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Maishan M, Sarma A, Chun LF, Caldera S, Fang X, Abbott J, Christenson SA, Langelier CR, Calfee CS, Gotts JE, Matthay MA. Aerosolized nicotine from e-cigarettes alters gene expression, increases lung protein permeability, and impairs viral clearance in murine influenza infection. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1076772. [PMID: 36999019 PMCID: PMC10043316 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1076772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
E-cigarette use has rapidly increased as an alternative means of nicotine delivery by heated aerosolization. Recent studies demonstrate nicotine-containing e-cigarette aerosols can have immunosuppressive and pro-inflammatory effects, but it remains unclear how e-cigarettes and the constituents of e-liquids may impact acute lung injury and the development of acute respiratory distress syndrome caused by viral pneumonia. Therefore, in these studies, mice were exposed one hour per day over nine consecutive days to aerosol generated by the clinically-relevant tank-style Aspire Nautilus aerosolizing e-liquid containing a mixture of vegetable glycerin and propylene glycol (VG/PG) with or without nicotine. Exposure to the nicotine-containing aerosol resulted in clinically-relevant levels of plasma cotinine, a nicotine-derived metabolite, and an increase in the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-17A, CXCL1, and MCP-1 in the distal airspaces. Following the e-cigarette exposure, mice were intranasally inoculated with influenza A virus (H1N1 PR8 strain). Exposure to aerosols generated from VG/PG with and without nicotine caused greater influenza-induced production in the distal airspaces of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IFN-γ, TNFα, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-17A, and MCP-1 at 7 days post inoculation (dpi). Compared to the aerosolized carrier VG/PG, in mice exposed to aerosolized nicotine there was a significantly lower amount of Mucin 5 subtype AC (MUC5AC) in the distal airspaces and significantly higher lung permeability to protein and viral load in lungs at 7 dpi with influenza. Additionally, nicotine caused relative downregulation of genes associated with ciliary function and fluid clearance and an increased expression of pro-inflammatory pathways at 7 dpi. These results show that (1) the e-liquid carrier VG/PG increases the pro-inflammatory immune responses to viral pneumonia and that (2) nicotine in an e-cigarette aerosol alters the transcriptomic response to pathogens, blunts host defense mechanisms, increases lung barrier permeability, and reduces viral clearance during influenza infection. In conclusion, acute exposure to aerosolized nicotine can impair clearance of viral infection and exacerbate lung injury, findings that have implications for the regulation of e-cigarette products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mazharul Maishan
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Aartik Sarma
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy and Sleep Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Lauren F. Chun
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | | | - Xiaohui Fang
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Jason Abbott
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Stephanie A. Christenson
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy and Sleep Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Charles R. Langelier
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Carolyn S. Calfee
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy and Sleep Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Department of Anesthesia, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Jeffrey E. Gotts
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Department of Anesthesia, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Michael A. Matthay
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Department of Anesthesia, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
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2
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Nouri-Shirazi M, Guinet E. TLR3 and TLR7/8 agonists improve immunization outcome in nicotine exposed mice through different mechanisms. Immunol Lett 2022; 246:18-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2022.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Linardou H, Spanakis N, Koliou GA, Christopoulou A, Karageorgopoulou S, Alevra N, Vagionas A, Tsoukalas N, Sgourou S, Fountzilas E, Sgouros J, Razis E, Chatzokou D, Lampaki S, Res E, Saridaki Z, Mountzios G, Saroglou G, Fountzilas G. Responses to SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination in Patients with Cancer (ReCOVer Study): A Prospective Cohort Study of the Hellenic Cooperative Oncology Group. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:4621. [PMID: 34572848 PMCID: PMC8466969 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13184621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Data on the effectiveness and safety of approved SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in cancer patients are limited. This observational, prospective cohort study investigated the humoral immune response to SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in 232 cancer patients from 12 HeCOG-affiliated oncology departments compared to 100 healthcare volunteers without known active cancer. The seropositivity rate was measured 2-4 weeks after two vaccine doses, by evaluating neutralising antibodies against the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein using a commercially available immunoassay. Seropositivity was defined as ≥33.8 Binding-Antibody-Units (BAU)/mL. A total of 189 patients and 99 controls were eligible for this analysis. Among patients, 171 (90.5%) were seropositive after two vaccine doses, compared to 98% of controls (p = 0.015). Most seronegative patients were males (66.7%), >70-years-old (55.5%), with comorbidities (61.1%), and on active treatment (88.9%). The median antibody titers among patients were significantly lower than those of the controls (523 vs. 2050 BAU/mL; p < 0.001). The rate of protective titers was 54.5% in patients vs. 97% in controls (p < 0.001). Seropositivity rates and IgG titers in controls did not differ for any studied factor. In cancer patients, higher antibody titers were observed in never-smokers (p = 0.006), women (p = 0.022), <50-year-olds (p = 0.004), PS 0 (p = 0.029), and in breast or ovarian vs. other cancers. Adverse events were comparable to registration trials. In this cohort study, although the seropositivity rate after two vaccine doses in cancer patients seemed satisfactory, their antibody titers were significantly lower than in controls. Monitoring of responses and further elucidation of the clinical factors that affect immunity could guide adaptations of vaccine strategies for vulnerable subgroups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Linardou
- Fourth Oncology Department and Comprehensive Clinical Trials Centre, Metropolitan Hospital, 18547 Athens, Greece; (N.A.); (S.S.)
