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, P.R. China
| | - Shiwu Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Tianjin, 300071, P.R. China
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5
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N 6-methyladenosine of Spi2a attenuates inflammation and sepsis-associated myocardial dysfunction in mice. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1185. [PMID: 36864027 PMCID: PMC9979126 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36865-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacteria-triggered sepsis is characterized by systemic, uncontrolled inflammation in affected individuals. Controlling the excessive production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and subsequent organ dysfunction in sepsis remains challenging. Here, we demonstrate that Spi2a upregulation in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated bone marrow-derived macrophages reduces the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and myocardial impairment. In addition, exposure to LPS upregulates the lysine acetyltransferase, KAT2B, to promote METTL14 protein stability through acetylation at K398, leading to the increased m6A methylation of Spi2a in macrophages. m6A-methylated Spi2a directly binds to IKKβ to impair IKK complex formation and inactivate the NF-κB pathway. The loss of m6A methylation in macrophages aggravates cytokine production and myocardial damage in mice under septic conditions, whereas forced expression of Spi2a reverses this phenotype. In septic patients, the mRNA expression levels of the human orthologue SERPINA3 negatively correlates with those of the cytokines, TNF, IL-6, IL-1β and IFNγ. Altogether, these findings suggest that m6A methylation of Spi2a negatively regulates macrophage activation in the context of sepsis.
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Senjor E, Kos J, Nanut MP. Cysteine Cathepsins as Therapeutic Targets in Immune Regulation and Immune Disorders. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11020476. [PMID: 36831012 PMCID: PMC9953096 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11020476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Cysteine cathepsins, as the most abundant proteases found in the lysosomes, play a vital role in several processes-such as protein degradation, changes in cell signaling, cell morphology, migration and proliferation, and energy metabolism. In addition to their lysosomal function, they are also secreted and may remain functional in the extracellular space. Upregulation of cathepsin expression is associated with several pathological conditions including cancer, neurodegeneration, and immune-system dysregulation. In this review, we present an overview of cysteine-cathepsin involvement and possible targeting options for mitigation of aberrant function in immune disorders such as inflammation, autoimmune diseases, and immune response in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Senjor
- Department of Biotechnology, Jožef Stefan Institute, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Janko Kos
- Department of Biotechnology, Jožef Stefan Institute, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Milica Perišić Nanut
- Department of Biotechnology, Jožef Stefan Institute, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Correspondence:
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Maccioni L, Loriot A, Dewulf J, Bommer G, Horsmans Y, Lanthier N, Leclercq I, Schnabl B, Stärkel P. Duodenal CD8+ T resident memory cell apoptosis contributes to gut barrier dysfunction and microbial translocation in early alcohol-associated liver disease in humans. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2022; 56:1055-1070. [PMID: 35919965 PMCID: PMC9398988 DOI: 10.1111/apt.17177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intestinal T cells are key in gut barrier function. Their role in early stages of alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD) remain unknown. AIM To explore the links between intestinal T cells, microbial translocation and ALD METHODS: Patients with alcohol use disorder (AUD) following a rehabilitation programme were compared to subjects with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and healthy controls. Clinical and laboratory data (liver stiffness, controlled attenuation parameter, AST, ALT, K18-M65) served to identify AUD patients with isolated steatosis (minimal liver disease) or steatohepatitis/fibrosis (ALD). Serum microbial translocation markers were measured by ELISA, duodenal and plasma levels of sphingolipids by targeted LC-MS. T lymphocytes in duodenal biopsies were characterised by immunohistochemistry, flow cytometry and RNA sequencing on FACS-sorted cells. Mechanisms for T-cell alterations were assessed in vitro. RESULTS Patients with ALD, but not those with minimal liver disease, showed reduced numbers of duodenal CD8+ T resident memory (TRM) cells compared to controls or patients with NAFLD. TRM transcriptomic analysis, in vitro analyses and pharmacological inhibition of cathepsin B confirmed TRM apoptosis driven by lysosomal membrane permeabilisation and cathepsin B release into the cytosol. Altered lipid metabolism and increased duodenal and plasma sphingolipids correlated with apoptosis. Dihydroceramide dose-dependently reduced viability of TRM. Duodenal TRM phenotypic changes, apoptosis and transcriptomic alterations correlated with increased levels of microbial translocation markers. Short-term abstinence did not reverse TRM cell death in patients with ALD. CONCLUSIONS Duodenal CD8+ TRM apoptosis related to functional changes in lysosomes and lipid metabolism points to impaired gut adaptive immunity specifically in patients with AUD who developed early ALD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Maccioni
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research, Laboratory of Hepato-gastroenterology, UCLouvain, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels Brussels, Belgium
| | - Axelle Loriot
- Group of Genetics and Epigenetics, de Duve Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
- Group of Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, de Duve Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Joseph Dewulf
- de Duve Institute & WELBIO, UCLouvain, Bruxelles, Belgium
