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Parmaksız S, Pekcan M, Özkul A, Türkmen E, Rivero-Arredondo V, Ontiveros-Padilla L, Forbes N, Perrie Y, López-Macías C, Şenel S. In vivo evaluation of new adjuvant systems based on combination of Salmonella Typhi porins with particulate systems: Liposomes versus polymeric particles. Int J Pharm 2023; 648:123568. [PMID: 37925042 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.123568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Revised: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Abstract
Subunit vaccines that have weak immunogenic activity require adjuvant systems for enhancedcellular and long-acting humoral immune responses. Both lipid-based and polymeric-based particulate adjuvants have been widely investigated to induce the desired immune responses against the subunit vaccines. The adjuvant efficacy of these particulate adjuvants depends upon their physicochemical properties such as particle size, surface charge, shape and their composition. Previously, we showed in vitro effect of adjuvant systems based on combination of chitosan and Salmonella Typhi porins in microparticle or nanoparticle form, which were spherical with positive surface charge. In the present study, we have further developed an adjuvant system based on combination of porins with liposomes (cationic and neutral) and investigated the adjuvant effect of both the liposomal and polymeric systems in BALB/c mice using a model antigen, ovalbumin. Humoral immune responses were determined following priming and booster dose at 15-day intervals. In overall, IgM and IgG levels were induced in the presence of both the liposomal and polymeric adjuvant systems indicating the positive impact of combination with porins. The highest IgM levels were obtained on Day 8, and liposomal adjuvant systems were found to elicit significantly higher IgM levels compared to polymeric systems. IgG levels were increased significantly after booster, particularly more profound with the micro-sized polymeric system when compared to cationic liposomal system with nano-size. Our results demonstrated that the developed particulate systems are promising both as an adjuvant and delivery system, providing enhanced immune responses against subunit antigens, and have the potential for long-term protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selin Parmaksız
- Hacettepe University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, 06100 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Mert Pekcan
- Ankara University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, 06110 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Aykut Özkul
- Ankara University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Virology, Ankara University, 06110 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ece Türkmen
- Hacettepe University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, 06100 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Vanessa Rivero-Arredondo
- Medical Research Unit on Immunochemistry, Specialties Hospital, National Medical Centre "Siglo XXI", Mexican Social Security Institute (IMSS), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Luis Ontiveros-Padilla
- Medical Research Unit on Immunochemistry, Specialties Hospital, National Medical Centre "Siglo XXI", Mexican Social Security Institute (IMSS), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Neil Forbes
- University of Strathclyde, Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Yvonne Perrie
- University of Strathclyde, Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Constantino López-Macías
- Medical Research Unit on Immunochemistry, Specialties Hospital, National Medical Centre "Siglo XXI", Mexican Social Security Institute (IMSS), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Sevda Şenel
- Hacettepe University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, 06100 Ankara, Turkey.
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Parmaksız S, Gül A, Erkunt Alak S, Karakavuk M, Can H, Gül C, Karakavuk T, López-Macías C, Puralı N, Döşkaya M, Şenel S. Development of multistage recombinant protein vaccine formulations against toxoplasmosis using a new chitosan and porin based adjuvant system. Int J Pharm 2022; 626:122199. [PMID: 36115468 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.122199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Toxoplasmosis is a global health problem affecting both human and animal populations. The lack of effective treatment makes the development of a vaccine against toxoplasmosis one of the main goals in the management of this disease. In our study, vaccine formulations containing the multistage recombinant antigens, rBAG1 + rGRA1 were developed with a combined adjuvant system consisting of chitosan and Salmonella Typhi porins in micro (MicroAS) and nanoparticulate (NanoAS) forms. BALB/c mice were immunized intraperitoneally with vaccine formulations two times at three-week intervals. Three weeks after the second vaccination, mice were challenged with 7-8 live tissue cysts of the virulent T. gondii PRU strain by oral gavage. Higher cellular uptake by macrophages and enhanced cellular (IFN-γ and I-4 in stimulated spleen cells) and humoral (IgG, IgG1, IgG2a) responses were obtained with the adjuvanted formulation, higher with microsystem when compared to that of nanosystem. Microsystem was found to stimulate Th1-polarized immune responses, whereasnon-adjuvanted antigens stimulated Th2-polarized immune response. The highest survival rate and reduction in cysts numbers and T. gondii DNA were obtained with the adjuvanted antigens.Our study showed that adjuvanted multistage recombinant vaccine systems increase theimmune response with strong protection againstT. gondii, more profoundly in microparticulate form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selin Parmaksız
- Hacettepe University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Ankara 06100, Turkey
| | - Aytül Gül
- Ege University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Bioengineering, Bornova, Izmir 35040, Turkey; Ege University Vaccine Development, Application and Research Center, Izmir 35100, Turkey
| | - Sedef Erkunt Alak
- Ege University Vaccine Development, Application and Research Center, Izmir 35100, Turkey; Ege University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Molecular Biology Section, Bornova, Izmir 35040, Turkey
| | - Muhammet Karakavuk
- Ege University Vaccine Development, Application and Research Center, Izmir 35100, Turkey; Ege University, Vocational School, Odemis, Izmir 35750, Turkey
| | - Hüseyin Can
- Ege University Vaccine Development, Application and Research Center, Izmir 35100, Turkey; Ege University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Molecular Biology Section, Bornova, Izmir 35040, Turkey
| | - Ceren Gül
- Ege University Vaccine Development, Application and Research Center, Izmir 35100, Turkey; Ege University Institute of Science, Department of Biotechnology, Bornova, Izmir 35040, Turkey
| | - Tuğba Karakavuk
- Ege University Vaccine Development, Application and Research Center, Izmir 35100, Turkey; Ege University Institute of Science, Department of Biotechnology, Bornova, Izmir 35040, Turkey
| | - Constantino López-Macías
- Medical Research Unit on Immunochemistry, Specialties Hospital of the National Medical Centre ''Siglo XXI'', Mexican Institute for Social Security, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Nuhan Puralı
- Hacettepe University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biophysics,06100 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Mert Döşkaya
- Ege University Vaccine Development, Application and Research Center, Izmir 35100, Turkey; Ege University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Parasitology, Bornova, Izmir 35100, Turkey
| | - Sevda Şenel
- Hacettepe University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Ankara 06100, Turkey.
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Verschoor CP, Belsky DW, Andrew MK, Haynes L, Loeb M, Pawelec G, McElhaney JE, Kuchel GA. Advanced biological age is associated with improved antibody responses in older high-dose influenza vaccine recipients over four consecutive seasons. Immun Ageing 2022; 19:39. [PMID: 35999604 PMCID: PMC9396565 DOI: 10.1186/s12979-022-00296-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Background Biological aging represents a loss of integrity and functionality of physiological systems over time. While associated with an enhanced risk of adverse outcomes such as hospitalization, disability and death following infection, its role in perceived age-related declines in vaccine responses has yet to be fully elucidated. Using data and biosamples from a 4-year clinical trial comparing immune responses of standard- and high-dose influenza vaccination, we quantified biological age (BA) prior to vaccination in adults over 65 years old (n = 292) using a panel of ten serological biomarkers (albumin, alanine aminotransferase, creatinine, ferritin, free thyroxine, cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein, triglycerides, tumour necrosis factor, interleukin-6) as implemented in the BioAge R package. Hemagglutination inhibition antibody titres against influenza A/H1N1, A/H3N2 and B were quantified prior to vaccination and 4-, 10- and 20- weeks post-vaccination. Results Counter to our hypothesis, advanced BA was associated with improved post-vaccination antibody titres against the different viral types and subtypes. However, this was dependent on both vaccine dose and CMV serostatus, as associations were only apparent for high-dose recipients (d = 0.16–0.26), and were largely diminished for CMV positive high-dose recipients. Conclusions These findings emphasize two important points: first, the loss of physiological integrity related to biological aging may not be a ubiquitous driver of immune decline in older adults; and second, latent factors such as CMV infection (prevalent in up to 90% of older adults worldwide) may contribute to the heterogeneity in vaccine responses of older adults more than previously thought. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12979-022-00296-7.