| | - Nikolaos Spanakis
- Department of Microbiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11524 Athens, Greece;
- AlfaLab, Hellenic HealthCare Group, 11524 Athens, Greece;
| | - Georgia-Angeliki Koliou
- Section of Biostatistics, Hellenic Cooperative Oncology Group, Data Office, 11526 Athens, Greece;
| | | | | | - Nephely Alevra
- Fourth Oncology Department and Comprehensive Clinical Trials Centre, Metropolitan Hospital, 18547 Athens, Greece; (N.A.); (S.S.)
| | | | - Nikolaos Tsoukalas
- Department of Oncology, 401 General Military Hospital of Athens, 11525 Athens, Greece;
| | - Stavroula Sgourou
- Fourth Oncology Department and Comprehensive Clinical Trials Centre, Metropolitan Hospital, 18547 Athens, Greece; (N.A.); (S.S.)
| | - Elena Fountzilas
- Second Department of Medical Oncology, Euromedica General Clinic of Thessaloniki, 54645 Thessaloniki, Greece;
- European University Cyprus, Nicosia 2404, Cyprus
| | - Joseph Sgouros
- Third Department of Medical Oncology, Agii Anargiri Cancer Hospital, 14564 Athens, Greece; (J.S.); (E.R.)
| | - Evangelia Razis
- Third Department of Medical Oncology, Hygeia Hospital, 15123 Athens, Greece;
| | | | - Sofia Lampaki
- Pulmonary Department, Lung Cancer Oncology Unit, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, G. Papanicolaou Hospital, 57010 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Eleni Res
- Third Department of Medical Oncology, Agii Anargiri Cancer Hospital, 14564 Athens, Greece; (J.S.); (E.R.)
| | | | - Giannis Mountzios
- Fourth Department of Medical Oncology and Clinical Trials Unit, Henry Dunant Hospital Center, 11526 Athens, Greece;
| | - George Saroglou
- Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece;
- Internal Medicine Department, Metropolitan Hospital, 18547 Athens, Greece
| | - George Fountzilas
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Hellenic Foundation for Cancer Research, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece;
- Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
- Department of Medical Oncology, German Oncology Center, Limassol 4108, Cyprus
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Sharma M, Shetty SS, Radhakrishnan R. Novel Pathways and Mechanism of Nicotine-Induced Oral Carcinogenesis. Recent Pat Anticancer Drug Discov 2021; 17:66-79. [PMID: 34365933 DOI: 10.2174/1574892816666210806161312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Smokeless Tobacco (SLT) contains 9 times more nicotine than Smoked Tobacco (SMT). The carcinogenic effect of nicotine is intensified by converting nicotine-to-nicotine-derived Nitrosamines (NDNs). METHODS A review of the literature was conducted with a tailored search strategy to unravel the novel pathways and mechanisms of nicotine-induced oral carcinogenesis. RESULTS Nicotine and NDNs act on nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors (nAChRs) as agonists. Nicotine facilitates cravings through α4β2nAChR and α7nAChR, via enhanced brain dopamine release. Nicotine binding to nAChR promotes proliferation, migration, invasion, chemoresistance, radioresistance, and metastasis of oral cancer cells. Nicotine binding to α7nAChR on keratinocytes triggers Ras/Raf-1/MEK1/ERK cascade promoting anti-apoptosis and pro-proliferative effects. Furthermore, the nicotine-enhanced metastasis is subdued on nAChR blockade through reduced nuclear localization of p-EGFR. CONCLUSION Protracted exposure to nicotine/NDN augments cancer-stimulatory α7nAChR and desensitizes cancer inhibitory α4β2nAChR. Since nAChRs dictate both addictive and carcinogenic effects of nicotine, it seems counterintuitive to designate nicotine just as an addictive agent devoid of any carcinogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohit Sharma
- Department of Oral Pathology, Sudha Rustagi College of Dental Sciences and Research, Faridabad - 121004. India
| | - Smitha S Shetty
- Department of Oral Pathology, Faculty of Dentistry, Melaka Manipal Medical College, Manipal, (Karnataka). India
| | - Raghu Radhakrishnan
- Department of Oral Pathology, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal - 576104. India
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Immune Responses to Pandemic H1N1 Influenza Virus Infection in Pigs Vaccinated with a Conserved Hemagglutinin HA1 Peptide Adjuvanted with CAF ®01 or CDA/αGalCerMPEG. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9070751. [PMID: 34358167 PMCID: PMC8310093 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9070751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the immune response and protection correlates against influenza virus (IV) infection in pigs vaccinated with the novel NG34 HA1 vaccine candidate adjuvanted with either CAF®01 or CDA/αGalCerMPEG (αGCM). Two groups of six pigs each were vaccinated intramuscularly twice with either NG34 + CAF®01 or NG34 + CDA/αGCM. As controls, groups of animals (n = 6 or 4) either non-vaccinated or vaccinated with human seasonal trivalent influenza vaccine or NG34 + Freund’s adjuvant were included in the study. All animal groups were challenged with the 2009 pandemic (pdm09) strain of H1N1 (total amount of 7 × 106 TCID50/mL) via intranasal and endotracheal routes 21 days after second vaccination. Reduced consolidated lung lesions were observed both on days three and seven post-challenge in the animals vaccinated with NG34 + CAF®01, whereas higher variability with relatively more severe lesions in pigs of the NG34 + CDA/αGCM group on day three post-infection. Among groups, animals vaccinated with NG34 + CDA/αGCM showed higher viral loads in the lung at seven days post infection whereas animals from NG34 + CAF®01 completely abolished virus from the lower respiratory tract. Similarly, higher IFNγ secretion and stronger IgG responses against the NG34 peptide in sera was observed in animals from the NG34 + CAF®01 group as compared to the NG34 + CDA/αGCM. NG34-vaccinated pigs with adjuvanted CAF®01 or CDA/αGCM combinations resulted in different immune responses as well as outcomes in pathology and viral shedding.