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital St. Luc, UCLouvain, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Guido Bommer
- de Duve Institute & WELBIO, UCLouvain, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Yves Horsmans
- Department of Hepato-gastroenterology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nicolas Lanthier
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research, Laboratory of Hepato-gastroenterology, UCLouvain, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Hepato-gastroenterology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Isabelle Leclercq
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research, Laboratory of Hepato-gastroenterology, UCLouvain, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels Brussels, Belgium
| | - Bernd Schnabl
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Department of Medicine, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA 92161, USA
| | - Peter Stärkel
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research, Laboratory of Hepato-gastroenterology, UCLouvain, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Hepato-gastroenterology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium
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8
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Anes E, Pires D, Mandal M, Azevedo-Pereira JM. Spatial localization of cathepsins: Implications in immune activation and resolution during infections. Front Immunol 2022; 13:955407. [PMID: 35990632 PMCID: PMC9382241 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.955407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cathepsins were first described, as endolysosomal proteolytic enzymes in reference to the organelles where they degrade the bulk of endogenous and exogenous substrates in a slightly acidic environment. These substrates include pathogens internalized via endocytosis and/or marked for destruction by autophagy. However, the role of cathepsins during infection far exceeds that of direct digestion of the pathogen. Cathepsins have been extensively investigated in the context of tumour associated immune cells and chronic inflammation. Several cathepsin-dependent immune responses develop in the endocytic pathway while others take place in the cytosol, the nucleus, or in the extracellular space. In this review we highlight the spatial localization of cathepsins and their implications in immune activation and resolution pathways during infection.
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9
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Lee JS, Song WS, Lim JW, Choi TR, Jo SH, Jeon HJ, Kwon JE, Park JH, Kim YR, Yang YH, Jeong JH, Kim YG. An integrative multiomics approach to characterize anti-adipogenic and anti-lipogenic effects of Akkermansia muciniphila in adipocytes. Biotechnol J 2021; 17:e2100397. [PMID: 34894414 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202100397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The cellular components of Akkermansia muciniphila are considered potential biotherapeutics for the improvement of obesity, diabetes, and metabolic diseases. However, the molecular-based mechanism of A. muciniphila for treatment of obesity, which can provide important evidence for human research, has rarely been explored. Here, we applied integrative multiomics approaches to investigate the underlying molecular mechanism involved in obesity treatment by A. muciniphila. First, the treatment with a cell lysate of A. muciniphila reduced lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 cells and downregulated the mRNA expression of proteins involved in adipogenesis and lipogenesis. Our proteomic results revealed that A. muciniphila decreased the expression of proteins involved in fat cell differentiation, fatty acid metabolism, and energy metabolism in adipocytes. Moreover, A. muciniphila significantly reduced the level of metabolites related to glycolysis, the TCA cycle, and ATP in adipocytes. Interestingly, serine protease inhibitor A3 (SERPINA3) homologs were overexpressed in the 3T3-L1 cells treated with A. muciniphila. Small interfering RNA (siRNA) transfection demonstrated that A. muciniphila upregulates SERPINA3G expression and inhibits lipogenesis in adipocytes. Taken together, our multiomics-based approaches enabled to uncover the molecular mechanism of A. muciniphila for treatment of obesity and provide potent anti-lipogenic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Seung Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Soongsil University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Won-Suk Song
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Soongsil University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jun Woo Lim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Soongsil University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Tae-Rim Choi
- Department of Biological Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung-Hyun Jo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Soongsil University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyo-Jin Jeon
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Soongsil University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji-Eun Kwon
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Soongsil University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji-Hyeon Park
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Soongsil University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ye-Rim Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Soongsil University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yung-Hun Yang
- Department of Biological Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae Hyun Jeong
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Soongsil University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yun-Gon Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Soongsil University, Seoul, Korea
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10