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Burton H, McLaughlin L, Shiu KY, Shaw O, Mamode N, Spencer J, Dorling A. The phenotype of HLA-binding B cells from sensitized kidney transplant recipients correlates with clinically prognostic patterns of interferon-γ production against purified HLA proteins. Kidney Int 2022; 102:355-369. [PMID: 35483526 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2022.02.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
B cells play crucial roles in cell-mediated alloimmune responses. In vitro, B cells can support or regulate indirect T-cell alloreactivity in response to donor antigens on ELISpot and these patterns associate with clinical outcome. Previous reports of associations between B-cell phenotype and function have examined global phenotypes and responses to polyclonal stimuli. We hypothesized that studying antigen-specific B cells, using samples from sensitized patients, would inform further study to identify novel targets for intervention. Using biotinylated HLA proteins, which bind HLA-specific B cells via the B-cell receptor in a dose-dependent fashion, we report the specific phenotype of HLA-binding B cells and define how they associated with patterns of anti-HLA response in interferon-γ ELISpot. HLA-binding class-switched and IgM+CD27+ memory cells associated strongly with B-dependent interferon-γ production and appeared not suppressible by endogenous Tregs. When the predominant HLA-binding phenotype was naïve B cells, the associated functional ELISpot phenotype was determined by other cells present. High numbers of non-HLA-binding transitional cells associated with B-suppressed interferon-γ production, especially if Tregs were present. However, high frequencies of HLA-binding marginal-zone precursors associated with B-dependent interferon-γ production that appeared suppressible by Tregs. Finally, non-HLA-binding marginal zone precursors may also suppress interferon-γ production, though this association only emerged when Tregs were absent from the ELISpot. Thus, our novel data provide a foundation on which to further define the complexities of interactions between HLA-specific T and B cells and identify new targets for intervention in new therapies for chronic rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Burton
- Department of Inflammation Biology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Laura McLaughlin
- Department of Inflammation Biology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Kin Yee Shiu
- Department of Inflammation Biology, King's College London, London, UK; Department of Renal Medicine (UCL), Royal Free Hospital, London, UK
| | - Olivia Shaw
- Clinical Transplantation Laboratory, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
| | - Nizam Mamode
- Department of Inflammation Biology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Jo Spencer
- Department of Immunobiology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Anthony Dorling
- Department of Inflammation Biology, King's College London, London, UK.
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5
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A follicular regulatory Innate Lymphoid Cell population impairs interactions between germinal center Tfh and B cells. Commun Biol 2021; 4:563. [PMID: 33980982 PMCID: PMC8115650 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02079-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate Lymphoid Cells (ILCs) are immune cells typically found on mucosal surfaces and in secondary lymphoid organs where they regulate the immune response to pathogens. Despite their key role in the immune response, there are still fundamental gaps in our understanding of ILCs. Here we report a human ILC population present in the follicles of tonsils and lymph nodes termed follicular regulatory ILCs (ILCFR) that to our knowledge has not been previously identified. ILCFR have a distinct phenotype and transcriptional program when compared to other defined ILCs. Surprisingly, ILCFR inhibit the ability of follicular helper T (Tfh) cells to provide B cell help. The localization of ILCFR to the germinal centers suggests these cells may interfere with germinal center B cell (GC-B) and germinal center Tfh cell (GC-Tfh) interactions through the production of transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β. Intriguingly, under conditions of impaired GC-Tfh-GC-B cell interactions, such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, the frequency of these cells is increased. Overall, we predict a role for ILCFR in regulating GC-Tfh-GC-B cell interactions and propose they expand in chronic inflammatory conditions. Margaret O’Connor et al. report a new Innate Lymphoid Cell population in human tonsils and lymph nodes that inhibit the functional interaction of follicular helper T cells and germinal center B cells. They show that this cell population is expanded under chronic HIV infection and results in decreased antibody production, suggesting a potential role for these cells in diseases with dysregulated immune responses.
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6
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Fourie KR, Choudhary P, Ng SH, Obradovic M, Brownlie R, Anand SK, Wilson HL. Evaluation of immunogenicity and protection mediated by Lawsonia intracellularis subunit vaccines. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2021; 237:110256. [PMID: 33971523 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2021.110256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Lawsonia intracellularis is an economically important bacterium that causes ileitis in pigs. Current vaccines for L. intracellularis do not allow for differentiation between infected and vaccinated animals (DIVA), which is beneficial for disease tracking and surveillance. Previously, we identified five putative surface L. intracellularis proteins that were targeted by antibodies from pigs infected with L. intracellularis which could serve as antigens in a subunit vaccine. We conducted two trials to determine whether these antigens were immunogenic and provided protection against infectious challenge and whether truncated glycoprotein D could be used as a DIVA antigen. For Trial 1, 5 week-old piglets were administered intramuscular monovalent vaccines comprised of a recombinant (r) flagella subunit protein (rFliC,) and DIVA antigen (truncated glycoprotein D (TgD), a herpes virus antigen) both formulated with a combination adjuvant consisting of polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid(poly I:C), host defense peptide 1002 and polyphosphazene, referred to as Triple Adjuvant (TriAdj). Relative to control animals, animals vaccinated with rFliC and rTgD had significantly elevated antigen-specific humoral immunity in sera suggesting that rFliC and TgD are immunogenic. Control animals had negligible anti-TgD titres suggesting that TgD may be a suitable DIVA antigen for pigs. For Trial 2, piglets were immunized with a trivalent vaccine (FOG vaccine consisting of rFLiC, rOppA protein (a ABC Type dipeptide transport system) and rGroEL (a stress response protein)) and a divalent vaccine (CM vaccine consisting of rClpP (an ATP-dependent Clp protease proteolytic subunit) and rMetK (a S-adenosyl methionine synthase)) formulated with Emulsigen®. Relative to the control pigs, pigs immunized with the FOG vaccine produced robust and significantly higher serum IgG antibodies against rFliC and rGroEL, and significantly higher anti-FliC and anti-GroEL IgA antibodies in jejunal (GroEL only) and ileal intestinal mucosa. Pigs immunized with CM vaccine produced significantly higher serum antibodies against rClpP and rMetK and significantly higher anti-rClpP IgA antibodies in the ileum relative to the control pigs. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) analysis showed that 18 days after challenge with infectious L. intracellularis, challenged/control pigs and pigs that received the CM vaccine, but not the pigs vaccinated with the FOG vaccine, shed significantly more bacteria in feces than the unchallenged controls pigs. These data suggest that the FOG vaccinated pigs showed limited protection. While promising, more work is needed to enhance the efficiency of the intramuscular vaccine to show significant disease protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kezia R Fourie
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada; Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Pooja Choudhary
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Siew Hon Ng
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Milan Obradovic
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Robert Brownlie
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | | | - Heather L Wilson
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada; Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.
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7
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Ontiveros-Padilla L, García-Lozano A, Tepale-Segura A, Rivera-Hernández T, Pastelin-Palacios R, Isibasi A, Arriaga-Pizano LA, Bonifaz LC, López-Macías C. CD4+ and CD8+ Circulating Memory T Cells Are Crucial in the Protection Induced by Vaccination with Salmonella Typhi Porins. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9040770. [PMID: 33916894 PMCID: PMC8067540 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9040770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi) porins, OmpC and OmpF, are potent inducers of the immune response against S. Typhi in mice and humans. Vaccination with porins induces the protection against 500 LD50 of S. Typhi, life-lasting bactericidal antibodies and effector T cell responses in mice; however, the nature of the memory T cell compartment and its contribution to protection remains unknown. In this work, we firstly observed that vaccination with porins induces in situ (skin) CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses. Analysis of the porin-specific functional responses of skin CD4+ and CD8+ T cells showed IFN-gamma- and IL-17-producing cells in both T cell populations. The memory phenotype of porin-specific T cells indicated the presence of resident and effector memory phenotypes in the skin, and a central memory phenotype in the skin-draining lymph node. In addition, we demonstrated that vaccination with porins via skin reduces the bacterial burden following challenge. Finally, evaluating the role of the circulating T cell memory population in protection, we showed that circulating memory CD4+ and CD8+ T cells are crucial in porin-mediated protection against S. Typhi. Overall, this study highlights the importance of inducing circulating memory T cell responses in order to achieve the optimal protection provided by porins, showing a mechanism that could be sought in the rational development of vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Ontiveros-Padilla
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Inmunoquímica, Hospital de Especialidades del Centro Médico Nacional “Siglo XXI”, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Cuauhtemoc, Ciudad de Mexico 06720, Mexico; (L.O.-P.); (A.G.-L.); (A.T.-S.); (T.R.-H.); (A.I.); (L.A.A.-P.)
- Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Coyoacan, Ciudad de Mexico 04510, Mexico;
| | - Alberto García-Lozano
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Inmunoquímica, Hospital de Especialidades del Centro Médico Nacional “Siglo XXI”, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Cuauhtemoc, Ciudad de Mexico 06720, Mexico; (L.O.-P.); (A.G.-L.); (A.T.-S.); (T.R.-H.); (A.I.); (L.A.A.-P.)
| | - Araceli Tepale-Segura
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Inmunoquímica, Hospital de Especialidades del Centro Médico Nacional “Siglo XXI”, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Cuauhtemoc, Ciudad de Mexico 06720, Mexico; (L.O.-P.); (A.G.-L.); (A.T.-S.); (T.R.-H.); (A.I.); (L.A.A.-P.)
- Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Miguel Hidalgo, Ciudad de Mexico 11340, Mexico
| | - Tania Rivera-Hernández
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Inmunoquímica, Hospital de Especialidades del Centro Médico Nacional “Siglo XXI”, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Cuauhtemoc, Ciudad de Mexico 06720, Mexico; (L.O.-P.); (A.G.-L.); (A.T.-S.); (T.R.-H.); (A.I.); (L.A.A.-P.)
- Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT), Benito Juárez, Ciudad de Mexico 03940, Mexico
| | - Rodolfo Pastelin-Palacios
- Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Coyoacan, Ciudad de Mexico 04510, Mexico;
| | - Armando Isibasi
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Inmunoquímica, Hospital de Especialidades del Centro Médico Nacional “Siglo XXI”, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Cuauhtemoc, Ciudad de Mexico 06720, Mexico; (L.O.-P.); (A.G.-L.); (A.T.-S.); (T.R.-H.); (A.I.); (L.A.A.-P.)
| | - Lourdes A. Arriaga-Pizano
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Inmunoquímica, Hospital de Especialidades del Centro Médico Nacional “Siglo XXI”, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Cuauhtemoc, Ciudad de Mexico 06720, Mexico; (L.O.-P.); (A.G.-L.); (A.T.-S.); (T.R.-H.); (A.I.); (L.A.A.-P.)
| | - Laura C. Bonifaz
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Inmunoquímica, Hospital de Especialidades del Centro Médico Nacional “Siglo XXI”, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Cuauhtemoc, Ciudad de Mexico 06720, Mexico; (L.O.-P.); (A.G.-L.); (A.T.-S.); (T.R.-H.); (A.I.); (L.A.A.-P.)
- Correspondence: (L.C.B.); or (C.L.-M.)
| | - Constantino López-Macías
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Inmunoquímica, Hospital de Especialidades del Centro Médico Nacional “Siglo XXI”, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Cuauhtemoc, Ciudad de Mexico 06720, Mexico; (L.O.-P.); (A.G.-L.); (A.T.-S.); (T.R.-H.); (A.I.); (L.A.A.-P.)
- Correspondence: (L.C.B.); or (C.L.-M.)
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8
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Harrell JE, Hahn MM, D'Souza SJ, Vasicek EM, Sandala JL, Gunn JS, McLachlan JB. Salmonella Biofilm Formation, Chronic Infection, and Immunity Within the Intestine and Hepatobiliary Tract. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 10:624622. [PMID: 33604308 PMCID: PMC7885405 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.624622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Within the species of Salmonella enterica, there is significant diversity represented among the numerous subspecies and serovars. Collectively, these account for microbes with variable host ranges, from common plant and animal colonizers to extremely pathogenic and human-specific serovars. Despite these differences, many Salmonella species find commonality in the ability to form biofilms and the ability to cause acute, latent, or chronic disease. The exact outcome of infection depends on many factors such as the growth state of Salmonella, the environmental conditions encountered at the time of infection, as well as the infected host and immune response elicited. Here, we review the numerous biofilm lifestyles of Salmonella (on biotic and abiotic surfaces) and how the production of extracellular polymeric substances not only enhances long-term persistence outside the host but also is an essential function in chronic human infections. Furthermore, careful consideration is made for the events during initial infection that allow for gut transcytosis which, in conjunction with host immune functions, often determine the progression of disease. Both typhoidal and non-typhoidal salmonellae can cause chronic and/or secondary infections, thus the adaptive immune responses to both types of bacteria are discussed with particular attention to the differences between Salmonella Typhi, Salmonella Typhimurium, and invasive non-typhoidal Salmonella that can result in differential immune responses. Finally, while strides have been made in our understanding of immunity to Salmonella in the lymphoid organs, fewer definitive studies exist for intestinal and hepatobiliary immunity. By examining our current knowledge and what remains to be determined, we provide insight into new directions in the field of Salmonella immunity, particularly as it relates to chronic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaikin E Harrell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Mark M Hahn
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States.,Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Shaina J D'Souza
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Erin M Vasicek
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States.,Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Jenna L Sandala
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States.,Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - John S Gunn
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States.,Infectious Diseases Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - James B McLachlan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States
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9
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Matsuda Y, Hiramitsu T, Li XK, Watanabe T. Characteristics of Immunoglobulin M Type Antibodies of Different Origins from the Immunologic and Clinical Viewpoints and Their Application in Controlling Antibody-Mediated Allograft Rejection. Pathogens 2020; 10:pathogens10010004. [PMID: 33374617 PMCID: PMC7822424 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibody-mediated allograft rejection (AMR) hinders patient prognosis after organ transplantation. Current studies concerning AMR have mainly focused on the diagnostic value of immunoglobulin G (IgG)-type donor-specific antihuman leukocyte antigen antibodies (DSAs), primarily because of their antigen specificity, whereas the clinical significance of immunoglobulin M (IgM)-type DSAs has not been thoroughly investigated in the context of organ transplantation because of their nonspecificity against antigens. Although consensus regarding the clinical significance and role of IgM antibodies is not clear, as discussed in this review, recent findings strongly suggest that they also have a huge potential in novel diagnostic as well as therapeutic application for the prevention of AMR. Most serum IgM antibodies are known to comprise natural antibodies with low affinity toward antigens, and this is derived from B-1 cells (innate B cells). However, some of the serum IgM-type antibodies reportedly also produced by B-2 cells (conventional B cells). The latter are known to have a high affinity for donor-specific antigens. In this review, we initially discuss how IgM-type antibodies of different origins participate in the pathology of various diseases, directly or through cell surface receptors, complement activation, or cytokine production. Then, we discuss the clinical applicability of B-1 and B-2 cell-derived IgM-type antibodies for controlling AMR with reference to the involvement of IgM antibodies in various pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiko Matsuda
- Division of Transplant Immunology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan;
- Department of Advanced Technology for Transplantation, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Correspondence:
| | - Takahisa Hiramitsu
- Department of Transplant and Endocrine Surgery, Nagoya Daini Red Cross-Hospital, Aichi 466-8650, Japan;
| | - Xiao-kang Li
- Division of Transplant Immunology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan;
| | - Takeshi Watanabe
- Laboratory of Immunology, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan;
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10
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Jia X, Berta G, Gábris F, Kellermayer Z, Balogh P. Role of adipose-associated lymphoid tissues in the immunological homeostasis of the serosal surface. Immunol Lett 2020; 228:135-141. [PMID: 33166529 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2020.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Although not typical lymphoid organs, analysis of the visceral adipose-associated lymphoid tissues has recently substantially expanded our knowledge about the immunological features of these elusive compartments. Recent data have highlighted their considerable complexity in cellular organization and interactions in several biological processes, including adaptive immune responses, tissue plasticity to accommodate mesenchymal stem cells and progenitors, and providing a suitable microenvironment for serosal tumor propagation. This review aims to present a comprehensive view of the adipose-associated lymphoid tissues in local and systemic immune responsiveness, with particular emphasis on the omental and mesenteric lymphoid tissues in the serosal defense of abdominal organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinkai Jia
- Department of Immunology and Biotechnology, Lymphoid Organogenesis Research Group, Szentágothai Research Center, University of Pécs Medical School, Hungary; Lymphoid Organogenesis Research Group, Szentágothai Research Center, University of Pécs Medical School, Hungary
| | - Gergely Berta
- Department of Medical Biology and Central Electron Microscope Laboratory, Medical School, University of Pécs, Hungary
| | - Fanni Gábris
- Department of Immunology and Biotechnology, Lymphoid Organogenesis Research Group, Szentágothai Research Center, University of Pécs Medical School, Hungary; Lymphoid Organogenesis Research Group, Szentágothai Research Center, University of Pécs Medical School, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Kellermayer
- Department of Immunology and Biotechnology, Lymphoid Organogenesis Research Group, Szentágothai Research Center, University of Pécs Medical School, Hungary; Lymphoid Organogenesis Research Group, Szentágothai Research Center, University of Pécs Medical School, Hungary
| | - Péter Balogh
- Department of Immunology and Biotechnology, Lymphoid Organogenesis Research Group, Szentágothai Research Center, University of Pécs Medical School, Hungary; Lymphoid Organogenesis Research Group, Szentágothai Research Center, University of Pécs Medical School, Hungary.
