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Oswald JT, Patel H, Khan D, Jeorje NN, Golzar H, Oswald EL, Tang S. Drug Delivery Systems Using Surface Markers for Targeting Cancer Stem Cells. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 26:2057-2071. [PMID: 32250211 DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666200406084900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The innate abilities of cancer stem cells (CSCs), such as multi-drug resistance, drug efflux, quiescence and ionizing radiation tolerance, protect them from most traditional chemotherapeutics. As a result, this small subpopulation of persistent cells leads to more aggressive and chemoresistant cancers, causing tumour relapse and metastasis. This subpopulation is differentiated from the bulk tumour population through a wide variety of surface markers expressed on the cell surface. Recent developments in nanomedicine and targeting delivery methods have given rise to new possibilities for specifically targeting these markers and preferentially eliminating CSCs. Herein, we first summarize the range of surface markers identifying CSC populations in a variety of cancers; then, we discuss recent attempts to actively target CSCs and their niches using liposomal, nanoparticle, carbon nanotube and viral formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- James T Oswald
- School Of Nanotechnology Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Haritosh Patel
- School Of Nanotechnology Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Daid Khan
- School Of Nanotechnology Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Ninweh N Jeorje
- School Of Nanotechnology Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Hossein Golzar
- Department of Chemistry & Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Erin L Oswald
- School Of Nanotechnology Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Shirley Tang
- Department of Chemistry & Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
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Lv M, Yang S, Cai L, Qin LQ, Li BY, Wan Z. Effects of Quercetin Intervention on Cognition Function in APP/PS1 Mice was Affected by Vitamin D Status. Mol Nutr Food Res 2018; 62:e1800621. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201800621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Menglian Lv
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene; School of Public Health; Soochow University; 199 Ren'ai Road Suzhou 215123 China
| | - Shengyi Yang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene; School of Public Health; Soochow University; 199 Ren'ai Road Suzhou 215123 China
| | - Lingkai Cai
- Medical College of Soochow University; 199 Ren'ai Road Suzhou 215123 China
| | - Li-qiang Qin
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene; School of Public Health; Soochow University; 199 Ren'ai Road Suzhou 215123 China
| | - Bing-yan Li
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene; School of Public Health; Soochow University; 199 Ren'ai Road Suzhou 215123 China
| | - Zhongxiao Wan
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene; School of Public Health; Soochow University; 199 Ren'ai Road Suzhou 215123 China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Disease; Soochow University; 199 Ren'ai Road Suzhou 215123 China
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Rui Y, Yang S, Chen LH, Qin LQ, Wan Z. Chia Seed Supplementation Reduces Senescence Markers in Epididymal Adipose Tissue of High-Fat Diet-Fed SAMP8 Mice. J Med Food 2018; 21:755-760. [PMID: 29652550 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2017.4129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue is a key organ with substantial senescent cell accumulation under both obesity and aging conditions. Chia seed is an ancient seed and is the richest plant source of α-linolenic acid. We aimed to determine how cellular senescence markers will be altered in adipose tissue of senescence-accelerated mouse-prone 8 (SAMP8) mice fed with high-fat diets (HFDs); and how chia seed can affect the above markers. SAMP8 mice and their control senescence-accelerated mouse-resistant 1 (SAMR1) were divided into four groups, that is, SAMR1 low-fat diet group (R1LF), SAMP8LF group (P8LF), SAMP8 high-fat group (P8HF), and SAMP8HF group supplemented with 10% chia seed (P8HC). At the end of the intervention, body composition was measured through T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging, and epididymal (EPI) and subcutaneous (SC) adipose tissues were dissected for further analysis. Compared with the R1LF group, the P8HF and P8HC groups had significantly increased body fat mass. In EPI fat, p16, CD68 and PAI-1 mRNA expression from P8HF group were significantly increased; chia seed partially reduced p16 and CD68 mRNA expression. The P8LF group has increased p16 and CD68, and the P8HF group has increased p16, p21, and CD68; and P8HC group has increased p16 mRNA expression. The protein expression of p-AMPK in EPI and SC fat from the P8HF group was reduced. In conclusion, reductions in AMPK activity might be partially responsible for elevation in HFD-induced senescence markers in both EPI and SC fat, and chia seed supplementation is able to reduce senescence-associated markers at least in EPI adipose tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yehua Rui
- 1 Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Soochow University , Suzhou, China
| | - Shengyi Yang
- 1 Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Soochow University , Suzhou, China
| | - Li-Hua Chen
- 1 Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Soochow University , Suzhou, China
| | - Li-Qiang Qin
- 1 Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Soochow University , Suzhou, China
| | - Zhongxiao Wan
- 1 Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Soochow University , Suzhou, China .,2 Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Disease, Soochow University , Suzhou, China
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Host Expression of the CD8 Treg/NK Cell Restriction Element Qa-1 is Dispensable for Transplant Tolerance. Sci Rep 2017; 7:11181. [PMID: 28894277 PMCID: PMC5593978 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-11780-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Disruption of the non-classical Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) Ib molecule Qa-1 impairs CD8 Treg and natural killer (NK) cell function and promotes a lupus-like autoimmune disease. This immune perturbation would be expected to enhance anti-transplant responses and impair tolerance induction, but the effect of Qa-1 deficiency on the transplant response has not been previously reported. Qa-1 deficiency enhanced CD4 TFH and germinal center (GC) B cell numbers in naïve mice and hastened islet allograft rejection. Despite enhanced immunity in B6.Qa-1-/- mice, these mice did not generate an excessive primary CD4 TFH cell response nor an enhanced alloantibody reaction. Both CD8 Tregs and NK cells, which often regulate other cells through host Qa-1 expression, were targets of anti-CD45RB therapy that had not been previously recognized. However, B6.Qa-1-/- mice remained susceptible to anti-CD45RB mediated suppression of the alloantibody response and transplant tolerance induction to mismatched islet allografts. Overall, despite enhanced immunity as demonstrated by augmented CD4 TFH/GC B cell numbers and hastened islet allograft rejection in naïve 12-week old Qa-1 deficient mice, the CD8 Treg/NK cell restriction element Qa-1 does not regulate the primary cellular or humoral alloresponse and is not required for long-term transplant tolerance.