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Perišić Nanut M, Pečar Fonović U, Jakoš T, Kos J. The Role of Cysteine Peptidases in Hematopoietic Stem Cell Differentiation and Modulation of Immune System Function. Front Immunol 2021; 12:680279. [PMID: 34335582 PMCID: PMC8322073 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.680279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Cysteine cathepsins are primarily involved in the degradation and recycling of proteins in endo-lysosomal compartments but are also gaining recognition as pivotal proteolytic contributors to various immune functions. Through their extracellular proteolytic activities within the hematopoietic stem cell niche, they are involved in progenitor cell mobilization and differentiation. Cysteine cathepsins, such as cathepsins L and S contribute to antigen-induced adaptive immunity through major histocompatibility complex class II antigen presentation whereas cathepsin X regulates T-cell migration. By regulating toll-like receptor signaling and cytokine secretion cysteine cathepsins activate innate immune cells and affect their functional differentiation. Cathepsins C and H are expressed in cytotoxic T lymphocytes and natural killer cells and are involved in processing of pro-granzymes into proteolytically active forms. Cytoplasmic activities of cathepsins B and L contribute to the maintenance of homeostasis of the adaptive immune response by regulating cell death of T and B lymphocytes. The expression pattern, localization, and activity of cysteine cathepsins is tightly connected to their function in immune cells. Furthermore, cysteine cathepsins together with their endogenous inhibitors, serve as mediators in the interplay between cancer and immune cells that results in immune cell anergy. The aim of the present article is to review the mechanisms of dysregulation of cysteine cathepsins and their inhibitors in relation to immune dysfunction to address new possibilities for regulation of their function.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tanja Jakoš
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Janko Kos
- Department of Biotechnology, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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11
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The Serpin Superfamily and Their Role in the Regulation and Dysfunction of Serine Protease Activity in COPD and Other Chronic Lung Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22126351. [PMID: 34198546 PMCID: PMC8231800 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a debilitating heterogeneous disease characterised by unregulated proteolytic destruction of lung tissue mediated via a protease-antiprotease imbalance. In COPD, the relationship between the neutrophil serine protease, neutrophil elastase, and its endogenous inhibitor, alpha-1-antitrypsin (AAT) is the best characterised. AAT belongs to a superfamily of serine protease inhibitors known as serpins. Advances in screening technologies have, however, resulted in many members of the serpin superfamily being identified as having differential expression across a multitude of chronic lung diseases compared to healthy individuals. Serpins exhibit a unique suicide-substrate mechanism of inhibition during which they undergo a dramatic conformational change to a more stable form. A limitation is that this also renders them susceptible to disease-causing mutations. Identification of the extent of their physiological/pathological role in the airways would allow further expansion of knowledge regarding the complexity of protease regulation in the lung and may provide wider opportunity for their use as therapeutics to aid the management of COPD and other chronic airways diseases.
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12
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Grassmann S, Mihatsch L, Mir J, Kazeroonian A, Rahimi R, Flommersfeld S, Schober K, Hensel I, Leube J, Pachmayr LO, Kretschmer L, Zhang Q, Jolly A, Chaudhry MZ, Schiemann M, Cicin-Sain L, Höfer T, Busch DH, Flossdorf M, Buchholz VR. Early emergence of T central memory precursors programs clonal dominance during chronic viral infection. Nat Immunol 2020; 21:1563-1573. [DOI: 10.1038/s41590-020-00807-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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13
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Fuchs N, Meta M, Schuppan D, Nuhn L, Schirmeister T. Novel Opportunities for Cathepsin S Inhibitors in Cancer Immunotherapy by Nanocarrier-Mediated Delivery. Cells 2020; 9:E2021. [PMID: 32887380 PMCID: PMC7565055 DOI: 10.3390/cells9092021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cathepsin S (CatS) is a secreted cysteine protease that cleaves certain extracellular matrix proteins, regulates antigen presentation in antigen-presenting cells (APC), and promotes M2-type macrophage and dendritic cell polarization. CatS is overexpressed in many solid cancers, and overall, it appears to promote an immune-suppressive and tumor-promoting microenvironment. While most data suggest that CatS inhibition or knockdown promotes anti-cancer immunity, cell-specific inhibition, especially in myeloid cells, appears to be important for therapeutic efficacy. This makes the design of CatS selective inhibitors and their targeting to tumor-associated M2-type macrophages (TAM) and DC an attractive therapeutic strategy compared to the use of non-selective immunosuppressive compounds or untargeted approaches. The selective inhibition of CatS can be achieved through optimized small molecule inhibitors that show good pharmacokinetic profiles and are orally bioavailable. The targeting of these inhibitors to TAM is now more feasible using nanocarriers that are functionalized for a directed delivery. This review discusses the role of CatS in the immunological tumor microenvironment and upcoming possibilities for a nanocarrier-mediated delivery of potent and selective CatS inhibitors to TAM and related APC to promote anti-tumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Fuchs
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Staudingerweg 5, D, 55128 Mainz, Germany; (N.F.); (M.M.)
| | - Mergim Meta
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Staudingerweg 5, D, 55128 Mainz, Germany; (N.F.); (M.M.)
| | - Detlef Schuppan
- Institute of Translational Immunology and Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Obere Zahlbacher Str. 63, 55131 Mainz, Germany
- Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Lutz Nuhn
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Tanja Schirmeister
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Staudingerweg 5, D, 55128 Mainz, Germany; (N.F.); (M.M.)