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11
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León-Letelier RA, Castro-Medina DI, Badillo-Godinez O, Tepale-Segura A, Huanosta-Murillo E, Aguilar-Flores C, De León-Rodríguez SG, Mantilla A, Fuentes-Pananá EM, López-Macías C, Bonifaz LC. Induction of Progenitor Exhausted Tissue-Resident Memory CD8 + T Cells Upon Salmonella Typhi Porins Adjuvant Immunization Correlates With Melanoma Control and Anti-PD-1 Immunotherapy Cooperation. Front Immunol 2020; 11:583382. [PMID: 33240271 PMCID: PMC7682137 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.583382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy has improved the clinical response in melanoma patients, although a relevant percentage of patients still cannot be salvaged. The search for the immune populations that provide the best tumor control and that can be coaxed by immunotherapy strategies is a hot topic in cancer research nowadays. Tumor-infiltrating TCF-1+ progenitor exhausted CD8+ T cells seem to grant the best melanoma prognosis and also efficiently respond to anti-PD-1 immunotherapy, giving rise to a TIM-3+ terminally exhausted population with heightened effector activity. We tested Porins from Salmonella Typhi as a pathogen associated molecular pattern adjuvant of natural or model antigen in prophylactic and therapeutic immunization approaches against murine melanoma. Porins induced protection against melanomas, even upon re-challenging of tumor-free mice. Porins efficiently expanded IFN-γ-producing CD8+ T cells and induced central and effector memory in lymph nodes and tissue-resident (Trm) T cells in the skin and tumors. Porins induced TCF-1+ PD-1+ CD8+ Trm T cells in the tumor stroma and the presence of this population correlated with melanoma growth protection in mice. Porins immunization also cooperated with anti-PD-1 immunotherapy to hamper melanoma growth. Importantly, the potentially protective Trm populations induced by Porins in the murine model were also observed in melanoma patients in which their presence also correlated with disease control. Our data support the use of cancer vaccination to sculpt the tumor stroma with efficient and lasting Trm T cells with effector activities, highlighting the use of Porins as an adjuvant. Furthermore, our data place CD8+ Trm T cells with a progenitor exhausted phenotype as an important population for melanoma control, either independently or in cooperation with anti-PD-1 immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo A León-Letelier
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Inmunoquímica, UMAE Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico.,Posgrado en Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Daniel I Castro-Medina
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Inmunoquímica, UMAE Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Oscar Badillo-Godinez
- Centro de Investigación Sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Araceli Tepale-Segura
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Inmunoquímica, UMAE Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Enrique Huanosta-Murillo
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Inmunoquímica, UMAE Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Cristina Aguilar-Flores
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Inmunoquímica, UMAE Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Saraí G De León-Rodríguez
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Inmunoquímica, UMAE Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico.,Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alejandra Mantilla
- Servicio de Patología, Hospital de Oncología, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ezequiel M Fuentes-Pananá
- Unidad de Investigación en Virología y Cáncer, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Constantino López-Macías
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Inmunoquímica, UMAE Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Laura C Bonifaz
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Inmunoquímica, UMAE Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico
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12
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Wang M, Qazi IH, Wang L, Zhou G, Han H. Salmonella Virulence and Immune Escape. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8030407. [PMID: 32183199 PMCID: PMC7143636 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8030407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella genus represents the most common foodborne pathogens causing morbidity, mortality, and burden of disease in all regions of the world. The introduction of antimicrobial agents and Salmonella-specific phages has been considered as an effective intervention strategy to reduce Salmonella contamination. However, data from the United States, European countries, and low- and middle-income countries indicate that Salmonella cases are still a commonly encountered cause of bacterial foodborne diseases globally. The control programs have not been successful and even led to the emergence of some multidrug-resistant Salmonella strains. It is known that the host immune system is able to effectively prevent microbial invasion and eliminate microorganisms. However, Salmonella has evolved mechanisms of resisting host physical barriers and inhibiting subsequent activation of immune response through their virulence factors. There has been a high interest in understanding how Salmonella interacts with the host. Therefore, in the present review, we characterize the functions of Salmonella virulence genes and particularly focus on the mechanisms of immune escape in light of evidence from the emerging mainstream literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyao Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Improvement, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (M.W.); (L.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Izhar Hyder Qazi
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China;
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy and Histology, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Sakrand 67210, Pakistan
| | - Linli Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Improvement, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (M.W.); (L.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Guangbin Zhou
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China;
- Correspondence: (H.H.); (G.Z.)
| | - Hongbing Han
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Genetic Improvement, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (M.W.); (L.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- Correspondence: (H.H.); (G.Z.)
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13
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Zheng Y, Lu Y, Huang X, Han L, Chen Z, Zhou B, Ma Y, Xie G, Yang J, Bian B, Li L, Nie H, Pan X, Shen L. BACH2 regulates the function of human CD4
+
CD45RA
−
Foxp3
l
° cytokine‐secreting T cells and promotes B‐cell response in systemic lupus erythematosus. Eur J Immunol 2020; 50:426-438. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.201948320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yingxia Zheng
- Department of Laboratory MedicineXin Hua HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Shanghai China
- Institute of Biliary Tract Diseases ResearchShanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Shanghai China
| | - Yiwen Lu
- Department of Laboratory MedicineXin Hua HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Shanghai China
| | - Xinfang Huang
- Department of NephrologyXin Hua HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Shanghai China
| | - Li Han
- Department of Laboratory MedicineXin Hua HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Shanghai China
| | - Zheyi Chen
- Department of Laboratory MedicineXin Hua HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Shanghai China
| | - Bingqian Zhou
- Department of Laboratory MedicineXin Hua HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Shanghai China
| | - Yanhui Ma
- Department of Laboratory MedicineXin Hua HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Shanghai China
| | - Guohua Xie
- Department of Laboratory MedicineXin Hua HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Shanghai China
| | - Junyao Yang
- Department of Laboratory MedicineXin Hua HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Shanghai China
| | - Bingxian Bian
- Department of Laboratory MedicineXin Hua HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Shanghai China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Laboratory MedicineXin Hua HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Shanghai China
| | - Hong Nie
- Shanghai Institute of ImmunologyShanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Shanghai China
| | - Xiujun Pan
- Department of Laboratory MedicineXin Hua HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Shanghai China
| | - Lisong Shen
- Department of Laboratory MedicineXin Hua HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Shanghai China
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14
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Yüksel S, Pekcan M, Puralı N, Esendağlı G, Tavukçuoğlu E, Rivero-Arredondo V, Ontiveros-Padilla L, López-Macías C, Şenel S. Development and in vitro evaluation of a new adjuvant system containing Salmonella Typhi porins and chitosan. Int J Pharm 2020; 578:119129. [PMID: 32045689 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In order to improve the immunogenicity of the highly purified vaccine antigens, addition of an adjuvant to formulation, without affecting the safety of the vaccine, has been the key aim of the vaccine formulators. In recent years, adjuvants which are composed of a delivery system and immunopotentiators have been preferred to induce potent immune responses. In this study, we have combined Salmonella Typhi porins and chitosan to develop a new adjuvant system to enhance the immunogenicity of the highly purified antigens. Cationic gels, microparticle (1.69 ± 0.01 μm) and nanoparticles (337.7 ± 1.7 nm) based on chitosan were prepared with high loading efficiency of porins. Cellular uptake was examined by confocal laser scanning microscopy, and the macrophage activation was investigated by measuring the surface marker as well as the cytokine release in vitro in J774A.1 macrophage murine cells. Porins alone were not taken up by the macrophage cells whereas in combination with chitosan a significant uptake was obtained. Porins-chitosan combination systems were found to induce CD80, CD86 and MHC-II expressions at different levels by different formulations depending on the particle size. Similarly, TNF-α and IL-6 levels were found to increase with porins-chitosan combination. Our results demonstrated that combination of porins with chitosan as a particulate system exerts enhanced adjuvant effect, suggesting a promising adjuvant system for subunit vaccines with combined immunostimulating activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selin Yüksel
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Hacettepe University, 06100 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Mert Pekcan
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Ankara University, Dışkapı, 06110 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Nuhan Puralı
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biophysics, Hacettepe University, 06100 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Güneş Esendağlı
- Department of Basic Oncology, Hacettepe University Cancer Institute, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ece Tavukçuoğlu
- Department of Basic Oncology, Hacettepe University Cancer Institute, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Vanessa Rivero-Arredondo
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Inmunoquímica, Hospital de Especialidades Centro Médico Nacional 'Siglo XXI', Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Luis Ontiveros-Padilla
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Inmunoquímica, Hospital de Especialidades Centro Médico Nacional 'Siglo XXI', Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Constantino López-Macías
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Inmunoquímica, Hospital de Especialidades Centro Médico Nacional 'Siglo XXI', Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Sevda Şenel
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Hacettepe University, 06100 Ankara, Turkey.