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Rui Y, Tong L, Cheng J, Wang G, Qin L, Wan Z. Rosmarinic acid suppresses adipogenesis, lipolysis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes, lipopolysaccharide-stimulated tumor necrosis factor-α secretion in macrophages, and inflammatory mediators in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Food Nutr Res 2017; 61:1330096. [PMID: 28659738 PMCID: PMC5475298 DOI: 10.1080/16546628.2017.1330096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Rosmarinic acid (RA) is a natural phenol carboxylic acid with many promising biological effects. It may be a suitable candidate for improving obesity-related adipose tissue dysfunction. Objective: We aimed to investigate the therapeutic use of RA as an anti-obesity agent by measuring its effects on adipogenesis, lipolysis, and messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of major adipokines in 3T3-L1 adipocytes; and its effects on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) secretion in macrophages and inflammatory mediators in 3T3-L1 adipocytes incubated with macrophage-conditioned medium (MCM). Methods: 3T3-L1 preadipocytes were used to explore how RA affects adipogenesis, as well as the involvement of phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase-1/2 (p-ERK1/2) and mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 3 (p-Smad3). 3T3-L1 preadipocytes were also differentiated into mature adipocytes to explore how RA affects basal and isoproterenol- and forskolin-stimulated lipolysis; and how RA affects key adipokines’ mRNA expression. RAW 264.7 macrophages were stimulated with LPS in the absence or presence of RA to explore RA’s effects on TNF-α secretion. MCM was collected and 3T3-L1 adipocytes were incubated with MCM to explore RA’s effects on interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-1β, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), and RANTES mRNA expression. Results: During the preadipocyte differentiation process, RA suppressed peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ and CCAAT/enhancer binding protein-α, and activated p-ERK1/2 and p-Smad3; inhibition of adipogenesis by RA was partially restored following treatment with p-ERK1/2 and p-Smad3 inhibitors. In mature adipocytes, RA inhibited basal lipolysis; phosphodiesterase-3 inhibitor reversed this. RA also inhibited isoproterenol- and forskolin-stimulated glycerol and free fatty acid release, and the phosphorylation of hormone-sensitive lipase and perilipin. RA had no effects on leptin, adiponectin, resistin, or visfatin mRNA expression. RA suppressed TNF-α mRNA expression and secretion in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages; and reduced LPS-MCM-induced IL-6, IL-1β, MCP-1, and RANTES mRNA expression in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Conclusions: RA exerts inhibitory effects on adipogenesis, lipolysis, and inflammation. RA could be a promising natural product for improving adipose mobilization in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yehua Rui
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou, PR China
| | - Lingxia Tong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, PR China
| | - Jinbo Cheng
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou, PR China
| | - Guiping Wang
- Laboratory Animal Center, Soochow University, Suzhou, PR China
| | - Liqiang Qin
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou, PR China
| | - Zhongxiao Wan
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou, PR China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Disease, Soochow University, Suzhou, PR China
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6
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Kean LS, Turka LA, Blazar BR. Advances in targeting co-inhibitory and co-stimulatory pathways in transplantation settings: the Yin to the Yang of cancer immunotherapy. Immunol Rev 2017; 276:192-212. [PMID: 28258702 PMCID: PMC5338458 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In the past decade, the power of harnessing T-cell co-signaling pathways has become increasingly understood to have significant clinical importance. In cancer immunotherapy, the field has concentrated on two related modalities: First, targeting cancer antigens through highly activated chimeric antigen T cells (CAR-Ts) and second, re-animating endogenous quiescent T cells through checkpoint blockade. In each of these strategies, the therapeutic goal is to re-ignite T-cell immunity, in order to eradicate tumors. In transplantation, there is also great interest in targeting T-cell co-signaling, but with the opposite goal: in this field, we seek the Yin to cancer immunotherapy's Yang, and focus on manipulating T-cell co-signaling to induce tolerance rather than activation. In this review, we discuss the major T-cell signaling pathways that are being investigated for tolerance induction, detailing preclinical studies and the path to the clinic for many of these molecules. These include blockade of co-stimulation pathways and agonism of coinhibitory pathways, in order to achieve the delicate state of balance that is transplant tolerance: a state which guarantees lifelong transplant acceptance without ongoing immunosuppression, and with preservation of protective immune responses. In the context of the clinical translation of immune tolerance strategies, we discuss the significant challenge that is embodied by the fact that targeted pathway modulators may have opposing effects on tolerance based on their impact on effector vs regulatory T-cell biology. Achieving this delicate balance holds the key to the major challenge of transplantation: lifelong control of alloreactivity while maintaining an otherwise intact immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie S Kean
- Ben Towne Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
- The Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Laurence A Turka
- Center for Transplantation Sciences, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Immune Tolerance Network, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Bruce R Blazar
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics and the Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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Picarda E, Bézie S, Boucault L, Autrusseau E, Kilens S, Meistermann D, Martinet B, Daguin V, Donnart A, Charpentier E, David L, Anegon I, Guillonneau C. Transient antibody targeting of CD45RC induces transplant tolerance and potent antigen-specific regulatory T cells. JCI Insight 2017; 2:e90088. [PMID: 28194440 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.90088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Rat and human CD4+ and CD8+ Tregs expressing low levels of CD45RC have strong immunoregulatory properties. We describe here that human CD45 isoforms are nonredundant and identify distinct subsets of cells. We show that CD45RC is not expressed by CD4+ and CD8+ Foxp3+ Tregs, while CD45RA/RB/RO are. Transient administration of a monoclonal antibody (mAb) targeting CD45RC in a rat cardiac allotransplantation model induced transplant tolerance associated with inhibition of allogeneic humoral responses but maintained primary and memory responses against cognate antigens. Anti-CD45RC mAb induced rapid death of CD45RChigh T cells through intrinsic cell signaling but preserved and potentiated CD4+ and CD8+ CD45RClow/- Tregs, which are able to adoptively transfer donor-specific tolerance to grafted recipients. Anti-CD45RC treatment results in distinct transcriptional signature of CD4+ and CD8+ CD45RClow/- Tregs. Finally, we demonstrate that anti-human CD45RC treatment inhibited graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) in immune-humanized NSG mice. Thus, short-term anti-CD45RC is a potent therapeutic candidate to induce transplantation tolerance in human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elodie Picarda
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie UMR1064, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie (ITUN), CHU Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Séverine Bézie
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie UMR1064, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie (ITUN), CHU Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Laetitia Boucault
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie UMR1064, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie (ITUN), CHU Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Elodie Autrusseau
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie UMR1064, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie (ITUN), CHU Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Stéphanie Kilens
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie UMR1064, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie (ITUN), CHU Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Dimitri Meistermann
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie UMR1064, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie (ITUN), CHU Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Bernard Martinet
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie UMR1064, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie (ITUN), CHU Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Véronique Daguin
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie UMR1064, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie (ITUN), CHU Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Audrey Donnart
- INSERM UMR1087, CNRS UMR6291, Université de Nantes, l'institut du thorax, Nantes, France
| | - Eric Charpentier
- INSERM UMR1087, CNRS UMR6291, Université de Nantes, l'institut du thorax, Nantes, France
| | - Laurent David
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie UMR1064, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie (ITUN), CHU Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Ignacio Anegon
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie UMR1064, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie (ITUN), CHU Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Carole Guillonneau
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie UMR1064, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie (ITUN), CHU Nantes, Nantes, France
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Mori DN, Shen H, Galan A, Goldstein DR. Aged B cells alter immune regulation of allografts in mice. Eur J Immunol 2016; 46:2650-2658. [PMID: 27546296 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201646353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Revised: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Organ transplantation in older people is increasing, but how aging impacts B-cell responses to organ transplantation is still unknown. Here, we show that the depletion of B cells with anti-CD20 antibodies has disparate effects depending on recipient age. In young murine recipients, anti-CD20 treatment impaired the ability of immune modulation to extend skin allograft survival. In contrast, anti-CD20 treatment extended allograft survival in aged recipients treated with immune modulation. Although regulatory B-cell function and the numbers of marginal and follicular B cells were similar between age groups, a subpopulation of B cells, termed age-associated B cells (ABCs), accumulated upon aging. ABCs isolated from aged mice exhibited upregulation of CD73, CD80, CD106, and TLR2 and an increased capacity to augment T-cell alloimmunity compared to ABCs from young mice. Importantly, ABCs from aged, but not young, mice impaired the ability of immune modulation to enhance allograft survival after adoptive transfer into young transplant recipients. Our study indicates that ABCs impair the immune regulation of allografts. Thus, recipient age needs to be considered when proposing B-cell-depleting immune therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel N Mori
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Hua Shen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Anjela Galan
- Department of Dermatology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Daniel R Goldstein
