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A lack of Fas/FasL signalling leads to disturbances in the antiviral response during ectromelia virus infection. Arch Virol 2016; 161:913-28. [PMID: 26780774 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-015-2746-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Ectromelia virus (ECTV) is an orthopoxvirus (OPV) that causes mousepox, the murine equivalent of human smallpox. Fas receptor-Fas ligand (FasL) signaling is involved in apoptosis of immune cells and virus-specific cytotoxicity. The Fas/FasL pathway also plays an important role in controlling the local inflammatory response during ECTV infection. Here, the immune response to the ECTV Moscow strain was examined in Fas (-) (lpr), FasL (-) (gld) and C57BL6 wild-type mice. During ECTV-MOS infection, Fas- and FasL mice showed increased viral titers, decreased total numbers of NK cells, CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells followed by decreased percentages of IFN-γ expressing NK cells, CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells in spleens and lymph nodes. At day 7 of ECTV-MOS infection, Fas- and FasL-deficient mice had the highest regulatory T cell (Treg) counts in spleen and lymph nodes in contrast to wild-type mice. Furthermore, at days 7 and 10 of the infection, we observed significantly higher numbers of PD-L1-expressing dendritic cells in Fas (-) and FasL (-) mice in comparison to wild-type mice. Experiments in co-cultures of CD4(+) T cells and bone-marrow-derived dendritic cells showed that the lack of bilateral Fas-FasL signalling led to expansion of Tregs. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that during ECTV infection, Fas/FasL can regulate development of tolerogenic DCs and Tregs, leading to an ineffective immune response.
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Shao HY, Huang JY, Lin YW, Yu SL, Chitra E, Chang CK, Sung WC, Chong P, Chow YH. Depletion of regulatory T-cells leads to moderate B-cell antigenicity in respiratory syncytial virus infection. Int J Infect Dis 2015; 41:56-64. [PMID: 26555647 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2015.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Revised: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The regulation of the immunopathology of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) by regulatory T-cells (CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+); Tregs) is not understood. METHODS To deduce the same, Tregs were depleted in BALB/c mice by injecting anti-CD25 antibody followed by RSV infection (anti-CD25-RSV mice). RESULTS In this model, a decrease in anti-fusion (F) antibody and neutralizing activity, and an increase in anti-nucleocapsid (N) antibody in serum, were seen. Decreased antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) activity, increased IgG2a, and an influx of activated CD8(+) T-cells into the lungs were also observed. Co-culture of splenic CD45RA(+) B-cells from RSV-infected normal mice with CD4(+) cells isolated from anti-CD25-RSV mice (B/CD4) increased anti-F antibody secretion. The inclusion of CD25(+) Tregs isolated from isotype Ig-RSV mice into the B/CD4 co-culture substantially enhanced the frequency of anti-F antibody production. However, the same effect was not seen in the co-culture of CD45RA(+) B-cells with dendritic cells (DCs) (B/DCs) or CD8(+) cells (B/CD8) that were obtained from anti-CD25-RSV mice. The transfer of enriched B-cells from anti-CD25-RSV mice into RSV-infected SCID mice increased severe lung inflammation associated with the increased viral load and eosinophil number. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that Tregs modulate B-cell activity, particularly in producing F-specific neutralizing antibodies, to regulate RSV-mediated exacerbated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiao-Yun Shao
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Room No. R1-7033, No. 35, Keyan Road, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County 350, Taiwan; Graduate Program of Biotechnology in Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Juo-Yu Huang
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Room No. R1-7033, No. 35, Keyan Road, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County 350, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Wen Lin
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Room No. R1-7033, No. 35, Keyan Road, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County 350, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Ling Yu
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Room No. R1-7033, No. 35, Keyan Road, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County 350, Taiwan
| | - Ebenezer Chitra
- School of Medical Sciences, Division of Human Biology, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Ching-Kun Chang
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Room No. R1-7033, No. 35, Keyan Road, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County 350, Taiwan; Graduate School of Life Science, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wang-Chou Sung
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Room No. R1-7033, No. 35, Keyan Road, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County 350, Taiwan
| | - Pele Chong
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Room No. R1-7033, No. 35, Keyan Road, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County 350, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Immunology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Hung Chow
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Room No. R1-7033, No. 35, Keyan Road, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County 350, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Immunology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
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Blevins LK, Wren JT, Holbrook BC, Hayward SL, Swords WE, Parks GD, Alexander-Miller MA. Coinfection with Streptococcus pneumoniae negatively modulates the size and composition of the ongoing influenza-specific CD8⁺ T cell response. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2014; 193:5076-87. [PMID: 25311807 PMCID: PMC4265766 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Infection with influenza A virus can lead to increased susceptibility to subsequent bacterial infection, often with Streptococcus pneumoniae. Given the substantial modification of the lung environment that occurs following pathogen infection, there is significant potential for modulation of immune responses. In this study, we show that infection of mice with influenza virus, followed by the noninvasive EF3030 strain of Streptococcus pneumoniae, leads to a significant decrease in the virus-specific CD8(+) T cell response in the lung. Adoptive-transfer studies suggest that this reduction contributes to disease in coinfected animals. The reduced number of lung effector cells in coinfected animals was associated with increased death, as well as a reduction in cytokine production in surviving cells. Further, cells that retained the ability to produce IFN-γ exhibited a decreased potential for coproduction of TNF-α. Reduced cytokine production was directly correlated with a decrease in the level of mRNA. Negative regulation of cells in the mediastinal lymph node was minimal compared with that present in the lung, supporting a model of selective regulation in the tissue harboring high pathogen burden. These results show that entry of a coinfecting pathogen can have profound immunoregulatory effects on an ongoing immune response. Together, these findings reveal a novel dynamic interplay between concurrently infecting pathogens and the adaptive immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lance K Blevins
