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Lindman M, Estevez I, Marmut E, DaPrano EM, Chou TW, Newman K, Atkins C, O’Brown NM, Daniels BP. Astrocytic RIPK3 exerts protective anti-inflammatory activity during viral encephalitis via induction of serpin protease inhibitors. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.21.595181. [PMID: 38826345 PMCID: PMC11142122 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.21.595181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
Flaviviruses pose a significant threat to public health due to their ability to infect the central nervous system (CNS) and cause severe neurologic disease. Astrocytes play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of flavivirus encephalitis through their maintenance of blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity and their modulation of immune cell recruitment and activation within the CNS. We have previously shown that receptor interacting protein kinase-3 (RIPK3) is a central coordinator of neuroinflammation during CNS viral infection, a function that occurs independently of its canonical function in inducing necroptotic cell death. To date, however, roles for necroptosis-independent RIPK3 signaling in astrocytes are poorly understood. Here, we use mouse genetic tools to induce astrocyte-specific deletion, overexpression, and chemogenetic activation of RIPK3 to demonstrate an unexpected anti-inflammatory function for astrocytic RIPK3. RIPK3 activation in astrocytes was required for host survival in multiple models of flavivirus encephalitis, where it restricted neuropathogenesis by limiting immune cell recruitment to the CNS. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that, despite inducing a traditional pro-inflammatory transcriptional program, astrocytic RIPK3 paradoxically promoted neuroprotection through the upregulation of serpins, endogenous protease inhibitors with broad immunomodulatory activity. Notably, intracerebroventricular administration of SerpinA3N in infected mice preserved BBB integrity, reduced leukocyte infiltration, and improved survival outcomes in mice lacking astrocytic RIPK3. These findings highlight a previously unappreciated role for astrocytic RIPK3 in suppressing pathologic neuroinflammation and suggests new therapeutic targets for the treatment of flavivirus encephalitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marissa Lindman
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Irving Estevez
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Eduard Marmut
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Evan M. DaPrano
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Tsui-Wen Chou
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Kimberly Newman
- Brain Health Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Colm Atkins
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Natasha M. O’Brown
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Brian P. Daniels
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
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2
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Zhu M, Lan Z, Park J, Gong S, Wang Y, Guo F. Regulation of CNS pathology by Serpina3n/SERPINA3: The knowns and the puzzles. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2024; 50:e12980. [PMID: 38647003 PMCID: PMC11131959 DOI: 10.1111/nan.12980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation, blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction, neuron and glia injury/death and myelin damage are common central nervous system (CNS) pathologies observed in various neurological diseases and injuries. Serine protease inhibitor (Serpin) clade A member 3n (Serpina3n), and its human orthologue SERPINA3, is an acute-phase inflammatory glycoprotein secreted primarily by the liver into the bloodstream in response to systemic inflammation. Clinically, SERPINA3 is dysregulated in brain cells, cerebrospinal fluid and plasma in various neurological conditions. Although it has been widely accepted that Serpina3n/SERPINA3 is a reliable biomarker of reactive astrocytes in diseased CNS, recent data have challenged this well-cited concept, suggesting instead that oligodendrocytes and neurons are the primary sources of Serpina3n/SERPINA3. The debate continues regarding whether Serpina3n/SERPINA3 induction represents a pathogenic or a protective mechanism. Here, we propose possible interpretations for previously controversial data and present perspectives regarding the potential role of Serpina3n/SERPINA3 in CNS pathologies, including demyelinating disorders where oligodendrocytes are the primary targets. We hypothesise that the 'good' or 'bad' aspects of Serpina3n/SERPINA3 depend on its cellular sources, its subcellular distribution (or mis-localisation) and/or disease/injury types. Furthermore, circulating Serpina3n/SERPINA3 may cross the BBB to impact CNS pathologies. Cell-specific genetic tools are critically important to tease out the potential roles of cell type-dependent Serpina3n in CNS diseases/injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meina Zhu
- Department of Neurology, UC Davis School of Medicine, Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine (IPRM), Shriners Hospitals for Children, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Zhaohui Lan
- Center for Brain Health and Brain Technology, Global Institute of Future Technology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Joohyun Park
- Department of Neurology, UC Davis School of Medicine, Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine (IPRM), Shriners Hospitals for Children, Sacramento, California, USA
| | | | - Yan Wang
- Department of Neurology, UC Davis School of Medicine, Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine (IPRM), Shriners Hospitals for Children, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Fuzheng Guo
- Department of Neurology, UC Davis School of Medicine, Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine (IPRM), Shriners Hospitals for Children, Sacramento, California, USA
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3
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de Fàbregues O, Sellés M, Ramos-Vicente D, Roch G, Vila M, Bové J. Relevance of tissue-resident memory CD8 T cells in the onset of Parkinson's disease and examination of its possible etiologies: infectious or autoimmune? Neurobiol Dis 2023; 187:106308. [PMID: 37741513 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue-resident memory CD8 T cells are responsible for local immune surveillance in different tissues, including the brain. They constitute the first line of defense against pathogens and cancer cells and play a role in autoimmunity. A recently published study demonstrated that CD8 T cells with markers of residency containing distinct granzymes and interferon-γ infiltrate the parenchyma of the substantia nigra and contact dopaminergic neurons in an early premotor stage of Parkinson's disease. This infiltration precedes α-synuclein aggregation and neuronal loss in the substantia nigra, suggesting a relevant role for CD8 T cells in the onset of the disease. To date, the nature of the antigen that initiates the adaptive immune response remains unknown. This review will discuss the role of tissue-resident memory CD8 T cells in brain immune homeostasis and in the onset of Parkinson's disease and other neurological diseases. We also discuss how aging and genetic factors can affect the CD8 T cell immune response and how animal models can be misleading when studying human-related immune response. Finally, we speculate about a possible infectious or autoimmune origin of Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oriol de Fàbregues
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Center for Networked Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Department, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital
| | - Maria Sellés
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Center for Networked Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - David Ramos-Vicente
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Center for Networked Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Gerard Roch
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Center for Networked Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Miquel Vila
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Center for Networked Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, USA; Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Jordi Bové
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Center for Networked Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
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4
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Richardson KC, Jung K, Pardo J, Turner CT, Granville DJ. Noncytotoxic Roles of Granzymes in Health and Disease. Physiology (Bethesda) 2022; 37:323-348. [PMID: 35820180 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00011.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Granzymes are serine proteases previously believed to play exclusive and somewhat redundant roles in lymphocyte-mediated target cell death. However, recent studies have challenged this paradigm. Distinct substrate profiles and functions have since emerged for each granzyme while their dysregulated proteolytic activities have been linked to diverse pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katlyn C Richardson