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA. .,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA. .,Institute of Gerontology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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Lei T, Yu L, Qin L, Xu B, Zhou L, Cheng J, Zhou H, Pang X, Wan Z. Stress kinases, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and Alzheimer's disease related markers in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from subjects with increased body weight. Sci Rep 2016; 6:30890. [PMID: 27481183 PMCID: PMC4969589 DOI: 10.1038/srep30890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We aimed to characterize endoplasmic reticulum stress, inflammation, and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) related markers in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from males with varied BMI; and to explore whether high glucose and fatty acids (FFAs) might be critical factors for inducing metabolic alterations in PBMCs under obese condition. Approximately 45 middle-aged men were enrolled with varied BMI. At the protein expression level, compared to the lean, the phosphorylation of AMPK, and p-Akt at serine 473 were significantly reduced from the overweight (OW) and/or obese (OB); while the protein expression of p-JNK, cleaved caspase 3, CHOP and p-eIF2α were elevated from the OW and/or OB. At the mRNA expression level, ER stress markers (i.e. GRP78, CHOP and XBP-1), inflammatory markers (i.e.TLR2, TLR4 and CCR2) and AD markers (i.e. APP, PS1 and PS2) were significantly higher in PBMCs from OB compared to lean. In cultured PBMCs, high glucose and FFAs induced GRP78, CHOP and XBP-1 mRNA, and high glucose also induced APP, PS1 and PS2 mRNA. In conclusion, altered markers including AMPK, ER stress and AD related makers under obese condition could be easily obtained from PBMCs. These markers might provide new mechanistic links between obesity and other metabolic complications including AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Lei
- Suzhou Industrial Park center Disease Control &Prevention, 58 Suqian Road, Suzhou, 215123, P.R. China
| | - Lugang Yu
- Suzhou Industrial Park center Disease Control &Prevention, 58 Suqian Road, Suzhou, 215123, P.R. China
| | - Liqiang Qin
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Suzhou, 215123, P.R. China
| | - Baohui Xu
- Suzhou Industrial Park center Disease Control &Prevention, 58 Suqian Road, Suzhou, 215123, P.R. China
| | - Lingmei Zhou
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Suzhou, 215123, P.R. China
| | - Jinbo Cheng
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Suzhou, 215123, P.R. China
| | - Hui Zhou
- Suzhou Industrial Park center Disease Control &Prevention, 58 Suqian Road, Suzhou, 215123, P.R. China
| | - Xing Pang
- Suzhou Industrial Park center Disease Control &Prevention, 58 Suqian Road, Suzhou, 215123, P.R. China
| | - Zhongxiao Wan
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Suzhou, 215123, P.R. China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Disease, Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Suzhou, 215123, P.R. China
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10
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The combination of 1α,25dihydroxyvitaminD3 with resveratrol improves neuronal degeneration by regulating endoplasmic reticulum stress, insulin signaling and inhibiting tau hyperphosphorylation in SH-SY5Y cells. Food Chem Toxicol 2016; 93:32-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2016.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2016] [Revised: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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11
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Chen N, Lei T, Xin L, Zhou L, Cheng J, Qin L, Han S, Wan Z. Depot-specific effects of treadmill running and rutin on white adipose tissue function in diet-induced obese mice. J Physiol Biochem 2016; 72:453-67. [PMID: 27192989 DOI: 10.1007/s13105-016-0493-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
White adipose tissue (WAT) is a critical organ involved in regulating metabolic homeostasis under obese condition. Strategies that could positively affect WAT function would hold promise for fighting against obesity and its complications. The aim of the present study is to explore the effects of treadmill exercise training and rutin intervention on adipose tissue function from diet-induced obese (DIO) mice and whether fat depot-specific effects existed. In epididymal adipose tissue, high-fat diet (HFD) resulted in reduction in adiponectin mRNA expression, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR)-γ and DsbA-L protein expression, elevation in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress markers including 78 kDa glucose-regulated protein (GRP-78), C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) and p-c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK). Isoproterenol-stimulated lipolysis and insulin stimulated Akt phosphorylation ex vivo were blunted from HFD group. The combination of rutin with exercise (HRE) completely restored GRP78 and p-JNK protein expression to normal levels, as well as blunted signaling ex vivo. In inguinal adipose tissue, HFD led to increased adiponectin mRNA expression, PPAR-γ, GRP78, and p-JNK protein expression, and reduction in DsbA-L. HRE is effective for restoring p-JNK, PPAR-γ, and DsbA-L. In conclusion, depot-specific effects may exist in regard to the effects of rutin and exercise on key molecules involved in regulating adipose tissue function (i.e., ER stress markers, PPAR-γ and DsbA-L, adiponectin expression, and secretion, ex vivo catecholamine stimulated lipolysis and insulin stimulated Akt phosphorylation) from DIO mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neng Chen
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Suzhou, 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Lei
- Suzhou Industrial Park Center Disease Control & Prevention, 58 Suqian Road, Suzhou, 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Lili Xin
- Department of Labor Hygiene and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Suzhou, 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Lingmei Zhou
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Suzhou, 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinbo Cheng
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Suzhou, 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Liqiang Qin
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Suzhou, 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Shufen Han
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Suzhou, 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongxiao Wan
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Suzhou, 215123, People's Republic of China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Disease, Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Suzhou, 215123, People's Republic of China.
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Abstract
Generation of an effective immune response against foreign antigens requires two distinct molecular signals: a primary signal provided by the binding of antigen-specific T-cell receptor to peptide-MHC on antigen-presenting cells and a secondary signal delivered via the engagement of costimulatory molecules. Among various costimulatory signaling pathways, the interactions between CD40 and its ligand CD154 have been extensively investigated given their essential roles in the modulation of adaptive immunity. Here, we review current understanding of the role CD40/CD154 costimulation pathway has in alloimmunity, and summarize recent mechanistic and preclinical advances in the evaluation of candidate therapeutic approaches to target this receptor-ligand pair in transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianshu Zhang
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Richard N Pierson
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Baltimore VA Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Agnes M Azimzadeh
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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13
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Melo SA, Luecke LB, Kahlert C, Fernandez AF, Gammon ST, Kaye J, LeBleu VS, Mittendorf EA, Weitz J, Rahbari N, Reissfelder C, Pilarsky C, Fraga MF, Piwnica-Worms D, Kalluri R. Glypican-1 identifies cancer exosomes and detects early pancreatic cancer. Nature 2015; 523:177-82. [PMID: 26106858 PMCID: PMC4825698 DOI: 10.1038/nature14581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2028] [Impact Index Per Article: 225.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes are lipid-bilayer-enclosed extracellular vesicles that contain proteins and nucleic acids. They are secreted by all cells and circulate in the blood. Specific detection and isolation of cancer-cell-derived exosomes in the circulation is currently lacking. Using mass spectrometry analyses, we identify a cell surface proteoglycan, glypican-1 (GPC1), specifically enriched on cancer-cell-derived exosomes. GPC1(+) circulating exosomes (crExos) were monitored and isolated using flow cytometry from the serum of patients and mice with cancer. GPC1(+) crExos were detected in the serum of patients with pancreatic cancer with absolute specificity and sensitivity, distinguishing healthy subjects and patients with a benign pancreatic disease from patients with early- and late-stage pancreatic cancer. Levels of GPC1(+) crExos correlate with tumour burden and the survival of pre- and post-surgical patients. GPC1(+) crExos from patients and from mice with spontaneous pancreatic tumours carry specific KRAS mutations, and reliably detect pancreatic intraepithelial lesions in mice despite negative signals by magnetic resonance imaging. GPC1(+) crExos may serve as a potential non-invasive diagnostic and screening tool to detect early stages of pancreatic cancer to facilitate possible curative surgical therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia A. Melo
- Department of Cancer Biology, Metastasis Research Center, University
of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Linda B. Luecke
- Department of Cancer Biology, Metastasis Research Center, University
of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Christoph Kahlert
- Department of Cancer Biology, Metastasis Research Center, University
of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Agustin F. Fernandez
- Cancer Epigenetics Laboratory, Institute of Oncology of Asturias
(IUOPA), HUCA, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Seth T. Gammon
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, The University of Texas M.D.
Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Judith Kaye
- Department of Cancer Biology, Metastasis Research Center, University
of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Valerie S. LeBleu
- Department of Cancer Biology, Metastasis Research Center, University
of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Elizabeth A. Mittendorf
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson
Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Juergen Weitz
- Department of Gastrointestinal, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery,
Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität
Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Nuh Rahbari
- Department of Gastrointestinal, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery,
Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität
Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Christoph Reissfelder
- Department of Gastrointestinal, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery,
Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität
Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Christian Pilarsky
- Department of Gastrointestinal, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery,
Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität
Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Mario F. Fraga
- Cancer Epigenetics Laboratory, Institute of Oncology of Asturias
(IUOPA), HUCA, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, National Center for
Biotechnology, CNB-CSIC, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - David Piwnica-Worms
- Department of Cancer Systems Imaging, The University of Texas M.D.
Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Raghu Kalluri
- Department of Cancer Biology, Metastasis Research Center, University
of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA
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14
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Kim JI, Stott RT, Soohoo J, Lee KM, Zhao G, Yeh H, Deng S, Markmann JF. Elevated levels of interferon-γ production by memory T cells do not promote transplant tolerance resistance in aged recipients. PLoS One 2013; 8:e82856. [PMID: 24340063 PMCID: PMC3858330 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0082856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunosenescence predisposes the elderly to infectious and autoimmune diseases and impairs the response to vaccination. We recently demonstrated that ageing also impedes development of transplantation tolerance. Unlike their young counterparts (8-12 weeks of age) aged male recipients (greater than 12 months of age) transplanted with a full MHC-mismatched heart are resistant to tolerance mediated by anti-CD45RB antibody. Surprisingly, either chemical or surgical castration restored tolerance induction to levels observed using young recipients. Based on the strong impact of endocrine modulation on transplant tolerance, we explored the impact of ageing and castration on the immune system. Here we report a significant increase in the percentage of T cells that produce interferon-γ (IFN-γ) in aged male versus young male animals and that the overall increase in IFN-γ production was due to an expansion of IFN-γ-producing memory T cells in aged animals. In contrast to IFN-γ production, we did not observe differences in IL-10 expression in young versus old male mice. We hypothesized that endocrine modulation would diminish the elevated levels of IFN-γ production in aged recipients, however, we observed no significant reduction in the percentage of IFN-γ+ T cells upon castration. Furthermore, we neutralized interferon-γ by antibody and did not observe an effect on graft survival. We conclude that while elevated levels of interferon-γ serves as a marker of tolerance resistance in aged mice, other as yet to be identified factors are responsible for its cause. Defining these factors may be relevant to design of tolerogenic strategies for aged recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- James I. Kim
- Transplantation Unit, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Ryan T. Stott
- Transplantation Unit, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Julie Soohoo
- Transplantation Unit, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Kang Mi Lee
- Transplantation Unit, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Gaoping Zhao
- Transplantation Unit, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital and Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Heidi Yeh
- Transplantation Unit, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Shaoping Deng
- Transplantation Unit, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital and Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - James F. Markmann
- Transplantation Unit, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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15
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The role of positive costimulatory molecules in transplantation and tolerance. Curr Opin Organ Transplant 2012; 13:366-72. [PMID: 18685331 DOI: 10.1097/mot.0b013e328306115b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The manipulation of costimulatory pathways holds tremendous potential for treating immunologically mediated diseases. In this article, we review the role of molecules that deliver a positive second signal that, together with an antigen-specific signal from the T-cell receptor, is necessary to promote complete T-cell activation, differentiation and development of effector function. RECENT FINDINGS Numerous positive costimulatory molecules have been identified: CD28/B7, induced costimulatory/induced costimulatory ligand, CD40/CD154, OX40/OX40L, CD27/CD70, 4-1BB/4-1BBL, LIGHT/herpes virus entry mediator, glucosyltransferase R and T-cell immunoglobulin mucin molecules. Many of these have been only recently discovered and remain incompletely studied. Recent work has demonstrated that some costimulatory molecules bind ligands expressed by nonprofessional activated protein C, some modulate regulatory T cells and some sustain rather than initiate immune responses. Emerging data suggest that the costimulatory pathways are redundant and that the various costimulatory molecules affect different T-cell populations and act at different times during the course of the immune response. SUMMARY These observations suggest that the therapeutic exploitation of strategies targeting costimulatory molecules will require carefully timed interventions directed against multiple pathways.
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16
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Zhao G, Moore DJ, Kim JI, Lee KM, O'Connor MR, Duff PE, Yang M, Lei J, Markmann JF, Deng S. Inhibition of transplantation tolerance by immune senescence is reversed by endocrine modulation. Sci Transl Med 2011; 3:87ra52. [PMID: 21677198 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3002270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The senescent immune system responds poorly to new stimuli; thymic involution, accumulation of memory cells against other specificities, and general refractoriness to antigen signaling all may contribute to poor resistance to infection. These same changes may pose a significant clinical barrier to organ transplantation, as transplantation tolerance requires thymic participation and integrated, tolerance-promoting responses to novel antigens. We found that after the age of 12 months, mice became resistant to the tolerance-inducing capacity of the monoclonal antibody therapy anti-CD45RB. This resistance to tolerance to cardiac allografts could be overcome by surgical castration of male mice, a procedure that led to thymic regeneration and long-term graft acceptance. The potential for clinical translation of this endocrine-immune interplay was confirmed by the ability of Lupron Depot injections, which temporarily disrupt gonadal function, to restore tolerance in aged mice. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the restoration of tolerance after surgical or chemical castration depended on thymic production of regulatory T cells (T(regs)); thymectomy or T(reg) depletion abrogated tolerance restoration. The aging of the immune system ("immune senescence") is a significant barrier to immune tolerance, but this barrier can be overcome by targeting sex steroid production with commonly used clinical therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaoping Zhao
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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17
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Du W, Shen H, Galan A, Goldstein DR. An age-specific CD8+ T cell pathway that impairs the effectiveness of strategies to prolong allograft survival. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 187:3631-40. [PMID: 21873523 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1100441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Age-related decline in immunity can impair cell-mediated responses during an infection, malignancy, and acute allograft rejection. Although much research has been allocated to understand the immune responses that impact the former two conditions, the cellular mechanisms by which aging impacts the immune acceptance of organ allografts are not completely clear. In this study, we examined how recipient age impacts the efficacy of therapies that modulate immune recognition of allografts using an immunogenic murine skin transplant model. We found that costimulatory blockade-based treatment failed to extend allograft survival in older recipients to the same extent as that observed in younger recipients. CD8(+) T cells were critical for the inability of aged recipients to achieve maximal allograft survival. Although aged mice displayed a larger number of effector memory T cells prior to transplantation, these cells did not exhibit enhanced alloreactivity compared with young memory T cells. In contrast, naive aged CD8(+) T cells exhibited enhanced IFN-γ production to allostimulation compared with young naive T cells. Our results provide evidence that aging enhances CD8(+) T cell alloreactivity. This could impair the ability of costimulatory blockade-based therapies to prolong allograft survival. Thus, targeting CD8(+) T cells in humans may be a way to improve outcomes in older patients requiring immune modulatory therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Du
- Department of Internal Medicine and Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06525, USA
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18
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19
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Li XC, Rothstein DM, Sayegh MH. Costimulatory pathways in transplantation: challenges and new developments. Immunol Rev 2009; 229:271-93. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2009.00781.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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20
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Shen H, Goldstein DR. IL-6 and TNF-alpha synergistically inhibit allograft acceptance. J Am Soc Nephrol 2009; 20:1032-40. [PMID: 19357252 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2008070778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies suggested that activation of the innate immune system impairs the induction of transplantation tolerance, but the responsible inflammatory mediators have not been identified. In this study, we examined whether IL-6 and TNF-alpha promote resistance to transplantation tolerance. Using a highly immunogenic murine skin allograft model, we found that the absence of both IL-6 and TNF-alpha in the graft recipient synergized with co-stimulatory blockade to induce tolerance. Furthermore, IL-6 and TNF-alpha acted together to promote T cell alloimmune responses both in vitro and in vivo and to impair the ability of regulatory T cells to suppress effector T cell alloimmunity. In addition, deficiency of recipient IRAK-M, a negative regulator of certain innate immune pathways, augmented cellular IL-6 and TNF-alpha responses and impaired the ability of co-stimulatory blockade to extend allograft survival. In summary, IL-6 and TNF-alpha synergistically impair the efficacy of therapies that promote allograft acceptance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Shen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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21