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15
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Elevated Expression of the Long Noncoding RNA IFNG-AS1 in the Peripheral Blood from Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis. J Immunol Res 2020; 2020:6401978. [PMID: 32377535 PMCID: PMC7193778 DOI: 10.1155/2020/6401978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been increasingly recognized as key immune molecules that participate in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. Previous studies have demonstrated that the lncRNA Ifng-AS1, a key scaffold that contributes to the transcription of IFN-γ, depends on T-bet for active transcription in Th1 cells. However, the effect of its human ortholog, IFNG-AS1, on the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) remains unclear. In this study, we found that the transcript level of lncRNA IFNG-AS1 was increased in the peripheral blood of RA patients. IFNG, as a target gene of IFNG-AS1, was overexpressed and positively correlated with the transcript level of IFNG-AS1 in the RA patients. Our data also showed that the transcript level of T-bet was upregulated and positively correlated with IFNG-AS1 expression. T-bet regulated the transcription of IFNG-AS1 in human CD4+ T cells in vitro. Furthermore, strong positive correlations were observed between the increased transcript level of IFNG-AS1 and the serum level of rheumatoid factor, the erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and the C-reactive protein in RA patients, and patients positive for anticyclic citrullinated peptide antibodies had increased levels of IFNG-AS1. Finally, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis suggested that IFNG-AS1 might be a potential biomarker of RA. Taken together, our findings indicated that IFNG-AS1, guided by T-bet, is augmented in the peripheral blood of RA patients and may play a critical role in the pathogenesis of RA by regulating the expression of IFNG.
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16
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Amadou Amani S, Lang ML. Bacteria That Cause Enteric Diseases Stimulate Distinct Humoral Immune Responses. Front Immunol 2020; 11:565648. [PMID: 33042146 PMCID: PMC7524877 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.565648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial enteric pathogens individually and collectively represent a serious global health burden. Humoral immune responses following natural or experimentally-induced infections are broadly appreciated to contribute to pathogen clearance and prevention of disease recurrence. Herein, we have compared observations on humoral immune mechanisms following infection with Citrobacter rodentium, the model for enteropathogenic Escherichia coli, Vibrio cholerae, Shigella species, Salmonella enterica species, and Clostridioides difficile. A comparison of what is known about the humoral immune responses to these pathogens reveals considerable variance in specific features of humoral immunity including establishment of high affinity, IgG class-switched memory B cell and long-lived plasma cell compartments. This article suggests that such variance could be contributory to persistent and recurrent disease.
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17
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Abstract
In this review, Boothby et al. summarize some salient advances toward elucidation of the molecular programming of the fate choices and function of B cells in the periphery. They also note unanswered questions that pertain to differences among subsets of B lymphocytes and plasma cells. Mature B lymphocytes are crucial components of adaptive immunity, a system essential for the evolutionary fitness of mammals. Adaptive lymphocyte function requires an initially naïve cell to proliferate extensively and its progeny to have the capacity to assume a variety of fates. These include either terminal differentiation (the long-lived plasma cell) or metastable transcriptional reprogramming (germinal center and memory B cells). In this review, we focus principally on the regulation of differentiation and functional diversification of the “B2” subset. An overview is combined with an account of more recent advances, including initial work on mechanisms that eliminate DNA methylation and potential links between intracellular metabolites and chromatin editing.
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18
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Bakshi RK, Gupta K, Jordan SJ, Chi X, Lensing SY, Press CG, Geisler WM. An Adaptive Chlamydia trachomatis-Specific IFN-γ-Producing CD4 + T Cell Response Is Associated With Protection Against Chlamydia Reinfection in Women. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1981. [PMID: 30245688 PMCID: PMC6137090 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Adaptive immune responses that mediate protection against Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) remain poorly defined in humans. Animal chlamydia models have demonstrated that CD4+ Th1 cytokine responses mediate protective immunity against reinfection. To better understand protective immunity to CT in humans, we investigated whether select CT-specific CD4+ Th1 and CD8+ T cell cytokine responses were associated with protection against CT reinfection in women. Methods: Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were collected from 135 CT-infected women at treatment and follow-up visits and stimulated with CT antigens. CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells expressing IFN-γ, TNF-α, and/or IL-2 were assessed using intracellular cytokine staining and cytokine responses were compared between visits and between women with vs. without CT reinfection at follow-up. Results: A CD4+TNF-α response was detected in the majority (77%) of study participants at the treatment visit, but a lower proportion had this response at follow-up (62%). CD4+ IFN-γ and CD4+ IL-2 responses occurred less frequently at the treatment visit (32 and 18%, respectively), but increased at follow-up (51 and 41%, respectively). CD8+ IFN-γ and CD8+ TNF-α responses were detected more often at follow-up (59% for both responses) compared to the treatment visit (30% for both responses). At follow-up, a CD4+IFN-γ response was detected more often in women without vs. with reinfection (60 vs. 33%, P = 0.005). Conclusions: Our findings suggest that a CT-specific CD4+ IFN-γ response is associated with protective immunity against CT reinfection and is thus an important component of adaptive immunity to CT in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh K Bakshi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Kanupriya Gupta
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Stephen J Jordan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Xiaofei Chi
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States
| | - Shelly Y Lensing
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States
| | - Christen G Press
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - William M Geisler
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
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19
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Labuda JC, McSorley SJ. Diversity in the T cell response to Chlamydia-sum are better than one. Immunol Lett 2018; 202:59-64. [PMID: 30179654 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2018.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Chlamydia trachomatis is responsible for an increasing number of sexually transmitted infections in the United States and is a common cause of serious pathology in the female reproductive tract (FRT). Given the impact and incidence of these infections, the production of an effective Chlamydia vaccine is a public health priority. Mouse models of Chlamydia infection have been utilized to develop a detailed and mechanistic understanding of protective immunity in the FRT. These studies reveal that MHC class-II restricted Chlamydia-specific CD4 T cells are critical for primary bacterial clearance and provide effective protection against secondary infection in the FRT. Despite the clear importance of IFN- γ produced by CD4 Th1 cells, there are also suggestions of wider functional heterogeneity in the CD4 T cell response to Chlamydia infection. Understanding the role of this diversity in the CD4 T helper cell response in the FRT should allow a more nuanced view of CD4 T cell biology in the context of Chlamydia infection and may be critical for vaccine development. Here, we summarize our current understanding of CD4 T helper subsets in the clearance of Chlamydia and discuss some areas where knowledge needs to be further extended by additional experimentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine C Labuda
- Center for Comparative Medicine, Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, United States.