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), British Columbia Professional Firefighters' Wound Healing Laboratory, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Karen Jung
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), British Columbia Professional Firefighters' Wound Healing Laboratory, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Julian Pardo
- Fundación Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), Biomedical Research Centre of Aragon (CIBA), Zaragoza, Spain.,Department of Microbiology, Radiology, Pediatrics and Public Health, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.,CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Christopher T Turner
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - David J Granville
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), British Columbia Professional Firefighters' Wound Healing Laboratory, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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5
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Jamann H, Cui QL, Desu HL, Pernin F, Tastet O, Halaweh A, Farzam-kia N, Mamane VH, Ouédraogo O, Cleret-Buhot A, Daigneault A, Balthazard R, Klement W, Lemaître F, Arbour N, Antel J, Stratton JA, Larochelle C. Contact-Dependent Granzyme B-Mediated Cytotoxicity of Th17-Polarized Cells Toward Human Oligodendrocytes. Front Immunol 2022; 13:850616. [PMID: 35479072 PMCID: PMC9035748 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.850616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is characterized by the loss of myelin and of myelin-producing oligodendrocytes (OLs) in the central nervous system (CNS). Pro-inflammatory CD4+ Th17 cells are considered pathogenic in MS and are harmful to OLs. We investigated the mechanisms driving human CD4+ T cell-mediated OL cell death. Using fluorescent and brightfield in vitro live imaging, we found that compared to Th2-polarized cells, Th17-polarized cells show greater interactions with primary human OLs and human oligodendrocytic cell line MO3.13, displaying longer duration of contact, lower mean speed, and higher rate of vesicle-like structure formation at the sites of contact. Using single-cell RNA sequencing, we assessed the transcriptomic profile of primary human OLs and Th17-polarized cells in direct contact or separated by an insert. We showed that upon close interaction, OLs upregulate the expression of mRNA coding for chemokines and antioxidant/anti-apoptotic molecules, while Th17-polarized cells upregulate the expression of mRNA coding for chemokines and pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-17A, IFN-γ, and granzyme B. We found that secretion of CCL3, CXCL10, IFN-γ, TNFα, and granzyme B is induced upon direct contact in cocultures of human Th17-polarized cells with human OLs. In addition, we validated by flow cytometry and immunofluorescence that granzyme B levels are upregulated in Th17-polarized compared to Th2-polarized cells and are even higher in Th17-polarized cells upon direct contact with OLs or MO3.13 cells compared to Th17-polarized cells separated from OLs by an insert. Moreover, granzyme B is detected in OLs and MO3.13 cells following direct contact with Th17-polarized cells, suggesting the release of granzyme B from Th17-polarized cells into OLs/MO3.13 cells. To confirm granzyme B–mediated cytotoxicity toward OLs, we showed that recombinant human granzyme B can induce OLs and MO3.13 cell death. Furthermore, pretreatment of Th17-polarized cells with a reversible granzyme B blocker (Ac-IEPD-CHO) or a natural granzyme B blocker (serpina3N) improved survival of MO3.13 cells upon coculture with Th17 cells. In conclusion, we showed that human Th17-polarized cells form biologically significant contacts with human OLs and exert direct toxicity by releasing granzyme B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Jamann
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Qiao-Ling Cui
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Haritha L. Desu
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Florian Pernin
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Olivier Tastet
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Alexandre Halaweh
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectiology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Negar Farzam-kia
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Victoria Hannah Mamane
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Oumarou Ouédraogo
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectiology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Aurélie Cleret-Buhot
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Audrey Daigneault
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Renaud Balthazard
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Wendy Klement
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Florent Lemaître
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Nathalie Arbour
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jack Antel
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jo Anne Stratton
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Catherine Larochelle
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- *Correspondence: Catherine Larochelle,
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6
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Galiano-Landeira J, Torra A, Vila M, Bové J. CD8 T cell nigral infiltration precedes synucleinopathy in early stages of Parkinson's disease. Brain 2021; 143:3717-3733. [PMID: 33118032 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awaa269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
There is no consensus on the exact role of the adaptive immune system in Parkinson's disease pathogenesis, although there is increasing evidence that it is somehow involved. Moreover, T cell infiltration in the brain has not been thoroughly studied in Parkinson's disease and no study has assessed the infiltration in incidental Lewy body diseases cases that are considered to be early presymptomatic stages of the disease. In this study, we performed an immunohistochemistry/immunofluorescence quantitative and phenotypic assessment of T cell infiltration in human substantia nigra pars compacta and analysed the correlations with neuronal death and synucleinopathy throughout different stages of the disease. We included two groups of incidental Lewy disease in the study. One of the groups, which is believed to be the earliest stage of the disease, showed α-synuclein aggregates only in the olfactory bulb. The second group also presented α-synuclein aggregates in the substantia nigra. We also assessed the formation of different α-synuclein aggregates throughout the different stages of the unified staging system for Lewy body disorders (I to IV). We found that CD8 T cells were increased in diagnosed Parkinson's disease cases compared to the control group and their density positively correlated with neuronal death. Some of the infiltrating CD8 T cells were indeed contacting dopaminergic neurons. No differences were found regarding CD4 T cells. In the earliest stage of the disease, when substantia nigra α-synuclein aggregation is absent, we found a robust CD8 T cell infiltration and no dopaminergic neuronal death yet. Conversely, in the next stage we found neuronal loss and a milder CD8 T cell infiltration. CD8 T cell infiltration paralleled that of α-synuclein accumulation and neuronal death throughout stages II to IV. We also confirmed that CD8 T cells in charge of immune surveillance and involved in the aetiopathogenesis of the disease are equipped with cytolytic enzymes (granzyme A, B and K) and/or proinflammatory cytokines (interferon gamma), and that phenotypic differences were observed between early and late stages of the disease. We also demonstrate that a high proportion of nigral CD8 T cells are tissue resident memory T cells. Our results show that nigral cytotoxic CD8 T cell infiltration is an earlier pathogenic event than α-synuclein aggregation and neuronal death and that it parallels the progression of neuronal death and synucleinopathy in Parkinson's disease. Overall, our study suggests that CD8 T cell cytotoxic attack may initiate and propagate neuronal death and synucleinopathy in Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Galiano-Landeira
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Center for Networked Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Albert Torra
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Center for Networked Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Miquel Vila
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Center for Networked Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Jordi Bové
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Center for Networked Biomedical Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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7