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14
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Zhang X, Luo S, Wang M, Shi GP. Cysteinyl cathepsins in cardiovascular diseases. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2020; 1868:140360. [PMID: 31926332 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2020.140360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cysteinyl cathepsins are lysosomal/endosomal proteases that mediate bulk protein degradation in these intracellular acidic compartments. Yet, studies indicate that these proteases also appear in the nucleus, nuclear membrane, cytosol, plasma membrane, and extracellular space. Patients with cardiovascular diseases (CVD) show increased levels of cathepsins in the heart, aorta, and plasma. Plasma cathepsins often serve as biomarkers or risk factors of CVD. In aortic diseases, such as atherosclerosis and abdominal aneurysms, cathepsins play pathogenic roles, but many of the same cathepsins are cardioprotective in hypertensive, hypertrophic, and infarcted hearts. During the development of CVD, cathepsins are regulated by inflammatory cytokines, growth factors, hypertensive stimuli, oxidative stress, and many others. Cathepsin activities in inflammatory molecule activation, immunity, cell migration, cholesterol metabolism, neovascularization, cell death, cell signaling, and tissue fibrosis all contribute to CVD and are reviewed in this article in memory of Dr. Nobuhiko Katunuma for his contribution to the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Songyuan Luo
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Minjie Wang
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Guo-Ping Shi
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115.
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Jakoš T, Pišlar A, Jewett A, Kos J. Cysteine Cathepsins in Tumor-Associated Immune Cells. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2037. [PMID: 31555270 PMCID: PMC6724555 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cysteine cathepsins are key regulators of the innate and adaptive arms of the immune system. Their expression, activity, and subcellular localization are associated with the distinct development and differentiation stages of immune cells. They promote the activation of innate myeloid immune cells since they contribute to toll-like receptor signaling and to cytokine secretion. Furthermore, they control lysosomal biogenesis and autophagic flux, thus affecting innate immune cell survival and polarization. They also regulate bidirectional communication between the cell exterior and the cytoskeleton, thus influencing cell interactions, morphology, and motility. Importantly, cysteine cathepsins contribute to the priming of adaptive immune cells by controlling antigen presentation and are involved in cytotoxic granule mediated killing in cytotoxic T lymphocytes and natural killer cells. Cathepins'aberrant activity can be prevented by their endogenous inhibitors, cystatins. However, dysregulated proteolysis contributes significantly to tumor progression also by modulation of the antitumor immune response. Especially tumor-associated myeloid cells, such as tumor-associated macrophages and myeloid-derived suppressor cells, which are known for their tumor promoting and immunosuppressive functions, constitute the major source of excessive cysteine cathepsin activity in cancer. Since they are enriched in the tumor microenvironment, cysteine cathepsins represent exciting targets for development of new diagnostic and therapeutic moieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Jakoš
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Anja Pišlar
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Anahid Jewett
- UCLA School of Dentistry and Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Janko Kos
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Department of Biotechnology, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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16
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Huang Z, Zak J, Pratumchai I, Shaabani N, Vartabedian VF, Nguyen N, Wu T, Xiao C, Teijaro JR. IL-27 promotes the expansion of self-renewing CD8 + T cells in persistent viral infection. J Exp Med 2019; 216:1791-1808. [PMID: 31164392 PMCID: PMC6683984 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20190173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
CXCR5+ TCF1+ CD8+ T cells sustain responses during persistent viral infection and mediate the proliferative burst following anti-PD1 treatment. Huang et al. show that IL-27 supports rapid division of these cells by competing with type 1 interferon for STAT1, driving IRF1 expression and preventing cell death. Chronic infection and cancer are associated with suppressed T cell responses in the presence of cognate antigen. Recent work identified memory-like CXCR5+ TCF1+ CD8+ T cells that sustain T cell responses during persistent infection and proliferate upon anti-PD1 treatment. Approaches to expand these cells are sought. We show that blockade of interferon type 1 (IFN-I) receptor leads to CXCR5+ CD8+ T cell expansion in an IL-27– and STAT1-dependent manner. IFNAR1 blockade promoted accelerated cell division and retention of TCF1 in virus-specific CD8+ T cells. We found that CD8+ T cell–intrinsic IL-27 signaling safeguards the ability of TCF1hi cells to maintain proliferation and avoid terminal differentiation or programmed cell death. Mechanistically, IL-27 endowed rapidly dividing cells with IRF1, a transcription factor that was required for sustained division in a cell-intrinsic manner. These findings reveal that IL-27 opposes IFN-I to uncouple effector differentiation from cell division and suggest that IL-27 signaling could be exploited to augment self-renewing T cells in chronic infections and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Huang
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | - Jaroslav Zak
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | - Isaraphorn Pratumchai
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA.,Department of Chemical Immunology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Namir Shaabani
