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López CA, Alam SM, Derdeyn CA, Haynes BF, Gnanakaran S. Influence of membrane on the antigen presentation of the HIV-1 envelope membrane proximal external region (MPER). Curr Opin Struct Biol 2024; 88:102897. [PMID: 39173417 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2024.102897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 07/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/19/2024] [Indexed: 08/24/2024]
Abstract
The membrane proximal external region (MPER) of the HIV envelope glycoproteins has generated renewed interest after a recent phase I vaccine trial that presented MPER lipid-peptide epitopes demonstrated promise to elicit a broad neutralization response. The antigenicity of MPER is intimately associated with the membrane, and its presentation relies significantly on the lipid composition. This review brings together recent findings on the influence of membranes on the conformation of MPER and its recognition by broadly neutralizing antibodies. Specifically, the review highlights the importance of properly accounting for the balance between protein-protein and membrane-protein interactions in vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesar A López
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics Group, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - S Munir Alam
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA; Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Cynthia A Derdeyn
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Barton F Haynes
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27710, USA; Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Immunology, Duke University of School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.
| | - Sandrasegaram Gnanakaran
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics Group, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA.
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2
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Schiffner T, Phung I, Ray R, Irimia A, Tian M, Swanson O, Lee JH, Lee CCD, Marina-Zárate E, Cho SY, Huang J, Ozorowski G, Skog PD, Serra AM, Rantalainen K, Allen JD, Baboo S, Rodriguez OL, Himansu S, Zhou J, Hurtado J, Flynn CT, McKenney K, Havenar-Daughton C, Saha S, Shields K, Schultze S, Smith ML, Liang CH, Toy L, Pecetta S, Lin YC, Willis JR, Sesterhenn F, Kulp DW, Hu X, Cottrell CA, Zhou X, Ruiz J, Wang X, Nair U, Kirsch KH, Cheng HL, Davis J, Kalyuzhniy O, Liguori A, Diedrich JK, Ngo JT, Lewis V, Phelps N, Tingle RD, Spencer S, Georgeson E, Adachi Y, Kubitz M, Eskandarzadeh S, Elsliger MA, Amara RR, Landais E, Briney B, Burton DR, Carnathan DG, Silvestri G, Watson CT, Yates JR, Paulson JC, Crispin M, Grigoryan G, Ward AB, Sok D, Alt FW, Wilson IA, Batista FD, Crotty S, Schief WR. Vaccination induces broadly neutralizing antibody precursors to HIV gp41. Nat Immunol 2024; 25:1073-1082. [PMID: 38816615 PMCID: PMC11147780 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-024-01833-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
A key barrier to the development of vaccines that induce broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and other viruses of high antigenic diversity is the design of priming immunogens that induce rare bnAb-precursor B cells. The high neutralization breadth of the HIV bnAb 10E8 makes elicitation of 10E8-class bnAbs desirable; however, the recessed epitope within gp41 makes envelope trimers poor priming immunogens and requires that 10E8-class bnAbs possess a long heavy chain complementarity determining region 3 (HCDR3) with a specific binding motif. We developed germline-targeting epitope scaffolds with affinity for 10E8-class precursors and engineered nanoparticles for multivalent display. Scaffolds exhibited epitope structural mimicry and bound bnAb-precursor human naive B cells in ex vivo screens, protein nanoparticles induced bnAb-precursor responses in stringent mouse models and rhesus macaques, and mRNA-encoded nanoparticles triggered similar responses in mice. Thus, germline-targeting epitope scaffold nanoparticles can elicit rare bnAb-precursor B cells with predefined binding specificities and HCDR3 features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torben Schiffner
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Institute for Drug Discovery, Leipzig University Medical Faculty, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ivy Phung
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Rashmi Ray
- The Ragon Institute of Mass General, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Adriana Irimia
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ming Tian
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Olivia Swanson
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jeong Hyun Lee
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Chang-Chun D Lee
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ester Marina-Zárate
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - So Yeon Cho
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jiachen Huang
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Gabriel Ozorowski
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Patrick D Skog
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Andreia M Serra
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Kimmo Rantalainen
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Joel D Allen
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Sabyasachi Baboo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Oscar L Rodriguez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | | | - Jianfu Zhou
- Department of Computer Science, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Jonathan Hurtado
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Claudia T Flynn
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Katherine McKenney
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Colin Havenar-Daughton
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Swati Saha
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Kaitlyn Shields
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Steven Schultze
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Melissa L Smith
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Chi-Hui Liang
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Laura Toy
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Simone Pecetta
- The Ragon Institute of Mass General, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ying-Cing Lin
- The Ragon Institute of Mass General, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jordan R Willis
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Fabian Sesterhenn
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Daniel W Kulp
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Xiaozhen Hu
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Christopher A Cottrell
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Xiaoya Zhou
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer Ruiz
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Xuesong Wang
- The Ragon Institute of Mass General, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Usha Nair
- The Ragon Institute of Mass General, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Kathrin H Kirsch
- The Ragon Institute of Mass General, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Hwei-Ling Cheng
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jillian Davis
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Oleksandr Kalyuzhniy
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Alessia Liguori
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jolene K Diedrich
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Julia T Ngo
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Vanessa Lewis
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Nicole Phelps
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ryan D Tingle
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Skye Spencer
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Erik Georgeson
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Yumiko Adachi
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Michael Kubitz
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Saman Eskandarzadeh
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Marc A Elsliger
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Rama R Amara
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Elise Landais
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Bryan Briney
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Multi-omics Vaccine Evaluation Consortium, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- San Diego Center for AIDS Research, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Dennis R Burton
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- The Ragon Institute of Mass General, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Diane G Carnathan
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Guido Silvestri
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Corey T Watson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - John R Yates
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - James C Paulson
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Max Crispin
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Gevorg Grigoryan
- Department of Computer Science, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
- Generate Biomedicines, Inc., Somerville, MA, USA
| | - Andrew B Ward
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Devin Sok
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Frederick W Alt
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ian A Wilson
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Facundo D Batista
- The Ragon Institute of Mass General, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Shane Crotty
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - William R Schief
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- The Ragon Institute of Mass General, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Moderna, Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA.
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3
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Ray R, Schiffner T, Wang X, Yan Y, Rantalainen K, Lee CCD, Parikh S, Reyes RA, Dale GA, Lin YC, Pecetta S, Giguere S, Swanson O, Kratochvil S, Melzi E, Phung I, Madungwe L, Kalyuzhniy O, Warner J, Weldon SR, Tingle R, Lamperti E, Kirsch KH, Phelps N, Georgeson E, Adachi Y, Kubitz M, Nair U, Crotty S, Wilson IA, Schief WR, Batista FD. Affinity gaps among B cells in germinal centers drive the selection of MPER precursors. Nat Immunol 2024; 25:1083-1096. [PMID: 38816616 PMCID: PMC11147770 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-024-01844-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Current prophylactic human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) vaccine research aims to elicit broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs). Membrane-proximal external region (MPER)-targeting bnAbs, such as 10E8, provide exceptionally broad neutralization, but some are autoreactive. Here, we generated humanized B cell antigen receptor knock-in mouse models to test whether a series of germline-targeting immunogens could drive MPER-specific precursors toward bnAbs. We found that recruitment of 10E8 precursors to germinal centers (GCs) required a minimum affinity for germline-targeting immunogens, but the GC residency of MPER precursors was brief due to displacement by higher-affinity endogenous B cell competitors. Higher-affinity germline-targeting immunogens extended the GC residency of MPER precursors, but robust long-term GC residency and maturation were only observed for MPER-HuGL18, an MPER precursor clonotype able to close the affinity gap with endogenous B cell competitors in the GC. Thus, germline-targeting immunogens could induce MPER-targeting antibodies, and B cell residency in the GC may be regulated by a precursor-competitor affinity gap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashmi Ray
- The Ragon Institute of Mass General, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Torben Schiffner
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Institute for Drug Discovery, Leipzig University Medical Faculty, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Xuesong Wang
- The Ragon Institute of Mass General, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Yu Yan
- The Ragon Institute of Mass General, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Kimmo Rantalainen
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Chang-Chun David Lee
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Shivang Parikh
- The Ragon Institute of Mass General, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Raphael A Reyes
- The Ragon Institute of Mass General, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Gordon A Dale
- The Ragon Institute of Mass General, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ying-Cing Lin
- The Ragon Institute of Mass General, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Simone Pecetta
- The Ragon Institute of Mass General, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Moderna, Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Sophie Giguere
- The Ragon Institute of Mass General, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Olivia Swanson
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Sven Kratochvil
- The Ragon Institute of Mass General, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Eleonora Melzi
- The Ragon Institute of Mass General, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ivy Phung
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Lisa Madungwe
- The Ragon Institute of Mass General, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Oleksandr Kalyuzhniy
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - John Warner
- The Ragon Institute of Mass General, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Stephanie R Weldon
- The Ragon Institute of Mass General, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ryan Tingle
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Edward Lamperti
- The Ragon Institute of Mass General, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Kathrin H Kirsch
- The Ragon Institute of Mass General, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Nicole Phelps
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Erik Georgeson
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Yumiko Adachi
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Michael Kubitz
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Usha Nair
- The Ragon Institute of Mass General, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Shane Crotty
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ian A Wilson
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - William R Schief
- The Ragon Institute of Mass General, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Moderna, Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Facundo D Batista
- The Ragon Institute of Mass General, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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4
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Yin Y, Guo Y, Jiang Y, Quinlan B, Peng H, Crynen G, He W, Zhang L, Ou T, Bailey CC, Farzan M. In vivo affinity maturation of mouse B cells reprogrammed to express human antibodies. Nat Biomed Eng 2024; 8:361-379. [PMID: 38486104 DOI: 10.1038/s41551-024-01179-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Mice adoptively transferred with mouse B cells edited via CRISPR to express human antibody variable chains could help evaluate candidate vaccines and develop better antibody therapies. However, current editing strategies disrupt the heavy-chain locus, resulting in inefficient somatic hypermutation without functional affinity maturation. Here we show that these key B-cell functions can be preserved by directly and simultaneously replacing recombined mouse heavy and kappa chains with those of human antibodies, using a single Cas12a-mediated cut at each locus and 5' homology arms complementary to distal V segments. Cells edited in this way to express the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) broadly neutralizing antibody 10-1074 or VRC26.25-y robustly hypermutated and generated potent neutralizing plasma in vaccinated mice. The 10-1074 variants isolated from the mice neutralized a global panel of HIV-1 isolates more efficiently than wild-type 10-1074 while maintaining its low polyreactivity and long half-life. We also used the approach to improve the potency of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies against recent Omicron strains. In vivo affinity maturation of B cells edited at their native loci may facilitate the development of broad, potent and bioavailable antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Yin
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- The Center for Integrated Solutions to Infectious Diseases (CISID), The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Yan Guo
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Biomedical Research, University of Florida, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Yuxuan Jiang
- Institute of Biomechanics and Medical Engineering, AML, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Brian Quinlan