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Ford ML, Wagener ME, Hanna SS, Pearson TC, Kirk AD, Larsen CP. A critical precursor frequency of donor-reactive CD4+ T cell help is required for CD8+ T cell-mediated CD28/CD154-independent rejection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 180:7203-11. [PMID: 18490719 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.11.7203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Ag-specific precursor frequency is increasingly being appreciated as an important factor in determining the kinetics, magnitude, and degree of differentiation of T cell responses, and recently was found to play a critical role in determining the relative requirement of CD8(+) T cells for CD28- and CD154-mediated costimulatory signals during transplantation. We addressed the possibility that variations in CD4(+) T cell precursor frequency following transplantation might affect CD4(+) T cell proliferation, effector function, and provision of help for donor-reactive B cell and CD8(+) T cell responses. Using a transgenic model system wherein increasing frequencies of donor-reactive CD4(+) T cells were transferred into skin graft recipients, we observed that a critical CD4(+) T cell threshold precursor frequency was necessary to provide help following blockade of the CD28 and CD154 costimulatory pathways, as measured by increased B cell and CD8(+) T cell responses and precipitation of graft rejection. In contrast to high-frequency CD8(+) T cell responses, this effect was observed even though the proliferative and cytokine responses of Ag-specific CD4(+) T cells were inhibited. Thus, we conclude that an initial high frequency of donor-reactive CD4(+) T cells uncouples T cell proliferative and effector cytokine production from the provision of T cell help.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandy L Ford
- Department of Surgery and Emory Transplant Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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22
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Promises and Obstacles for the Blockade of CD40–CD40L Interactions in Allotransplantation. Transplantation 2008; 86:10-5. [DOI: 10.1097/tp.0b013e31817c4b97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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23
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Central Tolerance to Myogenic Cell Transplants Does Not Include Muscle Neoantigens. Transplantation 2008; 85:1791-801. [DOI: 10.1097/tp.0b013e31817726bc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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24
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Li M, Zhang X, Zheng X, Lian D, Zhang ZX, Sun H, Suzuki M, Vladau C, Huang X, Xia X, Zhong R, Garcia B, Min WP. Tolerogenic dendritic cells transferring hyporesponsiveness and synergizing T regulatory cells in transplant tolerance. Int Immunol 2008; 20:285-93. [DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxm142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
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25
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Long-Term Limb Allograft Survival Using a Short Course of Anti-CD45RB Monoclonal Antibody, LF 15-0195, and Rapamycin in a Mouse Model. Transplantation 2007; 84:1636-43. [DOI: 10.1097/01.tp.0000290277.23186.ad] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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26
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Abstract
Significant progress has been made in the field of beta-cell replacement therapies by islet transplantation in patients with unstable Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). Recent clinical trials have shown that islet transplantation can reproducibly lead to insulin independence when adequate islet numbers are implanted. Benefits include improvement of glycemic control, prevention of severe hypoglycemia and amelioration of quality of life. Numerous challenges still limit this therapeutic option from becoming the treatment of choice for T1DM. The limitations are primarily associated with the low islet yield of human pancreas isolations and the need for chronic immunosuppressive therapies. Herein the authors present an overview of the historical progress of islet transplantation and outline the recent advances of the field. Cellular therapies offer the potential for a cure for patients with T1DM. The progress in beta-cell replacement treatment by islet transplantation as well as those of emerging immune interventions for the restoration of self tolerance justify great optimism for years to come.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Marzorati
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Cell Transplant Center and Clinical Islet Transplant Program, Diabetes Research Institute, 1450 NW, 10th Avenue (R-134), Miami, FL 33136, USA
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27
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Jen KY, Campo M, He H, Makani SS, Velasco G, Rothstein DM, Perkins DL, Finn PW. CD45RB ligation inhibits allergic pulmonary inflammation by inducing CTLA4 transcription. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 179:4212-8. [PMID: 17785861 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.179.6.4212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CD45, a type I transmembrane protein tyrosine phosphatase expressed on nucleated hemopoietic cells, is prominently involved in T cell activation. Ligation of CD45RB isoforms has been associated with transplant tolerance. A recent genotyping analysis of asthma indicates a correlation with CD45 splicing. In this study, we administered an anti-CD45RB mAb (aCD45) in a murine model of allergic asthma and found that CD45RB ligation decreases allergic responses. aCD45 decreases allergen-induced pulmonary eosinophilia, bronchoalveolar lavage IL-13, IgE, and airway responses. Also, aCD45 increases the expression of CTLA4, a negative regulator of T cell activation. Furthermore, CD45RB signals no longer decrease allergic inflammation when CTLA4 is inhibited. These data support a role for CTLA4 in CD45RB-mediated inhibition of allergic inflammation. T cells and splenocytes stimulated with aCD45 exhibited increased CTLA4 levels, and analysis of CTLA4 promoter gene constructs identified a CD45RB-inducible regulatory region localized from -335 to -62 bp relative to the transcription start site. Together, these findings suggest that CD45RB signals mediate a novel role in the modulation of allergic inflammation, orchestrated by T cells through induction of CTLA4 transcription.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/administration & dosage
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/metabolism
- Antigens, CD/biosynthesis
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Antigens, Differentiation/biosynthesis
- Antigens, Differentiation/genetics
- Base Sequence
- CTLA-4 Antigen
- Cell Line
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Leukocyte Common Antigens/immunology
- Leukocyte Common Antigens/metabolism
- Ligands
- Lung/immunology
- Lung/metabolism
- Lung/pathology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Ovalbumin/administration & dosage
- Ovalbumin/immunology
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- Respiratory Hypersensitivity/immunology
- Respiratory Hypersensitivity/pathology
- Respiratory Hypersensitivity/prevention & control
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- Transcription, Genetic/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Yu Jen
- Department of Medicine, Pulmonary and Critical Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
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28
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Xu H, Yan J, Huang Y, Chilton PM, Ding C, Schanie CL, Wang L, Ildstad ST. Costimulatory blockade of CD154-CD40 in combination with T-cell lymphodepletion results in prevention of allogeneic sensitization. Blood 2007; 111:3266-75. [PMID: 17827394 PMCID: PMC2265462 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2006-10-053801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Sensitization is a critical unresolved challenge in transplantation. We show for the first time that blockade of CD154 alone or combined with T-cell depletion prevents sensitization. Allogeneic skin grafts were rejected by recipients treated with anti-alphabeta T-cell receptor (TCR), anti-CD154, anti-OX40L, or anti-inducible costimulatory pathway (ICOS) mAb alone with a kinetic similar to untreated recipients. However, the production of anti-donor MHC antibody was prevented in mice treated with anti-CD154 mAb only, suggesting a specific role for the CD154-CD40 pathway in B-cell activation. The impairment of T cell-dependent B-cell responses by blocking CD154 occurs through inhibiting activation of T and B cells and secretion of IFN-gamma and IL-10. Combined treatment with both anti-CD154 and anti-alphabeta TCR abrogated antidonor antibody production and resulted in prolonged skin graft survival, suggesting the induction of both T- and B-cell tolerance with prevention of allogeneic sensitization. In addition, we show that the tolerance induced by combined treatment was nondeletional. Moreover, these sensitization-preventive strategies promote bone marrow engraftment in recipients previously exposed to donor alloantigen. These findings may be clinically relevant to prevent allosensitization with minimal toxicity and point to humoral immunity as playing a dominant role in alloreactivity in sensitized recipients.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibody Formation/immunology
