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Huang H, Mu Y, Li S. The biological function of Serpinb9 and Serpinb9-based therapy. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1422113. [PMID: 38966643 PMCID: PMC11222584 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1422113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Recent breakthroughs in discovering novel immune signaling pathways have revolutionized different disease treatments. SERPINB9 (Sb9), also known as Proteinase Inhibitor 9 (PI-9), is a well-known endogenous inhibitor of Granzyme B (GzmB). GzmB is a potent cytotoxic molecule secreted by cytotoxic T lymphocytes and natural killer cells, which plays a crucial role in inducing apoptosis in target cells during immune responses. Sb9 acts as a protective mechanism against the potentially harmful effects of GzmB within the cells of the immune system itself. On the other hand, overexpression of Sb9 is an important mechanism of immune evasion in diseases like cancers and viral infections. The intricate functions of Sb9 in different cell types represent a fine-tuned regulatory mechanism for preventing immunopathology, protection against autoimmune diseases, and the regulation of cell death, all of which are essential for maintaining health and responding effectively to disease challenges. Dysregulation of the Sb9 will disrupt human normal physiological condition, potentially leading to a range of diseases, including cancers, inflammatory conditions, viral infections or other pathological disorders. Deepening our understanding of the role of Sb9 will aid in the discovery of innovative and effective treatments for various medical conditions. Therefore, the objective of this review is to consolidate current knowledge regarding the biological role of Sb9. It aims to offer insights into its discovery, structure, functions, distribution, its association with various diseases, and the potential of nanoparticle-based therapies targeting Sb9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haozhe Huang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC) Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Yiqing Mu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC) Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Song Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC) Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
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Bolivar-Wagers S, Larson JH, Jin S, Blazar BR. Cytolytic CD4 + and CD8 + Regulatory T-Cells and Implications for Developing Immunotherapies to Combat Graft-Versus-Host Disease. Front Immunol 2022; 13:864748. [PMID: 35493508 PMCID: PMC9040077 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.864748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T-cells (Treg) are critical for the maintenance of immune homeostasis and tolerance induction. While the immunosuppressive mechanisms of Treg have been extensively investigated for decades, the mechanisms responsible for Treg cytotoxicity and their therapeutic potential in regulating immune responses have been incompletely explored and exploited. Conventional cytotoxic T effector cells (Teffs) are known to be important for adaptive immune responses, particularly in the settings of viral infections and cancer. CD4+ and CD8+ Treg subsets may also share similar cytotoxic properties with conventional Teffs. Cytotoxic effector Treg (cyTreg) are a heterogeneous population in the periphery that retain the capacity to suppress T-cell proliferation and activation, induce cellular apoptosis, and migrate to tissues to ensure immune homeostasis. The latter can occur through several cytolytic mechanisms, including the Granzyme/Perforin and Fas/FasL signaling pathways. This review focuses on the current knowledge and recent advances in our understanding of cyTreg and their potential application in the treatment of human disease, particularly Graft-versus-Host Disease (GVHD).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Bruce R. Blazar
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Blood & Marrow Transplant & Cellular Therapy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
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3
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Watts C. Lysosomes and lysosome‐related organelles in immune responses. FEBS Open Bio 2022; 12:678-693. [PMID: 35220694 PMCID: PMC8972042 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.13388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The catabolic, degradative capacity of the endo‐lysosome system is put to good use in mammalian immune responses as is their recently established status as signaling platforms. From the ‘creative destruction’ of antigenic and ‘self’ material for antigen presentation to T cells to the re‐purposing of lysosomes as toxic exocytosable lysosome‐related organelles (granules) in leukocytes such as CD8 T cells and eosinophils, endo‐lysosomes are key players in host defense. Signaled responses to some pathogen products initiate in endo‐lysosomes and these organelles are emerging as important in distinct ways in the unique immunobiology of dendritic cells. Potential self‐inflicted toxicity from lysosomal and granule proteases is countered by expression of serpin and cystatin family members.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin Watts
- Division of Cell Signalling & Immunology School of Life Sciences University of Dundee Dundee DD1 5EH UK