| | - Stephen J McSorley
- Center for Comparative Medicine, Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, United States
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20
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Perez-Shibayama C, Gil-Cruz C, Cheng HW, Onder L, Printz A, Mörbe U, Novkovic M, Li C, Lopez-Macias C, Buechler MB, Turley SJ, Mack M, Soneson C, Robinson MD, Scandella E, Gommerman J, Ludewig B. Fibroblastic reticular cells initiate immune responses in visceral adipose tissues and secure peritoneal immunity. Sci Immunol 2018; 3:3/26/eaar4539. [DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aar4539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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21
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Zhang Y, Dominguez-Medina C, Cumley NJ, Heath JN, Essex SJ, Bobat S, Schager A, Goodall M, Kracker S, Buckley CD, May RC, Kingsley RA, MacLennan CA, López-Macías C, Cunningham AF, Toellner KM. IgG1 Is Required for Optimal Protection after Immunization with the Purified Porin OmpD from Salmonella Typhimurium. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 199:4103-4109. [PMID: 29127147 PMCID: PMC5713499 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
In mice, the IgG subclass induced after Ag encounter can reflect the nature of the Ag. Th2 Ags such as alum-precipitated proteins and helminths induce IgG1, whereas Th1 Ags, such as Salmonella Typhimurium, predominantly induce IgG2a. The contribution of different IgG isotypes to protection against bacteria such as S. Typhimurium is unclear, although as IgG2a is induced by natural infection, it is assumed this isotype is important. Previously, we have shown that purified S. Typhimurium porins including outer membrane protein OmpD, which induce both IgG1 and IgG2a in mice, provide protection to S. Typhimurium infection via Ab. In this study we report the unexpected finding that mice lacking IgG1, but not IgG2a, are substantially less protected after porin immunization than wild-type controls. IgG1-deficient mice produce more porin-specific IgG2a, resulting in total IgG levels that are similar to wild-type mice. The decreased protection in IgG1-deficient mice correlates with less efficient bacterial opsonization and uptake by macrophages, and this reflects the low binding of outer membrane protein OmpD–specific IgG2a to the bacterial surface. Thus, the Th2-associated isotype IgG1 can play a role in protection against Th1-associated organisms such as S. Typhimurium. Therefore, individual IgG subclasses to a single Ag can provide different levels of protection and the IgG isotype induced may need to be a consideration when designing vaccines and immunization strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhang
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Coral Dominguez-Medina
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola J Cumley
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer N Heath
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah J Essex
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Saeeda Bobat
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Schager
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Margaret Goodall
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Sven Kracker
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum Berlin, Berlin 10117, Germany
| | - Christopher D Buckley
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Robin C May
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | | | - Calman A MacLennan
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Constantino López-Macías
- Medical Research Unit on Immunochemistry, Specialties Hospital, National Medical Centre Siglo XXI, Mexican Social Security Institute, 06720 México, DF, Mexico; and
| | - Adam F Cunningham
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom; .,Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Kai-Michael Toellner
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom;
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22
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Lee SJ, Benoun J, Sheridan BS, Fogassy Z, Pham O, Pham QM, Puddington L, McSorley SJ. Dual Immunization with SseB/Flagellin Provides Enhanced Protection against Salmonella Infection Mediated by Circulating Memory Cells. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2017; 199:1353-1361. [PMID: 28710253 PMCID: PMC5548602 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The development of a subunit Salmonella vaccine has been hindered by the absence of detailed information about antigenic targets of protective Salmonella-specific T and B cells. Recent studies have identified SseB as a modestly protective Ag in susceptible C57BL/6 mice, but the mechanism of protective immunity remains undefined. In this article, we report that simply combining Salmonella SseB with flagellin substantially enhances protective immunity, allowing immunized C57BL/6 mice to survive for up to 30 d following challenge with virulent bacteria. Surprisingly, the enhancing effect of flagellin did not require flagellin Ag targeting during secondary responses or recognition of flagellin by TLR5. Although coimmunization with flagellin did not affect SseB-specific Ab responses, it modestly boosted CD4 responses. In addition, protective immunity was effectively transferred in circulation to parabionts of immunized mice, demonstrating that tissue-resident memory is not required for vaccine-induced protection. Finally, protective immunity required host expression of IFN-γR but was independent of induced NO synthase expression. Taken together, these data indicate that Salmonella flagellin has unique adjuvant properties that improve SseB-mediated protective immunity provided by circulating memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Joo Lee
- Center for Comparative Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616; and
| | - Joseph Benoun
- Center for Comparative Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616; and
| | - Brian S Sheridan
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030
| | - Zachary Fogassy
- Center for Comparative Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616; and
| | - Oanh Pham
- Center for Comparative Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616; and
| | - Quynh-Mai Pham
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030
| | - Lynn Puddington
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030
| | - Stephen J McSorley
- Center for Comparative Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616;
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616; and
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23
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Abstract
Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica includes several serovars infecting both humans and other animals and leading to typhoid fever or gastroenteritis. The high prevalence of associated morbidity and mortality, together with an increased emergence of multidrug-resistant strains, is a current global health issue that has prompted the development of vaccination strategies that confer protection against most serovars. Currently available systemic vaccine approaches have major limitations, including a reduced effectiveness in young children and a lack of cross-protection among different strains. Having studied host-pathogen interactions, microbiologists and immunologists argue in favor of topical gastrointestinal administration for improvement in vaccine efficacy. Here, recent advances in this field are summarized, including mechanisms of bacterial uptake at the intestinal epithelium, the assessment of protective host immunity, and improved animal models that closely mimic infection in humans. The pros and cons of existing vaccines are presented, along with recent progress made with novel formulations. Finally, new candidate antigens and their relevance in the refined design of anti-Salmonella vaccines are discussed, along with antigen vectorization strategies such as nanoparticles or secretory immunoglobulins, with a focus on potentiating mucosal vaccine efficacy.
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24
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Papillion AM, Kenderes KJ, Yates JL, Winslow GM. Early derivation of IgM memory cells and bone marrow plasmablasts. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0178853. [PMID: 28575114 PMCID: PMC5456393 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0178853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
IgM memory cells are recognized as an important component of B cell memory in mice and humans. Our studies of B cells elicited in response to ehrlichial infection identified a population of CD11c-positive IgM memory cells, and an IgM bone marrow antibody-secreting cell population. The origin of these cells was unknown, although an early T-independent spleen CD11c- and T-bet-positive IgM plasmablast population precedes both, suggesting a linear relationship. A majority of the IgM memory cells detected after day 30 post-infection, also T-bet-positive, had undergone somatic hypermutation, indicating they expressed activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID). Therefore, to identify early AID-expressing precursor B cells, we infected an AID-regulated tamoxifen-inducible Cre-recombinase-EYFP reporter strain. Tamoxifen administration led to the labeling of both IgM memory cells and bone marrow ASCs on day 30 and later post-infection. High frequencies of labeled cells were identified on day 30 post-infection, following tamoxifen administration on day 10 post-infection, although IgM memory cells were marked when tamoxifen was administered as early as day 4 post-infection. Transcription of Aicda in the early plasmablasts was not detected in the absence of CD4 T cells, but occurred independently of TLR signaling. Unlike the IgM memory cells, the bone marrow IgM ASCs were elicited independent of T cell help. Moreover, Aicda was constitutively expressed in IgM memory cells, but not in bone marrow ASCs. These studies demonstrate that two distinct long-term IgM-positive B cell populations are generated early in response to infection, but are maintained via separate mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber M. Papillion
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, United States of America
| | - Kevin J. Kenderes
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, United States of America
| | - Jennifer L. Yates
- Wadsworth Center, and University at Albany, Albany, New York, United States of America
| | - Gary M. Winslow
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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25
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Carreño JM, Perez-Shibayama C, Gil-Cruz C, Lopez-Macias C, Vernazza P, Ludewig B, Albrich WC. Evolution of Salmonella Typhi outer membrane protein-specific T and B cell responses in humans following oral Ty21a vaccination: A randomized clinical trial. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0178669. [PMID: 28570603 PMCID: PMC5453566 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0178669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccination against complex pathogens such as typhoidal and non-typhoidal Salmonella requires the concerted action of different immune effector mechanisms. Outer membrane proteins (Omps) of Salmonella Typhi are potent immunogens, which elicit long-lasting and protective immunity. Here, we followed the evolution of S. Typhi OmpC and F-specific T and B cell responses in healthy volunteers after vaccination with the vaccine strain Ty21a. To follow humoral and cellular immune responses, pre- and post-vaccination samples (PBMC, serum and stool) collected from 15 vaccinated and 5 non-vaccinated individuals. Immunoglobulin levels were assessed in peripheral blood by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. B cell and T cell activation were analyzed by flow cytometry. We observed a significant increase of circulating antibody-secreting cells and maximal Omp-specific serum IgG titers at day 25 post vaccination, while IgA titers in stool peaked at day 60. Likewise, Omp-specific CD4+ T cells in peripheral blood showed the highest expansion at day 60 post vaccination, concomitant with a significant increase in IFN-γ and TNFα production. These results indicate that S. Typhi Omp-specific B cell responses and polyfunctional CD4+ T cell responses evolve over a period of at least two months after application of the live attenuated vaccine. Moreover, these findings underscore the potential of S. Typhi Omps as subunit vaccine components. Trial registration:ISRCTN18360696