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Bone Marrow/immunology
- CD40 Antigens/immunology
- CD40 Ligand/deficiency
- CD40 Ligand/genetics
- CD40 Ligand/immunology
- CD40 Ligand/metabolism
- Germinal Center/immunology
- Graft Survival/immunology
- Interferon-gamma/biosynthesis
- Interleukin-10/biosynthesis
- Isoantigens/immunology
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Lymphocyte Depletion
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/deficiency
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- Skin Transplantation/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Transplantation, Homologous/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Xu
- Institute for Cellular Therapeutics, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202-1760, USA
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29
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Luo B, Chan WFN, Lord SJ, Nanji SA, Rajotte RV, Shapiro AMJ, Anderson CC. Diabetes induces rapid suppression of adaptive immunity followed by homeostatic T-cell proliferation. Scand J Immunol 2007; 65:22-31. [PMID: 17212763 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2006.01863.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Surprisingly, the effect of acute diabetes on immunity has not been examined in detail. We, herein, show for the first time that untreated acute diabetes causes rapid lymphopenia followed by homeostatic T-cell proliferation. The diabetes-induced lymphopenia was associated with an immunosuppressed state that could be sufficiently strong to allow engraftment of fully allogeneic beta-cells or block rejection of islet transplants. In contrast, homeostatic proliferation and recovery of T-cell numbers were associated with islet rejection. Thus, the timing of islet transplant challenge in relation to diabetes induction was critical in determining whether islets were accepted or rejected. In addition, we tested whether diabetes-related immunosuppression could result in an overestimation of the efficacy of a tolerance-inducing protocol. Consistent with this possibility, a protocol targeting CD40L and ICOS that we have shown induces tolerance in diabetic recipients was unable to induce tolerance in non-diabetic recipients. The data uncover a previously unrecognized suppressive effect of diabetes on adaptive immunity. Furthermore, they suggest that the standard methods of testing new tolerance-inducing protocols in islet transplantation require modification and that diabetes itself can contribute to homeostatic proliferation, a process associated with autoimmunity and a resistance to tolerance induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Luo
- Department of General Surgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital University of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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30
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Golshayan D, Buhler L, Lechler RI, Pascual M. From current immunosuppressive strategies to clinical tolerance of allografts. Transpl Int 2007; 20:12-24. [PMID: 17181648 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-2277.2006.00401.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
In order to prevent allograft rejection, most current immunosuppressive drugs nonspecifically target T-cell activation, clonal expansion or differentiation into effector cells. Experimental models have shown that it is possible to exploit the central and peripheral mechanisms that normally maintain immune homeostasis and tolerance to self-antigens, in order to induce tolerance to alloantigens. Central tolerance results from intrathymic deletion of T cells with high avidity for thymically expressed antigens. Peripheral tolerance to nonself-molecules can be achieved by various mechanisms including deletion of activated/effector T cells, anergy induction and active regulation of effector T cells. In this article, we briefly discuss the pathways of allorecognition and their relevance to current immunosuppressive strategies and to the induction of transplantation tolerance (through haematopoietic mixed chimerism, depleting protocols, costimulatory blockade and regulatory T cells). We then review the prospect of clinical applicability of these protocols in solid organ transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dela Golshayan
- Transplantation Centre and Transplantation Immunopathology Laboratory, University Hospital Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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31
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Chen G, Luke PPW, Yang H, Visser L, Sun H, Garcia B, Qian H, Xiang Y, Huang X, Liu W, Senaldi G, Schneider A, Poppema S, Wang H, Jevnikar AM, Zhong R. Anti-CD45RB monoclonal antibody prolongs renal allograft survival in cynomolgus monkeys. Am J Transplant 2007; 7:27-37. [PMID: 17227555 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2006.01598.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Previously, an anti-CD45RB monoclonal antibody (mAb) has been shown to induce murine allograft tolerance. The present study was performed to assess the ability of an anti-human CD45RB mAb to prevent rejection in a monkey MHC-mismatched kidney transplant model. The recipients were allocated into the following treatment groups: (1) isotype control IgG; (2) mouse anti-human CD45RB IgG1 (6G3); (3) human-mouse chimeric anti-CD45RB-IgG1 (C6G3-IgG1); (4) human-mouse chimeric anti-CD45RB-IgG2 (C6G3-IgG2); (5) tacrolimus at a subtherapeutic dose and (6) tacrolimus and C6G3-IgG1 in combination. Monotherapy with anti-CD45RB mAb significantly prolonged renal allograft survival to a median survival of 21 days. Adding a subtherapeutic dose of tacrolimus improved the efficacy of the anti-CD45RB mAb, achieving a median survival of 85 days, whereas a subtherapeutic dose of tacrolimus alone only moderately prolonged survival to 27 days. Treatment with anti-CD45RB mAb resulted in an alteration of the CD45RB(hi) : CD45RB(lo) cell ratio in the peripheral blood. We have, for the first time, demonstrated that an anti-human CD45RB mAb (6G3) can prolong graft survival. Induction with an anti-CD45RB mAb improves the efficacy of tacrolimus in the prevention of rejection. These encouraging results indicate that an anti-CD45RB mAb may be valuable in future clinical transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Chen
- Department of Surgery, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A 5C1, Canada
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Snanoudj R, de Préneuf H, Créput C, Arzouk N, Deroure B, Beaudreuil S, Durrbach A, Charpentier B. Costimulation blockade and its possible future use in clinical transplantation. Transpl Int 2006; 19:693-704. [PMID: 16918529 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-2277.2006.00332.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The nonimmune effects of currently used immunosuppressive drugs result in a high incidence of late graft loss due to nephrotoxicity and death of patients. As an immune-specific alternative to conventional immunosuppressants, new biotechnology tools can be used to block the costimulation signals of T-cell activation. Many experimental studies--particularly preclinical studies in nonhuman primates--have focused on blocking the 'classical' B7/CD28 and CD40/CD40L pathways, which are critical in primary T-cell activation. Here, we review the limitations, the recent advances and the first large-scale clinical application of the CTLA4-Ig fusion protein to block the B7/CD28 costimulation pathway. We also focus on new B7/CD28 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)/TNF-R family costimulatory molecules that can deliver positive or negative costimulation signals regulating the alloimmune response. Strategies that use single agents to block costimulation have often proved to be insufficient. Given the diversity of the different costimulation molecules, future strategies for human transplantation may involve the simultaneous blockade of several selected pathways or the simultaneous use of conventional immunosuppressants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renaud Snanoudj
- Service de Néphrologie et Transplantation Rénale, Hôpital du Kremlin Bicêtre, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, INSERM U542, Villejuif, France.
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Luke PPW, Deng JP, Lian D, O'Connell PJ, Garcia B, Jevnikar AM, Zhong R. Prolongation of allograft survival by administration of anti-CD45RB monoclonal antibody is due to alteration of CD45RBhi: CD45RBlo T-cell proportions. Am J Transplant 2006; 6:2023-34. [PMID: 16827791 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2006.01451.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
CD45RB monoclonal antibody (mAb) therapy is capable of prolonging allograft survival. We have previously shown that CD45RB mAb enriches the CD45RBlo T-cell population in vitro and in vivo by preferentially depleting CD45RBhi T cells. The present study assessed the importance of CD45RBhi T-cell depletion in murine cardiac allograft survival by infusion of naive CD45RB T-cell subsets. Here we show that naturally occurring CD45RBloCD4+ T cells express regulatory transcription factor Foxp3 and have regulatory function, whereas CD45RBhiCD4+ T cells express low levels of Foxp3 and have effector function. Infusion of syngeneic CD45RBhi T cells significantly reduced graft survival after depletion of CD45RBhi T cells by CD45RB mAb. Reduction of graft survival also occurred when syngeneic CD45RBhi T cells were infused into rapamycin-treated mice, whereas survival was prolonged when CD45RBlo T cells were added. This indicates that an alteration in the balance between regulatory CD45RBlo and effector CD45RBhi T cells is critical to the immunologic function of CD45RB mAb. A strategy to eliminate effector T cells with consequent enrichment of the regulatory T-cell compartment may be an important new strategy in the prevention of rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- P P W Luke
- Department of Surgery, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.