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | - Vincent F Vartabedian
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | - Nhan Nguyen
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | - Tuoqi Wu
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Changchun Xiao
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | - John R Teijaro
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
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Schwenck J, Maurer A, Fehrenbacher B, Mehling R, Knopf P, Mucha N, Haupt D, Fuchs K, Griessinger CM, Bukala D, Holstein J, Schaller M, Menendez IG, Ghoreschi K, Quintanilla-Martinez L, Gütschow M, Laufer S, Reinheckel T, Röcken M, Kalbacher H, Pichler BJ, Kneilling M. Cysteine-type cathepsins promote the effector phase of acute cutaneous delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions. Theranostics 2019; 9:3903-3917. [PMID: 31281521 PMCID: PMC6587341 DOI: 10.7150/thno.31037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Cysteine-type cathepsins such as cathepsin B are involved in various steps of inflammatory processes such as antigen processing and angiogenesis. Here, we uncovered the role of cysteine-type cathepsins in the effector phase of T cell-driven cutaneous delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions (DTHR) and the implication of this role on therapeutic cathepsin B-specific inhibition. Methods: Wild-type, cathepsin B-deficient (Ctsb-/-) and cathepsin Z-deficient (Ctsz-/-) mice were sensitized with 2,4,6-trinitrochlorobenzene (TNCB) on the abdomen and challenged with TNCB on the right ear to induce acute and chronic cutaneous DTHR. The severity of cutaneous DTHR was assessed by evaluating ear swelling responses and histopathology. We performed fluorescence microscopy on tissue from inflamed ears and lymph nodes of wild-type mice, as well as on biopsies from psoriasis patients, focusing on cathepsin B expression by T cells, B cells, macrophages, dendritic cells and NK cells. Cathepsin activity was determined noninvasively by optical imaging employing protease-activated substrate-like probes. Cathepsin expression and activity were validated ex vivo by covalent active site labeling of proteases and Western blotting. Results: Noninvasive in vivo optical imaging revealed strong cysteine-type cathepsin activity in inflamed ears and draining lymph nodes in acute and chronic cutaneous DTHR. In inflamed ears and draining lymph nodes, cathepsin B was expressed by neutrophils, dendritic cells, macrophages, B, T and natural killer (NK) cells. Similar expression patterns were found in psoriatic plaques of patients. The biochemical methods confirmed active cathepsin B in tissues of mice with cutaneous DTHR. Topically applied cathepsin B inhibitors significantly reduced ear swelling in acute but not chronic DTHR. Compared with wild-type mice, Ctsb-/- mice exhibited an enhanced ear swelling response during acute DTHR despite a lack of cathepsin B expression. Cathepsin Z, a protease closely related to cathepsin B, revealed compensatory expression in inflamed ears of Ctsb-/- mice, while cathepsin B expression was reciprocally elevated in Ctsz-/- mice. Conclusion: Cathepsin B is actively involved in the effector phase of acute cutaneous DTHR. Thus, topically applied cathepsin B inhibitors might effectively limit DTHR such as contact dermatitis or psoriasis. However, the cathepsin B and Z knockout mouse experiments suggested a complementary role for these two cysteine-type proteases.
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18
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Shamji MH, Temblay JN, Cheng W, Byrne SM, Macfarlane E, Switzer AR, Francisco NDC, Olexandra F, Jacubczik F, Durham SR, Ashton-Rickardt PG. Antiapoptotic serine protease inhibitors contribute to survival of allergenic T H2 cells. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2018; 142:569-581.e5. [PMID: 29106998 PMCID: PMC5920800 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2017.07.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Revised: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mechanisms that regulate maintenance of persistent TH2 cells and potentiate allergic inflammation are not well understood. OBJECTIVE The function of serine protease inhibitor 2A (Spi2A) was studied in mouse TH2 cells, and the serine protease inhibitor B3 (SERPINB3) and SERPINB4 genes were studied in TH2 cells from patients with grass pollen allergy. METHODS Spi2A-deficient TH2 cells were studied in in vitro culture or in vivo after challenge of Spi2A knockout mice with ovalbumin in alum. Expression of SERPINB3 and SERPINB4 mRNA was measured in in vitro-cultured TH2 cells and in ex vivo CD27-CD4+ cells and innate lymphoid cell (ILC) 2 from patients with grass pollen allergy by using quantitative PCR. SERPINB3 and SERPINB4 mRNA levels were knocked down in cultured CD27-CD4+ cells with small hairpin RNA. RESULTS There were lower levels of in vitro-polarized TH2 cells from Spi2A knockout mice (P < .005) and in vivo after ovalbumin challenge (P < .05), higher levels of apoptosis (Annexin V positivity, P < .005), and less lung allergic inflammation (number of lung eosinophils, P < .005). In vitro-polarized TH2 cells from patients with grass pollen allergy expressed higher levels of both SERPINB3 and SERPINB4 mRNA (both P < .05) compared with unpolarized CD4 T cells. CD27-CD4+ from patients with grass pollen allergy expressed higher levels of both SERPINB3 and SERPINB4 mRNA (both P < .0005) compared with CD27+CD4+ cells. ILC2 expressed higher levels of both SERPINB3 and SERPINB4 mRNA (both P < .0005) compared with ILC1. Knockdown of either SERPINB3 or SERPINB4 mRNA (both P < .005) levels resulted in decreased viability of CD27-CD4+ compared with control transduced cells. CONCLUSION The Serpins Spi2A in mice and SERPINB3 and SERPINB4 in allergic patients control the viability of TH2 cells. This provides proof of principle for a therapeutic approach for allergic disease through ablation of allergic memory TH2 cells through SERPINB3 and SERPINB4 mRNA downregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed H Shamji