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Veroni C, Serafini B, Rosicarelli B, Fagnani C, Aloisi F, Agresti C. Connecting Immune Cell Infiltration to the Multitasking Microglia Response and TNF Receptor 2 Induction in the Multiple Sclerosis Brain. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:190. [PMID: 32733206 PMCID: PMC7359043 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.00190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Signaling from central nervous system (CNS)-infiltrating lymphocytes and macrophages is critical to activate microglia and cause tissue damage in multiple sclerosis (MS). We combined laser microdissection with high-throughput real time RT-PCR to investigate separately the CNS exogenous and endogenous inflammatory components in postmortem brain tissue of progressive MS cases. A previous analysis of immune infiltrates isolated from the white matter (WM) and the meninges revealed predominant expression of genes involved in antiviral and cytotoxic immunity, including IFNγ and TNF. Here, we assessed the expression of 71 genes linked to IFN and TNF signaling and microglia/macrophage activation in the parenchyma surrounding perivascular cuffs at different stages of WM lesion evolution and in gray matter (GM) lesions underlying meningeal infiltrates. WM and GM from non-neurological subjects were used as controls. Transcriptional changes in the WM indicate activation of a classical IFNγ-induced macrophage defense response already in the normal-appearing WM, amplification of detrimental (proinflammatory/pro-oxidant) and protective (anti-inflammatory/anti-oxidant) responses in actively demyelinating WM lesions and persistence of these dual features at the border of chronic active WM lesions. Transcriptional changes in chronic subpial GM lesions indicate skewing toward a proinflammatory microglia phenotype. TNF receptor 2 (TNFR2) mediating TNF neuroprotective functions was one of the genes upregulated in the MS WM. Using immunohistochemistry we show that TNFR2 is highly expressed in activated microglia in the normal-appearing WM, at the border of chronic active WM lesions, and in foamy macrophages in actively demyelinating WM and GM lesions. In lysolecithin-treated mouse cerebellar slices, a model of demyelination and remyelination, TNFR2 RNA and soluble protein increased immediately after toxin-induced demyelination along with transcripts for microglia/macrophage-derived pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. TNFR2 and IL10 RNA and soluble TNFR2 protein remained elevated during remyelination. Furthermore, myelin basic protein expression was increased after selective activation of TNFR2 with an agonistic antibody. This study highlights the key role of cytotoxic adaptive immunity in driving detrimental microglia activation and the concomitant healing response. It also shows that TNFR2 is an early marker of microglia activation and promotes myelin synthesis, suggesting that microglial TNFR2 activation can be exploited therapeutically to stimulate CNS repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Veroni
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Barbara Serafini
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Corrado Fagnani
- Centre for Behavioural Sciences and Mental Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Aloisi
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Cristina Agresti
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
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8
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Eftekharian MM, Noroozi R, Komaki A, Mazdeh M, Ghafouri-Fard S, Taheri M. MALAT1 Genomic Variants and Risk of Multiple Sclerosis. Immunol Invest 2019; 48:549-554. [PMID: 30822187 DOI: 10.1080/08820139.2019.1576728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Metastasis-associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1 (MALAT1) is a long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) with a possible role in the regulation of immune responses. A previous study has demonstrated down-regulation of this lncRNA in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients. In the current study, we genotyped two MALAT1 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 428 Iranian MS patients and 505 healthy subjects. The G allele of the rs619586 was significantly under-represented in MS patients compared with controls (OR (95% CI) = 0.65 (0.46-0.92), adjusted P value = 0.03). This SNP was associated with lower MS risk in dominant model (OR (95% CI) = 0.63 (0.43-0.91), adjusted P value = 0.03). The rs3200401 was not associated with MS risk in any inheritance model. Moreover, the A T haplotype (rs619586 and rs3200401, respectively) within MALAT1 was associated with MS risk. The current study provides additional evidences for contribution of MALAT1 in the pathogenesis of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rezvan Noroozi
- b Phytochemistry Research Center , Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran.,c Department of Medical Genetics , Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Alireza Komaki
- a Neurophysiology Research Center , Hamadan University of Medical Sciences , Hamadan , Iran
| | - Mehrdokht Mazdeh
- a Neurophysiology Research Center , Hamadan University of Medical Sciences , Hamadan , Iran
| | - Soudeh Ghafouri-Fard
- c Department of Medical Genetics , Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Mohammad Taheri
- d Urogenital Stem Cell Research Center , Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
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9
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Abstract
Most tissues are populated by tissue-resident memory T cells (TRM cells), which are adapted to their niche and appear to be indispensable for local protection against pathogens. Here we show that human white matter-derived brain CD8+ T cells can be subsetted into CD103-CD69+ and CD103+CD69+ T cells both with a phenotypic and transcription factor profile consistent with TRM cells. Specifically, CD103 expression in brain CD8+ T cells correlates with reduced expression of differentiation markers, increased expression of tissue-homing chemokine receptors, intermediate and low expression of the transcription factors T-bet and eomes, increased expression of PD-1 and CTLA-4, and low expression of cytolytic enzymes with preserved polyfunctionality upon activation. Brain CD4+ T cells also display TRM cell-associated markers but have low CD103 expression. We conclude that the human brain is surveilled by TRM cells, providing protection against neurotropic virus reactivation, whilst being under tight control of key immune checkpoint molecules.
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10
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Wang Y, MacDonald RG, Thinakaran G, Kar S. Insulin-Like Growth Factor-II/Cation-Independent Mannose 6-Phosphate Receptor in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Mol Neurobiol 2017; 54:2636-2658. [PMID: 26993302 PMCID: PMC5901910 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-9849-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The insulin-like growth factor II/mannose 6-phosphate (IGF-II/M6P) receptor is a multifunctional single transmembrane glycoprotein. Recent studies have advanced our understanding of the structure, ligand-binding properties, and trafficking of the IGF-II/M6P receptor. This receptor has been implicated in a variety of important cellular processes including growth and development, clearance of IGF-II, proteolytic activation of enzymes, and growth factor precursors, in addition to its well-known role in the delivery of lysosomal enzymes. The IGF-II/M6P receptor, distributed widely in the central nervous system, has additional roles in mediating neurotransmitter release and memory enhancement/consolidation, possibly through activating IGF-II-related intracellular signaling pathways. Recent studies suggest that overexpression of the IGF-II/M6P receptor may have an important role in regulating the levels of transcripts and proteins involved in the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD)-the prevalent cause of dementia affecting the elderly population in our society. It is reported that IGF-II/M6P receptor overexpression can increase the levels/processing of amyloid precursor protein leading to the generation of β-amyloid peptide, which is associated with degeneration of neurons and subsequent development of AD pathology. Given the significance of the receptor in mediating the transport and functioning of the lysosomal enzymes, it is being considered for therapeutic delivery of enzymes to the lysosomes to treat lysosomal storage disorders. Notwithstanding these results, additional studies are required to validate and fully characterize the function of the IGF-II/M6P receptor in the normal brain and its involvement in various neurodegenerative disorders including AD. It is also critical to understand the interaction between the IGF-II/M6P receptor and lysosomal enzymes in neurodegenerative processes, which may shed some light on developing approaches to detect and prevent neurodegeneration through the dysfunction of the receptor and the endosomal-lysosomal system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2M8, Canada
- Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - R G MacDonald
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - G Thinakaran
- Departments of Neurobiology, Neurology, and Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - S Kar
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2M8, Canada.
- Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
- Department of Medicine (Neurology), University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2M8, Canada.