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Biomedical Research, University of Florida, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Haiyong Peng
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Biomedical Research, University of Florida, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Gogce Crynen
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Biomedical Research, University of Florida, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Wenhui He
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- The Center for Integrated Solutions to Infectious Diseases (CISID), The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Lizhou Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tianling Ou
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- The Center for Integrated Solutions to Infectious Diseases (CISID), The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Charles C Bailey
- The Center for Integrated Solutions to Infectious Diseases (CISID), The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Michael Farzan
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- The Center for Integrated Solutions to Infectious Diseases (CISID), The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
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5
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Erdmann NB, Williams WB, Walsh SR, Grunenberg N, Edlefsen PT, Goepfert PA, Cain DW, Cohen KW, Maenza J, Mayer KH, Tieu HV, Sobieszczyk ME, Swann E, Lu H, De Rosa SC, Sagawa Z, Moody MA, Fox CB, Ferrari G, Edwards R, Acharya P, Alam S, Parks R, Barr M, Tomaras GD, Montefiori DC, Gilbert PB, McElrath MJ, Corey L, Haynes BF, Baden LR. A HIV-1 Gp41 Peptide-Liposome Vaccine Elicits Neutralizing Epitope-Targeted Antibody Responses in Healthy Individuals. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2024:2024.03.15.24304305. [PMID: 38562833 PMCID: PMC10984077 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.15.24304305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Background HIV-1 vaccine development is a global health priority. Broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) which target the HIV-1 gp41 membrane-proximal external region (MPER) have some of the highest neutralization breadth. An MPER peptide-liposome vaccine has been found to expand bnAb precursors in monkeys. Methods The HVTN133 phase 1 clinical trial (NCT03934541) studied the MPER-peptide liposome immunogen in 24 HIV-1 seronegative individuals. Participants were recruited between 15 July 2019 and 18 October 2019 and were randomized in a dose-escalation design to either 500 mcg or 2000 mcg of the MPER-peptide liposome or placebo. Four intramuscular injections were planned at months 0, 2, 6, and 12. Results The trial was stopped prematurely due to an anaphylaxis reaction in one participant ultimately attributed to vaccine-associated polyethylene glycol. The immunogen induced robust immune responses, including MPER+ serum and blood CD4+ T-cell responses in 95% and 100% of vaccinees, respectively, and 35% (7/20) of vaccine recipients had blood IgG memory B cells with MPER-bnAb binding phenotype. Affinity purification of plasma MPER+ IgG demonstrated tier 2 HIV-1 neutralizing activity in two of five participants after 3 immunizations. Conclusions MPER-peptide liposomes induced gp41 serum neutralizing epitope-targeted antibodies and memory B-cell responses in humans despite the early termination of the study. These results suggest that the MPER region is a promising target for a candidate HIV vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wilton B. Williams
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC
| | - Stephen R. Walsh
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Nicole Grunenberg
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Paul T. Edlefsen
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA
| | | | - Derek W. Cain
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC
| | - Kristen W. Cohen
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Janine Maenza
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA
| | | | - Hong Van Tieu
- New York Blood Center, New York, NY
- Columbia University, New York, NY
| | | | - Edith Swann
- Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Immunology, Bethesda, MD
| | - Huiyin Lu
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Stephen C. De Rosa
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA
| | | | - M. Anthony Moody
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC
| | | | - Guido Ferrari
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC
| | - R.J. Edwards
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC
| | - Priyamvada Acharya
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC
| | - S.Munir Alam
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC
| | - Robert Parks
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC
| | - Margaret Barr
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC
| | - Georgia D. Tomaras
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC
| | - David C. Montefiori
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC
| | - Peter B. Gilbert
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA
| | - M. Juliana McElrath
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Lawrence Corey
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Barton F. Haynes
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC
| | - Lindsey R. Baden
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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6
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Florova M, Abreu-Mota T, Paesen GC, Beetschen AS, Cornille K, Marx AF, Narr K, Sahin M, Dimitrova M, Swarnalekha N, Beil-Wagner J, Savic N, Pelczar P, Buch T, King CG, Bowden TA, Pinschewer DD. Central tolerance shapes the neutralizing B cell repertoire against a persisting virus in its natural host. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2318657121. [PMID: 38446855 PMCID: PMC10945855 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2318657121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Viral mimicry of host cell structures has been postulated to curtail the B cell receptor (BCR) repertoire against persisting viruses through tolerance mechanisms. This concept awaits, however, experimental testing in a setting of natural virus-host relationship. We engineered mouse models expressing a monoclonal BCR specific for the envelope glycoprotein of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV), a naturally persisting mouse pathogen. When the heavy chain of the LCMV-neutralizing antibody KL25 was paired with its unmutated ancestor light chain, most B cells underwent receptor editing, a behavior reminiscent of autoreactive clones. In contrast, monoclonal B cells expressing the same heavy chain in conjunction with the hypermutated KL25 light chain did not undergo receptor editing but exhibited low levels of surface IgM, suggesting that light chain hypermutation had lessened KL25 autoreactivity. Upon viral challenge, these IgMlow cells were not anergic but up-regulated IgM, participated in germinal center reactions, produced antiviral antibodies, and underwent immunoglobulin class switch as well as further affinity maturation. These studies on a persisting virus in its natural host species suggest that central tolerance mechanisms prune the protective antiviral B cell repertoire.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Florova
- Division of Experimental Virology, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel4009, Switzerland
| | - Tiago Abreu-Mota
- Division of Experimental Virology, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel4009, Switzerland
| | - Guido C. Paesen
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Sophia Beetschen
- Division of Experimental Virology, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel4009, Switzerland
| | - Karen Cornille
- Division of Experimental Virology, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel4009, Switzerland
| | - Anna-Friederike Marx
- Division of Experimental Virology, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel4009, Switzerland
| | - Kerstin Narr
- Division of Experimental Virology, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel4009, Switzerland
| | - Mehmet Sahin
- Division of Experimental Virology, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel4009, Switzerland
| | - Mirela Dimitrova
- Division of Experimental Virology, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel4009, Switzerland
| | - Nivedya Swarnalekha
- Department of Biomedicine, Immune Cell Biology Laboratory, University Hospital Basel, Basel4031, Switzerland
| | - Jane Beil-Wagner
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, University of Zurich, Zurich8093, Switzerland
| | - Natasa Savic
- ETH Phenomics Center, ETH Zürich, Zürich8093, Switzerland
| | - Pawel Pelczar
- Center for Transgenic Models, University of Basel, Basel4001, Switzerland
| | - Thorsten Buch
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, University of Zurich, Zurich8093, Switzerland
| | - Carolyn G. King
- Department of Biomedicine, Immune Cell Biology Laboratory, University Hospital Basel, Basel4031, Switzerland
| | - Thomas A. Bowden
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel D. Pinschewer
- Division of Experimental Virology, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel4009, Switzerland
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7
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Yin Y, Guo Y, Jiang Y, Quinlan B, Peng H, Crynen G, He W, Zhang L, Ou T, Bailey CC, Farzan M. In vivo affinity maturation of murine B cells reprogrammed to express human antibodies. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.10.20.563154. [PMID: 37961481 PMCID: PMC10634681 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.20.563154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
CRISPR-edited murine B cells engineered to express human antibody variable chains proliferate, class switch, and secrete these antibodies in vaccinated mice. However, current strategies disrupt the heavy-chain locus, resulting in inefficient somatic hypermutation without functional affinity maturation. Here we show that recombined murine heavy- and kappa-variable genes can be directly and simultaneously overwritten, using Cas12a-mediated cuts at their 3'-most J segments and 5' homology arms complementary to distal V segments. Cells edited in this way to express the HIV-1 broadly neutralizing antibodies 10-1074 or VRC26.25-y robustly hypermutated and generated potent neutralizing plasma in vaccinated recipient mice. 10-1074 variants isolated from these mice bound and neutralized HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein more efficiently than wild-type 10-1074 while maintaining or improving its already low polyreactivity and long in vivo half-life. We further validated this approach by generating substantially broader and more potent variants of the anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies ZCB11 and S309. Thus, B cells edited at their native loci affinity mature, facilitating development of broad, potent, and bioavailable antibodies and expanding the potential applications of engineered B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Yin
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
- The Center for Integrated Solutions to Infectious Diseases (CISID), The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142
| | - Yan Guo
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Biomedical Research, University of Florida; Jupiter, FL 33458
| | - Yuxuan Jiang
- Institute of Biomechanics and Medical Engineering, AML, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University; Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Brian Quinlan
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Biomedical Research, University of Florida; Jupiter, FL 33458
| | - Haiyong Peng
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Biomedical Research, University of Florida; Jupiter, FL 33458
| | - Gogce Crynen
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Biomedical Research, University of Florida; Jupiter, FL 33458
| | - Wenhui He
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
- The Center for Integrated Solutions to Infectious Diseases (CISID), The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142
| | - Lizhou Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Tianling Ou
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
- The Center for Integrated Solutions to Infectious Diseases (CISID), The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142
| | - Charles C. Bailey
- The Center for Integrated Solutions to Infectious Diseases (CISID), The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142
| | - Michael Farzan
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
- The Center for Integrated Solutions to Infectious Diseases (CISID), The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142
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8
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Caniels TG, Medina-Ramírez M, Zhang J, Sarkar A, Kumar S, LaBranche A, Derking R, Allen JD, Snitselaar JL, Capella-Pujol J, Sánchez IDM, Yasmeen A, Diaz M, Aldon Y, Bijl TPL, Venkatayogi S, Martin Beem JS, Newman A, Jiang C, Lee WH, Pater M, Burger JA, van Breemen MJ, de Taeye SW, Rantalainen K, LaBranche C, Saunders KO, Montefiori D, Ozorowski G, Ward AB, Crispin M, Moore JP, Klasse PJ, Haynes BF, Wilson IA, Wiehe K, Verkoczy L, Sanders RW. Germline-targeting HIV-1 Env vaccination induces VRC01-class antibodies with rare insertions. Cell Rep Med 2023; 4:101003. [PMID: 37044090 PMCID: PMC10140475 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2023.101003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Targeting germline (gl-) precursors of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) is acknowledged as an important strategy for HIV-1 vaccines. The VRC01-class of bNAbs is attractive because of its distinct genetic signature. However, VRC01-class bNAbs often require extensive somatic hypermutation, including rare insertions and deletions. We describe a BG505 SOSIP trimer, termed GT1.2, to optimize binding to gl-CH31, the unmutated common precursor of the CH30-34 bNAb lineage that acquired a large CDRH1 insertion. The GT1.2 trimer activates gl-CH31 naive B cells in knock-in mice, and B cell responses could be matured by selected boosting immunogens to generate cross-reactive Ab responses. Next-generation B cell sequencing reveals selection for VRC01-class mutations, including insertions in CDRH1 and FWR3 at positions identical to VRC01-class bNAbs, as well as CDRL1 deletions and/or glycine substitutions to accommodate the N276 glycan. These results provide proof of concept for vaccine-induced affinity maturation of B cell lineages that require rare insertions and deletions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom G Caniels
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Max Medina-Ramírez
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jinsong Zhang
- Applied Biomedical Science Institute, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Anita Sarkar
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Sonu Kumar
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Alex LaBranche
- Applied Biomedical Science Institute, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Ronald Derking
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Joel D Allen
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Jonne L Snitselaar
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Joan Capella-Pujol
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Iván Del Moral Sánchez
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Anila Yasmeen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Marilyn Diaz
- Applied Biomedical Science Institute, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Yoann Aldon
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Tom P L Bijl
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | | | - Amanda Newman
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Chuancang Jiang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Wen-Hsin Lee
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Maarten Pater
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Judith A Burger
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Mariëlle J van Breemen
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Steven W de Taeye
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Kimmo Rantalainen
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Celia LaBranche
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Kevin O Saunders
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - David Montefiori
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA; Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Gabriel Ozorowski
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Andrew B Ward
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Max Crispin
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - John P Moore
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Per Johan Klasse
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Barton F Haynes
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Ian A Wilson
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA; The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Kevin Wiehe
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Rogier W Sanders
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA.