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27101
| | - John T Wren
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27101
| | - Beth C Holbrook
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27101
| | - Sarah L Hayward
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27101
| | - W Edward Swords
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27101
| | - Griffith D Parks
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27101
| | - Martha A Alexander-Miller
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27101
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Khan AA, Srivastava R, Lopes PP, Wang C, Pham TT, Cochrane J, Thai NTU, Gutierrez L, Benmohamed L. Asymptomatic memory CD8+ T cells: from development and regulation to consideration for human vaccines and immunotherapeutics. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2014; 10:945-63. [PMID: 24499824 DOI: 10.4161/hv.27762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Generation and maintenance of high quantity and quality memory CD8(+) T cells determine the level of protection from viral, bacterial, and parasitic re-infections, and hence constitutes a primary goal for T cell epitope-based human vaccines and immunotherapeutics. Phenotypically and functionally characterizing memory CD8(+) T cells that provide protection against herpes simplex virus type 1 and type 2 (HSV-1 and HSV-2) infections, which cause blinding ocular herpes, genital herpes, and oro-facial herpes, is critical for better vaccine design. We have recently categorized 2 new major sub-populations of memory symptomatic and asymptomatic CD8(+) T cells based on their phenotype, protective vs. pathogenic function, and anatomical locations. In this report we are discussing a new direction in developing T cell-based human herpes vaccines and immunotherapeutics based on the emerging new concept of "symptomatic and asymptomatic memory CD8(+) T cells."
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Affiliation(s)
- Arif Azam Khan
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology; Gavin Herbert Eye Institute; University of California Irvine; School of Medicine; Irvine, CA USA
| | - Ruchi Srivastava
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology; Gavin Herbert Eye Institute; University of California Irvine; School of Medicine; Irvine, CA USA
| | - Patricia Prado Lopes
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology; Gavin Herbert Eye Institute; University of California Irvine; School of Medicine; Irvine, CA USA; Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry; University of California Irvine; School of Medicine; Irvine, CA USA
| | - Christine Wang
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology; Gavin Herbert Eye Institute; University of California Irvine; School of Medicine; Irvine, CA USA
| | - Thanh T Pham
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology; Gavin Herbert Eye Institute; University of California Irvine; School of Medicine; Irvine, CA USA
| | - Justin Cochrane
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology; Gavin Herbert Eye Institute; University of California Irvine; School of Medicine; Irvine, CA USA
| | - Nhi Thi Uyen Thai
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology; Gavin Herbert Eye Institute; University of California Irvine; School of Medicine; Irvine, CA USA
| | - Lucas Gutierrez
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology; Gavin Herbert Eye Institute; University of California Irvine; School of Medicine; Irvine, CA USA
| | - Lbachir Benmohamed
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology; Gavin Herbert Eye Institute; University of California Irvine; School of Medicine; Irvine, CA USA; Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry; University of California Irvine; School of Medicine; Irvine, CA USA; Institute for Immunology; University of California Irvine; School of Medicine; Irvine, CA USA
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Bayry J. Regulatory T cells as adjuvant target for enhancing the viral disease vaccine efficacy. Virusdisease 2013; 25:18-25. [PMID: 24426307 PMCID: PMC3889236 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-013-0187-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 11/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) are critical for immune homeostasis and tolerance. However, because of their capacity to suppress antigen presenting cells (APC), T and B cells, Tregs could also inhibit protective immune responses to viruses and vaccines. Several viruses have been shown to exploit Tregs to evade immune response. By modulating APC and in particular by weakening the functions of dendritic cells such as their ability to secrete polarizing cytokines and expression of co-stimulatory molecules, viruses could support differentiation and expansion of Tregs. Of note, as a proof of concept, depletion of Tregs significantly enhanced the protective immune response to viruses and vaccines suggesting that Tregs are viable targets to enhance immunogenicity of vaccines. As Treg depletion or inhibition of their functions could lead to deleterious autoimmune and inflammatory disorders, any Treg-based approach for vaccination should not aim at depletion of Tregs and inhibition of their functions should be transient. Recent studies have targeted the interaction between CCR4 expressed on Tregs and its ligands CCL22 and CCL17 to inhibit transiently the recruitment of Tregs at the site of immunization. Importantly, use of CCR4 antagonists as ‘molecular adjuvants’ in vivo in experimental models, amplified cellular and humoral immune responses when injected in combination with various vaccine antigens. The significant adjuvant activity observed in diverse models without noticeable side effects provided strong evidence that CCR4 is a sustainable target for rational adjuvant design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jagadeesh Bayry
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 872, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Université Paris Descartes, 15 rue de l’Ecole de Médicine, 75006 Paris, France
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