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Hyder Pottoo F, Abu-Izneid T, Mohammad Ibrahim A, Noushad Javed M, AlHajri N, Hamrouni AM. Immune system response during viral Infections: Immunomodulators, cytokine storm (CS) and Immunotherapeutics in COVID-19. Saudi Pharm J 2021; 29:173-187. [PMID: 33519271 PMCID: PMC7833973 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2020.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronaviruses are non-segmented and single stranded positive-sense RNA (+ssRNA) viruses. To date, 06 human coronaviruses (HCoVs) are reported; α-CoVs (HCoVs-NL63 and HCoVs-229E) and β-CoVs (HCoVs-OC43, HCoVs-HKU1, SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV). While, novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) is the most recent member. The genome sequence of SARS-CoV-2 is 82% similar to SARS-COV-1. The compelling evidences link the progression of viral infection of SARS-CoV-2 with excessive inflammation as a result of the exaggerated immune response and elevated production of "immunocytokines" resulting in cytokine storm (CS); followed by a series of events, like acute organ damage, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) as well as death. Hence attempts to reduce cytokine storm are now being considered as a new paradigm shift in the clinical management of SARS-CoV-2. Tocilizumab (IL-6 blocker), Baricitinib (JAKs and AAK1 inhibitor), TNFα inhibitors (Infliximab, Adalimumab, Certolizumab) are currently being evaluated for possible block of the CS. Hence, rationalizing anti-inflammatory therapeutics would be the most judicious approach for significant reduction in COVID-19 mortality. In order to elucidate optimized and rationaled use of different therapeutics in COVID-19, we collated latest available information from emerging scientific evidences, integrated previous attempts as well as clinical successes, and various adopted approaches to mitigate past outbreaks with of SARS-CoV and MERS CoV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faheem Hyder Pottoo
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Clinical Pharmacy, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P. O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tareq Abu-Izneid
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Al Ain University, Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Abdallah Mohammad Ibrahim
- Fundamentals of Nursing Department, College of Nursing, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O.BOX 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Md. Noushad Javed
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (SPER), Jamia Hamdard, New-Delhi, India
| | - Noora AlHajri
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, College of Medicine, Khalifa University, United Arab Emirates
| | - Amar M. Hamrouni
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Al Ain University, Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
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De la Cámara MÁ, Pardos-Sevilla AI, Jiménez-Fuente A, Veiga ÓL. Need to promote healthy lifestyle as primary prevention to the COVID-19 and to improve the immune response to vaccines. ACTA BIO-MEDICA : ATENEI PARMENSIS 2020; 92:e2021026. [PMID: 33682812 PMCID: PMC7975954 DOI: 10.23750/abm.v92i1.10788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Letter to the editor.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ana I Pardos-Sevilla
- Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation Service, Los Cármenes Health Center (SERMAS), Madrid, Spain.