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Abstract
T1DM (Type I diabetes mellitus) results from selective destruction of the insulin-producing beta-cells of the pancreas by the immune system, and is characterized by hyperglycaemia and vascular complications arising from suboptimal control of blood glucose levels. The discovery of animal models of T1DM in the late 1970s and early 1980s, particularly the NOD (non-obese diabetic) mouse and the BB (BioBreeding) diabetes-prone rat, had a fundamental impact on our ability to understand the genetics, aetiology and pathogenesis of this disease. NOD and BB diabetes-prone rats spontaneously develop a form of diabetes that closely resembles the human counterpart. Early studies of these animals quickly led to the realization that T1DM is caused by autoreactive T-lymphocytes and revealed that the development of T1DM is controlled by numerous polymorphic genetic elements that are scattered throughout the genome. The development of transgenic and gene-targeting technologies during the 1980s allowed the generation of models of T1DM of reduced genetic and pathogenic complexity, and a more detailed understanding of the immunogenetics of T1DM. In this review, we summarize the contribution of studies in animal models of T1DM to our current understanding of four fundamental aspects of T1DM: (i) the nature of genetic elements affording T1DM susceptibility or resistance; (ii) the mechanisms underlying the development and recruitment of pathogenic autoreactive T-cells; (iii) the identity of islet antigens that contribute to the initiation and/or progression of islet inflammation and beta-cell destruction; and (iv) the design of avenues for therapeutic intervention that are rooted in the knowledge gained from studies of animal models. Development of new animal models will ensure continued progress in these four areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive N.W., Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 4N1
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35
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Lunsford KE, Koester MA, Eiring AM, Horne PH, Gao D, Bumgardner GL. Targeting LFA-1 and cd154 suppresses the in vivo activation and development of cytolytic (cd4-Independent) CD8+ T cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 175:7855-66. [PMID: 16339521 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.175.12.7855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Short-term immunotherapy targeting both LFA-1 and CD40/CD154 costimulation produces synergistic effects such that long-term allograft survival is achieved in the majority of recipients. This immunotherapeutic strategy has been reported to induce the development of CD4+ regulatory T cells. In the current study, the mechanisms by which this immunotherapeutic strategy prevents CD8+ T cell-dependent hepatocyte rejection in CD4 knockout mice were examined. Combined blockade of LFA-1 and CD40/CD154 costimulation did not influence the overall number or composition of inflammatory cells infiltrating the liver where transplanted hepatocytes engraft. Expression of T cell activation markers CD43, CD69, and adhesion molecule CD103 by liver-infiltrating cells was suppressed in treated mice with long-term hepatocellular allograft survival compared to liver-infiltrating cells of untreated rejector mice. Short-term immunotherapy with anti-LFA-1 and anti-CD154 mAb also abrogated the in vivo development of alloreactive CD8+ cytotoxic T cell effectors. Treated mice with long-term hepatocyte allograft survival did not reject hepatocellular allografts despite adoptive transfer of naive CD8+ T cells. Unexpectedly, treated mice with long-term hepatocellular allograft survival demonstrated prominent donor-reactive delayed-type hypersensitivity responses, which were increased in comparison to untreated hepatocyte rejectors. Collectively, these findings support the conclusion that short-term immunotherapy with anti-LFA-1 and anti-CD154 mAbs induces long-term survival of hepatocellular allografts by interfering with CD8+ T cell activation and development of CTL effector function. In addition, these recipients with long-term hepatocellular allograft acceptance show evidence of immunoregulation which is not due to immune deletion or ignorance and is associated with early development of a novel CD8+CD25high cell population in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keri E Lunsford
- Integrated Biomedical Science Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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36
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Salvalaggio PRO, Camirand G, Ariyan CE, Deng S, Rogozinski L, Basadonna GP, Rothstein DM. Antigen exposure during enhanced CTLA-4 expression promotes allograft tolerance in vivo. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 176:2292-8. [PMID: 16455985 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.176.4.2292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The role of CTLA-4 in tolerance is primarily inferred from knockout and blocking studies. Anti-CD45RB mediates allograft tolerance in mice by inducing CTLA-4 expression on CD4 cells, providing a novel opportunity to determine how therapeutic enhancement of CTLA-4 promotes tolerance. We now show that induced CTLA-4 expression normally resolves by day 17. Although thymectomy prolongs enhanced CTLA-4 expression, long-term engraftment is unaffected. To address the temporal relationship between increased CTLA-4 expression and engraftment, transplantation was delayed for various times after anti-CD45RB treatment. Delaying transplantation for 7 days (when CTLA-4 expression had peaked but treatment mAb was no longer detectable), resulted in long-term engraftment comparable to transplantation with no delay (day 0). Delaying transplantation from 10 to 18 days led to a progressively poorer outcome as CTLA-4 expression returned to baseline. This suggested that Ag exposure while CTLA-4 expression is enhanced is sufficient to induce long-term engraftment. To substantiate this, on day 0, anti-CD45RB-treated mice received BALB/c vs unrelated alloantigen, followed by transplantation of BALB/c islets 10 days later. Whereas recipients exposed to unrelated Ag experienced acute rejection, recipients exposed to donor Ag achieved long-term engraftment. Anti-CD45RB-treated mice exposed to alloantigen exhibited anergic CD4(+)CD25(-) effector cells and regulatory CD4(+)CD25(+) cells. Moreover, CD25 depletion in the peritransplant period prevented anti-CD45RB-mediated engraftment. Thus, exposure of CD4 cells expressing CTLA-4 to donor Ag is necessary and sufficient to induce long-term engraftment which appears to be mediated by both regulation and anergy.
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Dohi T, Salz W, Costa M, Ariyan C, Basadonna GP, Altieri DC. Inhibition of apoptosis by survivin improves transplantation of pancreatic islets for treatment of diabetes in mice. EMBO Rep 2006; 7:438-43. [PMID: 16470228 PMCID: PMC1456913 DOI: 10.1038/sj.embor.7400640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2005] [Revised: 01/17/2006] [Accepted: 01/17/2006] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Survivin is a cancer gene implicated in inhibition of apoptosis and regulation of mitosis, but its function in normal cells has remained elusive. Here, we show that transgenic mice expressing survivin in pancreatic islet beta-cells show no changes in cell proliferation, as determined by islet size or islet number. Transplantation of survivin transgenic islets in diabetic recipient mice affords long-term engraftment and stable correction of hyperglycaemia. This involves intrinsic inhibition of beta-cell apoptosis, in vivo, and global transcriptional changes in pancreatic islets with upregulation of stress response genes, antagonists of cytokine signalling and promoters of angiogenesis. These broad cytoprotective functions of survivin in vivo might be beneficial for gene therapy of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takehiko Dohi
- Department of Cancer Biology and the Cancer Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, USA
| | - Whitney Salz
- Department of Cancer Biology and the Cancer Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, USA
| | - Marco Costa
- Department of Surgery, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, USA
| | - Charlotte Ariyan
- Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, 330 Cedar Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - Giacomo P Basadonna
- Department of Surgery, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, USA
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Dario C Altieri
- Department of Cancer Biology and the Cancer Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, USA
- These authors contributed equally to this work
- Tel: +1 508 856 5775; Fax: +1 508 856 5792; E-mail:
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38
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Lim B, Sutherland RM, Zhan Y, Deliyannis G, Brown LE, Lew AM. Targeting CD45RB alters T cell migration and delays viral clearance. Int Immunol 2005; 18:291-300. [PMID: 16361310 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxh367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
CD45 is a receptor tyrosine phosphatase essential for TCR signaling. One isoform, CD45RB, is down-regulated in memory cells and targeting CD45RB with a specific antibody has been shown to inhibit graft rejection. Its role in immunity to infection, however, has not been tested. Here, we report the effect of anti-CD45RB antibody treatment on the induction of anti-influenza CD8+ T cells and viral clearance. Anti-CD45RB-treated mice had delayed pulmonary viral clearance compared with untreated mice whose infection was completely cleared by day 8 post-infection. In anti-CD45RB-treated mice, the total CD4+ and CD8+ T cell numbers in both the lungs and mediastinal nodes were substantially reduced at days 5 and 8; this effect was less marked for the spleen. CD8+ T cells specific for influenza virus were also reduced compared with the control group in all three organs at day 8. By day 11, when both treated and control groups showed no virus remaining in the lungs, specific CD8+ T cell numbers were at similar low levels. Homing to lymph nodes and lung of dye-labeled T cells was greatly inhibited (by >80%) by anti-CD45RB treatment. This reduced homing corresponded with reduced CD62L and beta1-integrin expression in both uninfected and infected mice. Since CD62L plays a critical role in homing lymphocytes to lymph nodes, and high levels of CD62L and alpha4beta1-integrin are expressed by lymphocytes that home to bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue, we suggest that reduced expression of these molecules is a key explanation for the delay in immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bock Lim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Cooperative Research Centre for Vaccine Technology, University of Melbourne, Royal Parade, Melbourne 3010, Australia
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39
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Abstract