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11
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Ahmed KA, Xiang J. mTORC1 regulates mannose-6-phosphate receptor transport and T-cell vulnerability to regulatory T cells by controlling kinesin KIF13A. Cell Discov 2017; 3:17011. [PMID: 28496990 PMCID: PMC5404257 DOI: 10.1038/celldisc.2017.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mannose-6-phosphate receptor (M6PR) that facilitates cellular uptake of M6P-bearing proteins, including serine-protease granzyme-B (Gzm-B) has an important role in T-cell activation, migration and contraction. However, molecular mechanisms controlling M6PR expression in T cells remain poorly understood. Here, we show that M6PR expression on T cells is distinctively controlled by two common γ-chain cytokines interleukin-2 (IL-2) and IL-7, and the differential M6PR expression is not caused by an altered synthesis of M6PR protein, but is a result of distinct regulation of kinesin-3 motor-protein KIF13A that transport M6PR onto cell surfaces. Using signaling pathway-specific inhibitors, we determine that IL-2 and IL-7 distinctly regulate KIF13A and β1-adaptin and cell-surface M6PR by controlling a kinase mammalian target of rapamycin complex-1 (mTORC1). Inflammatory cytokine IL-2 and prosurvival cytokine IL-7 induce strong and weak activation of mTORC1, leading to up- and downregulation of motor-protein KIF13A and KIF13A-motorized M6PR on T cells, and formation of IL-2 and IL-7 effectors with M6PRhigh and M6PRlow cell-surface expression, respectively. Inhibition of mTORC1 by rapamycin reduces T-cell expression of KIF13A and cell-surface M6PR, and increases T-cell survival in Listeria monocytogenes-infected mice. Using regulatory T (Treg)-cell-enriched mouse tumor model, we determine that M6PRhigh IL-2 effectors but not M6PRlow IL-7 effectors adoptively transferred into tumors are vulnerable to Treg Gzm-B-mediated cell apoptosis. Inhibition of mTORC1 or small interfering RNA-mediated knockdown of KIF13A or M6PR renders IL-2 effectors refractory to Treg Gzm-B lethal hit. Overall, our data offer novel mechanistic insights into T-cell M6PR regulation, and Treg-resistant/Treg-susceptible phenomenon. Furthermore, regulation of T-cell fate vis-à-vis Treg suppression via the mTORC1-KIF13A-M6PR axis provides a proof of concept for therapeutic strategies to target cancer, infectious and autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khawaja Ashfaque Ahmed
- Cancer Research, Saskatchewan Cancer Agency, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.,Department of Oncology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Jim Xiang
- Cancer Research, Saskatchewan Cancer Agency, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.,Department of Oncology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
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12
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Haile Y, Deng X, Ortiz-Sandoval C, Tahbaz N, Janowicz A, Lu JQ, Kerr BJ, Gutowski NJ, Holley JE, Eggleton P, Giuliani F, Simmen T. Rab32 connects ER stress to mitochondrial defects in multiple sclerosis. J Neuroinflammation 2017; 14:19. [PMID: 28115010 PMCID: PMC5260063 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-016-0788-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is a hallmark of neurodegenerative diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS). However, this physiological mechanism has multiple manifestations that range from impaired clearance of unfolded proteins to altered mitochondrial dynamics and apoptosis. While connections between the triggering of the unfolded protein response (UPR) and downstream mitochondrial dysfunction are poorly understood, the membranous contacts between the ER and mitochondria, called the mitochondria-associated membrane (MAM), could provide a functional link between these two mechanisms. Therefore, we investigated whether the guanosine triphosphatase (GTPase) Rab32, a known regulator of the MAM, mitochondrial dynamics, and apoptosis, could be associated with ER stress as well as mitochondrial dysfunction. METHODS We assessed Rab32 expression in MS patient and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) tissue, via observation of mitochondria in primary neurons and via monitoring of survival of neuronal cells upon increased Rab32 expression. RESULTS We found that the induction of Rab32 and other MAM proteins correlates with ER stress proteins in MS brain, as well as in EAE, and occurs in multiple central nervous system (CNS) cell types. We identify Rab32, known to increase in response to acute brain inflammation, as a novel unfolded protein response (UPR) target. High Rab32 expression shortens neurite length, alters mitochondria morphology, and accelerates apoptosis/necroptosis of human primary neurons and cell lines. CONCLUSIONS ER stress is strongly associated with Rab32 upregulation in the progression of MS, leading to mitochondrial dysfunction and neuronal death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohannes Haile
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.,Present address: Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Xiaodan Deng
- Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | | | - Nasser Tahbaz
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | | | - Jian-Qiang Lu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Bradley J Kerr
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Nicholas J Gutowski
- University of Exeter Medical School & Neurology Department, Royal Devon & Exeter Hospital, Exeter, UK
| | - Janet E Holley
- University of Exeter Medical School & Neurology Department, Royal Devon & Exeter Hospital, Exeter, UK
| | - Paul Eggleton
- University of Exeter Medical School & Neurology Department, Royal Devon & Exeter Hospital, Exeter, UK
| | - Fabrizio Giuliani
- Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.
| | - Thomas Simmen
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.
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13
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Mazzola MA, Raheja R, Murugaiyan G, Rajabi H, Kumar D, Pertel T, Regev K, Griffin R, Aly L, Kivisakk P, Nejad P, Patel B, Gwanyalla N, Hei H, Glanz B, Chitnis T, Weiner HL, Gandhi R. Identification of a novel mechanism of action of fingolimod (FTY720) on human effector T cell function through TCF-1 upregulation. J Neuroinflammation 2015; 12:245. [PMID: 26714756 PMCID: PMC4696082 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-015-0460-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Fingolimod (FTY720), the first oral treatment for multiple sclerosis (MS), blocks immune cell trafficking and prevents disease relapses by downregulation of sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor. We determined the effect of FTY720 on human T cell activation and effector function. Methods T cells from MS patients and healthy controls were isolated to measure gene expression profiles in the presence or absence of FTY720 using nanostring and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Cytokine protein expression was measured using luminex assay and flow cytometry analysis. Lentivirus vector carrying short hairpin RNA (shRNA) was used to knock down the expression of specific genes in CD4+ T cells. Chromatin immunoprecipitation was performed to assess T cell factor 1 (TCF-1) binding to promoter regions. Luciferase assays were performed to test the direct regulation of interferon gamma (IFN-γ) and granzyme B (GZMB) by TCF-1. Western blot analysis was used to assess the phosphorylation status of Akt and GSK3β. Results We showed that FTY720 treatment not only affects T cell trafficking but also T cell activation. Patients treated with FTY720 showed a significant reduction in circulating CD4 T cells. Activation of T cells in presence of FTY720 showed a less inflammatory phenotype with reduced production of IFN-γ and GZMB. This decreased effector phenotype of FTY720-treated T cells was dependent on the upregulation of TCF-1. FTY720-induced TCF-1 downregulated the pathogenic cytokines IFN-γ and GZMB by binding to their promoter/enhancer regions and mediating epigenetic modifications. Furthermore, we observed that TCF-1 expression was lower in T cells from multiple sclerosis patients than in those from healthy individuals, and FTY720 treatment increased TCF-1 expression in multiple sclerosis patients. Conclusions These results reveal a previously unknown mechanism of the effect of FTY720 on human CD4+ T cell modulation in multiple sclerosis and demonstrate the role of TCF-1 in human T cell activation and effector function. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12974-015-0460-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Antonietta Mazzola
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Radhika Raheja
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Gopal Murugaiyan
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Hasan Rajabi
- Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Deepak Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Thomas Pertel
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Keren Regev
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Russell Griffin
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Lilian Aly
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Pia Kivisakk
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Parham Nejad
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Bonny Patel
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Nguendab Gwanyalla
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Hillary Hei
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Bonnie Glanz
- Partners MS Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 1 Brookline Place, Brookline, MA, 02445, USA.