| | | | - Óscar L Veiga
- Department of Physical Education, Sport and Human Movement, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
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Li G, Fan Y, Lai Y, Han T, Li Z, Zhou P, Pan P, Wang W, Hu D, Liu X, Zhang Q, Wu J. Coronavirus infections and immune responses. J Med Virol 2020; 92:424-432. [PMID: 31981224 PMCID: PMC7166547 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1121] [Impact Index Per Article: 280.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Coronaviruses (CoVs) are by far the largest group of known positive-sense RNA viruses having an extensive range of natural hosts. In the past few decades, newly evolved Coronaviruses have posed a global threat to public health. The immune response is essential to control and eliminate CoV infections, however, maladjusted immune responses may result in immunopathology and impaired pulmonary gas exchange. Gaining a deeper understanding of the interaction between Coronaviruses and the innate immune systems of the hosts may shed light on the development and persistence of inflammation in the lungs and hopefully can reduce the risk of lung inflammation caused by CoVs. In this review, we provide an update on CoV infections and relevant diseases, particularly the host defense against CoV-induced inflammation of lung tissue, as well as the role of the innate immune system in the pathogenesis and clinical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geng Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Laboratory Animal Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yaohua Fan
- The First Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanni Lai
- The First Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tiantian Han
- The First Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zonghui Li
- Laboratory Animal Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peiwen Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pan Pan
- Laboratory Animal Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenbiao Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dingwen Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaohong Liu
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiwei Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,School of Pubic Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianguo Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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Olsson P, Skogstrand K, Nilsson A, Turesson C, Jacobsson LTH, Theander E, Houen G, Mandl T. Smoking, disease characteristics and serum cytokine levels in patients with primary Sjögren's syndrome. Rheumatol Int 2018; 38:1503-1510. [PMID: 29846789 PMCID: PMC6060795 DOI: 10.1007/s00296-018-4063-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Smoking affects several disease processes. Epidemiological studies have previously found a negative association between primary Sjögren’s syndrome (pSS) and smoking. The aim of this study was to examine whether markers of disease activity and cytokine expression in pSS patients differ between ever and never smokers. Fifty-one consecutive pSS patients and 33 population controls were included in the study. Clinical and standard laboratory parameters were registered. Serum cytokines (IL-1β, IL-2, IL-3, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, IL-17, IL-18, IL-33, IFN-α, IFN-γ, TNF-α, EGF, BAFF, Fas-ligand, RANTES, TGF-β1) were assessed. A positive lip biopsy was less prevalent among ever smoking patients compared to never smokers (81 vs 100%; p = 0.03). However, except for TNF-α, which was higher in ever smokers, no differences in cytokine levels were found when comparing ever and never smoking pSS patients. Furthermore, no significant differences were found between ever and never smoking patients in the ESSDAI total score, IgG levels, or complement levels. However, IL-6, IL-12, IL-17 and IL-18 were significantly increased in pSS patients compared to controls. In this study, a negative association between ever smoking and positive lip biopsy was found, confirming previous reports. Expected differences in cytokine levels compared to controls were noted, but no major differences were found between ever and never smoking pSS patients. Taking into account the negative association between pSS diagnosis and smoking in epidemiological studies, possible explanations include a local effect of smoking on salivary glands rather than systemic effects by cigarette smoke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Olsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Malmö, Rheumatology, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden. .,Department of Rheumatology, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden. .,Reumatologmottagningen SUS Malmö, Jan Waldenströms gata 1B, 20502, Malmö, Sweden.
| | - Kristin Skogstrand
- Department of Congenital Disorders, Center for Neonatal Screening, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anna Nilsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Malmö, Rheumatology, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden.,Department of Rheumatology, Linköping University Hospital, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Carl Turesson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Malmö, Rheumatology, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden.,Department of Rheumatology, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Lennart T H Jacobsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Malmö, Rheumatology, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden.,Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Elke Theander
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Malmö, Rheumatology, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden.,Janssen Cilag, Solna, Sweden
| | - Gunnar Houen
- Department of Autoimmunology and Biomarkers, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas Mandl
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Malmö, Rheumatology, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden.,Department of Rheumatology, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
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Nouri-Shirazi M, Tamjidi S, Nourishirazi E, Guinet E. Combination of TLR8 and TLR4 agonists reduces the degrading effects of nicotine on DC-NK mediated effector T cell generation. Int Immunopharmacol 2018; 61:54-63. [PMID: 29803914 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2018.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The magnitude of immune responses to vaccination is a critical factor in determining protection from disease. It is known that cigarette smoke dampens the immune system and increases the risk of vaccine-preventable diseases. We reported that nicotine, the immunosuppressive component of cigarette smoke, disrupts the differentiation and functional properties of DC, which are pivotal in the initiation of immune response to vaccines. We also reported that TLR agonists act in synergy and boost DC maturation, DC-NK crosstalk and ultimately naïve T cell polarization into effector Th1 and Tc1 cells. Here, we investigated whether the combination of TLR agonists could diminish the degrading effects of nicotine on DC-NK mediated effector T cell generation. We found that none of TLR agonists, single or combined, were able to diminish completely the adverse effects of nicotine on DC. However, TLR3, TLR4, and TLR8 agonists acted as the most effective adjuvants to increase the expression levels of antigen-presenting, costimulatory molecules and production of cytokines by nicotine-exposed DC (nicDC). When combined, TLR3 + 8 and TLR4 + 8 synergistically optimized nicDC maturation and IFN-γ secretion from nicotine-exposed NK (nicNK) during co-cultures. Interestingly, in contrast to DC-NK-T, co-cultures of nicDC-nicNK-T treated with TLR3 + 8 or TLR4 + 8 agonists produced a similar frequency of effector memory Th1 and Tc1 cells. However, the effector cells from TLR4 + 8 followed by TLR3 + 8 treated nicDC-nicNK-T co-cultures produced significantly more IFN-γ when compared with aluminum salt treated co-culture. Our data suggest that addition of appropriate TLR agonists to vaccine formulation could potentially augment the immune response to vaccination in smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahyar Nouri-Shirazi
- Florida Atlantic University, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Integrated Medical Science Department, 777 Glades Road, PO Box 3091, Boca Raton, FL, 33431, USA.