- Immunomodulation and Tolerance Group, London, United Kingdom; Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Inflammation, Repair and Development, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, and the MRC & Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jeff N Temblay
- Section of Immunobiology, Division of Inflammation and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Wei Cheng
- Section of Immunobiology, Division of Inflammation and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Susan M Byrne
- Section of Immunobiology, Division of Inflammation and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ellen Macfarlane
- Immunomodulation and Tolerance Group, London, United Kingdom; Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Inflammation, Repair and Development, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, and the MRC & Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, London, United Kingdom
| | - Amy R Switzer
- Immunomodulation and Tolerance Group, London, United Kingdom; Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Inflammation, Repair and Development, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, and the MRC & Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, London, United Kingdom
| | - Natalia D C Francisco
- Immunomodulation and Tolerance Group, London, United Kingdom; Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Inflammation, Repair and Development, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, and the MRC & Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Fabian Jacubczik
- Section of Immunobiology, Division of Inflammation and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen R Durham
- Immunomodulation and Tolerance Group, London, United Kingdom; Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Inflammation, Repair and Development, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, and the MRC & Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, London, United Kingdom
| | - Philip G Ashton-Rickardt
- Section of Immunobiology, Division of Inflammation and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
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19
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Liu CL, Guo J, Zhang X, Sukhova GK, Libby P, Shi GP. Cysteine protease cathepsins in cardiovascular disease: from basic research to clinical trials. Nat Rev Cardiol 2018; 15:351-370. [DOI: 10.1038/s41569-018-0002-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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20
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Demirci FY, Wang X, Morris DL, Feingold E, Bernatsky S, Pineau C, Clarke A, Ramsey-Goldman R, Manzi S, Vyse TJ, Kamboh MI. Multiple signals at the extended 8p23 locus are associated with susceptibility to systemic lupus erythematosus. J Med Genet 2017; 54:381-389. [PMID: 28289186 DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2016-104247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Revised: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A major systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) susceptibility locus lies within a common inversion polymorphism region (encompassing 3.8 - 4.5 Mb) located at 8p23. Initially implicated genes included FAM167A-BLK and XKR6, of which BLK received major attention due to its known role in B-cell biology. Recently, additional SLE risk carried in non-inverted background was also reported. OBJECTIVE AND METHODS In this case -control study, we further investigated the 'extended' 8p23 locus (~ 4 Mb) where we observed multiple SLE signals and assessed these signals for their relation to the inversion affecting this region. The study involved a North American discovery data set (~ 1200 subjects) and a replication data set (> 10 000 subjects) comprising European-descent individuals. RESULTS Meta-analysis of 8p23 SNPs, with p < 0.05 in both data sets, identified 51 genome-wide significant SNPs (p < 5.0 × 10-8). While most of these SNPs were related to previously implicated signals (XKR6-FAM167A-BLK subregion), our results also revealed two 'new' SLE signals, including SGK223-CLDN23-MFHAS1 (6.06 × 10-9 ≤ meta p ≤ 4.88 × 10-8) and CTSB (meta p = 4.87 × 10-8) subregions that are located > 2 Mb upstream and ~ 0.3 Mb downstream from previously reported signals. Functional assessment of relevant SNPs indicated putative cis-effects on the expression of various genes at 8p23. Additional analyses in discovery sample, where the inversion genotypes were inferred, replicated the association of non-inverted status with SLE risk and suggested that a number of SLE risk alleles are predominantly carried in non-inverted background. CONCLUSIONS Our results implicate multiple (known+novel) SLE signals/genes at the extended 8p23 locus, beyond previously reported signals/genes, and suggest that this broad locus contributes to SLE risk through the effects of multiple genes/pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Yesim Demirci
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Xingbin Wang
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - David L Morris
- Department of Medical & Molecular Genetics, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
| | - Eleanor Feingold
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Sasha Bernatsky
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Christian Pineau
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Ann Clarke
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Rosalind Ramsey-Goldman
- Division of Rheumatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, USA
| | - Susan Manzi
- Department of Medicine, Lupus Center of Excellence, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Timothy J Vyse
- Department of Medical & Molecular Genetics, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
| | - M I Kamboh
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA
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21