| | - Tanuja Chitnis
- Partners MS Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 1 Brookline Place, Brookline, MA, 02445, USA.
| | - Howard L Weiner
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA, 02115, USA. .,Partners MS Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 1 Brookline Place, Brookline, MA, 02445, USA.
| | - Roopali Gandhi
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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14
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Lee JY, Biemond M, Petratos S. Axonal degeneration in multiple sclerosis: defining therapeutic targets by identifying the causes of pathology. Neurodegener Dis Manag 2015; 5:527-48. [DOI: 10.2217/nmt.15.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Current therapeutics in multiple sclerosis (MS) target the putative inflammation and immune attack on CNS myelin. Despite their effectiveness in blunting the relapse rate in MS patients, such therapeutics do not prevent MS disease progression. Importantly, specific clinical dilemma arises through inability to predict MS progression and thereby therapeutically target axonal injury during MS, limiting permanent disability. The current review identifies immune and neurobiological principles that govern the sequelae of axonal degeneration during MS disease progression. Defining the specific disease arbiters, inflammatory and autoimmune, oligodendrocyte dystrophy and degenerative myelin, we discuss a basis for a molecular mechanism in axons that may be targeted therapeutically, in spatial and temporal manner to limit axonal degeneration and thereby halt progression of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Young Lee
- Department of Medicine, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Prahran VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Melissa Biemond
- Department of Medicine, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Prahran VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Steven Petratos
- Department of Medicine, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Prahran VIC 3004, Australia
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15
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Haile Y, Carmine-Simmen K, Olechowski C, Kerr B, Bleackley RC, Giuliani F. Granzyme B-inhibitor serpina3n induces neuroprotection in vitro and in vivo. J Neuroinflammation 2015; 12:157. [PMID: 26337722 PMCID: PMC4558826 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-015-0376-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune inflammatory and neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system (CNS). It is widely accepted that inflammatory cells play major roles in the pathogenesis of MS, possibly through the use of serine protease granzyme B (GrB) secreted from the granules of cytotoxic T cells. We have previously identified GrB as a mediator of axonal injury and neuronal death. In this study, our goal was to evaluate the effect of GrB inhibition in the human system in vitro, and in vivo in EAE using the newly isolated GrB-inhibitor serpina3n. Methods We used a well-established in vitro model of neuroinflammation characterized by a co-culture system between human fetal neurons and lymphocytes. In vivo, we induced EAE in 10- to 12-week-old female C57/BL6 mice and treated them intravenously with serpina3n. Results In the in vitro co-culture system, pre-treatment of lymphocytes with serpina3n prevented neuronal killing and cleavage of the cytoskeletal protein alpha-tubulin, a known substrate for GrB. Moreover, in EAE, 50 μg serpina3n substantially reduced the severity of the disease. This dose was administered intravenously twice at days 7 and 20 post EAE induction. serpina3n treatment reduced axonal and neuronal injury compared to the vehicle-treated control group and maintained the integrity of myelin. Interestingly, serpina3n treatment did not seem to reduce the infiltration of immune cells (CD4+ and CD8+ T cells) into the CNS. Conclusion Our data suggest further studies on serpina3n as a potentially novel therapeutic strategy for the treatment of inflammatory-mediated neurodegenerative diseases such as MS. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12974-015-0376-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohannes Haile
- Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, University of Alberta, 4C Kaye Edmonton Clinic, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 1Z1, Canada
| | | | - Camille Olechowski
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Bradley Kerr
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.,Centre for Neuroscience, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | | | - Fabrizio Giuliani
- Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, University of Alberta, 4C Kaye Edmonton Clinic, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 1Z1, Canada.
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16
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Properties of human central nervous system neurons in a glia-depleted (isolated) culture system. J Neurosci Methods 2015; 253:142-50. [PMID: 26093165 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2015.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Revised: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Current methods for studying human neurons depend on a feeder layer of astroglia supplemented with animal serum to support the growing neurons. These requirements undermine many of the advantages provided by in vitro cell culture approaches when compared with more complex in vivo techniques. NEW METHOD Here, we identified a reliable marker (MHCI) that allows for direct isolation of primary neurons from fetal human brain. We utilized a magnetic labeling and isolation technique to separate neurons from other neural cells. We established a defined condition, omitting the astroglial supports that could maintain the human neurons for varying amounts of time. RESULTS We showed that the new method significantly improved the purity of human neurons in culture without the need for further chemical/mechanical enrichment. We demonstrated the suitability of these neurons for functional studies including Rho-kinase dependent regulation of neurite outgrowth and ensheathment in co-cultures with oligodendrocyte progenitor cells derived from fetal human brain. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHODS The accountability for neuron-only seeding and the controllable density allows for better neuronal maturation and better visualization of the different neuronal compartments. The higher purity culture constitutes an effective system to study and screen for compounds that impact neuron biology without potential confounding effects from glial crowding. CONCLUSIONS High purity human neurons generated using the improved method will enable enhanced reliability in the discovery and development of drugs with neuroregenerative and neuroprotective activity.
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17
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Ahmed KA, Wang L, Griebel P, Mousseau DD, Xiang J. Differential expression of mannose-6-phosphate receptor regulates T cell contraction. J Leukoc Biol 2015; 98:313-8. [PMID: 25990242 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.2hi0215-049rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
CD8(+) T cells provide protection against pathogens and cancer. After encountering a pathogenic antigen, CD8(+) T cells undergo a triphasic program of rapid proliferation, contraction, and memory formation. Most (∼90-95%) CD8(+) T cells die after vigorous proliferation in the T cell contraction phase, yet the mechanism that triggers apoptotic T cell death remains elusive. This study tested the hypothesis that differential cell-surface expression of M6PR, a multifunctional receptor that regulates lysozyme biogenesis, but also uptakes apoptosis-inducing serine-protease Gzm-B, critically determines life vs. death decisions in T cells. We demonstrate that M6PR-expression on CD8(+) T cell surfaces is dynamically regulated during LmOVA bacterial infection. Notably, time-lapse, confocal microscopy and flow cytometry confirms that M6PR(low) effectors, but not M6PR(high) effectors, escape Gzm-B lethal-hit derived from CD4(+)25(+) Treg cells. Adoptive cotransfer of M6PR(low) effectors and M6PR(high) effectors sorted from LmOVA-infected, congenic mice at the peak of CD8(+) T cell response, reveals that M6PR(low) effectors with the CD8(+) T cell memory precursor phenotype preferentially survive the CD8(+) T cell contraction and differentiate into functional, long-lasting memory CD8(+) T cells. Taken together, our data provide the first evidence, to our knowledge, that selective M6PR down-regulation has a critical role in CD8(+) T cell survival, and our findings have implications for efficient vaccine design and immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khawaja Ashfaque Ahmed
- *Cancer Cluster, Saskatchewan Cancer Agency, Department of Oncology, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization - International Vaccine Centre, and Department of Psychiatry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Lu Wang
- *Cancer Cluster, Saskatchewan Cancer Agency, Department of Oncology, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization - International Vaccine Centre, and Department of Psychiatry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Philip Griebel
- *Cancer Cluster, Saskatchewan Cancer Agency, Department of Oncology, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization - International Vaccine Centre, and Department of Psychiatry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Darrell D Mousseau
- *Cancer Cluster, Saskatchewan Cancer Agency, Department of Oncology, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization - International Vaccine Centre, and Department of Psychiatry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Jim Xiang
- *Cancer Cluster, Saskatchewan Cancer Agency, Department of Oncology, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization - International Vaccine Centre, and Department of Psychiatry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
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18