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9
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Tarrés-Freixas F, Aguilar-Gurrieri C, Rodríguez de la Concepción ML, Urrea V, Trinité B, Ortiz R, Pradenas E, Blanco P, Marfil S, Molinos-Albert LM, Barajas A, Pons-Grífols A, Ávila-Nieto C, Varela I, Cervera L, Gutiérrez-Granados S, Segura MM, Gòdia F, Clotet B, Carrillo J, Blanco J. An engineered HIV-1 Gag-based VLP displaying high antigen density induces strong antibody-dependent functional immune responses. NPJ Vaccines 2023; 8:51. [PMID: 37024469 PMCID: PMC10077320 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-023-00648-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Antigen display on the surface of Virus-Like Particles (VLPs) improves immunogenicity compared to soluble proteins. We hypothesised that immune responses can be further improved by increasing the antigen density on the surface of VLPs. In this work, we report an HIV-1 Gag-based VLP platform engineered to maximise the presence of antigen on the VLP surface. An HIV-1 gp41-derived protein (Min), including the C-terminal part of gp41 and the transmembrane domain, was fused to HIV-1 Gag. This resulted in high-density MinGag-VLPs. These VLPs demonstrated to be highly immunogenic in animal models using either a homologous (VLP) or heterologous (DNA/VLP) vaccination regimen, with the latter yielding 10-fold higher anti-Gag and anti-Min antibody titres. Despite these strong humoral responses, immunisation with MinGag-VLPs did not induce neutralising antibodies. Nevertheless, antibodies were predominantly of an IgG2b/IgG2c profile and could efficiently bind CD16-2. Furthermore, we demonstrated that MinGag-VLP vaccination could mediate a functional effect and halt the progression of a Min-expressing tumour cell line in an in vivo mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferran Tarrés-Freixas
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Can Ruti Campus, 08916, Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
| | | | | | - Victor Urrea
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Can Ruti Campus, 08916, Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Benjamin Trinité
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Can Ruti Campus, 08916, Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Raquel Ortiz
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Can Ruti Campus, 08916, Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Edwards Pradenas
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Can Ruti Campus, 08916, Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Pau Blanco
- Comparative Medicine and Bioimage Centre of Catalonia (CMCiB), Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Can Ruti Campus, 08916, Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Sílvia Marfil
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Can Ruti Campus, 08916, Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Luis Manuel Molinos-Albert
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Can Ruti Campus, 08916, Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana Barajas
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Can Ruti Campus, 08916, Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Anna Pons-Grífols
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Can Ruti Campus, 08916, Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Carlos Ávila-Nieto
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Can Ruti Campus, 08916, Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Ismael Varela
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Can Ruti Campus, 08916, Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Laura Cervera
- Grup d'Enginyeria Cel•lular i Bioprocessos, Department of Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering, Escola d'Enginyeria, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Campus de Bellaterra, 08913, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Sònia Gutiérrez-Granados
- Grup d'Enginyeria Cel•lular i Bioprocessos, Department of Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering, Escola d'Enginyeria, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Campus de Bellaterra, 08913, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Catalonia, Spain
| | - María Mercedes Segura
- Grup d'Enginyeria Cel•lular i Bioprocessos, Department of Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering, Escola d'Enginyeria, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Campus de Bellaterra, 08913, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Francesc Gòdia
- Grup d'Enginyeria Cel•lular i Bioprocessos, Department of Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering, Escola d'Enginyeria, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Campus de Bellaterra, 08913, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Bonaventura Clotet
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Can Ruti Campus, 08916, Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
- University of Vic-Central University of Catalonia (UVic-UCC), 08500 Vic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jorge Carrillo
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Can Ruti Campus, 08916, Badalona, Catalonia, Spain.
- Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Can Ruti Campus, Badalona, 08916, Barcelona, Spain.
- CIBER Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Julià Blanco
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Can Ruti Campus, 08916, Badalona, Catalonia, Spain.
- University of Vic-Central University of Catalonia (UVic-UCC), 08500 Vic, Barcelona, Spain.
- Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Can Ruti Campus, Badalona, 08916, Barcelona, Spain.
- CIBER Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
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10
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Hossain MA, Anasti K, Watts B, Cronin K, Derking R, Groschel B, Kane AP, Edwards R, Easterhoff D, Zhang J, Rountree W, Ortiz Y, Saunders K, Schief WR, Sanders RW, Verkoczy L, Reth M, Alam SM. B cells expressing IgM B cell receptors of HIV-1 neutralizing antibodies discriminate antigen affinities by sensing binding association rates. Cell Rep 2022; 39:111021. [PMID: 35767950 PMCID: PMC9837990 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 envelope (Env) proteins designed to induce neutralizing antibody responses allow study of the role of affinities (equilibrium dissociation constant [KD]) and kinetic rates (association/dissociation rates) on B cell antigen recognition. It is unclear whether affinity discrimination during B cell activation is based solely on Env protein binding KD and whether B cells discriminate among proteins of similar affinities that bind with different kinetic rates. Here, we use a panel of Env proteins and Ramos B cell lines expressing immunoglobulin M (IgM) B cell receptors (BCRs) with specificity for CD4-binding-site broadly neutralizing antibodies to study the role of antigen binding kinetic rates on both early (proximal/distal signaling) and late events (BCR/antigen internalization) in B cell activation. Our results support a kinetic model for B cell activation in which Env protein affinity discrimination is based not on overall KD but on sensing of association rate and a threshold antigen-BCR half-life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Alamgir Hossain
- Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA,These authors contributed equally
| | - Kara Anasti
- Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA,These authors contributed equally
| | - Brian Watts
- Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Kenneth Cronin
- Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Ronald Derking
- Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Bettina Groschel
- Department of Immunology & Microbiology and Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA,IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - R.J. Edwards
- Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - David Easterhoff
- Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA,Present address: Moderna, Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jinsong Zhang
- Applied Biomedical Science Institute, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Wes Rountree
- Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Yaneth Ortiz
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Kevin Saunders
- Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - William R. Schief
- Department of Immunology & Microbiology and Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA,IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Rogier W. Sanders
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Michael Reth
- Signaling Research Centers BIOSS and CIBSS, Freiburg, Germany,Department of Molecular Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - S. Munir Alam
- Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA,Department of Medicine & Pathology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA,Lead contact,Correspondence:
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11
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Finney J, Kelsoe G. Continuous Culture of Mouse Primary B Lymphocytes by Forced Expression of Bach2. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 207:1478-1492. [PMID: 34389622 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Stable, long-term culture of primary B lymphocytes has many potential scientific and medical applications, but remains an elusive feat. A major obstacle to long-term culture is that in vitro mitogens quickly drive B cells to differentiate into short-lived plasma cells (PCs). PC differentiation is governed by opposing teams of transcription factors: Pax5, Bach2, and Bcl6 suppress PC commitment, whereas IFN regulatory factor 4 and Blimp1 promote it. To determine whether transcriptional programming could prolong B cell culture by blocking PC commitment, we generated mouse primary B cells harboring gain- or loss-of-function in the key transcription factors, continuously stimulated these cells with CD154 and IL-21, and determined growth potential and phenotypes in vitro. We found that transgenic expression of Bach2 prohibits PC commitment and endows B cells with extraordinary growth potential in response to external proliferation and survival cues. Long-term Bach2-transgenic B cell lines have genetically stable BCRs [i.e., do not acquire V(D)J mutations], express high levels of MHC class II and molecules for costimulation of T cells, and transduce intracellular signals when incubated with BCR ligands. Silencing the Bach2 transgene in an established transgenic cell line causes the cells to secrete large quantities of Ig. This system has potential applications in mAb production, BCR signaling studies, Ag presentation to T cells, and ex vivo clonal expansion for adoptive cell transfer. Additionally, our results provide insight into molecular control over activated B cell fate and suggest that forced Bach2 expression in vivo may augment germinal center B cell or memory B cell differentiation at the expense of PC commitment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Finney
- Department of Immunology, Duke University, Durham, NC; and
| | - Garnett Kelsoe
- Department of Immunology, Duke University, Durham, NC; and .,Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC
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12
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Mu Z, Haynes BF, Cain DW. HIV mRNA Vaccines-Progress and Future Paths. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:134. [PMID: 33562203 PMCID: PMC7915550 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9020134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic introduced the world to a new type of vaccine based on mRNA encapsulated in lipid nanoparticles (LNPs). Instead of delivering antigenic proteins directly, an mRNA-based vaccine relies on the host's cells to manufacture protein immunogens which, in turn, are targets for antibody and cytotoxic T cell responses. mRNA-based vaccines have been the subject of research for over three decades as a platform to protect against or treat a variety of cancers, amyloidosis and infectious diseases. In this review, we discuss mRNA-based approaches for the generation of prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines to HIV. We examine the special immunological hurdles for a vaccine to elicit broadly neutralizing antibodies and effective T cell responses to HIV. Lastly, we outline an mRNA-based HIV vaccination strategy based on the immunobiology of broadly neutralizing antibody development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zekun Mu
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; (Z.M.); (B.F.H.)
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Barton F. Haynes
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; (Z.M.); (B.F.H.)
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Derek W. Cain
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; (Z.M.); (B.F.H.)
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13
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Caillat C, Guilligay D, Sulbaran G, Weissenhorn W. Neutralizing Antibodies Targeting HIV-1 gp41. Viruses 2020; 12:E1210. [PMID: 33114242 PMCID: PMC7690876 DOI: 10.3390/v12111210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 vaccine research has obtained an enormous boost since the discovery of many broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) targeting all accessible sites on the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (Env). This in turn facilitated high-resolution structures of the Env glycoprotein in complex with bnAbs. Here we focus on gp41, its highly conserved heptad repeat region 1 (HR1), the fusion peptide (FP) and the membrane-proximal external region (MPER). Notably, the broadest neutralizing antibodies target MPER. Both gp41 HR1 and MPER are only fully accessible once receptor-induced conformational changes have taken place, although some studies suggest access to MPER in the close to native Env conformation. We summarize the data on the structure and function of neutralizing antibodies targeting gp41 HR1, FP and MPER and we review their access to Env and their complex formation with gp41 HR1, MPER peptides and FP within native Env. We further discuss MPER bnAb binding to lipids and the role of somatic mutations in recognizing a bipartite epitope composed of the conserved MPER sequence and membrane components. The problematic of gp41 HR1 access and MPER bnAb auto- and polyreactivity is developed in the light of inducing such antibodies by vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Caillat
- Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), University Grenoble Alpes, Commissariat à L'énergie Atomique et Aux Énergies Alternatives (CEA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Delphine Guilligay
- Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), University Grenoble Alpes, Commissariat à L'énergie Atomique et Aux Énergies Alternatives (CEA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Guidenn Sulbaran
- Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), University Grenoble Alpes, Commissariat à L'énergie Atomique et Aux Énergies Alternatives (CEA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Winfried Weissenhorn
- Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), University Grenoble Alpes, Commissariat à L'énergie Atomique et Aux Énergies Alternatives (CEA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), 38000 Grenoble, France
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14
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B cells expressing authentic naive human VRC01-class BCRs can be recruited to germinal centers and affinity mature in multiple independent mouse models. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:22920-22931. [PMID: 32873644 PMCID: PMC7502816 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2004489117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Rational development of successful vaccines requires utilization of predictive models of vaccination. One approach for development of an HIV vaccine has been to study broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) and revert the mutations back to germline. However, there are limitations to such models. Therefore, we generated three knockin mice expressing B cell receptors (BCRs) from authentic naive VRC01-class B cells from healthy human donors (“HuGL” mice). This approach revealed that human VRC01-class naive B cell BCRs are indeed competent for antigen-specific responses in vivo. Additionally, a series of experiments shows the importance of precursor frequency and affinity on B cell responses to vaccine antigens. Overall, these HuGL mouse models validate a central tenet of the germline-targeting approach to vaccine design. Animal models of human antigen-specific B cell receptors (BCRs) generally depend on “inferred germline” sequences, and thus their relationship to authentic naive human B cell BCR sequences and affinities is unclear. Here, BCR sequences from authentic naive human VRC01-class B cells from healthy human donors were selected for the generation of three BCR knockin mice. The BCRs span the physiological range of affinities found in humans, and use three different light chains (VK3-20, VK1-5, and VK1-33) found among subclasses of naive human VRC01-class B cells and HIV broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs). The germline-targeting HIV immunogen eOD-GT8 60mer is currently in clinical trial as a candidate bnAb vaccine priming immunogen. To attempt to model human immune responses to the eOD-GT8 60mer, we tested each authentic naive human VRC01-class BCR mouse model under rare human physiological B cell precursor frequency conditions. B cells with high (HuGL18HL) or medium (HuGL17HL) affinity BCRs were primed, recruited to germinal centers, and they affinity matured, and formed memory B cells. Precursor frequency and affinity interdependently influenced responses. Taken together, these experiments utilizing authentic naive human VRC01-class BCRs validate a central tenet of germline-targeting vaccine design and extend the overall concept of the reverse vaccinology approach to vaccine development.