| | - Saba Tamjidi
- Florida Atlantic University, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Integrated Medical Science Department, 777 Glades Road, PO Box 3091, Boca Raton, FL, 33431, USA
| | - Erika Nourishirazi
- Florida Atlantic University, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Integrated Medical Science Department, 777 Glades Road, PO Box 3091, Boca Raton, FL, 33431, USA
| | - Elisabeth Guinet
- Florida Atlantic University, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Integrated Medical Science Department, 777 Glades Road, PO Box 3091, Boca Raton, FL, 33431, USA
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11
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Qiu F, Fan P, Nie GD, Liu H, Liang CL, Yu W, Dai Z. Effects of Cigarette Smoking on Transplant Survival: Extending or Shortening It? Front Immunol 2017; 8:127. [PMID: 28239383 PMCID: PMC5300974 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Cigarette smoking (CS) regulates both innate and adaptive immunity and causes numerous diseases, including cardiovascular, respiratory, and autoimmune diseases, allergies, cancers, and transplant rejection. Therefore, smoking poses a serious challenge to the healthcare system worldwide. Epidemiological studies have always shown that CS is one of the major risk factors for transplant rejection, even though smoking plays redundant roles in regulating immune responses. The complex roles for smoking in immunoregulation are likely due to molecular and functional diversities of cigarette smoke components, including carbon monoxide (CO) and nicotine. Especially, CO has been shown to induce immune tolerance. Although CS has been shown to impact transplantation by causing complications and subsequent rejection, it is overlooked whether CS interferes with transplant tolerance. We have previously demonstrated that cigarette smoke exposure reverses long-term allograft survival induced by costimulatory blockade. Given that CS impacts both adaptive and innate immunity and that it hinders long-term transplant survival, our perspective is that CS impacts transplant tolerance. Here, we review impacts of CS on major immune cells that are critical for transplant outcomes and propose the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying its effects on alloimmunity and transplant survival. Further investigations are warranted to fully understand why CS exerts deleterious rather than beneficial effects on transplant survival even if some of its components are immunosuppressive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Qiu
- Section of Immunology, Guangdong Provincial Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences , Guangzhou , China
| | - Ping Fan
- Department of Nephrology, Shaanxi Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine , Xi'an , China
| | - Golay D Nie
- School of Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston, TX , USA
| | - Huazhen Liu
- Section of Immunology, Guangdong Provincial Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences , Guangzhou , China
| | - Chun-Ling Liang
- Section of Immunology, Guangdong Provincial Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences , Guangzhou , China
| | - Wanlin Yu
- Section of Immunology, Guangdong Provincial Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences , Guangzhou , China
| | - Zhenhua Dai
- Section of Immunology, Guangdong Provincial Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences , Guangzhou , China
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12
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Bhat TA, Panzica L, Kalathil SG, Thanavala Y. Immune Dysfunction in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Ann Am Thorac Soc 2015; 12 Suppl 2:S169-75. [PMID: 26595735 PMCID: PMC4722840 DOI: 10.1513/annalsats.201503-126aw] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a complex chronic disease. Chronic inflammation is the hallmark of COPD, involving the interplay of a wide variety of cells in the lung microenvironment. Cigarette smoke (CS) induces chronic lung inflammation and is considered a key etiological factor in the development and pathogenesis of COPD. Structural and inflammatory cells in the lung respond to CS exposure by releasing proinflammatory mediators that recruit additional inflammatory immune cells, which collectively contribute to the establishment of a chronic inflammatory microenvironment. Chronic inflammation contributes to lung damage, compromises innate and adaptive immune responses, and facilitates the recurrent episodes of respiratory infection that punctuate and further contribute to the pathological manifestations of the stable disease. A number of studies support the conclusion that immune dysfunction leads to exacerbations and disease severity in COPD. Our group has clearly demonstrated that CS exacerbates lung inflammation and compromises immunity to respiratory pathogens in a mouse model of COPD. We have also investigated the phenotype of immune cells in patients with COPD compared with healthy control subjects and found extensive immune dysfunction due to the presence and functional activity of T regulatory cells, CD4(+)PD-1(+) exhausted effector T cells and myeloid-derived suppressor cells. Manipulation of these immunosuppressive networks in COPD could provide a rational strategy to restore functional immune responses, reduce exacerbations, and improve lung function. In this review, we discuss the role of immune dysfunction in COPD that may contribute to recurrent respiratory infections and disease severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tariq A Bhat
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York
| | - Louis Panzica
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York
| | | | - Yasmin Thanavala
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York
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13
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Role of α7 nicotinic receptor in the immune system and intracellular signaling pathways. Cent Eur J Immunol 2015; 40:373-9. [PMID: 26648784 PMCID: PMC4655390 DOI: 10.5114/ceji.2015.54602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Acetylcholine has been well known as one of the most exemplary neurotransmitters. In humans, this versatile molecule and its synthesizing enzyme, choline acetyltransferase, have been found in various non-neural tissues such as the epithelium, endothelium, mesothelium muscle, blood cells and immune cells. The non-neuronal acetylcholine is accompanied by the expression of acetylcholinesterase and nicotinic/muscarinic acetylcholine receptors. Increasing evidence of the non-neuronal acetylcholine system found throughout the last few years has indicated this neurotransmitter as one of the major cellular signaling molecules (associated e.g. with kinases and transcription factors activity). This system is responsible for maintenance and optimization of the cellular function, such as proliferation, differentiation, adhesion, migration, intercellular contact and apoptosis. Additionally, it controls proper activity of immune cells and affects differentiation, antigen presentation or cytokine production (both pro- and anti-inflammatory). The present article reviews recent findings about the non-neuronal cholinergic system in the field of immune system and intracellular signaling pathways.