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Wang WJ, Wang J, Ouyang C, Chen C, Xu XF, Ye XQ. Overview of serpin B9 and its roles in cancer (Review). Oncol Rep 2021; 46:190. [PMID: 34278491 DOI: 10.3892/or.2021.8141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Serine proteinase inhibitor B9 (serpin B9) is a member of the serine protease inhibitor superfamily, which is widely found in animals, plants and microorganisms. Serpin B9 has been reported to protect cells from the immune‑killing effect of granzyme B (GrB) released by lymphocytes. In recent years, an increasing number of studies have indicated that serpin B9 is involved in tumour apoptosis, immune evasion, tumorigenesis, progression, metastasis, drug resistance and even in maintaining the stemness of cancer stem cells (CSCs). Moreover, according to clinical studies, serpin B9 has been demonstrated to be significantly associated with the development of precancerous lesions, a poor prognosis and ineffective therapies, suggesting that serpin B9 may be a potential target for cancer treatment and an indicator of cancer diagnosis; thus, it has begun to attract increased attention from scholars. The present review concisely described the structure and biological functions of the serpin superfamily and serpin B9. In addition, related research on serpins in cancer is discussed in order to provide a comprehensive understanding of the role of serpin B9 in cancer, as well as its clinical significance for cancer diagnosis and prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Jun Wang
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Jiao Wang
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, Jiujiang First People's Hospital, Jiujiang, Jiangxi 332000, P.R. China
| | - Chao Ouyang
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Chong Chen
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Feng Xu
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Qun Ye
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiling Wang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bio‐targeting Theranostics National Center for International Research of Bio‐targeting Theranostics Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy Guangxi Medical University Nanning China
| | - Yong Huang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bio‐targeting Theranostics National Center for International Research of Bio‐targeting Theranostics Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy Guangxi Medical University Nanning China
| | - Jian He
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bio‐targeting Theranostics National Center for International Research of Bio‐targeting Theranostics Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy Guangxi Medical University Nanning China
| | - Liping Zhong
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bio‐targeting Theranostics National Center for International Research of Bio‐targeting Theranostics Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy Guangxi Medical University Nanning China
| | - Yongxiang Zhao
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bio‐targeting Theranostics National Center for International Research of Bio‐targeting Theranostics Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy Guangxi Medical University Nanning China
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Van der Borght K, Scott CL, Martens L, Sichien D, Van Isterdael G, Nindl V, Saeys Y, Boon L, Ludewig B, Gillebert TC, Lambrecht BN. Myocarditis Elicits Dendritic Cell and Monocyte Infiltration in the Heart and Self-Antigen Presentation by Conventional Type 2 Dendritic Cells. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2714. [PMID: 30524444 PMCID: PMC6258766 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune myocarditis often leads to dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). Although T cell reactivity to cardiac self-antigen is common in the disease, it is unknown which antigen presenting cell (APC) triggers autoimmunity. Experimental autoimmune myocarditis (EAM) was induced by immunizing mice with α-myosin loaded bone marrow APCs cultured in GM-CSF. APCs found in such cultures include conventional type 2 CD11b+ cDCs (GM-cDC2s) and monocyte-derived cells (GM-MCs). However, only α-myosin loaded GM-cDC2s could induce EAM. We also studied antigen presenting capacity of endogenous type 1 CD24+ cDCs (cDC1s), cDC2s, and MCs for α-myosin-specific TCR-transgenic TCR-M CD4+ T cells. After EAM induction, all cardiac APCs significantly increased and cDCs migrated to the heart-draining mediastinal lymph node (LN). Primarily cDC2s presented α-myosin to TCR-M cells and induced Th1/Th17 differentiation. Loss of IRF4 in Irf4fl/fl.Cd11cCre mice reduced MHCII expression on GM-cDC2s in vitro and cDC2 migration in vivo. However, partly defective cDC2 functions in Irf4fl/fl.Cd11cCre mice did not suppress EAM. MCs were the largest APC subset in the inflamed heart and produced pro-inflammatory cytokines. Targeting APC populations could be exploited in the design of new therapies for cardiac autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrien Van der Borght
- Immunoregulation and Mucosal Immunology, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Internal Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Charlotte L Scott
- Immunoregulation and Mucosal Immunology, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Liesbet Martens
- Immunoregulation and Mucosal Immunology, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Internal Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Dorine Sichien
- Immunoregulation and Mucosal Immunology, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Gert Van Isterdael
- Immunoregulation and Mucosal Immunology, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Internal Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Veronika Nindl