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Haile Y, Nakhaei-Nejad M, Boakye PA, Baker G, Smith PA, Murray AG, Giuliani F, Jahroudi N. Reprogramming of HUVECs into induced pluripotent stem cells (HiPSCs), generation and characterization of HiPSC-derived neurons and astrocytes. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0119617. [PMID: 25789622 PMCID: PMC4366250 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0119617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are characterized by chronic and progressive structural or functional loss of neurons. Limitations related to the animal models of these human diseases have impeded the development of effective drugs. This emphasizes the need to establish disease models using human-derived cells. The discovery of induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology has provided novel opportunities in disease modeling, drug development, screening, and the potential for “patient-matched” cellular therapies in neurodegenerative diseases. In this study, with the objective of establishing reliable tools to study neurodegenerative diseases, we reprogrammed human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) into iPSCs (HiPSCs). Using a novel and direct approach, HiPSCs were differentiated into cells of central nervous system (CNS) lineage, including neuronal, astrocyte and glial cells, with high efficiency. HiPSCs expressed embryonic genes such as nanog, sox2 and Oct-3/4, and formed embryoid bodies that expressed markers of the 3 germ layers. Expression of endothelial-specific genes was not detected in HiPSCs at RNA or protein levels. HiPSC-derived neurons possess similar morphology but significantly longer neurites compared to primary human fetal neurons. These stem cell-derived neurons are susceptible to inflammatory cell-mediated neuronal injury. HiPSC-derived neurons express various amino acids that are important for normal function in the CNS. They have functional receptors for a variety of neurotransmitters such as glutamate and acetylcholine. HiPSC-derived astrocytes respond to ATP and acetylcholine by elevating cytosolic Ca2+ concentrations. In summary, this study presents a novel technique to generate differentiated and functional HiPSC-derived neurons and astrocytes. These cells are appropriate tools for studying the development of the nervous system, the pathophysiology of various neurodegenerative diseases and the development of potential drugs for their treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohannes Haile
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | | | - Paul A. Boakye
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Glen Baker
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry (Neurochemical Research Unit), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Peter A. Smith
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Allan G. Murray
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Fabrizio Giuliani
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
- * E-mail: (NJ); (FG)
| | - Nadia Jahroudi
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
- * E-mail: (NJ); (FG)
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19
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Marcet-Palacios M, Ewen C, Pittman E, Duggan B, Carmine-Simmen K, Fahlman RP, Bleackley RC. Design and characterization of a novel human Granzyme B inhibitor. Protein Eng Des Sel 2014; 28:9-17. [DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzu052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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20
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Kulcsar KA, Baxter VK, Greene IP, Griffin DE. Interleukin 10 modulation of pathogenic Th17 cells during fatal alphavirus encephalomyelitis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:16053-8. [PMID: 25362048 PMCID: PMC4234572 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1418966111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mosquito-borne alphaviruses are important causes of epidemic encephalomyelitis. Neuronal cell death during fatal alphavirus encephalomyelitis is immune-mediated; however, the types of cells involved and their regulation have not been determined. We show that the virus-induced inflammatory response was accompanied by production of the regulatory cytokine IL-10, and in the absence of IL-10, paralytic disease occurred earlier and mice died faster. To determine the reason for accelerated disease in the absence of IL-10, immune responses in the CNS of IL-10(-/-) and wild-type (WT) mice were compared. There were no differences in the amounts of brain inflammation or peak virus replication; however, IL-10(-/-) animals had accelerated and increased infiltration of CD4(+)IL-17A(+) and CD4(+)IL-17A(+)IFNγ(+) cells compared with WT animals. Th17 cells infiltrating the brain demonstrated a pathogenic phenotype with the expression of the transcription factor, Tbet, and the production of granzyme B, IL-22, and GM-CSF, with greater production of GM-CSF in IL-10(-/-) mice. Therefore, in fatal alphavirus encephalomyelitis, pathogenic Th17 cells enter the CNS at the onset of neurologic disease and, in the absence of IL-10, appear earlier, develop into Th1/Th17 cells more often, and have greater production of GM-CSF. This study demonstrates a role for pathogenic Th17 cells in fatal viral encephalitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten A Kulcsar
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205; and W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Victoria K Baxter
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205; and W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Ivorlyne P Greene
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205; and W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Diane E Griffin
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205; and W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205
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21
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Haile Y, Fu W, Shi B, Westaway D, Baker G, Jhamandas J, Giuliani F. Characterization of the NT2-derived neuronal and astrocytic cell lines as alternative in vitro models for primary human neurons and astrocytes. J Neurosci Res 2014; 92:1187-98. [PMID: 24801011 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Revised: 03/01/2014] [Accepted: 03/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Primary human fetal neurons and astrocytes (HFNs and HFAs, respectively) provide relevant cell types with which to study in vitro the mechanisms involved in various human neurological diseases, such as multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, and Alzheimer's disease. However, the limited availability of human fetal cells poses a significant problem for the study of these diseases when a human cell model system is required. Thus, generating a readily available alternative cell source with the essential features of human neurons and astrocytes is necessary. The human teratoma-derived NTera2/D1 (NT2) cell line is a promising tool from which both neuronal and glial cells can be generated. Nevertheless, a direct comparison of NT2 neurons and primary HFNs in terms of their morphology physiological and chemical properties is still missing. This study directly compares NT2-derived neurons and primary HFNs using immunocytochemistry, confocal calcium imaging, high-performance liquid chromatography, and high-content analysis techniques. We investigated the morphological similarities and differences, levels of relevant amino acids, and internal calcium fluctuations in response to certain neurotransmitters/stimuli. We also compared NT2-derived astrocytes and HFAs. In most of the parameters tested, both neuronal and astrocytic cell types exhibited similarities to primary human fetal neurons and astrocytes. NT2-derived neurons and astrocytes are reliable in vitro tools and a renewable cell source that can serve as a valid alternative to HFNs/HFAs for mechanistic studies of neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohannes Haile
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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22
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Chaitanya GV, Minagar A, Alexander JS. Neuronal and astrocytic interactions modulate brain endothelial properties during metabolic stresses of in vitro cerebral ischemia. Cell Commun Signal 2014; 12:7. [PMID: 24438487 PMCID: PMC3927849 DOI: 10.1186/1478-811x-12-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurovascular and gliovascular interactions significantly affect endothelial phenotype. Physiologically, brain endothelium attains several of its properties by its intimate association with neurons and astrocytes. However, during cerebrovascular pathologies such as cerebral ischemia, the uncoupling of neurovascular and gliovascular units can result in several phenotypical changes in brain endothelium. The role of neurovascular and gliovascular uncoupling in modulating brain endothelial properties during cerebral ischemia is not clear. Specifically, the roles of metabolic stresses involved in cerebral ischemia, including aglycemia, hypoxia and combined aglycemia and hypoxia (oxygen glucose deprivation and re-oxygenation, OGDR) in modulating neurovascular and gliovascular interactions are not known. The complex intimate interactions in neurovascular and gliovascular units are highly difficult to recapitulate in vitro. However, in the present study, we used a 3D co-culture model of brain endothelium with neurons and astrocytes in vitro reflecting an intimate neurovascular and gliovascular interactions in vivo. While the cellular signaling interactions in neurovascular and gliovascular units in vivo are much more complex than the 3D co-culture models in vitro, we were still able to observe several important phenotypical changes in brain endothelial properties by metabolically stressed neurons and astrocytes including changes in barrier, lymphocyte adhesive properties, endothelial cell adhesion molecule expression and in vitro angiogenic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jonathan S Alexander
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health-Shreveport, Louisiana 71103, USA.