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Manuel Carreño
- Institute of Immunobiology, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | | | - Cristina Gil-Cruz
- Institute of Immunobiology, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Constantino Lopez-Macias
- Medical Research Unit on Immunochemistry (UIMIQ), Specialties Hospital, National Medical Centre “Siglo XXI”, Mexican Social Security Institute (IMSS), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Pietro Vernazza
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Burkhard Ludewig
- Institute of Immunobiology, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
| | - Werner C. Albrich
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
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26
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Pérez-Toledo M, Valero-Pacheco N, Pastelin-Palacios R, Gil-Cruz C, Perez-Shibayama C, Moreno-Eutimio MA, Becker I, Pérez-Tapia SM, Arriaga-Pizano L, Cunningham AF, Isibasi A, Bonifaz LC, López-Macías C. Salmonella Typhi Porins OmpC and OmpF Are Potent Adjuvants for T-Dependent and T-Independent Antigens. Front Immunol 2017; 8:230. [PMID: 28337196 PMCID: PMC5344031 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Several microbial components, such as bacterial DNA and flagellin, have been used as experimental vaccine adjuvants because of their inherent capacity to efficiently activate innate immune responses. Likewise, our previous work has shown that the major Salmonella Typhi (S. Typhi) outer membrane proteins OmpC and OmpF (porins) are highly immunogenic protective antigens that efficiently stimulate innate and adaptive immune responses in the absence of exogenous adjuvants. Moreover, S. Typhi porins induce the expression of costimulatory molecules on antigen-presenting cells through toll-like receptor canonical signaling pathways. However, the potential of major S. Typhi porins to be used as vaccine adjuvants remains unknown. Here, we evaluated the adjuvant properties of S. Typhi porins against a range of experimental and clinically relevant antigens. Co-immunization of S. Typhi porins with ovalbumin (OVA), an otherwise poorly immunogenic antigen, enhanced anti-OVA IgG titers, antibody class switching, and affinity maturation. This adjuvant effect was dependent on CD4+ T-cell cooperation and was associated with an increase in IFN-γ, IL-17A, and IL-2 production by OVA-specific CD4+ T cells. Furthermore, co-immunization of S. Typhi porins with an inactivated H1N1 2009 pandemic influenza virus experimental vaccine elicited higher hemagglutinating anti-influenza IgG titers, antibody class switching, and affinity maturation. Unexpectedly, co-administration of S. Typhi porins with purified, unconjugated Vi capsular polysaccharide vaccine (Vi CPS)—a T-independent antigen—induced higher IgG antibody titers and class switching. Together, our results suggest that S. Typhi porins OmpC and OmpF are versatile vaccine adjuvants, which could be used to enhance T-cell immune responses toward a Th1/Th17 profile, while improving antibody responses to otherwise poorly immunogenic T-dependent and T-independent antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisol Pérez-Toledo
- Medical Research Unit on Immunochemistry, Specialties Hospital, National Medical Centre "Siglo XXI", Mexican Social Security Institute, Mexico City, Mexico; Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Nuriban Valero-Pacheco
- Medical Research Unit on Immunochemistry, Specialties Hospital, National Medical Centre "Siglo XXI", Mexican Social Security Institute, Mexico City, Mexico; Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Cristina Gil-Cruz
- Institute of Immunobiology, Kantonsspital St. Gallen , St. Gallen , Switzerland
| | | | - Mario A Moreno-Eutimio
- Immunity and Inflammation Research Unit, Hospital Juárez de México, Ministry of Health , Mexico City , Mexico
| | - Ingeborg Becker
- Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Medicina Experimental, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , Mexico City , Mexico
| | - Sonia Mayra Pérez-Tapia
- Unit of R&D in Bioprocesses (UDIBI), Department of Immunology, National School of Biological Sciences, National Polytechnic Institute , Mexico City , Mexico
| | - Lourdes Arriaga-Pizano
- Medical Research Unit on Immunochemistry, Specialties Hospital, National Medical Centre "Siglo XXI", Mexican Social Security Institute , Mexico City , Mexico
| | - Adam F Cunningham
- MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham , Birmingham , UK
| | - Armando Isibasi
- Medical Research Unit on Immunochemistry, Specialties Hospital, National Medical Centre "Siglo XXI", Mexican Social Security Institute , Mexico City , Mexico
| | - Laura C Bonifaz
- Medical Research Unit on Immunochemistry, Specialties Hospital, National Medical Centre "Siglo XXI", Mexican Social Security Institute , Mexico City , Mexico
| | - Constantino López-Macías
- Medical Research Unit on Immunochemistry, Specialties Hospital, National Medical Centre "Siglo XXI", Mexican Social Security Institute, Mexico City, Mexico; Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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27
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Chen MM, Xiao X, Lao XM, Wei Y, Liu RX, Zeng QH, Wang JC, Ouyang FZ, Chen DP, Chan KW, Shi DC, Zheng L, Kuang DM. Polarization of Tissue-Resident TFH-Like Cells in Human Hepatoma Bridges Innate Monocyte Inflammation and M2b Macrophage Polarization. Cancer Discov 2016; 6:1182-1195. [PMID: 27531854 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-16-0329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The existence, regulation, and functions of IL21+ immune cells are poorly defined in human cancers. Here, we identified a subset of protumorigenic IL21+ TFH-like cells in human hepatocellular carcinoma. These cells were the major source of IL21 in tumors and represented about 10% of the CD4+ T-cell population at levels comparable with the TFH cells present in lymph nodes. However, these TFH-like cells displayed a unique CXCR5-PD-1lo/-BTLA-CD69hi tissue-resident phenotype with substantial IFNγ production, which differed from the phenotype of TFH cells. Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-elicited innate monocyte inflammation was important for IL21+ TFH-like cell induction in tumors, and activation of STAT1 and STAT3 was critical for TFH-like cell polarization in this process. Importantly, the TFH-like cells operated in IL21-IFNγ-dependent pathways to induce plasma cell differentiation and thereby create conditions for protumorigenic M2b macrophage polarization and cancer progression. Thus, induction of TFH-like cells links innate inflammation to immune privilege in tumors. SIGNIFICANCE We identified a novel protumorigenic IL21+ TFH-like cell subset with a CXCR5-PD-1- BTLA-CD69hi tissue-resident phenotype in hepatoma. TLR4-mediated monocyte inflammation and subsequent T-cell STAT1 and STAT3 activation are critical for TFH-like cell induction. TFH-like cells operate via IL21-IFNγ pathways to induce plasma cells and create conditions for M2b macrophage polarization. Cancer Discov; 6(10); 1182-95. ©2016 AACR.This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 1069.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Min Chen
- Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China. State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiang-Ming Lao
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuan Wei
- Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rui-Xian Liu
- Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiu-Hui Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun-Cheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fang-Zhu Ouyang
- Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dong-Ping Chen
- Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ka-Wo Chan
- Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dai-Chao Shi
- Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Limin Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dong-Ming Kuang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.
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28
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Carreño JM, Perez-Shibayama C, Gil-Cruz C, Printz A, Pastelin R, Isibasi A, Chariatte D, Tanoue Y, Lopez-Macias C, Gander B, Ludewig B. PLGA-microencapsulation protects Salmonella typhi outer membrane proteins from acidic degradation and increases their mucosal immunogenicity. Vaccine 2016; 34:4263-4269. [PMID: 27372155 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.05.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Revised: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella (S.) enterica infections are an important global health problem with more than 20 million individuals suffering from enteric fever annually and more than 200,000 lethal cases per year. Although enteric fever can be treated appropriately with antibiotics, an increasing number of antibiotic resistant Salmonella strains is detected. While two vaccines against typhoid fever are currently on the market, their availability in subtropical endemic areas is limited because these products need to be kept in uninterrupted cold chains. Hence, the development of a thermally stable vaccine that induces mucosal immune responses would greatly improve human health in endemic areas. Here, we have combined the high structural stability of Salmonella typhi outer membrane proteins (porins) with their microencapsulation into poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) to generate an orally applicable vaccine. Encapsulated porins were protected from acidic degradation and exhibited enhanced immunogenicity following oral administration. In particular, the vaccine elicited strong S. typhi-specific B cell responses in Peyer's patches and mesenteric lymph nodes. In sum, PLGA microencapsulation substantially improved the efficacy of oral vaccination against S. typhi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Manuel Carreño
- Institute of Immunobiology, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | | | - Cristina Gil-Cruz
- Institute of Immunobiology, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Printz
- Institute of Immunobiology, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Rodolfo Pastelin
- Facultad de Quimica, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico D.F., Mexico
| | - Armando Isibasi
- Medical Research Unit on Immunochemistry (UIMIQ), Specialties Hospital, National Medical Centre "Siglo XXI", Mexican Social Security Institute (IMSS), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Dominic Chariatte
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Yutaka Tanoue
- Takeda Pharmaceutical Company, CMC Center, Osaka, Japan
| | - Constantino Lopez-Macias
- Medical Research Unit on Immunochemistry (UIMIQ), Specialties Hospital, National Medical Centre "Siglo XXI", Mexican Social Security Institute (IMSS), Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Bruno Gander
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Burkhard Ludewig
- Institute of Immunobiology, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland.