- Institute of Immunobiology, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Yvan Saeys
- Immunoregulation and Mucosal Immunology, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Internal Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Burkhard Ludewig
- Institute of Immunobiology, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | | | - Bart N Lambrecht
- Immunoregulation and Mucosal Immunology, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Internal Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
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7
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Chakraborty A, Boer JC, Selomulya C, Plebanski M, Royce SG. Insights into endotoxin-mediated lung inflammation and future treatment strategies. Expert Rev Respir Med 2018; 12:941-955. [PMID: 30221563 DOI: 10.1080/17476348.2018.1523009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Airway inflammatory disorders are prevalent diseases in need of better management and new therapeutics. Immunotherapies offer a solution to the problem of corticosteroid resistance. Areas covered: The current review focuses on lipopolysaccharide (Gram-negative bacterial endotoxin)-mediated inflammation in the lung and the animal models used to study related diseases. Endotoxin-induced lung pathology is usually initiated by antigen presenting cells (APC). We will discuss different subsets of APC including lung dendritic cells and macrophages, and their role in responding to endotoxin and environmental challenges. Expert commentary: The pharmacotherapeutic considerations to combat airway inflammation should cost-effectively improve quality of life with sustainable and safe strategies. Selectively targeting APCs in the lung offer the potential for a promising new strategy for the better management and treatment of inflammatory lung disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amlan Chakraborty
- a Department of Chemical Engineering , Monash University , Clayton , Australia.,b Department of Immunology and Pathology , Central Clinical School, Monash University , Melbourne , Australia
| | - Jennifer C Boer
- b Department of Immunology and Pathology , Central Clinical School, Monash University , Melbourne , Australia
| | - Cordelia Selomulya
- a Department of Chemical Engineering , Monash University , Clayton , Australia
| | - Magdalena Plebanski
- b Department of Immunology and Pathology , Central Clinical School, Monash University , Melbourne , Australia.,c School of Health and Biomedical Sciences and Enabling Capability platforms, Biomedical and Health Innovation , RMIT University , Melbourne , Australia
| | - Simon G Royce
- d Central Clinical School , Monash University , Clayton , Victoria , Australia.,e Department of Pharmacology , Monash University , Clayton , Australia
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Du W, Mohammadpour H, O'Neill RE, Kumar S, Chen C, Qiu M, Mei L, Qiu J, McCarthy PL, Lee KP, Cao X. Serine protease inhibitor 6 protects alloreactive T cells from Granzyme B-mediated mitochondrial damage without affecting graft-versus-tumor effect. Oncoimmunology 2017; 7:e1397247. [PMID: 29399396 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2017.1397247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (allo-HCT) is a potentially curative therapy for hematologic malignancies. Donor T cells are able to eliminate residual tumor cells after allo-HCT, producing the beneficial graft-versus-tumor (GVT) effect, but can also cause graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) when attacking host normal tissues. We previously reported that granzyme B (GzmB) is involved in activation-induced cell death (AICD) of donor T cells and exerts differential impacts on GVHD and GVT effect. Serine protease inhibitor 6 (Spi6) is the sole endogenous inhibitor of GzmB that can protect immune and tissue cells against GzmB-mediated damage. This study is aimed to delineate the mechanism by which the GzmB-Spi6 axis regulates allogeneic T cell response. Using multiple clinically relevant murine allo-HCT models, we have found that Spi6 is concentrated in mitochondria during allogeneic T cell activation, while Spi6-/- T cells exhibit abnormal mitochondrial membrane potential, mass, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and increased GzmB-dependent AICD mainly in the form of fratricide. Compared with WT T cells, Spi6-/- T cells exhibit decreased expansion in the host and cause significantly reduced GVHD. Notably, however, Spi6-/- T cells demonstrate the same level of GVT activity as WT T cells, which were confirmed by two independent tumor models. In summary, our findings demonstrate that Spi6 plays a novel and critical role in maintaining the integrity of T cell mitochondrial function during allogeneic response, and suggest that disabling Spi6 in donor T cells may represent a novel strategy that can alleviate GVHD without sacrificing the beneficial GVT effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Du
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Hemn Mohammadpour
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Rachel E O'Neill
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Sandeep Kumar
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Chuan Chen
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Michelle Qiu
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Lin Mei
- Department of Internal Medicine; University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Jingxin Qiu
- Department of Pathology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Philip L McCarthy
- Department of Medicine; Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Kelvin P Lee