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14
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Sanner T, Grimsrud TK. Nicotine: Carcinogenicity and Effects on Response to Cancer Treatment - A Review. Front Oncol 2015; 5:196. [PMID: 26380225 PMCID: PMC4553893 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2015.00196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tobacco use is considered the single most important man-made cause of cancer that can be avoided. The evidence that nicotine is involved in cancer development is reviewed and discussed in this paper. Both tobacco smoke and tobacco products for oral use contain a number of carcinogenic substances, such as polycyclic hydrocarbons and tobacco-specific N-nitrosamines (TSNA), which undoubtedly contribute to tobacco related cancer. Recent studies have shown that nicotine can affect several important steps in the development of cancer, and suggest that it may cause aggravation and recurrence of the disease. TSNA may be formed from nicotine in the body. The role of nicotine as the major addictive component of tobacco products may have distracted our attention from toxicological effects on cell growth, angiogenesis, and tumor malignancy. Effects on cancer disease are important aspects in the evaluation of possible long-term effects from sources of nicotine, such as e-cigarettes and products for nicotine replacement therapy, which both have a potential for life-long use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tore Sanner
- Institute for Cancer Research, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tom K. Grimsrud
- Department of Research, Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo, Norway
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15
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Ex vivo nicotine stimulation augments the efficacy of human peripheral blood mononuclear cell-derived dendritic cell vaccination via activating Akt-S6 pathway. Anal Cell Pathol (Amst) 2015; 2015:741487. [PMID: 26351626 PMCID: PMC4550800 DOI: 10.1155/2015/741487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Revised: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Our previous studies showed that α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAchR) agonist nicotine has stimulatory effects on murine bone marrow-derived semimature DCs, but the effect of nicotine on peripheral blood mononuclear cell- (PBMC-) derived human semimature dendritic cells (hu-imDCs) is still to be clarified. In the present study, hu-imDCs (cultured 4 days) were conferred with ex vivo lower dose nicotine stimulation and the effect of nicotine on surface molecules expression, the ability of cross-presentation, DCs-mediated PBMC priming, and activated signaling pathways were determined. We could demonstrate that the treatment with nicotine resulted in increased surface molecules expression, enhanced hu-imDCs-mediated PBMC proliferation, upregulated release of IL-12 in the supernatant of cocultured DCs-PBMC, and augmented phosphorylation of Akt and ribosomal protein S6. Nicotine associated with traces of LPS efficiently enhanced endosomal translocation of internalized ovalbumin (OVA) and increased TAP-OVA colocalization. Importantly, the upregulation of nicotine-increased surface molecules upregulation was significantly abrogated by the inhibition of Akt kinase. These findings demonstrate that ex vivo nicotine stimulation augments hu-imDCs surface molecules expression via Akt-S6 pathway, combined with increased Ag-presentation result in augmented efficacy of DCs-mediated PBMC proliferation and Th1 polarization.
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16
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Suzuki S, Sato K, Watanabe H, Nezu Y, Nishimuta T. Environmental tobacco exposure is associated with vaccine modified measles in junior high school students. J Med Virol 2015; 87:1853-9. [PMID: 25959288 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Vaccine modified measles (VMM) affects individuals with attenuated vaccine induced immunity. An outbreak of measles occurred in a junior high school, starting from an unvaccinated eighth-grade student who developed natural measles and affected a majority of students who were immunized with a low potent strain of measles vaccine (TD97). To determine whether environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure was associated with the development of VMM in this population, a questionnaire was used asking whether students had VMM symptoms during the outbreak and the smoking status of family members. VMM was defined in the study population as occurrence of fever and/or erythema, along with documented history of measles vaccination. A total of 513 students (85.9%) responded. Overall, the presence of in-house smokers did not differ between VMM students (49.3%) and non-VMM students (50.2%). However, in the ninth grade, presence of an in-house smoker was significantly higher in the family of VMM students (54.0%) than in non-VMM students (36.6%) (P = 0.044). Urinary cotinine levels were also measured in selected students (n = 37). Among families with at least one smoker, urinary cotinine levels were significantly higher in VMM students than in non-VMM students (P = 0.032). Furthermore, a multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that a high urinary cotinine level (>10 ng/mg creatinine; 13.5 percentile) was associated with the development of VMM. Our findings suggest that a high level of ETS exposure may be associated with an increased risk of VMM in a population with attenuated vaccine induced immunity against measles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuichi Suzuki
- Department of Pediatrics, Shimoshizu National Hospital, Yotsukaido, Japan
| | - Kazuki Sato
- Department of Pediatrics, Shimoshizu National Hospital, Yotsukaido, Japan
| | - Hiroko Watanabe
- Department of Pediatrics, Shimoshizu National Hospital, Yotsukaido, Japan
| | - Yoko Nezu
- Department of Pediatrics, Shimoshizu National Hospital, Yotsukaido, Japan