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15
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Agazio A, Cimons J, Shotts KM, Guo K, Santiago ML, Pelanda R, Torres RM. Histone H2A-Reactive B Cells Are Functionally Anergic in Healthy Mice With Potential to Provide Humoral Protection Against HIV-1. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1565. [PMID: 32849530 PMCID: PMC7396680 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Peripheral tolerance is essential for silencing weakly autoreactive B cells that have escaped central tolerance, but it is unclear why these potentially pathogenic B cells are retained rather than being eliminated entirely. Release from peripheral tolerance restraint can occur under certain circumstances (i.e., strong TLR stimulus), that are present during infection. In this regard, we hypothesized that autoreactive B cells could function as a reserve population that can be activated to contribute to the humoral immune response, particularly with pathogens, such as HIV-1, that exploit immune tolerance to avoid host defense. In this study, we identify a population of autoreactive B cells with the potential to neutralize HIV-1 and experimentally release them from the functional restrictions of peripheral tolerance. We have previously identified murine monoclonal antibodies that displayed autoreactivity against histone H2A and neutralized HIV-1 in vitro. Here, we identify additional H2A-reactive IgM monoclonal antibodies and demonstrate that they are both autoreactive and polyreactive with self and foreign antigens and are able to neutralize multiple clades of tier 2 HIV-1. Flow cytometric analysis of H2A-reactive B cells in naïve wildtype mice revealed that these B cells are present in peripheral B cell populations and we further document that murine H2A-reactive B cells are restrained by peripheral tolerance mechanisms. Specifically, we show endogenous H2A-reactive B cells display increased expression of the inhibitory mediators CD5 and phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) phosphatase and fail to mobilize calcium upon immunoreceptor stimulation; all characterized markers of anergy. Moreover, we show that toll-like receptor stimulation or provision of CD4 T cell help induces the in vitro production of H2A-reactive antibodies, breaking tolerance. Thus, we have identified a novel poly/autoreactive B cell population that has the potential to neutralize HIV-1 but is silenced by immune tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Agazio
- Department of Immunology & Microbiology, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Jennifer Cimons
- Department of Immunology & Microbiology, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Kristin M. Shotts
- Department of Immunology & Microbiology, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Kejun Guo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Mario L. Santiago
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Roberta Pelanda
- Department of Immunology & Microbiology, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Raul M. Torres
- Department of Immunology & Microbiology, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
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16
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Andrabi R, Pallesen J, Allen JD, Song G, Zhang J, de Val N, Gegg G, Porter K, Su CY, Pauthner M, Newman A, Bouton-Verville H, Garces F, Wilson IA, Crispin M, Hahn BH, Haynes BF, Verkoczy L, Ward AB, Burton DR. The Chimpanzee SIV Envelope Trimer: Structure and Deployment as an HIV Vaccine Template. Cell Rep 2020; 27:2426-2441.e6. [PMID: 31116986 PMCID: PMC6533203 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.04.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Epitope-targeted HIV vaccine design seeks to focus antibody responses to broadly neutralizing antibody (bnAb) sites by sequential immunization. A chimpanzee simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) envelope (Env) shares a single bnAb site, the variable loop 2 (V2)-apex, with HIV, suggesting its possible utility in an HIV immunization strategy. Here, we generate a chimpanzee SIV Env trimer, MT145K, which displays selective binding to HIV V2-apex bnAbs and precursor versions, but no binding to other HIV specificities. We determine the structure of the MT145K trimer by cryo-EM and show that its architecture is remarkably similar to HIV Env. Immunization of an HIV V2-apex bnAb precursor Ab-expressing knockin mouse with the chimpanzee MT145K trimer induces HIV V2-specific neutralizing responses. Subsequent boosting with an HIV trimer cocktail induces responses that exhibit some virus cross-neutralization. Overall, the chimpanzee MT145K trimer behaves as expected from design both in vitro and in vivo and is an attractive potential component of a sequential immunization regimen to induce V2-apex bnAbs. A designed chimpanzee SIV Env trimer binds HIV V2-apex bnAbs specifically The trimer (MT145K) is engineered to bind inferred unmutated versions of HIV V2-apex bnAbs The cryo-EM structure of the SIV MT145K trimer closely resembles that of HIV trimers The MT145K SIV trimer induces HIV-specific nAb responses in a favorable animal model
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Affiliation(s)
- Raiees Andrabi
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jesper Pallesen
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Joel D Allen
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Ge Song
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jinsong Zhang
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute and Departments of Medicine and Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Natalia de Val
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Gavin Gegg
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Katelyn Porter
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Ching-Yao Su
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Matthias Pauthner
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Amanda Newman
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute and Departments of Medicine and Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Hilary Bouton-Verville
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute and Departments of Medicine and Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Fernando Garces
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Ian A Wilson
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Max Crispin
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Beatrice H Hahn
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Barton F Haynes
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute and Departments of Medicine and Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Laurent Verkoczy
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute and Departments of Medicine and Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; San Diego Biomedical Research Institute, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Andrew B Ward
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | - Dennis R Burton
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02114, USA.
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17
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Fukuyama H, Shinnakasu R, Kurosaki T. Influenza vaccination strategies targeting the hemagglutinin stem region. Immunol Rev 2020; 296:132-141. [PMID: 32542739 PMCID: PMC7323124 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Influenza is one of the best examples of highly mutable viruses that are able to escape immune surveillance. Indeed, in response to influenza seasonal infection or vaccination, the majority of the induced antibodies are strain‐specific. Current vaccine against the seasonal strains with the strategy of surveillance‐prediction‐vaccine does not cover an unmet virus strain leading to pandemic. Recently, antibodies targeting conserved epitopes on the hemagglutinin (HA) protein have been identified, albeit rarely, and they often showed broad protection. These antibody discoveries have brought the feasibility to develop a universal vaccine. Most of these antibodies bind the HA stem domain and accumulate in the memory B cell compartment. Broadly reactive stem‐biased memory responses were induced by infection with antigenically divergent influenza strains and were able to eradicate these viruses, together indicating the importance of generating memory B cells expressing high‐quality anti‐stem antibodies. Here, we emphasize recent progress in our understanding of how such memory B cells can be generated and discuss how these advances may be relevant to the quest for a universal influenza vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidehiro Fukuyama
- Laboratory for Lymphocyte Differentiation, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS), Yokohama, Japan.,Cellular Systems Laboratory, Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan.,INSERM EST, Strasbourg Cedex 2, France
| | - Ryo Shinnakasu
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Differentiation, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Kurosaki
- Laboratory for Lymphocyte Differentiation, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS), Yokohama, Japan.,Laboratory of Lymphocyte Differentiation, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
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18
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Conditional antibody expression to avoid central B cell deletion in humanized HIV-1 vaccine mouse models. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:7929-7940. [PMID: 32209668 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1921996117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 vaccine development aims to elicit broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) against diverse viral strains. In some HIV-1-infected individuals, bnAbs evolved from precursor antibodies through affinity maturation. To induce bnAbs, a vaccine must mediate a similar antibody maturation process. One way to test a vaccine is to immunize mouse models that express human bnAb precursors and assess whether the vaccine can convert precursor antibodies into bnAbs. A major problem with such mouse models is that bnAb expression often hinders B cell development. Such developmental blocks may be attributed to the unusual properties of bnAb variable regions, such as poly-reactivity and long antigen-binding loops, which are usually under negative selection during primary B cell development. To address this problem, we devised a method to circumvent such B cell developmental blocks by expressing bnAbs conditionally in mature B cells. We validated this method by expressing the unmutated common ancestor (UCA) of the human VRC26 bnAb in transgenic mice. Constitutive expression of the VRC26UCA led to developmental arrest of B cell progenitors in bone marrow; poly-reactivity of the VRC26UCA and poor pairing of the VRC26UCA heavy chain with the mouse surrogate light chain may contribute to this phenotype. The conditional expression strategy bypassed the impediment to VRC26UCA B cell development, enabling the expression of VRC26UCA in mature B cells. This approach should be generally applicable for expressing other bnAbs that are under negative selection during B cell development.
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19
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Bhullar D, Nemazee D. B Cells Carrying Antigen Receptors Against Microbes as Tools for Vaccine Discovery and Design. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2020; 428:165-180. [PMID: 30919086 PMCID: PMC6765437 DOI: 10.1007/82_2019_156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/01/2024]
Abstract
Can basic science improve the art of vaccinology? Here, we review efforts to understand immune responses with the aim to improve vaccine design and, eventually, to predict the efficacy of human vaccine candidates using the tools of transformed B cells and targeted transgenic mice carrying B cells with antigen receptors specific for microbes of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepika Bhullar
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Rd, IM29, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - David Nemazee
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Rd, IM29, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
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20
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Finney J, Yang G, Kuraoka M, Song S, Nojima T, Verkoczy L, Kitamura D, Haynes BF, Kelsoe G. Cross-Reactivity to Kynureninase Tolerizes B Cells That Express the HIV-1 Broadly Neutralizing Antibody 2F5. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 203:3268-3281. [PMID: 31732530 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
2F5 is an HIV-1 broadly neutralizing Ab that also binds the autoantigens kynureninase (KYNU) and anionic lipids. Generation of 2F5-like Abs is proscribed by immune tolerance, but it is unclear which autospecificity is responsible. We sampled the BCR repertoire of 2F5 knock-in mice before and after the first and second tolerance checkpoints. Nearly all small pre-B (precheckpoint) and 35-70% of anergic peripheral B cells (postcheckpoint) expressed the 2F5 BCR and maintained KYNU, lipid, and HIV-1 gp41 reactivity. In contrast, all postcheckpoint mature follicular (MF) B cells had undergone L chain editing that purged KYNU and gp41 binding but left lipid reactivity largely intact. We conclude that specificity for KYNU is the primary driver of tolerization of 2F5-expressing B cells. The MF and anergic B cell populations favored distinct collections of editor L chains; surprisingly, however, MF and anergic B cells also frequently expressed identical BCRs. These results imply that BCR autoreactivity is the primary determinant of whether a developing B cell enters the MF or anergic compartments, with a secondary role for stochastic factors that slightly mix the two pools. Our study provides mechanistic insights into how immunological tolerance impairs humoral responses to HIV-1 and supports activation of anergic B cells as a potential method for HIV-1 vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Finney
- Department of Immunology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Guang Yang
- Department of Immunology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710
| | | | - Shengli Song
- Department of Immunology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Takuya Nojima
- Department of Immunology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710
| | | | - Daisuke Kitamura
- Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba 278-0022, Japan; and
| | - Barton F Haynes
- Department of Immunology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710.,Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Garnett Kelsoe
- Department of Immunology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710; .,Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710
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21
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Prigent J, Jarossay A, Planchais C, Eden C, Dufloo J, Kök A, Lorin V, Vratskikh O, Couderc T, Bruel T, Schwartz O, Seaman MS, Ohlenschläger O, Dimitrov JD, Mouquet H. Conformational Plasticity in Broadly Neutralizing HIV-1 Antibodies Triggers Polyreactivity. Cell Rep 2019; 23:2568-2581. [PMID: 29847789 PMCID: PMC5990490 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.04.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Human high-affinity antibodies to pathogens often recognize unrelated ligands. The molecular origin and the role of this polyreactivity are largely unknown. Here, we report that HIV-1 broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) are frequently polyreactive, cross-reacting with non-HIV-1 molecules, including self-antigens. Mutating bNAb genes to increase HIV-1 binding and neutralization also results in de novo polyreactivity. Unliganded paratopes of polyreactive bNAbs with improved HIV-1 neutralization exhibit a conformational flexibility, which contributes to enhanced affinity of bNAbs to various HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins and non-HIV antigens. Binding adaptation of polyreactive bNAbs to the divergent ligands mainly involves hydrophophic interactions. Plasticity of bNAbs' paratopes may, therefore, facilitate accommodating divergent viral variants, but it simultaneously triggers promiscuous binding to non-HIV-1 antigens. Thus, a certain level of polyreactivity can be a mark of adaptable antibodies displaying optimal pathogens' recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Prigent
- Laboratory of Humoral Response to Pathogens, Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, Paris 75015, France; INSERM U1222, Paris 75015, France
| | - Annaëlle Jarossay
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris 75006, France; INSERM, UMR_S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris 75006, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR_S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris 75006, France
| | - Cyril Planchais
- Laboratory of Humoral Response to Pathogens, Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, Paris 75015, France; INSERM U1222, Paris 75015, France
| | - Caroline Eden
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Jérémy Dufloo
- Virus & Immunity Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, Paris 75015, France; CNRS URA3015, Paris 75015, France
| | - Ayrin Kök
- Laboratory of Humoral Response to Pathogens, Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, Paris 75015, France; INSERM U1222, Paris 75015, France
| | - Valérie Lorin
- Laboratory of Humoral Response to Pathogens, Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, Paris 75015, France; INSERM U1222, Paris 75015, France
| | - Oxana Vratskikh
- Laboratory of Humoral Response to Pathogens, Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, Paris 75015, France; INSERM U1222, Paris 75015, France
| | - Thérèse Couderc
- Biology of Infection Unit, INSERM U1117, Department of Cell Biology and Infection, Institut Pasteur, Paris 75015, France
| | - Timothée Bruel
- Virus & Immunity Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, Paris 75015, France; CNRS URA3015, Paris 75015, France
| | - Olivier Schwartz
- Virus & Immunity Unit, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, Paris 75015, France; CNRS URA3015, Paris 75015, France
| | | | | | - Jordan D Dimitrov
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris 75006, France; INSERM, UMR_S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris 75006, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR_S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris 75006, France.
| | - Hugo Mouquet
- Laboratory of Humoral Response to Pathogens, Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, Paris 75015, France; INSERM U1222, Paris 75015, France.