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Xuefang Cao
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
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9
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Sula Karreci E, Eskandari SK, Dotiwala F, Routray SK, Kurdi AT, Assaker JP, Luckyanchykov P, Mihali AB, Maarouf O, Borges TJ, Alkhudhayri A, Patel KR, Radwan A, Ghobrial I, McGrath M, Chandraker A, Riella LV, Elyaman W, Abdi R, Lieberman J, Azzi J. Human regulatory T cells undergo self-inflicted damage via granzyme pathways upon activation. JCI Insight 2017; 2:91599. [PMID: 29093262 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.91599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tregs hold great promise as a cellular therapy for multiple immunologically mediated diseases, given their ability to control immune responses. The success of such strategies depends on the expansion of healthy, suppressive Tregs ex vivo and in vivo following the transfer. In clinical studies, levels of transferred Tregs decline sharply in the blood within a few days of the transfer. Tregs have a high rate of apoptosis. Here, we describe a new mechanism of Treg self-inflicted damage. We show that granzymes A and -B (GrA and GrB), which are highly upregulated in human Tregs upon stimulation, leak out of cytotoxic granules to induce cleavage of cytoplasmic and nuclear substrates, precipitating apoptosis in target cells. GrA and GrB substrates were protected from cleavage by inhibiting granzyme activity in vitro. Additionally, we show - by using cytometry by time of flight (CYTOF) - an increase in GrB-expressing Tregs in the peripheral blood and renal allografts of transplant recipients undergoing rejection. These GrB-expressing Tregs showed an activated phenotype but were significantly more apoptotic than non-GrB expressing Tregs. This potentially novel finding improves our understanding of Treg survival and suggests that manipulating Gr expression or activity might be useful for designing more effective Treg therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esilida Sula Karreci
- Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Children's Hospital
| | - Siawosh K Eskandari
- Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Children's Hospital
| | - Farokh Dotiwala
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital
| | - Sujit K Routray
- Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Children's Hospital
| | - Ahmed T Kurdi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, and
| | - Jean Pierre Assaker
- Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Children's Hospital
| | - Pavlo Luckyanchykov
- Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Children's Hospital
| | - Albana B Mihali
- Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Children's Hospital
| | - Omar Maarouf
- Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Children's Hospital
| | - Thiago J Borges
- Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Children's Hospital
| | - Abdullah Alkhudhayri
- Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Children's Hospital
| | - Kruti R Patel
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Amr Radwan
- Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Children's Hospital
| | - Irene Ghobrial
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, and
| | - Martina McGrath
- Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Children's Hospital
| | - Anil Chandraker
- Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Children's Hospital
| | - Leonardo V Riella
- Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Children's Hospital
| | - Wassim Elyaman
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Reza Abdi
- Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Children's Hospital
| | - Judy Lieberman
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital
| | - Jamil Azzi
- Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Children's Hospital
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10
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Reply to: “Differential expression of serpins may selectively license distinct granzyme B functions including antigen cross-presentation”. Mol Immunol 2017; 87:327-328. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2017.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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11
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Serpinb9 is a marker of antigen cross-presenting dendritic cells. Mol Immunol 2016; 82:50-56. [PMID: 28024184 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2016.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Revised: 12/04/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Serpinb9 (Sb9, also called Spi6) is an intracellular inhibitor of granzyme B (grB) that protects cytotoxic lymphocytes from grB-mediated death. In addition, Sb9 is also expressed in accessory immune cells, including dendritic cells (DCs), although its role is debated. Recently, we have demonstrated that Sb9 plays a grB-independent role in cross-presentation of antigens by CD8+ DCs. Here, using a mouse line expressing green fluorescent protein knocked in under the control of the Sb9 promoter, we demonstrate that Sb9 expression is highest in those tissue-resident and migratory DC subsets capable of cross-presentation. Further, we show that CD8+ DCs can be divided into two subsets based on Sb9 expression, and that only the subset expressing higher levels of Sb9 is capable of cross-presentation. These findings add support for role for Sb9 cross-presentation, and indicate that high Sb9 expression is a novel marker of cross-presentation capable DCs.