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23
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Derivation of neural stem cells from human adult peripheral CD34+ cells for an autologous model of neuroinflammation. PLoS One 2013; 8:e81720. [PMID: 24303066 PMCID: PMC3841177 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0081720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2013] [Accepted: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Proinflammatory factors from activated T cells inhibit neurogenesis in adult animal brain and cultured human fetal neural stem cells (NSC). However, the role of inhibition of neurogenesis in human neuroinflammatory diseases is still uncertain because of the difficulty in obtaining adult NSC from patients. Recent developments in cell reprogramming suggest that NSC may be derived directly from adult fibroblasts. We generated NSC from adult human peripheral CD34+ cells by transfecting the cells with Sendai virus constructs containing Sox2, Oct3/4, c-Myc and Klf4. The derived NSC could be differentiated to glial cells and action potential firing neurons. Co-culturing NSC with activated autologous T cells or treatment with recombinant granzyme B caused inhibition of neurogenesis as indicated by decreased NSC proliferation and neuronal differentiation. Thus, we have established a unique autologous in vitro model to study the pathophysiology of neuroinflammatory diseases that has potential for usage in personalized medicine.
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24
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Turner DA, Haile Y, Giuliani F. IL-25 prevents T cell-mediated neurotoxicity by decreasing LFA-1 expression. J Neuroimmunol 2013; 265:11-9. [PMID: 24196277 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2013.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2013] [Revised: 10/11/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS) are thought to develop due to a dysregulation in the normal T(H)1-T(H)17/T(H)2 immune system balance, where pro-inflammatory responses with a T(H)1/T(H)17 prevalence develop. Some therapeutic treatments in MS promote a shift toward a TH2-prevalent environment and this has been shown to be protective. However, not all patients respond to current immunomodulatory treatments in MS so that new immunomodulatory drugs that can promote a shift of the immune system into an anti-inflammatory T(H)2 status are needed. IL-25 is a cytokine of the IL-17 family with powerful anti-inflammatory properties. This study demonstrates that IL-25 exerts neuroprotective functions by reducing T cell-mediated killing of human fetal neurons. The mechanism of action of this IL-25-mediated neuroprotective effect appears to be linked to reduction in the expression of the adhesion molecule LFA-1, which is relevant in stabilizing the immune synapse during cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane A Turner
- Centre for Neuroscience, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 3G3, Canada
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25
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Smolders J, Remmerswaal EBM, Schuurman KG, Melief J, van Eden CG, van Lier RAW, Huitinga I, Hamann J. Characteristics of differentiated CD8(+) and CD4 (+) T cells present in the human brain. Acta Neuropathol 2013; 126:525-35. [PMID: 23880787 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-013-1155-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Revised: 06/23/2013] [Accepted: 07/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Immune surveillance of the central nervous system (CNS) by T cells is important to keep CNS-trophic viruses in a latent state, yet our knowledge of the characteristics of CNS-populating T cells is incomplete. We performed a comprehensive, multi-color flow-cytometric analysis of isolated T cells from paired corpus callosum (CC) and peripheral blood (PB) samples of 20 brain donors. Compared to PB, CC T cells, which were mostly located in the perivascular space and sporadically in the parenchyma, were enriched for cells expressing CD8. Both CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells in the CC had a late-differentiated phenotype, as indicated by lack of expression of CD27 and CD28. The CC contained high numbers of T cells expressing chemokine receptor CX3CR1 and CXCR3 that allow for homing to inflamed endothelium and tissue, but hardly cells expressing the lymph node-homing receptor CCR7. Despite the late-differentiated phenotype, CC T cells had high expression of the IL-7 receptor α-chain CD127 and did not contain the neurotoxic cytolytic enzymes perforin, granzyme A, and granzyme B. We postulate that CNS T cells make up a population of tissue-adapted differentiated cells, which use CX3CR1 and CXCR3 to home into the perivascular space, use IL-7 for maintenance, and lack immediate cytolytic activity, thereby preventing immunopathology in response to low or non-specific stimuli. The presence of these cells in this tightly regulated environment likely enables a fast response to local threats. Our results will enable future detailed exploration of T-cell subsets in the brain involved in neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joost Smolders
- Neuroimmunology Research Group, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Meibergdreef 47, 1105 BA, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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26
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Sauer BM, Schmalstieg WF, Howe CL. Axons are injured by antigen-specific CD8(+) T cells through a MHC class I- and granzyme B-dependent mechanism. Neurobiol Dis 2013; 59:194-205. [PMID: 23899663 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2013.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Revised: 07/02/2013] [Accepted: 07/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Axon injury is a central determinant of irreversible neurological deficit and disease progression in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). CD8(+) lymphocytes (CTLs) within inflammatory demyelinated MS lesions correlate with acute axon injury and neurological deficits. The mechanisms of these correlations are unknown. We interrogated CTL-mediated axon injury using the transgenic OT-I antigen-specific CTL model system in conjunction with a chambered cortical neuron culture platform that permitted the isolated manipulation of axons independent of neuron cell bodies and glia. Interferon gamma upregulated, through a dose dependent mechanism, the axonal expression of functional major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC I) molecules competent to present immunologically-relevant antigens derived from endogenously expressed proteins. Antigen-specific CTLs formed cytotoxic immune synapses with and directly injured axons expressing antigen-loaded MHC I molecules. CTL-mediated axon injury was mechanistically dependent upon axonal MHC I antigen presentation, T cell receptor specificity and axoplasmic granzyme B activity. Despite extensive distal CTL-mediated axon injury, acute neuron cell body apoptosis was not observed. These findings present a novel model of immune-mediated axon injury and offer anti-axonal CTLs and granzyme B as targets for the therapeutic protection of axons and prevention of neurological deficits in MS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian M Sauer
- Medical Scientist Training Program, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Neurobiology of Disease Training Program, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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27
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Lymphocytes with cytotoxic activity induce rapid microtubule axonal destabilization independently and before signs of neuronal death. ASN Neuro 2013; 5:e00105. [PMID: 23289514 PMCID: PMC3565378 DOI: 10.1042/an20120087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
MS (multiple sclerosis) is the most prevalent autoimmune disease of the CNS (central nervous system) historically characterized as an inflammatory and demyelinating disease. More recently, extensive neuronal pathology has lead to its classification as a neurodegenerative disease as well. While the immune system initiates the autoimmune response it remains unclear how it orchestrates neuronal damage. In our previous studies, using in vitro cultured embryonic neurons, we demonstrated that MBP (myelin basic protein)-specific encephalitogenic CD4 T-cells induce early neuronal damage. In an extension of those studies, here we show that polarized CD4 Th1 and Th17 cells as wells as CD8 T-cells and NK (natural killer) cells induce microtubule destabilization within neurites in a contact-independent manner. Owing to the cytotoxic potential of these immune cells, we isolated the luminal components of lytic granules and determined that they were sufficient to drive microtubule destabilization. Since lytic granules contain cytolytic proteins, we determined that the induction of microtubule destabilization occurred prior to signs of apoptosis. Furthermore, we determined that microtubule destabilization was largely restricted to axons, sparing dendrites. This study demonstrated that lymphocytes with cytolytic activity have the capacity to directly drive MAD (microtubule axonal destabilization) in a bystander manner that is independent of neuronal death.