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22
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Finney J, Watanabe A, Kelsoe G, Kuraoka M. Minding the gap: The impact of B-cell tolerance on the microbial antibody repertoire. Immunol Rev 2019; 292:24-36. [PMID: 31559648 PMCID: PMC6935408 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
B lymphocytes must respond to vast numbers of foreign antigens, including those of microbial pathogens. To do so, developing B cells use combinatorial joining of V-, D-, and J-gene segments to generate an extraordinarily diverse repertoire of B-cell antigen receptors (BCRs). Unsurprisingly, a large fraction of this initial BCR repertoire reacts to self-antigens, and these "forbidden" B cells are culled by immunological tolerance from mature B-cell populations. While culling of autoreactive BCRs mitigates the risk of autoimmunity, it also opens gaps in the BCR repertoire, which are exploited by pathogens that mimic the forbidden self-epitopes. Consequently, immunological tolerance, necessary for averting autoimmune disease, also acts to limit effective microbial immunity. In this brief review, we recount the evidence for the linkage of tolerance and impaired microbial immunity, consider the implications of this linkage for vaccine development, and discuss modulating tolerance as a potential strategy for strengthening humoral immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Finney
- Department of Immunology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Akiko Watanabe
- Department of Immunology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Garnett Kelsoe
- Department of Immunology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Duke University Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
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23
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Noviski M, Zikherman J. Control of autoreactive B cells by IgM and IgD B cell receptors: maintaining a fine balance. Curr Opin Immunol 2018; 55:67-74. [PMID: 30292928 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2018.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A substantial fraction of mature naïve B cells recognize endogenous antigens, and this autoreactivity must be controlled to prevent autoantibody secretion. Selective downregulation of the IgM BCR on autoreactive B cells has long been appreciated, and recent findings illustrate how this might impose tolerance. The BCR isotype maintained on autoreactive B cells, IgD, is less sensitive to endogenous antigens than IgM. This reduced sensitivity may be conferred by structural properties of IgD and/or differential association with activating and inhibitory co-receptors. Once activated, autoreactive B cells are normally excluded from rapid plasma cell responses, but they can enter the germinal center and lose their autoreactivity through a mutation-selection process termed clonal redemption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Noviski
- Rosalind Russell and Ephraim P. Engleman Arthritis Research Center, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Julie Zikherman
- Rosalind Russell and Ephraim P. Engleman Arthritis Research Center, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.
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24
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Lin YC, Pecetta S, Steichen JM, Kratochvil S, Melzi E, Arnold J, Dougan SK, Wu L, Kirsch KH, Nair U, Schief WR, Batista FD. One-step CRISPR/Cas9 method for the rapid generation of human antibody heavy chain knock-in mice. EMBO J 2018; 37:embj.201899243. [PMID: 30087111 PMCID: PMC6138433 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201899243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we describe a one-step, in vivo CRISPR/Cas9 nuclease-mediated strategy to generate knock-in mice. We produced knock-in (KI) mice wherein a 1.9-kb DNA fragment bearing a pre-arranged human B-cell receptor heavy chain was recombined into the native murine immunoglobulin locus. Our methodology relies on Cas9 nuclease-induced double-stranded breaks directed by two sgRNAs to occur within the specific target locus of fertilized oocytes. These double-stranded breaks are subsequently repaired via homology-directed repair by a plasmid-borne template containing the pre-arranged human immunoglobulin heavy chain. To validate our knock-in mouse model, we examined the expression of the KI immunoglobulin heavy chains by following B-cell development and performing single B-cell receptor sequencing. We optimized this strategy to generate immunoglobulin KI mice in a short amount of time with a high frequency of homologous recombination (30-50%). In the future, we envision that such knock-in mice will provide much needed vaccination models to evaluate immunoresponses against immunogens specific for various infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Cing Lin
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Simone Pecetta
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jon M Steichen
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science and IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Eleonora Melzi
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Johan Arnold
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Lin Wu
- Genome Modification Facility, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Usha Nair
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - William R Schief
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Immunology and Microbial Science and IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
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25
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Finney J, Kelsoe G. Poly- and autoreactivity of HIV-1 bNAbs: implications for vaccine design. Retrovirology 2018; 15:53. [PMID: 30055635 PMCID: PMC6064052 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-018-0435-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
A central puzzle in HIV-1 research is the inability of vaccination or even infection to reliably elicit humoral responses against broadly neutralizing epitopes in the HIV-1 envelope protein. In infected individuals, broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) do arise in a substantial minority, but only after 2 or more years of chronic infection. All known bNAbs possess at least one of three traits: a high frequency of somatic hypermutation, a long third complementarity determining region in the antibody heavy chain (HCDR3), or significant poly- or autoreactivity. Collectively, these observations suggest a plausible explanation for the rarity of many types of bNAbs: namely, that their generation is blocked by immunological tolerance or immune response checkpoints, thereby mandating that B cells take a tortuous path of somatic evolution over several years to achieve broadly neutralizing activity. In this brief review, we discuss the evidence for this tolerance hypothesis, its implications for HIV-1 vaccine design, and potential ways to access normally forbidden compartments of the antibody repertoire by modulating or circumventing tolerance controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Finney
- Department of Immunology, Duke University, DUMC 3010, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Garnett Kelsoe
- Department of Immunology, Duke University, DUMC 3010, Durham, NC, 27710, USA. .,Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.
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26
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The development of HIV vaccines targeting gp41 membrane-proximal external region (MPER): challenges and prospects. Protein Cell 2018; 9:596-615. [PMID: 29667004 PMCID: PMC6019655 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-018-0534-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
A human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) vaccine which is able to effectively prevent infection would be the most powerful method of extinguishing pandemic of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Yet, achieving such vaccine remains great challenges. The membrane-proximal external region (MPER) is a highly conserved region of the envelope glycoprotein (Env) gp41 subunit near the viral envelope surface, and it plays a key role in membrane fusion. It is also the target of some reported broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs). Thus, MPER is deemed to be one of the most attractive vaccine targets. However, no one can induce these bNAbs by immunization with immunogens containing the MPER sequence(s). The few attempts at developing a vaccine have only resulted in the induction of neutralizing antibodies with quite low potency and limited breadth. Thus far, vaccine failure can be attributed to various characteristics of MPER, such as those involving structure and immunology; therefore, we will focus on these and review the recent progress in the field from the following perspectives: (1) MPER structure and its role in membrane fusion, (2) the epitopes and neutralization mechanisms of MPER-specific bNAbs, as well as the limitations in eliciting neutralizing antibodies, and (3) different strategies for MPER vaccine design and current harvests.
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27
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Anti-HIV-1 B cell responses are dependent on B cell precursor frequency and antigen-binding affinity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:4743-4748. [PMID: 29666227 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1803457115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The discovery that humans can produce potent broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) to several different epitopes on the HIV-1 spike has reinvigorated efforts to develop an antibody-based HIV-1 vaccine. Antibody cloning from single cells revealed that nearly all bNAbs show unusual features that could help explain why it has not been possible to elicit them by traditional vaccination and instead would require a sequence of different immunogens. This idea is supported by experiments with genetically modified immunoglobulin (Ig) knock-in mice. Sequential immunization with a series of specifically designed immunogens was required to shepherd the development of bNAbs. However, knock-in mice contain superphysiologic numbers of bNAb precursor-expressing B cells, and therefore how these results can be translated to a more physiologic setting remains to be determined. Here we make use of adoptive transfer experiments using knock-in B cells that carry a synthetic intermediate in the pathway to anti-HIV-1 bNAb development to examine how the relationship between B cell receptor affinity and precursor frequency affects germinal center (GC) B cell recruitment and clonal expansion. Immunization with soluble HIV-1 antigens can recruit bNAb precursor B cells to the GC when there are as few as 10 such cells per mouse. However, at low precursor frequencies, the extent of clonal expansion is directly proportional to the affinity of the antigen for the B cell receptor, and recruitment to GCs is variable and dependent on recirculation.
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28
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Ringel O, Vieillard V, Debré P, Eichler J, Büning H, Dietrich U. The Hard Way towards an Antibody-Based HIV-1 Env Vaccine: Lessons from Other Viruses. Viruses 2018; 10:v10040197. [PMID: 29662026 PMCID: PMC5923491 DOI: 10.3390/v10040197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Although effective antibody-based vaccines have been developed against multiple viruses, such approaches have so far failed for the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). Despite the success of anti-retroviral therapy (ART) that has turned HIV-1 infection into a chronic disease and has reduced the number of new infections worldwide, a vaccine against HIV-1 is still urgently needed. We discuss here the major reasons for the failure of “classical” vaccine approaches, which are mostly due to the biological properties of the virus itself. HIV-1 has developed multiple mechanisms of immune escape, which also account for vaccine failure. So far, no vaccine candidate has been able to induce broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) against primary patient viruses from different clades. However, such antibodies were identified in a subset of patients during chronic infection and were shown to protect from infection in animal models and to reduce viremia in first clinical trials. Their detailed characterization has guided structure-based reverse vaccinology approaches to design better HIV-1 envelope (Env) immunogens. Furthermore, conserved Env epitopes have been identified, which are promising candidates in view of clinical applications. Together with new vector-based technologies, considerable progress has been achieved in recent years towards the development of an effective antibody-based HIV-1 vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Ringel
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, 60596 Frankfurt, Germany.
| | - Vincent Vieillard
- Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI-Paris), Sorbonne Université, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM U1135, CNRS ERL8255, 75013 Paris, France.
| | - Patrice Debré
- Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI-Paris), Sorbonne Université, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM U1135, CNRS ERL8255, 75013 Paris, France.
| | - Jutta Eichler
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Erlangen-Nurnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Hildegard Büning
- Laboratory for Infection Biology & Gene Transfer, Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany.
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany.
| | - Ursula Dietrich
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, 60596 Frankfurt, Germany.