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12
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Osmond TL, Farrand KJ, Painter GF, Ruedl C, Petersen TR, Hermans IF. Activated NKT Cells Can Condition Different Splenic Dendritic Cell Subsets To Respond More Effectively to TLR Engagement and Enhance Cross-Priming. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:821-31. [PMID: 26078270 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The function of dendritic cells (DCs) can be modulated through multiple signals, including recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns, as well as signals provided by rapidly activated leukocytes in the local environment, such as innate-like T cells. In this article, we addressed the possibility that the roles of different murine DC subsets in cross-priming CD8(+) T cells can change with the nature and timing of activatory stimuli. We show that CD8α(+) DCs play a critical role in cross-priming CD8(+) T cell responses to circulating proteins that enter the spleen in close temporal association with ligands for TLRs and/or compounds that activate NKT cells. However, if NKT cells are activated first, then CD8α(-) DCs become conditioned to respond more vigorously to TLR ligation, and if triggered directly, these cells can also contribute to priming of CD8(+) T cell responses. In fact, the initial activation of NKT cells can condition multiple DC subsets to respond more effectively to TLR ligation, with plasmacytoid DCs making more IFN-α and both CD8α(+) and CD8α(-) DCs manufacturing more IL-12. These results suggest that different DC subsets can contribute to T cell priming if provided appropriately phased activatory stimuli, an observation that could be factored into the design of more effective vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taryn L Osmond
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington 6242, New Zealand; School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6012, New Zealand
| | - Kathryn J Farrand
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington 6242, New Zealand
| | - Gavin F Painter
- The Ferrier Research Institute, Victoria University of Wellington, Lower Hutt 5010, New Zealand; and
| | - Christiane Ruedl
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551
| | - Troels R Petersen
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington 6242, New Zealand
| | - Ian F Hermans
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington 6242, New Zealand; School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6012, New Zealand;
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13
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Lorenz N, Loef EJ, Verdon DJ, Chen CJJ, Mansell CJ, Angel CE, Brooks AES, Dunbar PR, Birch NP. Human T cell activation induces synaptic translocation and alters expression of the serine protease inhibitor neuroserpin and its target protease. J Leukoc Biol 2015; 97:699-710. [PMID: 25670787 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1a0814-392r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Contact between T cells and APCs and activation of an effective immune response trigger cellular polarization and the formation of a structured interface known as the immunological synapse. Interactions across the synapse and secretion of T cell and APC-derived factors into the perisynaptic compartment regulate synapse formation and activation of T cells. We report that the serine protease inhibitor neuroserpin, an axonally secreted protein thought to play roles in the formation of the neuronal synapse and refinement of synaptic activity, is expressed in human naïve effector memory and central memory subsets of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells, as well as monocytes, B cells, and NK cells. Neuroserpin partially colocalized with a TGN38/LFA-1-positive vesicle population in T cells and translocates to the immunological synapse upon activation with TCR antibodies or antigen-pulsed APCs. Activation of T cells triggered neuroserpin secretion, a rapid, 8.4-fold up-regulation of the serine protease tissue plasminogen activator, the protease target for neuroserpin, and a delayed, 6.25-fold down-regulation of neuroserpin expression. Evidence of polarization and regulated neuroserpin expression was also seen in ex vivo analyses of human lymph nodes and blood-derived T cells. Increased neuroserpin expression was seen in clusters of T cells in the paracortex of human lymph nodes, with some showing polarization to areas of cell:cell interaction. Our results support a role for neuroserpin and tissue plasminogen activator in activation-controlled proteolytic cleavage of proteins in the synaptic or perisynaptic space to modulate immune cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Lorenz
- *School of Biological Sciences, Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Centre for Brain Research, Brain Research New Zealand, University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Evert Jan Loef
- *School of Biological Sciences, Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Centre for Brain Research, Brain Research New Zealand, University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Daniel J Verdon
- *School of Biological Sciences, Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Centre for Brain Research, Brain Research New Zealand, University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Chun-Jen J Chen
- *School of Biological Sciences, Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Centre for Brain Research, Brain Research New Zealand, University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Claudia J Mansell
- *School of Biological Sciences, Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Centre for Brain Research, Brain Research New Zealand, University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Catherine E Angel
- *School of Biological Sciences, Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Centre for Brain Research, Brain Research New Zealand, University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Anna E S Brooks
- *School of Biological Sciences, Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Centre for Brain Research, Brain Research New Zealand, University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - P Rod Dunbar
- *School of Biological Sciences, Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Centre for Brain Research, Brain Research New Zealand, University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Nigel P Birch
- *School of Biological Sciences, Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Centre for Brain Research, Brain Research New Zealand, University of Auckland, New Zealand