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28
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Ip CW, Kroner A, Groh J, Huber M, Klein D, Spahn I, Diem R, Williams SK, Nave KA, Edgar JM, Martini R. Neuroinflammation by cytotoxic T-lymphocytes impairs retrograde axonal transport in an oligodendrocyte mutant mouse. PLoS One 2012; 7:e42554. [PMID: 22905147 PMCID: PMC3414455 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0042554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2012] [Accepted: 07/10/2012] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Mice overexpressing proteolipid protein (PLP) develop a leukodystrophy-like disease involving cytotoxic, CD8+ T-lymphocytes. Here we show that these cytotoxic T-lymphocytes perturb retrograde axonal transport. Using fluorogold stereotactically injected into the colliculus superior, we found that PLP overexpression in oligodendrocytes led to significantly reduced retrograde axonal transport in retina ganglion cell axons. We also observed an accumulation of mitochondria in the juxtaparanodal axonal swellings, indicative for a disturbed axonal transport. PLP overexpression in the absence of T-lymphocytes rescued retrograde axonal transport defects and abolished axonal swellings. Bone marrow transfer from wildtype mice, but not from perforin- or granzyme B-deficient mutants, into lymphocyte-deficient PLP mutant mice led again to impaired axonal transport and the formation of axonal swellings, which are predominantly located at the juxtaparanodal region. This demonstrates that the adaptive immune system, including cytotoxic T-lymphocytes which release perforin and granzyme B, are necessary to perturb axonal integrity in the PLP-transgenic disease model. Based on our observations, so far not attended molecular and cellular players belonging to the immune system should be considered to understand pathogenesis in inherited myelin disorders with progressive axonal damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Wang Ip
- Department of Neurology, Section of Developmental Neurobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Antje Kroner
- Department of Neurology, Section of Developmental Neurobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Janos Groh
- Department of Neurology, Section of Developmental Neurobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Marianne Huber
- Department of Neurology, Section of Developmental Neurobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Dennis Klein
- Department of Neurology, Section of Developmental Neurobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Irene Spahn
- Department of Neurology, Section of Developmental Neurobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ricarda Diem
- Department of Neuro-oncology, University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sarah K. Williams
- Department of Neuro-oncology, University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Klaus-Armin Nave
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Julia M. Edgar
- Applied Neurobiology Group, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Rudolf Martini
- Department of Neurology, Section of Developmental Neurobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- * E-mail:
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29
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Agrawal SM, Silva C, Wang J, Tong JPW, Yong VW. A novel anti-EMMPRIN function-blocking antibody reduces T cell proliferation and neurotoxicity: relevance to multiple sclerosis. J Neuroinflammation 2012; 9:64. [PMID: 22480370 PMCID: PMC3423076 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-9-64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2011] [Accepted: 02/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer (EMMPRIN; CD147, basigin) is an inducer of the expression of several matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). We reported previously that blocking EMMPRIN activity reduced neuroinflammation and severity of disease in an animal model of multiple sclerosis (MS), experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Methods To improve upon EMMPRIN blockade, and to help unravel the biological functions of EMMPRIN in inflammatory disorders, we have developed several anti-EMMPRIN monoclonal antibodies. Results Of these monoclonal antibodies, a particular one, clone 10, was efficient in binding mouse and human cells using several methods of detection. The specificity of clone 10 was demonstrated by its lack of staining of EMMPRIN-null embryos compared to heterozygous and wild-type mouse samples. Functionally, human T cells activated with anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 elevated their expression of EMMPRIN and the treatment of these T cells with clone 10 resulted in decreased proliferation and matrix metalloproteinase- 9 (MMP-9) production. Activated human T cells were toxic to human neurons in culture and clone 10 pretreatment reduced T cell cytotoxicity correspondent with decrease of granzyme B levels within T cells. In vivo, EAE mice treated with clone 10 had a markedly reduced disease score compared to mice treated with IgM isotype control. Conclusions We have produced a novel anti-EMMPRIN monoclonal antibody that blocks several aspects of T cell activity, thus highlighting the multiple roles of EMMPRIN in T cell biology. Moreover, clone 10 reduces EAE scores in mice compared to controls, and has activity on human cells, potentially allowing for the testing of anti-EMMPRIN treatment not only in EAE, but conceivably also in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smriti M Agrawal
- Departments of Clinical Neurosciences and Oncology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
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30
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Scarisbrick IA, Yoon H, Panos M, Larson N, Blaber SI, Blaber M, Rodriguez M. Kallikrein 6 regulates early CNS demyelination in a viral model of multiple sclerosis. Brain Pathol 2012; 22:709-22. [PMID: 22335454 DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3639.2012.00577.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Kallikrein 6 (Klk6) is a secreted serine protease that is elevated in active multiple sclerosis lesions and patient sera. To further evaluate the involvement of Klk6 in chronic progressive demyelinating disease, we determined its expression in the brain and spinal cord of SJL mice infected with Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) and assessed the effects of Klk6-neutralizing antibodies on disease progression. Klk6 RNA expression was elevated in the brain and spinal cord by 7 days postinfection (dpi). Thereafter, Klk6 expression persisted primarily in the spinal cord reaching a peak of fivefold over controls at mid-chronic stages (60 dpi-120 dpi). Significant elevations in Klk6 RNA were also induced in splenocytes stimulated with viral capsid proteins in vitro and in activated human acute monocytic leukemia cells. Klk6-neutralizing antibodies reduced TMEV-driven brain and spinal cord pathology and delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) responses when examined at early chronic time points (40 dpi). Reductions in spinal cord pathology included a decrease in activated monocytes/microglia and reductions in the loss of myelin basic protein (MBP). By 180 dpi, pathology scores no longer differed between groups. These findings point to regulatory activities for Klk6 in the development and progression of central nervous system (CNS) inflammation and demyelination that can be effectively targeted through the early chronic stages with neutralizing antibody.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isobel A Scarisbrick
- Neurobiology of Disease Program, Mayo Medical and Graduate School, Rochester, MN, USA.
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