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29
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Zhang R, Verkoczy L, Wiehe K, Munir Alam S, Nicely NI, Santra S, Bradley T, Pemble CW, Zhang J, Gao F, Montefiori DC, Bouton-Verville H, Kelsoe G, Larimore K, Greenberg PD, Parks R, Foulger A, Peel JN, Luo K, Lu X, Trama AM, Vandergrift N, Tomaras GD, Kepler TB, Moody MA, Liao HX, Haynes BF. Initiation of immune tolerance-controlled HIV gp41 neutralizing B cell lineages. Sci Transl Med 2017; 8:336ra62. [PMID: 27122615 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aaf0618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Development of an HIV vaccine is a global priority. A major roadblock to a vaccine is an inability to induce protective broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs). HIV gp41 bnAbs have characteristics that predispose them to be controlled by tolerance. We used gp41 2F5 bnAb germline knock-in mice and macaques vaccinated with immunogens reactive with germline precursors to activate neutralizing antibodies. In germline knock-in mice, bnAb precursors were deleted, with remaining anergic B cells capable of being activated by germline-binding immunogens to make gp41-reactive immunoglobulin M (IgM). Immunized macaques made B cell clonal lineages targeted to the 2F5 bnAb epitope, but 2F5-like antibodies were either deleted or did not attain sufficient affinity for gp41-lipid complexes to achieve the neutralization potency of 2F5. Structural analysis of members of a vaccine-induced antibody lineage revealed that heavy chain complementarity-determining region 3 (HCDR3) hydrophobicity was important for neutralization. Thus, gp41 bnAbs are controlled by immune tolerance, requiring vaccination strategies to transiently circumvent tolerance controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruijun Zhang
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Laurent Verkoczy
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA. Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA. Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Kevin Wiehe
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA. Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - S Munir Alam
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA. Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA. Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Nathan I Nicely
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Sampa Santra
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Todd Bradley
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA. Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Charles W Pemble
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Jinsong Zhang
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Feng Gao
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA. Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - David C Montefiori
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA. Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | | | - Garnett Kelsoe
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA. Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Kevin Larimore
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Phillip D Greenberg
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Robert Parks
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Andrew Foulger
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Jessica N Peel
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Kan Luo
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Xiaozhi Lu
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Ashley M Trama
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Nathan Vandergrift
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA. Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Georgia D Tomaras
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA. Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Thomas B Kepler
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - M Anthony Moody
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA. Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA. Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Hua-Xin Liao
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA. Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
| | - Barton F Haynes
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA. Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA. Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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30
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Kuraoka M, Snowden PB, Nojima T, Verkoczy L, Haynes BF, Kitamura D, Kelsoe G. BCR and Endosomal TLR Signals Synergize to Increase AID Expression and Establish Central B Cell Tolerance. Cell Rep 2017; 18:1627-1635. [PMID: 28199836 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.01.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) is required to purge autoreactive immature and transitional-1 (immature/T1) B cells at the first tolerance checkpoint, but how AID selectively removes self-reactive B cells is unclear. We now show that B cell antigen receptor (BCR) and endosomal Toll-like receptor (TLR) signals synergize to elicit high levels of AID expression in immature/T1 B cells. This synergy is restricted to ligands for endocytic TLR and requires phospholipase-D activation, endosomal acidification, and MyD88. The first checkpoint is significantly impaired in AID- or MyD88-deficient mice and in mice doubly heterozygous for AID and MyD88, suggesting interaction of these factors in central B cell tolerance. Moreover, administration of chloroquine, an inhibitor of endosomal acidification, results in a failure to remove autoreactive immature/T1 B cells in mice. We propose that a BCR/TLR pathway coordinately establishes central tolerance by hyper-activating AID in immature/T1 B cells that bind ligands for endosomal TLRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Kuraoka
- Department of Immunology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Pilar B Snowden
- Department of Immunology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Takuya Nojima
- Department of Immunology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | | | - Barton F Haynes
- Department of Immunology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Daisuke Kitamura
- Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba 278-0022, Japan
| | - Garnett Kelsoe
- Department of Immunology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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31
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Initiation of HIV neutralizing B cell lineages with sequential envelope immunizations. Nat Commun 2017; 8:1732. [PMID: 29170366 PMCID: PMC5701043 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01336-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A strategy for HIV-1 vaccine development is to define envelope (Env) evolution of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) in infection and to recreate those events by vaccination. Here, we report host tolerance mechanisms that limit the development of CD4-binding site (CD4bs), HCDR3-binder bnAbs via sequential HIV-1 Env vaccination. Vaccine-induced macaque CD4bs antibodies neutralize 7% of HIV-1 strains, recognize open Env trimers, and accumulate relatively modest somatic mutations. In naive CD4bs, unmutated common ancestor knock-in mice Env+B cell clones develop anergy and partial deletion at the transitional to mature B cell stage, but become Env- upon receptor editing. In comparison with repetitive Env immunizations, sequential Env administration rescue anergic Env+ (non-edited) precursor B cells. Thus, stepwise immunization initiates CD4bs-bnAb responses, but immune tolerance mechanisms restrict their development, suggesting that sequential immunogen-based vaccine regimens will likely need to incorporate strategies to expand bnAb precursor pools.
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Abstract
HIV employs multiple means to evade the humoral immune response, particularly the elicitation of and recognition by broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs). Such antibodies can act antivirally against a wide spectrum of viruses by targeting relatively conserved regions on the surface HIV envelope trimer spike. Elicitation of and recognition by bnAbs are hindered by the arrangement of spikes on virions and the relatively difficult access to bnAb epitopes on spikes, including the proximity of variable regions and a high density of glycans. Yet, in a small proportion of HIV-infected individuals, potent bnAb responses do develop, and isolation of the corresponding monoclonal antibodies has been facilitated by identification of favorable donors with potent bnAb sera and by development of improved methods for human antibody generation. Molecular studies of recombinant Env trimers, alone and in interaction with bnAbs, are providing new insights that are fueling the development and testing of promising immunogens aimed at the elicitation of bnAbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis R Burton
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037; , .,Neutralizing Antibody Center, International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037.,Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037.,Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University; Boston, Massachusetts 02142
| | - Lars Hangartner
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037; , .,Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037
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Molinos-Albert LM, Clotet B, Blanco J, Carrillo J. Immunologic Insights on the Membrane Proximal External Region: A Major Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type-1 Vaccine Target. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1154. [PMID: 28970835 PMCID: PMC5609547 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) targeting conserved regions within the human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) envelope glycoprotein (Env) can be generated by the human immune system and their elicitation by vaccination will be a key point to protect against the wide range of viral diversity. The membrane proximal external region (MPER) is a highly conserved region within the Env gp41 subunit, plays a major role in membrane fusion and is targeted by naturally induced bNAbs. Therefore, the MPER is considered as an attractive vaccine target. However, despite many attempts to design MPER-based immunogens, further study is still needed to understand its structural complexity, its amphiphilic feature, and its limited accessibility by steric hindrance. These particular features compromise the development of MPER-specific neutralizing responses during natural infection and limit the number of bNAbs isolated against this region, as compared with other HIV-1 vulnerability sites, and represent additional hurdles for immunogen development. Nevertheless, the analysis of MPER humoral responses elicited during natural infection as well as the MPER bNAbs isolated to date highlight that the human immune system is capable of generating MPER protective antibodies. Here, we discuss the recent advances describing the immunologic and biochemical features that make the MPER a unique HIV-1 vulnerability site, the different strategies to generate MPER-neutralizing antibodies in immunization protocols and point the importance of extending our knowledge toward new MPER epitopes by the isolation of novel monoclonal antibodies. This will be crucial for the redesign of immunogens able to skip non-neutralizing MPER determinants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis M Molinos-Albert
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Institut de Recerca Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Bonaventura Clotet
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Institut de Recerca Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain.,Universitat de Vic - Universitat Central de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Julià Blanco
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Institut de Recerca Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain.,Universitat de Vic - Universitat Central de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jorge Carrillo
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Institut de Recerca Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Germans Trias i Pujol University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
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Borrow P, Moody MA. Immunologic characteristics of HIV-infected individuals who make broadly neutralizing antibodies. Immunol Rev 2017; 275:62-78. [PMID: 28133804 PMCID: PMC5299500 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Induction of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) capable of inhibiting infection with diverse variants of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV‐1) is a key, as‐yet‐unachieved goal of prophylactic HIV‐1 vaccine strategies. However, some HIV‐infected individuals develop bnAbs after approximately 2‐4 years of infection, enabling analysis of features of these antibodies and the immunological environment that enables their induction. Distinct subsets of CD4+ T cells play opposing roles in the regulation of humoral responses: T follicular helper (Tfh) cells support germinal center formation and provide help for affinity maturation and the development of memory B cells and plasma cells, while regulatory CD4+ (Treg) cells including T follicular regulatory (Tfr) cells inhibit the germinal center reaction to limit autoantibody production. BnAbs exhibit high somatic mutation frequencies, long third heavy‐chain complementarity determining regions, and/or autoreactivity, suggesting that bnAb generation is likely to be highly dependent on the activity of CD4+ Tfh cells, and may be constrained by host tolerance controls. This review discusses what is known about the immunological environment during HIV‐1 infection, in particular alterations in CD4+ Tfh, Treg, and Tfr populations and autoantibody generation, and how this is related to bnAb development, and considers the implications for HIV‐1 vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Persephone Borrow
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - M Anthony Moody
- Duke University Human Vaccine Institute and Departments of Pediatrics and Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
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35
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Abstract
Induction of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) is a major goal of HIV vaccine development. BNAbs are made during HIV infection by a subset of individuals but currently cannot be induced in the setting of vaccination. Considerable progress has been made recently in understanding host immunologic controls of bNAb induction and maturation in the setting of HIV infection, and point to key roles for both central and peripheral immunologic tolerance mechanisms in limiting bnAb development. Immune tolerance checkpoint inhibition has been transformative in promotion of anti-tumor CD8 T-cell responses in the treatment of certain malignancies. Here, we review the evidence for host controls of bNAb responses, and discuss strategies for the transient modulation of immune responses with vaccines toward the goal of enhancing germinal center B-cell responses to favor bNAb B-cell lineages and to foster their maturation to full neutralization potency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garnett Kelsoe
- Departments of Immunology and Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Barton F Haynes
- Departments of Immunology and Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
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36
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Bonsignori M, Liao HX, Gao F, Williams WB, Alam SM, Montefiori DC, Haynes BF. Antibody-virus co-evolution in HIV infection: paths for HIV vaccine development. Immunol Rev 2017; 275:145-160. [PMID: 28133802 PMCID: PMC5302796 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Induction of HIV-1 broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) to date has only been observed in the setting of HIV-1 infection, and then only years after HIV transmission. Thus, the concept has emerged that one path to induction of bnAbs is to define the viral and immunologic events that occur during HIV-1 infection, and then to mimic those events with a vaccine formulation. This concept has led to efforts to map both virus and antibody events that occur from the time of HIV-1 transmission to development of bnAbs. This work has revealed that a virus-antibody "arms race" occurs in which a HIV-1 transmitted/founder (TF) Env induces autologous neutralizing antibodies that can not only neutralize the TF virus but also can select virus escape mutants that in turn select affinity-matured neutralizing antibodies. From these studies has come a picture of bnAb development that has led to new insights in host-pathogen interactions and, as well, led to insight into immunologic mechanisms of control of bnAb development. Here, we review the progress to date in elucidating bnAb B cell lineages in HIV-1 infection, discuss new research leading to understanding the immunologic mechanisms of bnAb induction, and address issues relevant to the use of this information for the design of new HIV-1 sequential envelope vaccine candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Bonsignori
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.,Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Hua-Xin Liao
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.,Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Feng Gao
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.,Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Wilton B Williams
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.,Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - S Munir Alam
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.,Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - David C Montefiori
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.,Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Barton F Haynes
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.,Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.,Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
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37
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Verkoczy L, Alt FW, Tian M. Human Ig knockin mice to study the development and regulation of HIV-1 broadly neutralizing antibodies. Immunol Rev 2017; 275:89-107. [PMID: 28133799 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A major challenge for HIV-1 vaccine research is developing a successful immunization approach for inducing broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs). A key shortcoming in meeting this challenge has been the lack of animal models capable of identifying impediments limiting bnAb induction and ranking vaccine strategies for their ability to promote bnAb development. Since 2010, immunoglobulin knockin (KI) technology, involving inserting functional rearranged human variable exons into the mouse IgH and IgL loci has been used to express bnAbs in mice. This approach has allowed immune tolerance mechanisms limiting bnAb production to be elucidated and strategies to overcome such limitations to be evaluated. From these studies, along with the wealth of knowledge afforded by analyses of recombinant Ig-based bnAb structures, it became apparent that key functional features of bnAbs often are problematic for their elicitation in mice by classic vaccine paradigms, necessitating more iterative testing of new vaccine concepts. In this regard, bnAb KI models expressing deduced precursor V(D)J rearrangements of mature bnAbs or unrearranged germline V, D, J segments (that can be assembled into variable region exons that encode bnAb precursors), have been engineered to evaluate novel immunogens/regimens for effectiveness in driving bnAb responses. One promising approach emerging from such studies is the ability of sequentially administered, modified immunogens (designed to bind progressively more mature bnAb precursors) to initiate affinity maturation. Here, we review insights gained from bnAb KI studies regarding the regulation and induction of bnAbs, and discuss new Ig KI methodologies to manipulate the production and/or expression of bnAbs in vivo, to further facilitate vaccine-guided bnAb induction studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Verkoczy
- Departments of Medicine and Pathology, Duke University Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Frederick W Alt
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital and Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ming Tian
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital and Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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38
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Immunological tolerance as a barrier to protective HIV humoral immunity. Curr Opin Immunol 2017; 47:26-34. [PMID: 28728075 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2017.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
HIV-1 infection typically eludes antibody control by our immune system and is not yet prevented by a vaccine. While many viral features contribute to this immune evasion, broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) against HIV-1 are often autoreactive and it has been suggested that immunological tolerance may restrict a neutralizing antibody response. Indeed, recent Ig knockin mouse studies have shown that bnAb-expressing B cells are largely censored by central tolerance in the bone marrow. However, the contribution of peripheral tolerance in limiting the HIV antibody response by anergic and potentially protective B cells is poorly understood. Studies using mouse models to elucidate how anergic B cells are regulated and can be recruited into HIV-specific neutralizing antibody responses may provide insight into the development of a protective HIV-1 vaccine.