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Auphan-Anezin N, Schmitt-Verhulst AM. Silence STAT3 in the procancer niche… and activate CD8+ T cells to kill premetastatic myeloid intruders. Eur J Immunol 2015; 45:44-8. [PMID: 25471823 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201445300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Revised: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 11/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Several recent studies have implicated myeloid cells in providing a microenvironment that promotes tumor cell survival and metastasis, therefore preparing a "premetastatic niche" for cancer progression. In this issue of the European Journal of Immunology, Zhang et al. [Eur. J. Immunol. 2015. 45: 71-81] address the regulation of immune cells in premetastatic lymph nodes in experimental mouse models. The authors show that signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) ablation in murine myeloid cells, which renders the premetastatic niche less receptive to metastasis by B16 melanoma cells, also leads to local activation in the niche of CD8(+) T cells with increased expression of IFN-γ and granzyme B. Data further suggest that STAT3 activation in the myeloid population leads to poor tumor antigen presenting capacity as well as resistance to CD8(+) T-cell killing. Based on these studies in mice and observations in human cancer patients, the authors propose treatments designed to regulate STAT3 activation, which are correlated with increased cytolytic activity of CD8(+) T cells in mouse models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Auphan-Anezin
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy (CIML), Aix-Marseille University UM2, Marseille, France; INSERM UMR 1104, Marseille, France; CNRS UMR 7280, Marseille, France
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15
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Kis-Toth K, Tsokos GC. Engagement of SLAMF2/CD48 prolongs the time frame of effective T cell activation by supporting mature dendritic cell survival. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 192:4436-42. [PMID: 24670806 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1302909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Signaling lymphocyte activation molecule family (SLAMF)2/CD48 is a coactivator and adhesion molecule on cells with hematopoietic origin. It ligates mainly SLAMF4 on effector/memory CD8(+) T cells and NK cells, suggesting a potential role during viral infection, with SLAMF2 acting as a ligand to activate SLAMF4-bearing cells. The ability of SLAMF2 to signal on its own after it is engaged and the functional consequences are largely unknown. We found that cytosolic DNA-activated dendritic cells (DCs) upregulate the expression of SLAMF2 molecules. Using anti-SLAMF2 Ab and SLAMF4 recombinant protein, we found that SLAMF2 engagement activates immature DCs and, more interestingly, prolongs the survival of DNA-activated DCs by inhibiting IFN-β production and IFN-β-induced apoptosis and promotes the production of the granzyme B inhibitor protease inhibitor-9. Thus, SLAMF2 can serve as a survival molecule for DNA-activated DCs during their interaction with SLAMF4-expressing cytotoxic T cells. Based on our results, we propose that SLAMF2 engagement regulates adaptive immune responses by providing longer access of putative APCs to virus-specific effector T cells by prolonging the time frame of effective stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katalin Kis-Toth
- Division of Rheumatology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
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16
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Su Y, Jevnikar AM, Huang X, Lian D, Zhang ZX. Spi6 protects alloreactive CD4(+) but not CD8 (+) memory T cell from granzyme B attack by double-negative T regulatory cell. Am J Transplant 2014; 14:580-93. [PMID: 24730048 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.12614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Memory T (Tm) cells pose a major barrier to long-term transplant survival. Whether regulatory T cells (Tregs)can control them remains poorly defined. Previously,we established that double-negative (DN) Tregs suppress effector T (Teff) cells. Here, we demonstrate that DNTregs effectively suppress CD4+/CD8+Teff and CD8+Tm but not CD4+Tm cells, whereas the suppression on CD8+Tm is abrogated by perforin (PFN) deficiency in DNTregs. Consistently, in a BALB/c to B6-Rag1-/-skin transplantation, transfer of DN Tregs suppressed the rejection mediated by CD4þ/CD8+Teff and CD8+Tmcells (76.0±4.9, 87.5±5.0 and 63.0±4.7 days, respectively)but not CD4þTmcells (25.3±1.4 days). Both CD8þ effector memory T and central memory T compartments significantly reduced after DN Treg transfer. CD4+Tm highly expresses granzyme B (GzmB) inhibitor serine protease inhibitor-6 (Spi6). Spi6 deficiency renders CD4þTm susceptible to DN Treg suppression. In addition,transfer of WT DN Tregs, but not PFN-/-DN Tregs,inhibited the skin allograft rejection mediated by Spi6-/-CD4þTm(75.5±7.9 days). In conclusion, CD4+ and CD8+Tm cells differentially respond toDNTregs’ suppression.The GzmB resistance conferred by Spi6 in CD4þTm cells might hint at the physiological significance of Tmpersistence
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17
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Jiang K, Frank M, Chen Y, Osban J, Jarvis JN. Genomic characterization of remission in juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Arthritis Res Ther 2013; 15:R100. [PMID: 24000795 PMCID: PMC4062846 DOI: 10.1186/ar4280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The attainment of remission has become an important end point for clinical trials in juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA), although we do not yet have a full understanding of what remission is at the cell and molecular level. Methods Two independent cohorts of patients with JIA and healthy child controls were studied. RNA was prepared separately from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and granulocytes to identify differentially expressed genes using whole genome microarrays. Expression profiling results for selected genes were confirmed by quantitative, real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Results We found that remission in JIA induced by either methotrexate (MTX) or MTX plus a TNF inhibitor (etanercept, Et) (MTX + Et) is characterized by numerous differences in gene expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and in granulocytes compared with healthy control children; that is, remission is not a restoration of immunologic normalcy. Network analysis of the differentially expressed genes demonstrated that the steroid hormone receptor superfamily member hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 alpha (HNF4α) is a hub in several of the gene networks that distinguished children with arthritis from controls. Confocal microscopy revealed that HNF4a is present in both T lymphocytes and granulocytes, suggesting a previously unsuspected role for this transcription factor in regulating leukocyte function and therapeutic response in JIA. Conclusions These findings provide a framework from which to understand therapeutic response in JIA and, furthermore, may be used to develop strategies to increase the frequency with which remission is achieved in adult forms of rheumatoid arthritis.