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29
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Cho HK, Park IH, Burton RL, Kim KH. Impact of IgM Antibodies on Cross-Protection against Pneumococcal Serogroups 6 and 19 after Immunization with 7-Valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine in Children. J Korean Med Sci 2016; 31:950-6. [PMID: 27247505 PMCID: PMC4853675 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2016.31.6.950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Although it is well known that pneumococcal conjugate vaccines provide cross-protection against some vaccine-related serotypes, these mechanisms are still unclear. This study was performed to investigate the role of cross-protective IgM antibodies against vaccine-related serotypes 6A, 6C, and 19A induced in children aged 12-23 months after immunization with 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7). We obtained serum samples from 18 Korean children aged 12-23 months after a PCV7 booster immunization. The serum IgG and IgM concentrations of serotypes 6B and 19F were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in serum. The opsonic indices (OIs) against vaccine serotypes 6B and 19F and vaccine-related serotypes 6A, 6C, and 19A were determined by an opsonophagocytic killing assay (OPA) in IgM-depleted and control serum. Both IgG and IgM antibodies in ELISA and opsonic indices in OPA against serotypes 6B and 19F were demonstrated in the immune serum. IgM depletion decreased the OIs against vaccine serotypes 6B (geometric means of OIs (GMIs) of 3,009 vs. 1,396, 38% reduction) and 19F (1,117 vs. 750, 36% reduction). In addition, IgM depletion markedly decreased the OIs against vaccine-related serotypes 6A (GMIs of 961 vs. 329, 70% reduction), 6C (432 vs. 185, 72% reduction), and 19A (301 vs. 166, 58% reduction). The booster immunization PCV7 induced protective antibodies in the form of both IgG and IgM isotypes. IgM antibodies contributed to eliciting cross-protection against vaccine-related serotypes as well as against vaccine serotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Kyung Cho
- Center for Vaccine Evaluation and Study, Medical Research Institute, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, Korea
| | - In Ho Park
- Center for Vaccine Evaluation and Study, Medical Research Institute, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Robert L. Burton
- Departments of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Kyung-Hyo Kim
- Center for Vaccine Evaluation and Study, Medical Research Institute, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Pediatrics, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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30
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Cunningham AF, Flores-Langarica A, Bobat S, Dominguez Medina CC, Cook CNL, Ross EA, Lopez-Macias C, Henderson IR. B1b cells recognize protective antigens after natural infection and vaccination. Front Immunol 2014; 5:535. [PMID: 25400633 PMCID: PMC4215630 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
There are multiple, distinct B-cell populations in human beings and other animals such as mice. In the latter species, there is a well-characterized subset of B-cells known as B1 cells, which are enriched in peripheral sites such as the peritoneal cavity but are rare in the blood. B1 cells can be further subdivided into B1a and B1b subsets. There may be additional B1 subsets, though it is unclear if these are distinct populations or stages in the developmental process to become mature B1a and B1b cells. A limitation in understanding B1 subsets is the relative paucity of specific surface markers. In contrast to mice, the existence of B1 cells in human beings is controversial and more studies are needed to investigate the nature of these enigmatic cells. Examples of B1b antigens include pneumococcal polysaccharide and the Vi antigen from Salmonella Typhi, both used routinely as vaccines in human beings and experimental antigens such as haptenated-Ficoll. In addition to inducing classical T-dependent responses some proteins are B1b antigens and can induce T-independent (TI) immunity, examples include factor H binding protein from Borrelia hermsii and porins from Salmonella. Therefore, B1b antigens can be proteinaceous or non-proteinaceous, induce TI responses, memory, and immunity, they exist in a diverse range of pathogenic bacteria, and a single species can contain multiple B1b antigens. An unexpected benefit to studying B1b cells is that they appear to have a propensity to recognize protective antigens in bacteria. This suggests that studying B1b cells may be rewarding for vaccine design as immunoprophylactic and immunotherapeutic interventions become more important due to the decreasing efficacy of small molecule antimicrobials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam F Cunningham
- MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, Institute for Microbiology and Infection, School of Immunity and Infection, Institute for Biomedical Research, Medical School, University of Birmingham , Birmingham , UK
| | - Adriana Flores-Langarica
- MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, Institute for Microbiology and Infection, School of Immunity and Infection, Institute for Biomedical Research, Medical School, University of Birmingham , Birmingham , UK
| | - Saeeda Bobat
- MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, Institute for Microbiology and Infection, School of Immunity and Infection, Institute for Biomedical Research, Medical School, University of Birmingham , Birmingham , UK
| | - Carmen C Dominguez Medina
- MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, Institute for Microbiology and Infection, School of Immunity and Infection, Institute for Biomedical Research, Medical School, University of Birmingham , Birmingham , UK
| | - Charlotte N L Cook
- MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, Institute for Microbiology and Infection, School of Immunity and Infection, Institute for Biomedical Research, Medical School, University of Birmingham , Birmingham , UK
| | - Ewan A Ross
- MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, Institute for Microbiology and Infection, School of Immunity and Infection, Institute for Biomedical Research, Medical School, University of Birmingham , Birmingham , UK
| | - Constantino Lopez-Macias
- Medical Research Unit on Immunochemistry, National Medical Centre "Siglo XXI", Specialties Hospital, Mexican Institute for Social Security (IMSS) , Mexico City , Mexico
| | - Ian R Henderson
- MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, Institute for Microbiology and Infection, School of Immunity and Infection, Institute for Biomedical Research, Medical School, University of Birmingham , Birmingham , UK
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Sztein MB, Salerno-Goncalves R, McArthur MA. Complex adaptive immunity to enteric fevers in humans: lessons learned and the path forward. Front Immunol 2014; 5:516. [PMID: 25386175 PMCID: PMC4209864 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi), the causative agent of typhoid fever, and S. Paratyphi A and B, causative agents of paratyphoid fever, are major public health threats throughout the world. Although two licensed typhoid vaccines are currently available, they are only moderately protective and immunogenic necessitating the development of novel vaccines. A major obstacle in the development of improved typhoid, as well as paratyphoid vaccines is the lack of known immunological correlates of protection in humans. Considerable progress has been made in recent years in understanding the complex adaptive host responses against S. Typhi. Although the induction of S. Typhi-specific antibodies (including their functional properties) and memory B cells, as well as their cross-reactivity with S. Paratyphi A and S. Paratyphi B has been shown, the role of humoral immunity in protection remains undefined. Cell mediated immunity (CMI) is likely to play a dominant role in protection against enteric fever pathogens. Detailed measurements of CMI performed in volunteers immunized with attenuated strains of S. Typhi have shown, among others, the induction of lymphoproliferation, multifunctional type 1 cytokine production, and CD8(+) cytotoxic T-cell responses. In addition to systemic responses, the local microenvironment of the gut is likely to be of paramount importance in protection from these infections. In this review, we will critically assess current knowledge regarding the role of CMI and humoral immunity following natural S. Typhi and S. Paratyphi infections, experimental challenge, and immunization in humans. We will also address recent advances regarding cross-talk between the host's gut microbiota and immunization with attenuated S. Typhi, mechanisms of systemic immune responses, and the homing potential of S. Typhi-specific B- and T-cells to the gut and other tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo B Sztein
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Vaccine Development (CVD), University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD , USA
| | - Rosangela Salerno-Goncalves
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Vaccine Development (CVD), University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD , USA
| | - Monica A McArthur
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Vaccine Development (CVD), University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD , USA
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Winstead CJ. Follicular helper T cell-mediated mucosal barrier maintenance. Immunol Lett 2014; 162:39-47. [PMID: 25149860 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2014.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Revised: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The basic functions of the immune system are protection from pathogens and maintenance of tolerance to self. The maintenance of commensal microbiota at mucosal surfaces adds a layer of complexity to these basic functions. Recent reports suggest follicular helper T cells (Tfh), a CD4(+) T cell subset specialized to provide help to B cells undergoing isotype switching and affinity maturation in germinal centers (GC), interact with the microbiota and are essential to maintenance of mucosal barriers. Complicating the issue is ongoing controversy in the field regarding origin of the Tfh subset and its distinction from other effector CD4 T cell phenotypes (Th1/Th17/Treg). This review focuses on the differentiation, phenotypic plasticity, and function of CD4 T cells, with an emphasis on commensal-specific GC responses in the gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen J Winstead
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Pathology, Birmingham, AL, United States.
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Perez-Shibayama C, Gil-Cruz C, Ludewig B. Plasticity and complexity of B cell responses against persisting pathogens. Immunol Lett 2014; 162:53-8. [PMID: 25068435 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2014.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Revised: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Vaccines against acute infections execute their protective effects almost exclusively via the induction of antibodies. Development of protective vaccines against persisting pathogens lags behind probably because standard immunogens and application regimen do not sufficiently stimulate those circuits in B cell activation that mediate protection. In general, B cell responses against pathogen derived-antigens are generated through complex cellular interactions requiring the coordination of innate and adaptive immune mechanisms. In this review, we summarize recent findings from prototypic infection models to exemplify how generation of protective antibodies against persisting pathogens is imprinted by particular pathogen-derived factors and how distinct CD4(+) T cell populations determine the quality of these antibodies. Clearly, it is the high plasticity of these processes that is instrumental to drive tailored B cell responses that protect the host. In sum, application of novel knowledge on B cell plasticity and complexity can guide the development of rationally designed vaccines that elicit protective antibodies against persisting pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Perez-Shibayama
- Institute of Immunobiology, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, Rorschacherstrasse 95, 9007 St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Cristina Gil-Cruz
- Institute of Immunobiology, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, Rorschacherstrasse 95, 9007 St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Burkhard Ludewig
- Institute of Immunobiology, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, Rorschacherstrasse 95, 9007 St. Gallen, Switzerland.
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