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39
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Schroeder KMS, Agazio A, Strauch PJ, Jones ST, Thompson SB, Harper MS, Pelanda R, Santiago ML, Torres RM. Breaching peripheral tolerance promotes the production of HIV-1-neutralizing antibodies. J Exp Med 2017; 214:2283-2302. [PMID: 28698284 PMCID: PMC5551567 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20161190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Revised: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Schroeder et al. demonstrate that when peripheral tolerance is relaxed, tier 2 HIV-1–neutralizing antibodies can be elicited and identify new autoreactive antibody specificities against histone H2A capable of neutralizing tier 2 HIV-1. A subset of characterized HIV-1 broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) are polyreactive with additional specificities for self-antigens and it has been proposed immunological tolerance may present a barrier to their participation in protective humoral immunity. We address this hypothesis by immunizing autoimmune-prone mice with HIV-1 Envelope (Env) and characterizing the primary antibody response for HIV-1 neutralization. We find autoimmune mice generate neutralizing antibody responses to tier 2 HIV-1 strains with alum treatment alone in the absence of Env. Importantly, experimentally breaching immunological tolerance in wild-type mice also leads to the production of tier 2 HIV-1–neutralizing antibodies, which increase in breadth and potency following Env immunization. In both genetically prone and experimentally induced mouse models of autoimmunity, increased serum levels of IgM anti-histone H2A autoantibodies significantly correlated with tier 2 HIV-1 neutralization, and anti-H2A antibody clones were found to neutralize HIV-1. These data demonstrate that breaching peripheral tolerance permits a cross-reactive HIV-1 autoantibody response able to neutralize HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin M S Schroeder
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Denver, School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Amanda Agazio
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Denver, School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Pamela J Strauch
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Denver, School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Sean T Jones
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado Denver, School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Scott B Thompson
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Denver, School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Michael S Harper
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado Denver, School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Roberta Pelanda
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Denver, School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Mario L Santiago
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado Denver, School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Raul M Torres
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Denver, School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
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40
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Meador LR, Kessans SA, Kilbourne J, Kibler KV, Pantaleo G, Roderiguez ME, Blattman JN, Jacobs BL, Mor TS. A heterologous prime-boosting strategy with replicating Vaccinia virus vectors and plant-produced HIV-1 Gag/dgp41 virus-like particles. Virology 2017; 507:242-256. [PMID: 28458036 PMCID: PMC5529300 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2017.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Revised: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Showing modest efficacy, the RV144 HIV-1 vaccine clinical trial utilized a non-replicating canarypox viral vector and a soluble gp120 protein boost. Here we built upon the RV144 strategy by developing a novel combination of a replicating, but highly-attenuated Vaccinia virus vector, NYVAC-KC, and plant-produced HIV-1 virus-like particles (VLPs). Both components contained the full-length Gag and a membrane anchored truncated gp41 presenting the membrane proximal external region with its conserved broadly neutralizing epitopes in the pre-fusion conformation. We tested different prime/boost combinations of these components in mice and showed that the group primed with NYVAC-KC and boosted with both the viral vectors and plant-produced VLPs have the most robust Gag-specific CD8 T cell responses, at 12.7% of CD8 T cells expressing IFN-γ in response to stimulation with five Gag epitopes. The same immunization group elicited the best systemic and mucosal antibody responses to Gag and dgp41 with a bias towards IgG1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia R Meador
- Ira A. Fulton School of Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA; Center for Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Sarah A Kessans
- Center for Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA; School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Jacquelyn Kilbourne
- Center for Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Karen V Kibler
- Center for Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Giuseppe Pantaleo
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; Swiss Vaccine Research Institute, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Joseph N Blattman
- Center for Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA; School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Bertram L Jacobs
- Center for Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA; School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA.
| | - Tsafrir S Mor
- Center for Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA; School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA.
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41
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Gary EN, Kutzler MA. A Little Help From the Follicles: Understanding the Germinal Center Response to Human Immunodeficiency Virus 1 Infection and Prophylactic Vaccines. Clin Med Insights Pathol 2017; 10:1179555717695548. [PMID: 28469517 PMCID: PMC5398647 DOI: 10.1177/1179555717695548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) is the causative agent of AIDS. There are currently more than 35 million people living with HIV infection worldwide, and more than 2 million new infections occur each year. The global pandemic caused by HIV-1 is the subject of numerous research projects, with the development of a prophylactic vaccine and a therapeutic cure being the ultimate goals. The classic paradigms of vaccinology have proven incapable of producing a viable vaccine due to the complexity of the virus' replication cycle, its genetic diversity, and a lack of understanding of the immune correlates of protection. Here, we briefly discuss recent vaccine approaches and the immune correlates of protection from HIV-1 infection with a focus on the role of the germinal center as a reservoir of replication-competent virus and its role in the development of broadly neutralizing antibodies in response to vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebony N Gary
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Michele A Kutzler
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases & HIV Medicine, College of Medicine, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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42
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Behrens AJ, Seabright GE, Crispin M. Targeting Glycans of HIV Envelope Glycoproteins for Vaccine Design. CHEMICAL BIOLOGY OF GLYCOPROTEINS 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/9781782623823-00300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The surface of the envelope spike of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is covered with a dense array of glycans, which is sufficient to impede the host antibody response while maintaining a window for receptor recognition. The glycan density significantly exceeds that typically observed on self glycoproteins and is sufficiently high to disrupt the maturation process of glycans, from oligomannose- to complex-type glycosylation, that normally occurs during glycoprotein transit through the secretory system. It is notable that this generates a degree of homogeneity not seen in the highly mutated protein moiety. The conserved, close glycan packing and divergences from default glycan processing give a window for immune recognition. Encouragingly, in a subset of individuals, broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) have been isolated that recognize these features and are protective in passive-transfer models. Here, we review the recent advances in our understanding of the glycan shield of HIV and outline the strategies that are being pursued to elicit glycan-binding bNAbs by vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Janina Behrens
- Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QU UK
| | - Gemma E. Seabright
- Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QU UK
| | - Max Crispin
- Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QU UK
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43
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Zulfiqar HF, Javed A, Sumbal, Afroze B, Ali Q, Akbar K, Nadeem T, Rana MA, Nazar ZA, Nasir IA, Husnain T. HIV Diagnosis and Treatment through Advanced Technologies. Front Public Health 2017; 5:32. [PMID: 28326304 PMCID: PMC5339269 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2017.00032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is the chief contributor to global burden of disease. In 2010, HIV was the fifth leading cause of disability-adjusted life years in people of all ages and leading cause for people aged 30-44 years. It is classified as a member of the family Retroviridae and genus Lentivirus based on the biological, morphological, and genetic properties. It infects different cells of the immune system, such as CD4+ T cells (T-helper cells), dendritic cells, and macrophages. HIV has two subtypes: HIV-1 and HIV-2. Among these strains, HIV-1 is the most virulent and pathogenic. Advanced diagnostic methods are exploring new ways of treatment and contributing in the reduction of HIV cases. The diagnostic techniques like PCR, rapid test, EIA, p24 antigen, and western blot have markedly upgraded the diagnosis of HIV. Antiretroviral therapy and vaccines are promising candidates in providing therapeutic and preventive regimes, respectively. Invention of CRISPR/Cas9 is a breakthrough in the field of HIV disease management.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aneeqa Javed
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab , Lahore , Pakistan
| | - Sumbal
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab , Lahore , Pakistan
| | - Bakht Afroze
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab , Lahore , Pakistan
| | - Qurban Ali
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab , Lahore , Pakistan
| | - Khadija Akbar
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab , Lahore , Pakistan
| | - Tariq Nadeem
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab , Lahore , Pakistan
| | | | - Zaheer Ahmad Nazar
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab , Lahore , Pakistan
| | - Idrees Ahmad Nasir
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab , Lahore , Pakistan
| | - Tayyab Husnain
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab , Lahore , Pakistan
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44
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Easterhoff D, Moody MA, Fera D, Cheng H, Ackerman M, Wiehe K, Saunders KO, Pollara J, Vandergrift N, Parks R, Kim J, Michael NL, O’Connell RJ, Excler JL, Robb ML, Vasan S, Rerks-Ngarm S, Kaewkungwal J, Pitisuttithum P, Nitayaphan S, Sinangil F, Tartaglia J, Phogat S, Kepler TB, Alam SM, Liao HX, Ferrari G, Seaman MS, Montefiori DC, Tomaras GD, Harrison SC, Haynes BF. Boosting of HIV envelope CD4 binding site antibodies with long variable heavy third complementarity determining region in the randomized double blind RV305 HIV-1 vaccine trial. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006182. [PMID: 28235027 PMCID: PMC5342261 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The canary pox vector and gp120 vaccine (ALVAC-HIV and AIDSVAX B/E gp120) in the RV144 HIV-1 vaccine trial conferred an estimated 31% vaccine efficacy. Although the vaccine Env AE.A244 gp120 is antigenic for the unmutated common ancestor of V1V2 broadly neutralizing antibody (bnAbs), no plasma bnAb activity was induced. The RV305 (NCT01435135) HIV-1 clinical trial was a placebo-controlled randomized double-blinded study that assessed the safety and efficacy of vaccine boosting on B cell repertoires. HIV-1-uninfected RV144 vaccine recipients were reimmunized 6–8 years later with AIDSVAX B/E gp120 alone, ALVAC-HIV alone, or a combination of ALVAC-HIV and AIDSVAX B/E gp120 in the RV305 trial. Env-specific post-RV144 and RV305 boost memory B cell VH mutation frequencies increased from 2.9% post-RV144 to 6.7% post-RV305. The vaccine was well tolerated with no adverse events reports. While post-boost plasma did not have bnAb activity, the vaccine boosts expanded a pool of envelope CD4 binding site (bs)-reactive memory B cells with long third heavy chain complementarity determining regions (HCDR3) whose germline precursors and affinity matured B cell clonal lineage members neutralized the HIV-1 CRF01 AE tier 2 (difficult to neutralize) primary isolate, CNE8. Electron microscopy of two of these antibodies bound with near-native gp140 trimers showed that they recognized an open conformation of the Env trimer. Although late boosting of RV144 vaccinees expanded a novel pool of neutralizing B cell clonal lineages, we hypothesize that boosts with stably closed trimers would be necessary to elicit antibodies with greater breadth of tier 2 HIV-1 strains. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01435135 Developing a successful HIV-1 vaccine remains a high global health priority. Several HIV-1 vaccine trials have been performed with only the RV144 vaccine trial showing vaccine efficacy, albeit modest. No broadly neutralizing antibody activity was identified in RV144 and inducing sterilizing immunity against a complex pathogen like HIV-1 remains a major challenge. Here we characterize the B cell responses after RV144 vaccine-recipients received two additional boosts severals years after the conclusion of the RV144 vaccine trial. Delayed and repetitive boosting of RV144 vaccine-recipients was capable of increasing somatic hypermutation of the Env-reactive antibodies and expanding subdominant pools of neutralizing B cell clonal lineages. These data are pertinent to HIV-1 vaccine-regimen design.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Easterhoff
- Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail: (DE); (BFH)
| | - M. Anthony Moody
- Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Daniela Fera
- Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Hao Cheng
- Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | | | - Kevin Wiehe
- Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | | | - Justin Pollara
- Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | | | - Rob Parks
- Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Jerome Kim
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Nelson L. Michael
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | | | - Jean-Louis Excler
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
- The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Merlin L. Robb
- US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sandhya Vasan
- U.S. Army Medical Directorate, AFRIMS, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | | | | | | | - Faruk Sinangil
- GSID, South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - James Tartaglia
- Sanofi Pasteur, Swiftwater, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Sanjay Phogat
- Sanofi Pasteur, Swiftwater, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Thomas B. Kepler
- Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - S. Munir Alam
- Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Hua-Xin Liao
- Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Guido Ferrari
- Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Michael S. Seaman
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | | | | | - Stephen C. Harrison
- Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Barton F. Haynes
- Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail: (DE); (BFH)
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45
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Williams LD, Ofek G, Schätzle S, McDaniel JR, Lu X, Nicely NI, Wu L, Lougheed CS, Bradley T, Louder MK, McKee K, Bailer RT, O'Dell S, Georgiev IS, Seaman MS, Parks RJ, Marshall DJ, Anasti K, Yang G, Nie X, Tumba NL, Wiehe K, Wagh K, Korber B, Kepler TB, Munir Alam S, Morris L, Kamanga G, Cohen MS, Bonsignori M, Xia SM, Montefiori DC, Kelsoe G, Gao F, Mascola JR, Moody MA, Saunders KO, Liao HX, Tomaras GD, Georgiou G, Haynes BF. Potent and broad HIV-neutralizing antibodies in memory B cells and plasma. Sci Immunol 2017; 2:2/7/eaal2200. [PMID: 28783671 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aal2200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Induction of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) is a goal of HIV-1 vaccine development. Antibody 10E8, reactive with the distal portion of the membrane-proximal external region (MPER) of HIV-1 gp41, is broadly neutralizing. However, the ontogeny of distal MPER antibodies and the relationship of memory B cell to plasma bnAbs are poorly understood. HIV-1-specific memory B cell flow sorting and proteomic identification of anti-MPER plasma antibodies from an HIV-1-infected individual were used to isolate broadly neutralizing distal MPER bnAbs of the same B cell clonal lineage. Structural analysis demonstrated that antibodies from memory B cells and plasma recognized the envelope gp41 bnAb epitope in a distinct orientation compared with other distal MPER bnAbs. The unmutated common ancestor of this distal MPER bnAb was autoreactive, suggesting lineage immune tolerance control. Construction of chimeric antibodies of memory B cell and plasma antibodies yielded a bnAb that potently neutralized most HIV-1 strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- LaTonya D Williams