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18
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Azzi J, Skartsis N, Mounayar M, Magee CN, Batal I, Ting C, Moore R, Riella LV, Ohori S, Abdoli R, Smith B, Fiorina P, Heathcote D, Bakhos T, Ashton-Rickardt PG, Abdi R. Serine protease inhibitor 6 plays a critical role in protecting murine granzyme B-producing regulatory T cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 191:2319-27. [PMID: 23913965 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1300851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) play a pivotal role in the maintenance of immune tolerance and hold great promise as cell therapy for a variety of immune-mediated diseases. However, the cellular mechanisms that regulate Treg maintenance and homeostasis have yet to be fully explored. Although Tregs express granzyme-B (GrB) to suppress effector T cells via direct killing, the mechanisms by which they protect themselves from GrB-mediated self-inflicted damage are unknown. To our knowledge, we show for the first time that both induced Tregs and natural Tregs (nTregs) increase their intracellular expression of GrB and its endogenous inhibitor, serine protease inhibitor 6 (Spi6) upon activation. Subcellular fractionation and measurement of GrB activity in the cytoplasm of Tregs show that activated Spi6(-/-) Tregs had significantly higher cytoplasmic GrB activity. We observed an increase in GrB-mediated apoptosis in Spi6(-/-) nTregs and impaired suppression of alloreactive T cells in vitro. Spi6(-/-) Tregs were rescued from apoptosis by the addition of a GrB inhibitor (Z-AAD-CMK) in vitro. Furthermore, adoptive transfer experiments showed that Spi6(-/-) nTregs were less effective than wild type nTregs in suppressing graft-versus-host disease because of their impaired survival, as shown in our in vivo bioluminescence imaging. Finally, Spi6-deficient recipients rejected MHC class II-mismatch heart allografts at a much faster rate and showed a higher rate of apoptosis among Tregs, as compared with wild type recipients. To our knowledge, our data demonstrate, for the first time, a novel role for Spi6 in Treg homeostasis by protecting activated Tregs from GrB-mediated injury. These data could have significant clinical implications for Treg-based therapy in immune-mediated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamil Azzi
- Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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19
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Mouchacca P, Schmitt-Verhulst AM, Boyer C. Visualization of cytolytic T cell differentiation and granule exocytosis with T cells from mice expressing active fluorescent granzyme B. PLoS One 2013; 8:e67239. [PMID: 23840635 PMCID: PMC3695958 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0067239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2013] [Accepted: 05/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
To evaluate acquisition and activation of cytolytic functions during immune responses we generated knock in (KI) mice expressing Granzyme B (GZMB) as a fusion protein with red fluorescent tdTomato (GZMB-Tom). As for GZMB in wild type (WT) lymphocytes, GZMB-Tom was absent from naïve CD8 and CD4 T cells in GZMB-Tom-KI mice. It was rapidly induced in most CD8 T cells and in a subpopulation of CD4 T cells in response to stimulation with antibodies to CD3/CD28. A fraction of splenic NK cells expressed GZMB-Tom ex vivo with most becoming positive upon culture in IL-2. GZMB-Tom was present in CTL granules and active as a protease when these degranulated into cognate target cells, as shown with target cells expressing a specific FRET reporter construct. Using T cells from mice expressing GZMB-Tom but lacking perforin, we show that the transfer of fluorescent GZMB-Tom into target cells was dependent on perforin, favoring a role for perforin in delivery of GZMB at the target cells' plasma membranes. Time-lapse video microscopy showed Ca++ signaling in CTL upon interaction with cognate targets, followed by relocalization of GZMB-Tom-containing granules to the synaptic contact zone. A perforin-dependent step was next visualized by the fluorescence signal from the non-permeant dye TO-PRO-3 at the synaptic cleft, minutes before the labeling of the target cell nucleus, characterizing a previously undescribed synaptic event in CTL cytolysis. Transferred OVA-specific GZMB-Tom-expressing CD8 T cells acquired GZMB-Tom expression in Listeria monocytogenes-OVA infected mice as soon as 48h after infection. These GZMB-Tom positive CD8 T cells localized in the splenic T-zone where they interacted with CD11c positive dendritic cells (DC), as shown by GZMB-Tom granule redistribution to the T/DC contact zone. GZMB-Tom-KI mice thus also provide tools to visualize acquisition and activation of cytolytic function in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Mouchacca