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Rasid O, Mériaux V, Khan EM, Borde C, Ciulean IS, Fitting C, Manoury B, Cavaillon JM, Doyen N. Cathepsin B-Deficient Mice Resolve Leishmania major Inflammation Faster in a T Cell-Dependent Manner. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0004716. [PMID: 27182703 PMCID: PMC4868322 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A critical role for intracellular TLR9 has been described in recognition and host resistance to Leishmania parasites. As TLR9 requires endolysosomal proteolytic cleavage to achieve signaling functionality, we investigated the contribution of different proteases like asparagine endopeptidase (AEP) or cysteine protease cathepsins B (CatB), L (CatL) and S (CatS) to host resistance during Leishmania major (L. major) infection in C57BL/6 (WT) mice and whether they would impact on TLR9 signaling. Unlike TLR9-/-, which are more susceptible to infection, AEP-/-, CatL-/- and CatS-/- mice are as resistant to L. major infection as WT mice, suggesting that these proteases are not individually involved in TLR9 processing. Interestingly, we observed that CatB-/- mice resolve L. major lesions significantly faster than WT mice, however we did not find evidence for an involvement of CatB on either TLR9-dependent or independent cytokine responses of dendritic cells and macrophages or in the innate immune response to L. major infection. We also found no difference in antigen presenting capacity. We observed a more precocious development of T helper 1 responses accompanied by a faster decline of inflammation, resulting in resolution of footpad inflammation, reduced IFNγ levels and decreased parasite burden. Adoptive transfer experiments into alymphoid RAG2-/-γc-/- mice allowed us to identify CD3+ T cells as responsible for the immune advantage of CatB-/- mice towards L. major. In vitro data confirmed the T cell intrinsic differences between CatB-/- mice and WT. Our study brings forth a yet unappreciated role for CatB in regulating T cell responses during L. major infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orhan Rasid
- Institut Pasteur, Département Infection et Epidémiologie, Unité Cytokines & Inflammation, Paris, France
- * E-mail: (OR); (ND)
| | - Véronique Mériaux
- Institut Pasteur, Département Infection et Epidémiologie, Unité Cytokines & Inflammation, Paris, France
| | - Erin M. Khan
- Institut Pasteur, Département Infection et Epidémiologie, Unité Cytokines & Inflammation, Paris, France
| | - Chloé Borde
- Institut Pasteur, Département Infection et Epidémiologie, Unité Cytokines & Inflammation, Paris, France
| | - Ioana S. Ciulean
- Institut Pasteur, Département Infection et Epidémiologie, Unité Cytokines & Inflammation, Paris, France
- Cantacuzino National Research Institute, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Catherine Fitting
- Institut Pasteur, Département Infection et Epidémiologie, Unité Cytokines & Inflammation, Paris, France
| | - Bénédicte Manoury
- Institut Necker Enfants Malades, INSERM U1151-CNRS UMR 8253, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Marc Cavaillon
- Institut Pasteur, Département Infection et Epidémiologie, Unité Cytokines & Inflammation, Paris, France
| | - Noëlle Doyen
- Institut Pasteur, Département Infection et Epidémiologie, Unité Cytokines & Inflammation, Paris, France
- * E-mail: (OR); (ND)
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Okoye I, Wang L, Pallmer K, Richter K, Ichimura T, Haas R, Crouse J, Choi O, Heathcote D, Lovo E, Mauro C, Abdi R, Oxenius A, Rutschmann S, Ashton-Rickardt PG. RETRACTED: T cell metabolism. The protein LEM promotes CD8⁺ T cell immunity through effects on mitochondrial respiration. Science 2015; 348:995-1001. [PMID: 25883318 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaa7516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Protective CD8(+) T cell-mediated immunity requires a massive expansion in cell number and the development of long-lived memory cells. Using forward genetics in mice, we identified an orphan protein named lymphocyte expansion molecule (LEM) that promoted antigen-dependent CD8(+) T cell proliferation, effector function, and memory cell generation in response to infection with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. Generation of LEM-deficient mice confirmed these results. Through interaction with CR6 interacting factor (CRIF1), LEM controlled the levels of oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) complexes and respiration, resulting in the production of pro-proliferative mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mROS). LEM provides a link between immune activation and the expansion of protective CD8(+) T cells driven by OXPHOS and represents a pathway for the restoration of long-term protective immunity based on metabolically modified cytotoxic CD8(+) T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isobel Okoye
- Section of Immunobiology, Division of Inflammation and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Lihui Wang
- Section of Immunobiology, Division of Inflammation and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Katharina Pallmer
- Institute of Microbiology, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zurich (ETHZ), Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Kirsten Richter
- Institute of Microbiology, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zurich (ETHZ), Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Takahuru Ichimura
- Transplantation Research Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 221 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Robert Haas
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Josh Crouse
- Institute of Microbiology, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zurich (ETHZ), Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Onjee Choi
- Section of Immunobiology, Division of Inflammation and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Dean Heathcote
- Section of Immunobiology, Division of Inflammation and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Elena Lovo
- Section of Immunobiology, Division of Inflammation and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Claudio Mauro
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Reza Abdi
- Transplantation Research Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 221 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Annette Oxenius
- Institute of Microbiology, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zurich (ETHZ), Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sophie Rutschmann