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Nouri-Shirazi M, Kahlden C, Nishino P, Guinet E. Nicotine exposure alters the mRNA expression of Notch ligands in dendritic cells and their response to Th1-/Th2-promoting stimuli. Scand J Immunol 2015; 81:110-20. [PMID: 25418282 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) utilize polarizing signals to instruct the differentiation of T helper (Th) cells into Th1 and Th2 effector cells: antigen-specific 'signal 1', costimulatory 'signal 2' and polarizing cytokines 'signal 3'. Accumulating evidence suggests the involvement of an additional signal, the Notch signalling pathway. We reported that in response to Th1-promoting stimuli, both mouse and human DCs generated in the presence of the immune modulator nicotine (nicDCs) fail to support the development of effector memory Th1 cells. However, in response to Th2-promoting stimuli, these nicDCs preferentially support the differentiation of antigen-specific IL-4-producing Th2 effector cells. Here, we show that when compared to their control counterparts, immature mouse and human nicDCs display higher levels of the Notch ligands D1, D4 and J2 mRNA expression. In response to Th1- and Th2-promoting stimuli, mouse nicDCs display higher levels of the Notch ligands D1, D4 and J2, while human nicDCs show higher levels of D1, D4 and J1 mRNA expression. Furthermore, both stimulated mouse and human nicDCs express higher CD86 to CD80 ratio and produce lower amount of IL-12. Collectively, our data suggest that these changes in addition to an increase in Jagged expression correlate with the ability of nicDCs to modulate the Th1/Th2 balance in favour of Th2 generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Nouri-Shirazi
- Integrated Medical Science Department, Florida Atlantic University, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Boca Raton, FL, USA and
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18
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Tsoumakidou M, Tousa S, Semitekolou M, Panagiotou P, Panagiotou A, Morianos I, Litsiou E, Trochoutsou AI, Konstantinou M, Potaris K, Footitt J, Mallia P, Zakynthinos S, Johnston SL, Xanthou G. Tolerogenic signaling by pulmonary CD1c+ dendritic cells induces regulatory T cells in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease by IL-27/IL-10/inducible costimulator ligand. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2014; 134:944-954.e8. [PMID: 25051954 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2014.05.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Revised: 04/26/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increased mortality rates in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are largely due to severe infectious exacerbations. Impaired respiratory immunity is linked to the enhanced susceptibility to infections. Dendritic cells (DCs) direct host immune responses toward immunity or tolerance. Pulmonary CD1c(+) DCs elicit robust antiviral immune responses in healthy subjects. Nevertheless, their functional specialization in patients with COPD remains unexplored. OBJECTIVE We sought to better understand the mechanisms that suppress respiratory immunity in patients with COPD by examining the immunostimulatory and tolerogenic properties of pulmonary CD1c(+) DCs. METHODS We analyzed the expression of costimulatory and tolerogenic molecules by pulmonary CD1c(+) DCs from patients with COPD (CD1c(+)DCCOPD) and former smokers without COPD. We isolated lung CD1c(+) DCs and determined their ability to stimulate allogeneic T-cell responses. The suppressive effects of lung CD1c(+) DCs and CD1c(+) DC-primed T cells on mixed leukocyte reactions were examined. An experimental human model of COPD exacerbation was used to investigate the levels of critical immunosuppressive molecules in vivo. RESULTS CD1c(+) DCs from patients with COPD hinder T-cell effector functions and favor the generation of suppressive IL-10-secreting CD4(+) T cells that function through IL-10 and TGF-β. IL-27, IL-10, and inducible T-cell costimulator ligand signaling are essential for CD1c(+)DCCOPD-mediated differentiation of IL-10-producing suppressive T cells. Exposure of lung CD1c(+) DCs from nonobstructed subjects to lungs of patients with COPD confers tolerogenic properties. IL-27 and IL-10 levels are increased in the lung microenvironment on rhinovirus-induced COPD exacerbation in vivo. CONCLUSION We identify a novel tolerogenic circuit encompassing suppressive CD1c(+) DCs and regulatory T cells in patients with COPD that might be implicated in impaired respiratory immunity and further highlight IL-10 and IL-27 as potent therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Tsoumakidou
- First Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Evaggelismos Hospital, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece.
| | - Sofia Tousa
- Cellular Immunology Laboratory, Center for Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Semitekolou
- Cellular Immunology Laboratory, Center for Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Panagiota Panagiotou
- First Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Evaggelismos Hospital, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Anna Panagiotou
- First Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Evaggelismos Hospital, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Ioannis Morianos
- Cellular Immunology Laboratory, Center for Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Eleni Litsiou
- First Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Evaggelismos Hospital, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Aikaterini I Trochoutsou
- Cellular Immunology Laboratory, Center for Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | | | - Joseph Footitt
- Airway Disease Infection Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick Mallia
- Airway Disease Infection Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Spyros Zakynthinos
- First Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Evaggelismos Hospital, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Sebastian L Johnston
- Airway Disease Infection Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Georgina Xanthou
- Cellular Immunology Laboratory, Center for Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece.