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy (CIML), Aix-Marseille University, UM2, Marseille, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1104, Marseille, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR7280, Marseille, France
| | - Anne-Marie Schmitt-Verhulst
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy (CIML), Aix-Marseille University, UM2, Marseille, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1104, Marseille, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR7280, Marseille, France
| | - Claude Boyer
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy (CIML), Aix-Marseille University, UM2, Marseille, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1104, Marseille, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR7280, Marseille, France
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20
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Ashton-Rickardt PG. An emerging role for Serine Protease Inhibitors in T lymphocyte immunity and beyond. Immunol Lett 2013; 152:65-76. [PMID: 23624075 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2013.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2012] [Revised: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 04/12/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Serine proteases control a wide variety of physiological and pathological processes in multi-cellular organisms, including blood clotting, cancer, cell death, osmo-regulation, tissue re-modeling and immunity to infection. T lymphocytes are required for adaptive cell mediated immunity and serine proteases are not only important for effector function but also homeostatic regulation of cell numbers. Serine Protease Inhibitors (Serpins) are the physiological regulators of serine proteases activity. In this review, I will discuss the role of serpins in controlling the recognition of antigen, effector function and homeostatic control of T lymphocytes through the inhibition of physiological serine protease targets. An emerging view of serpins is that they are important promoters of cellular viability through their inhibition of executioner proteases. This will be discussed in the context of the T lymphocyte survival during effector responses and the development and persistence of long-lived memory T cells. The potent anti-apoptotic properties of serpins can also work against adaptive cell immunity by protecting viruses and tumors from eradication by cytotoxic T cells (CTL). Recent insights from knock-out mouse models demonstrate that these serpins also are required for hematological progenitor cells and so are critical for the development of lineages other than T lymphocytes. Given the emerging role of serpins in multiple aspects of lymphocyte immunity and blood development I will review the progress to date in developing new immunotherapeutic approaches based directly on serpins or knowledge gained from identifying their physiologically relevant protease targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip G Ashton-Rickardt
- Section of Immunobiology, Division of Immunology and Inflammation, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK.
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Delivery of viral-vectored vaccines by B cells represents a novel strategy to accelerate CD8+ T-cell recall responses. Blood 2013; 121:2432-9. [DOI: 10.1182/blood-2012-06-438481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Key PointsUsing B cells to target antigens into the follicular regions represents a novel approach to accelerate CD8+ T-cell recall responses.
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22
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Serpinb9 (Spi6)-deficient mice are impaired in dendritic cell-mediated antigen cross-presentation. Immunol Cell Biol 2012; 90:841-51. [PMID: 22801574 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2012.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Serpinb9 (Sb9, also called Spi6) is an intracellular inhibitor of granzyme B (GrB) that protects activated cytotoxic lymphocytes from apoptosis. We show here that the CD8(+) subset of splenic dendritic cells (DC), specialized in major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC I) presentation of exogenous antigens (cross-presentation), produce high levels of Sb9. Mice deficient in Sb9 are unable to generate a cytotoxic T-cell response against cell-associated antigen by cross-presentation, but maintain normal MHC-II presentation to helper T cells. This impaired cross-priming ability is autonomous to DC and is evident in animals deficient in both Sb9 and GrB, indicating that this role of Sb9 in DC is GrB-independent. In Sb9-deficient mice, CD8(+) DC develop normally, survive as well as wild-type DC after antigenic challenge, and exhibit unimpaired capacity to take up antigen. Although the core processing machinery is unaffected, Sb9-deficient DC appear to process antigen faster. Our results point to a novel, GrB-independent role for Sb9 in DC cross-priming.
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