- Section of Immunobiology, Division of Inflammation and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Philip G Ashton-Rickardt
- Section of Immunobiology, Division of Inflammation and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK. Transplantation Research Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 221 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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23
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Aiello FB, Graciotti L, Procopio AD, Keller JR, Durum SK. Stemness of T cells and the hematopoietic stem cells: fate, memory, niche, cytokines. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2013; 24:485-501. [PMID: 24231048 PMCID: PMC6390295 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2013.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Stem cells are able to generate both cells that differentiate and cells that remain undifferentiated but potentially have the same developmental program. The prolonged duration of the protective immune memory for infectious diseases such as polio, small pox, and measles, suggested that memory T cells may have stem cell properties. Understanding the molecular basis for the life-long persistence of memory T cells may be useful to project targeted therapies for immune deficiencies and infectious diseases and to formulate vaccines. In the last decade evidence from different laboratories shows that memory T cells may share self-renewal pathways with bone marrow hematopoietic stem cells. In stem cells the intrinsic self-renewal activity, which depends on gene expression, is known to be modulated by extrinsic signals from the environment that may be tissue specific. These extrinsic signals for stemness of memory T cells include cytokines such as IL-7 and IL-15 and there are other cytokine signals for maintaining the cytokine signature (TH1, TH2, etc.) of memory T cells. Intrinsic and extrinsic pathways that might be common to bone marrow hematopoietic stem cells and memory T lymphocytes are discussed and related to self-renewal functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca B Aiello
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunoregulation, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, University of Chieti-Pescara, 66013 Chieti, Italy.
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Heit C, Jackson BC, McAndrews M, Wright MW, Thompson DC, Silverman GA, Nebert DW, Vasiliou V. Update of the human and mouse SERPIN gene superfamily. Hum Genomics 2013; 7:22. [PMID: 24172014 PMCID: PMC3880077 DOI: 10.1186/1479-7364-7-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The serpin family comprises a structurally similar, yet functionally diverse, set of proteins. Named originally for their function as serine proteinase inhibitors, many of its members are not inhibitors but rather chaperones, involved in storage, transport, and other roles. Serpins are found in genomes of all kingdoms, with 36 human protein-coding genes and five pseudogenes. The mouse has 60 Serpin functional genes, many of which are orthologous to human SERPIN genes and some of which have expanded into multiple paralogous genes. Serpins are found in tissues throughout the body; whereas most are extracellular, there is a class of intracellular serpins. Serpins appear to have roles in inflammation, immune function, tumorigenesis, blood clotting, dementia, and cancer metastasis. Further characterization of these proteins will likely reveal potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets for disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Daniel W Nebert
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Molecular Toxicology and Environmental Health Sciences Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Center, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
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Ashton-Rickardt PG. An emerging role for Serine Protease Inhibitors in T lymphocyte immunity and beyond. Immunol Lett 2013; 152:65-76. [PMID: 23624075 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2013.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2012] [Revised: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 04/12/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Serine proteases control a wide variety of physiological and pathological processes in multi-cellular organisms, including blood clotting, cancer, cell death, osmo-regulation, tissue re-modeling and immunity to infection. T lymphocytes are required for adaptive cell mediated immunity and serine proteases are not only important for effector function but also homeostatic regulation of cell numbers. Serine Protease Inhibitors (Serpins) are the physiological regulators of serine proteases activity. In this review, I will discuss the role of serpins in controlling the recognition of antigen, effector function and homeostatic control of T lymphocytes through the inhibition of physiological serine protease targets. An emerging view of serpins is that they are important promoters of cellular viability through their inhibition of executioner proteases. This will be discussed in the context of the T lymphocyte survival during effector responses and the development and persistence of long-lived memory T cells. The potent anti-apoptotic properties of serpins can also work against adaptive cell immunity by protecting viruses and tumors from eradication by cytotoxic T cells (CTL). Recent insights from knock-out mouse models demonstrate that these serpins also are required for hematological progenitor cells and so are critical for the development of lineages other than T lymphocytes. Given the emerging role of serpins in multiple aspects of lymphocyte immunity and blood development I will review the progress to date in developing new immunotherapeutic approaches based directly on serpins or knowledge gained from identifying their physiologically relevant protease targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip G Ashton-Rickardt
- Section of Immunobiology, Division of Immunology and Inflammation, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK.
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