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Gilad Ofek
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Sebastian Schätzle
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Jonathan R McDaniel
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Xiaozhi Lu
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Nathan I Nicely
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Liming Wu
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Caleb S Lougheed
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Todd Bradley
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA.,Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Mark K Louder
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Krisha McKee
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Robert T Bailer
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Sijy O'Dell
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Ivelin S Georgiev
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center and Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Michael S Seaman
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Robert J Parks
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Dawn J Marshall
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Kara Anasti
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Guang Yang
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Xiaoyan Nie
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Nancy L Tumba
- Centre for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg 2131, South Africa.,Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Congella 4013, South Africa
| | - Kevin Wiehe
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA.,Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Kshitij Wagh
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
| | - Bette Korber
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
| | - Thomas B Kepler
- Departments of Microbiology and Mathematics & Statistics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - S Munir Alam
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA.,Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA.,Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Lynn Morris
- Centre for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg 2131, South Africa.,Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Congella 4013, South Africa
| | - Gift Kamanga
- University of North Carolina Project-Malawi, Kamuzu Central Hospital, Lilongwe, Malawi
| | - Myron S Cohen
- Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology, and Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Mattia Bonsignori
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA.,Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Shi-Mao Xia
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - David C Montefiori
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA.,Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Garnett Kelsoe
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA.,Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Feng Gao
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA.,Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - John R Mascola
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - M Anthony Moody
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA.,Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Kevin O Saunders
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA.,Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Hua-Xin Liao
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA.,Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Georgia D Tomaras
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA.,Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA.,Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA.,Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - George Georgiou
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA. .,Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Barton F Haynes
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA. .,Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA.,Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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46
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Verkoczy L. Humanized Immunoglobulin Mice: Models for HIV Vaccine Testing and Studying the Broadly Neutralizing Antibody Problem. Adv Immunol 2017; 134:235-352. [PMID: 28413022 PMCID: PMC5914178 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ai.2017.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A vaccine that can effectively prevent HIV-1 transmission remains paramount to ending the HIV pandemic, but to do so, will likely need to induce broadly neutralizing antibody (bnAb) responses. A major technical hurdle toward achieving this goal has been a shortage of animal models with the ability to systematically pinpoint roadblocks to bnAb induction and to rank vaccine strategies based on their ability to stimulate bnAb development. Over the past 6 years, immunoglobulin (Ig) knock-in (KI) technology has been leveraged to express bnAbs in mice, an approach that has enabled elucidation of various B-cell tolerance mechanisms limiting bnAb production and evaluation of strategies to circumvent such processes. From these studies, in conjunction with the wealth of information recently obtained regarding the evolutionary pathways and paratopes/epitopes of multiple bnAbs, it has become clear that the very features of bnAbs desired for their function will be problematic to elicit by traditional vaccine paradigms, necessitating more iterative testing of new vaccine concepts. To meet this need, novel bnAb KI models have now been engineered to express either inferred prerearranged V(D)J exons (or unrearranged germline V, D, or J segments that can be assembled into functional rearranged V(D)J exons) encoding predecessors of mature bnAbs. One encouraging approach that has materialized from studies using such newer models is sequential administration of immunogens designed to bind progressively more mature bnAb predecessors. In this review, insights into the regulation and induction of bnAbs based on the use of KI models will be discussed, as will new Ig KI approaches for higher-throughput production and/or altering expression of bnAbs in vivo, so as to further enable vaccine-guided bnAb induction studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Verkoczy
- Duke University Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States.
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47
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Escolano A, Dosenovic P, Nussenzweig MC. Progress toward active or passive HIV-1 vaccination. J Exp Med 2016; 214:3-16. [PMID: 28003309 PMCID: PMC5206506 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20161765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Revised: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
AIDS is a preventable disease. Nevertheless, according to UNAIDS, 2.1 million individuals were infected with HIV-1 in 2015 worldwide. An effective vaccine is highly desirable. Most vaccines in clinical use today prevent infection because they elicit antibodies that block pathogen entry. Consistent with this general rule, studies in experimental animals have shown that broadly neutralizing antibodies to HIV-1 can prevent infection, suggesting that a vaccine that elicits such antibodies would be protective. However, despite significant efforts over the last 30 years, attempts to elicit broadly HIV-1 neutralizing antibodies by vaccination failed until recent experiments in genetically engineered mice were finally successful. Here, we review the key breakthroughs and remaining obstacles to the development of active and passive HIV-1 vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelia Escolano
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065
| | - Pia Dosenovic
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065
| | - Michel C Nussenzweig
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065 .,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065
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48
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Detanico T, Phillips M, Wysocki LJ. Functional Versatility of AGY Serine Codons in Immunoglobulin Variable Region Genes. Front Immunol 2016; 7:525. [PMID: 27920779 PMCID: PMC5118421 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In systemic autoimmunity, autoantibodies directed against nuclear antigens (Ags) often arise by somatic hypermutation (SHM) that converts AGT and AGC (AGY) Ser codons into Arg codons. This can occur by three different single-base changes. Curiously, AGY Ser codons are far more abundant in complementarity-determining regions (CDRs) of IgV-region genes than expected for random codon use or from species-specific codon frequency data. CDR AGY codons are also more abundant than TCN Ser codons. We show that these trends hold even in cartilaginous fishes. Because AGC is a preferred target for SHM by activation-induced cytidine deaminase, we asked whether the AGY abundance was solely due to a selection pressure to conserve high mutability in CDRs regardless of codon context but found that this was not the case. Instead, AGY triplets were selectively enriched in the Ser codon reading frame. Motivated by reports implicating a functional role for poly/autoreactive specificities in antiviral antibodies, we also analyzed mutations at AGY in antibodies directed against a number of different viruses and found that mutations producing Arg codons in antiviral antibodies were indeed frequent. Unexpectedly, however, we also found that AGY codons mutated often to encode nearly all of the amino acids that are reported to provide the most frequent contacts with Ag. In many cases, mutations producing codons for these alternative amino acids in antiviral antibodies were more frequent than those producing Arg codons. Mutations producing each of these key amino acids required only single-base changes in AGY. AGY is the only codon group in which two-thirds of random mutations generate codons for these key residues. Finally, by directly analyzing X-ray structures of immune complexes from the RCSB protein database, we found that Ag-contact residues generated via SHM occurred more often at AGY than at any other codon group. Thus, preservation of AGY codons in antibody genes appears to have been driven by their exceptional functional versatility, despite potential autoreactive consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago Detanico
- Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health , Denver, CO , USA
| | - Matthew Phillips
- Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health , Denver, CO , USA
| | - Lawrence J Wysocki
- Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA; Department of Immunology University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, CO, USA
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49
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Bradley T, Yang G, Ilkayeva O, Holl TM, Zhang R, Zhang J, Santra S, Fox CB, Reed SG, Parks R, Bowman CM, Bouton-Verville H, Sutherland LL, Scearce RM, Vandergrift N, Kepler TB, Moody MA, Liao HX, Alam SM, McLendon R, Everitt JI, Newgard CB, Verkoczy L, Kelsoe G, Haynes BF. HIV-1 Envelope Mimicry of Host Enzyme Kynureninase Does Not Disrupt Tryptophan Metabolism. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:4663-4673. [PMID: 27849170 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The HIV-1 envelope protein (Env) has evolved to subvert the host immune system, hindering viral control by the host. The tryptophan metabolic enzyme kynureninase (KYNU) is mimicked by a portion of the HIV Env gp41 membrane proximal region (MPER) and is cross-reactive with the HIV broadly neutralizing Ab (bnAb) 2F5. Molecular mimicry of host proteins by pathogens can lead to autoimmune disease. In this article, we demonstrate that neither the 2F5 bnAb nor HIV MPER-KYNU cross-reactive Abs elicited by immunization with an MPER peptide-liposome vaccine in 2F5 bnAb VHDJH and VLJL knock-in mice and rhesus macaques modified KYNU activity or disrupted tissue tryptophan metabolism. Thus, molecular mimicry by HIV-1 Env that promotes the evasion of host anti-HIV-1 Ab responses can be directed toward nonfunctional host protein epitopes that do not impair host protein function. Therefore, the 2F5 HIV Env gp41 region is a key and safe target for HIV-1 vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd Bradley
- Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710; .,Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Guang Yang
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Olga Ilkayeva
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - T Matt Holl
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Ruijun Zhang
- Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Jinsong Zhang
- Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Sampa Santra
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
| | | | - Steve G Reed
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98102
| | - Robert Parks
- Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Cindy M Bowman
- Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | | | - Laura L Sutherland
- Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Richard M Scearce
- Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Nathan Vandergrift
- Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710.,Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Thomas B Kepler
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215
| | - M Anthony Moody
- Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710.,Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Hua-Xin Liao
- Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - S Munir Alam
- Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710.,Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Roger McLendon
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Jeffrey I Everitt
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Christopher B Newgard
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Laurent Verkoczy
- Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710.,Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710.,Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Garnett Kelsoe
- Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710; .,Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Barton F Haynes
- Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710; .,Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710.,Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
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Generation of Long-Lived Bone Marrow Plasma Cells Secreting Antibodies Specific for the HIV-1 gp41 Membrane-Proximal External Region in the Absence of Polyreactivity. J Virol 2016; 90:8875-90. [PMID: 27466419 PMCID: PMC5021391 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01089-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED An effective preventive vaccine is highly sought after in order to stem the current HIV-1 pandemic. Both conservation of contiguous gp41 membrane-proximal external region (MPER) amino acid sequences across HIV-1 clades and the ability of anti-MPER broadly neutralizing antibodies (BNAbs) to block viral hemifusion/fusion establish the MPER as a prime vaccination target. In earlier studies, we described the development of an MPER vaccine formulation that takes advantage of liposomes to array the MPER on a lipid bilayer surface, paralleling its native configuration on the virus membrane while also incorporating molecular adjuvant and CD4 T cell epitope cargo. Here we demonstrate that several immunizations with MPER/liposomes induce high levels of bone marrow long-lived plasma cell (LLPC) antibody production. Single-cell immunoglobulin gene retrieval analysis shows that these plasma cells are derived from a germ line repertoire of B cells with a diverse representation of immunoglobulin genes, exhibiting antigen-driven positive selection. Characterization of LLPC recombinant monoclonal antibodies (rMAbs) indicates that antigen recognition is achieved through convergence on a common epitopic focus by utilizing various complementarity-determining region H3 (CDRH3) lengths. Importantly, the vast majority of rMAbs produced from these cells lack polyreactivity yet manifest antigen specificity in the context of lipids, shaping MPER-specific paratopes through selective pressure. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that the MPER is a vaccine target with minimal risk of generating off-target autoimmunity. IMPORTANCE A useful vaccine must generate desired long-term, antigen-specific antibody responses devoid of polyreactivity or autoreactivity. The common polyreactive features of some HIV-1 BNAbs have raised concern about elicitation of anti-MPER antibodies. Utilizing single-LLPC repertoire analysis and biophysical characterization of anti-MPER rMAbs, we show that their fine specificities require a structural fitness of the antibody combining site involving heavy and light chain variable domains shaped by somatic hypermutation and affinity maturation of B cells in the germinal center. Perhaps more importantly, our results demonstrate that the majority of MPER-specific antibodies are not inherently polyspecific and/or autoreactive, suggesting that polyreactivity of MPER-specific antibodies is separable from their antigen specificity.
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