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Abstract
This Opinion article discusses emerging evidence of direct contributions of nicotine to cancer onset and growth. The list of cancers reportedly connected to nicotine is expanding and presently includes small-cell and non-small-cell lung carcinomas, as well as head and neck, gastric, pancreatic, gallbladder, liver, colon, breast, cervical, urinary bladder and kidney cancers. The mutagenic and tumour-promoting activities of nicotine may result from its ability to damage the genome, disrupt cellular metabolic processes, and facilitate growth and spreading of transformed cells. The nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), which are activated by nicotine, can activate several signalling pathways that can have tumorigenic effects, and these receptors might be able to be targeted for cancer therapy or prevention. There is also growing evidence that the unique genetic makeup of an individual, such as polymorphisms in genes encoding nAChR subunits, might influence the susceptibility of that individual to the pathobiological effects of nicotine. The emerging knowledge about the carcinogenic mechanisms of nicotine action should be considered during the evaluation of regulations on nicotine product manufacturing, distribution and marketing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergei A Grando
- Departments of Dermatology and Biological Chemistry, and Cancer Center and Research Institute, University of California, Irvine, California 92782, USA
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20
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Sadis C, Detienne S, Vokaer B, Charbonnier LM, Lemaître P, Spilleboudt C, Delbauve S, Kubjak C, Flamand V, Field KA, Goldman M, Benghiat FS, Le Moine A. The cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway delays TLR-induced skin allograft rejection in mice: cholinergic pathway modulates alloreactivity. PLoS One 2013; 8:e79984. [PMID: 24278228 PMCID: PMC3836989 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of innate immunity through Toll-like receptors (TLR) can abrogate transplantation tolerance by revealing hidden T cell alloreactivity. Separately, the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway has the capacity to dampen macrophage activation and cytokine release during endotoxemia and ischemia reperfusion injury. However, the relevance of the α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7nAChR)-dependent anti-inflammatory pathway in the process of allograft rejection or maintenance of tolerance remains unknown. The aim of our study is to investigate whether the cholinergic pathway could impact T cell alloreactivity and transplant outcome in mice. For this purpose, we performed minor-mismatched skin allografts using donor/recipient combinations genetically deficient for the α7nAChR. Minor-mismatched skin grafts were not rejected unless the mice were housed in an environment with endogenous pathogen exposure or the graft was treated with direct application of imiquimod (a TLR7 ligand). The α7nAChR-deficient recipient mice showed accelerated rejection compared to wild type recipient mice under these conditions of TLR activation. The accelerated rejection was associated with enhanced IL-17 and IFN-γ production by alloreactive T cells. An α7nAChR-deficiency in the donor tissue facilitated allograft rejection but not in recipient mice. In addition, adoptive T cell transfer experiments in skin-grafted lymphopenic animals revealed a direct regulatory role for the α7nAChR on T cells. Taken together, our data demonstrate that the cholinergic pathway regulates alloreactivity and transplantation tolerance at multiple levels. One implication suggested by our work is that, in an organ transplant setting, deliberate α7nAChR stimulation of brain dead donors might be a valuable approach for preventing donor tissue inflammation prior to transplant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claude Sadis
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Erasme Hospital, Brussels, Belgium
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Gosselies, Belgium
- * E-mail: (CS); (AL)
| | | | - Benoît Vokaer
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Gosselies, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | | - Carole Kubjak
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Gosselies, Belgium
| | | | - Kenneth A. Field
- Cell Biology/Biochemistry Program, Biology Department, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | | | | | - Alain Le Moine
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Gosselies, Belgium
- * E-mail: (CS); (AL)
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21
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Heo MB, Lim YT. Programmed nanoparticles for combined immunomodulation, antigen presentation and tracking of immunotherapeutic cells. Biomaterials 2013; 35:590-600. [PMID: 24125775 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
We report programmed nanoparticles (pNPs) that can tailor the immunotherapeutic function of primary bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) by ex vivo combined immunomodulation and track the in vivo migration of them after injection into body. Because DCs are the most effective antigen-presenting cells (APCs) that are able to present the antigens to T cells that contribute to tumor rejection, the maturation and monitoring of therapeutic DCs are essential for the efficient cancer immunotherapy. For combined immunomodulation of DCs, poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) NPs containing both small interfering RNA (siRNA) for the knock-down of immune-suppressor gene (signal transducer and activator of transcription-3, STAT3) of DCs and an immune response modifier (imiquimod, R837) for the activation of DCs through the toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) were developed. To deliver tumor antigen-specific information to DCs ex vivo and track the migration of DCs in vivo, another type of PLGA NPs containing tumor model antigen (ovalbumin, OVA) and near-infrared (NIR) fluorophores (indocyanine green, ICG) were also fabricated. These pNPs were taken up efficiently by DCs and various cytokines were expressed in matured DCs. DCs treated with pNPs also efficiently presented antigen-peptide to CD8 OVA 1.3 T cells through cross-presentation. Immunization of mice with these pNPs-treated DCs induced OVA-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) activity against the EG7-OVA tumor model and inhibited tumor growth efficiently. In addition, the migration of PLGA NPs-treated DCs to lymph nodes was monitored by NIR imaging technique. These multifunctional pNPs represent a promising technology for the combined immunomodulation and antigen-specific tumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Beom Heo
- Graduate School and Department of Analytical Science and Technology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, South Korea
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