A key factor driving the underlying pathyphysiology of "chronic rejection" in organ transplantation is a persistent T cell-mediated alloimmune response. Members of both the B7 family (including CD28 and CTLA4) and the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) family, in which the CD40-CD154 pathway is preeminent, play key roles in the T cell response following alloantigen presentation. "Positive" costimulatory molecules promote full T cell activation, whereas a subgroup of costimulatory molecules delivers "negative" costimulatory signals that function to downregulate alloimmune responses. Emerging experimental data point to key differences between the various positive and negative costimulatory molecules in terms of their temporal and spatial expression profiles, their effects of T and B cell subsets, and on their relative importance within the hierarchy of costimulatory signals delivered to the T cell. In this review, we address the role of costimulatory pathways in allograft rejection and tolerance. We will address in particular the potential of the novel costimulatory pathways as targets for tolerance induction in CD28-independent alloresponses, and we will review emerging data that suggests a key role for parenchymal expression of negative costimulatory molecules in the termination of pathogenic immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Clarkson
- Transplantation Research Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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40
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Lee EN, Lee J, Kim EY, Park HJ, Chang CY, Jung DY, Choi SY, Lee SK, Joh JW, Kwon CH, Noh JH, Kim SJ. Tolerance induction through simultaneous double bone marrow transplantation with two-signal blockade. Immunol Lett 2005; 102:215-21. [PMID: 16260045 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2005.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2005] [Revised: 08/23/2005] [Accepted: 09/15/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Cotransplantation of donor bone marrow cells (BMCs) in allograft recipients is currently the most promising concept for clinical tolerance induction; however, it still has many difficulties in its successful performance due to the toxicity of the required host conditioning, the risk of engraftment failure, and the problem of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), as well as the limited accessibility of donor bone marrow cells. Therefore, we performed the studies to determine whether BMCs from multi-donors are simultaneously engrafted and lead to induction of chimerism-based tolerance through the tolerogenic protocol of whom effectiveness we have shown in a previous study. Using a murine model, it was demonstrated that grafted BMCs from BALB/c (H-2(d)) and CBA mice (H-2(k)) establish mixed type and multi-lineage double chimerism and induce immunological donor-specific tolerance to fully MHC-mismatched skin allografts in host C57BL/6 mice (H-2(b)) receiving conditioning with Busulfan and treatment with the two-signal blockade comprised of anti-CD45RB and anti-CD154 monoclonal antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Na Lee
- Transplantation Research Center, Department of Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Kangnam-Ku, Seoul 135-710, Republic of Korea
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Lee EN, Lee J, Kim EY, Park HJ, Chang CY, Jung DY, Choi SY, Lee SK, Kwon CH, Joh JW, Kim SJ. Tolerance induction through megadose bone marrow transplantation with two-signal blockade. J Surg Res 2005; 130:102-9. [PMID: 16183077 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2005.07.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2005] [Revised: 07/27/2005] [Accepted: 07/29/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Induction of mixed chimerism is currently the most promising concept for clinical tolerance induction; however, the toxicity of the required host conditioning for allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT) should be overcome. Therefore, we explored tolerogenic effectiveness of megadose BMT with anti-CD45RB and anti-CD154 mAb (two-signal blockade) in murine recipients without conditioning. MATERIALS AND METHODS Recipient B6 mice of BALB/c skin allograft received conditioning and an optimal dose (2x10(7) cells) of BMT. For a megadose BMT model, the conditioning was not performed; instead, megadose (2x10(8) cells) of BM was transplanted. The recipients were then treated with anti-CD45RB mAb and anti-CD154 mAb alone or their combination. Flow cytometry was performed to analyze the degree and distribution of donor-derived cells, peripheral deletion of Vbeta5 or Vbeta11 T cells and intrathymic presence of donor MHC class II+ cells. Induction of chimerism-based tolerance to skin allograft was further determined. RESULTS High levels ( approximately 23.7%) of mixed and multi-lineage chimerism-based tolerance to skin allograft were induced in the recipients (91%) treated with the optimal-dose BMT and the two-signal blockade. The megadose BMT could replace the recipient conditioning and establish low (approximately 10%) and stable multilineage chimerism. Donor-specific tolerance to skin allograft was induced in these chimeras through clonal deletion of donor-reactive cells. CONCLUSIONS The megadose BMT with the two-signal blockade could effectively establish mixed and multi-lineage chimerism and induce donor-specific tolerance, suggesting its potential for clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Na Lee
- Transplantation Research Center, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Sho M, Kishimoto K, Harada H, Livak M, Sanchez-Fueyo A, Yamada A, Zheng XX, Strom TB, Basadonna GP, Sayegh MH, Rothstein DM. Requirements for induction and maintenance of peripheral tolerance in stringent allograft models. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005; 102:13230-5. [PMID: 16150717 PMCID: PMC1201597 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0505070102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Peripheral tolerance can be achieved in many but not all murine allograft models. The requirements for controlling more aggressive immune responsiveness and generating peripheral tolerance in stringent allograft models are unknown. Understanding these requirements will provide insight toward ultimately achieving tolerance in humans, which are also resistant. We now demonstrate that the combination of donor-specific transfusion, anti-CD45RB, and anti-CD154 uniformly achieves >90-d survival of BALB/c skin allografts on C57BL/6 recipients. Recipients exhibit marked hyporesponsiveness to alloantigen in vitro. In distinct contrast to less rigorous models, engraftment remains absolutely dependent on cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4 signaling, even after grafts are healed, suggesting that prolonged engraftment cannot simply be attributed to more effective depletion of alloreactive T cells but is actively maintained by regulation. Concordantly, we show that both CD4 and CD8 regulatory cells are required and can transfer donor-specific tolerance to naïve recipients. Nonetheless, most recipients ultimately develop gradual graft loss (median survival time = 140 d), suggesting that alloreactive cells emerging from the thymus eventually overwhelm regulatory capacity. In agreement, adding thymectomy to the regimen results in permanent engraftment (>250 d) and donor-specific tolerance not observed previously in this model. These results highlight the potency of both CD4 and CD8 regulatory cells but also suggest that in stringent settings, regulatory T cell longevity and capacity for infectious tolerance compete with prolonged graft immunogenicity and thymic output. These results provide insight into the mechanisms of tolerance in stringent models and provide a rational basis for innovative tolerogenic strategies in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Sho
- Transplantation Research Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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43
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Ito T, Ueno T, Clarkson MR, Yuan X, Jurewicz MM, Yagita H, Azuma M, Sharpe AH, Auchincloss H, Sayegh MH, Najafian N. Analysis of the role of negative T cell costimulatory pathways in CD4 and CD8 T cell-mediated alloimmune responses in vivo. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 174:6648-56. [PMID: 15905503 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.174.11.6648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Negative costimulatory signals mediated via cell surface molecules such as CTLA-4 and programmed death 1 (PD-1) play a critical role in down-modulating immune responses and maintaining peripheral tolerance. However, their role in alloimmune responses remains unclear. This study examined the role of these inhibitory pathways in regulating CD28-dependent and CD28-independent CD4 and CD8 alloreactive T cells in vivo. CTLA-4 blockade accelerated graft rejection in C57BL/6 wild-type recipients and in a proportion of CD4(-/-) but not CD8(-/-) recipients of BALB/c hearts. The same treatment led to prompt rejection in CD28(-/-) and a smaller proportion of CD4(-/-)CD28(-/-) mice with no effect in CD8(-/-)CD28(-/-) recipients. These results indicate that the CTLA-4:B7 pathway provides a negative signal to alloreactive CD8(+) T cells, particularly in the presence of CD28 costimulation. In contrast, PD-1 blockade led to accelerated rejection of heart allografts only in CD28(-/-) and CD8(-/-)CD28(-/-) recipients. Interestingly, PD-1 ligand (PD-L1) blockade led to accelerated rejection in wild-type mice and in all recipients lacking CD28 costimulation. This effect was accompanied by expansion of IFN-gamma-producing alloreactive T cells and enhanced generation of effector T cells in rejecting allograft recipients. Thus, the PD-1:PD-L1 pathway down-regulates alloreactive CD4 T cells, particularly in the absence of CD28 costimulation. The differential effects of PD-1 vs PD-L1 blockade support the possible existence of a new receptor other than PD-1 for negative signaling through PD-L1. Furthermore, PD-1:PD-L1 pathway can regulate alloimmune responses independent of an intact CD28/CTLA-4:B7 pathway. Harnessing physiological mechanisms that regulate alloimmunity should lead to development of novel strategies to induce durable and reproducible transplantation tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiro Ito
- Transplantation Research Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Children's Hospital Boston, MA 02115, USA
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44
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Lee EN, Kim EY, Lee J, Lee HJ, Lee KW, Joh JW, Lee SK, Lee DS, Lee HH, Kim SJ. Adenovirus-mediated CTLA4 immunoglobulin G gene therapy in cardiac xenotransplantation. Transplant Proc 2005; 36:2425-8. [PMID: 15561268 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2004.08.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CTLA4 immunoglobulin (CTLA4 Ig), which binds with high affinity to B7-1 and B7-2, interrupts T-cell activation by inhibiting the costimulatory signal. CTLA4Ig has been used to achieve antigen-specific tolerance induction in cardiac allografts. On the other hand, we have shown that short-term administration of deoxyspergualin (DSG) and daily cyclosporine (CsA) induces long-term survival of cardiac xenotransplants. We hypothesized that the combination therapy of DSG and adenovirus-mediated CTLA4IgG might induce long-term, survival or tolerance in cardiac xenotransplantation. OBJECTIVES Syrian hamster hearts were transplanted heterotopically into Lewis rats. We compared the survival time and immunopathology of the following five groups: (1) no treatment; (2) DSG (5 mg/kg per day intramuscularly [IM], days -1 to +7) alone; (3) CsA (15 mg/kg per day IM, day 0 to rejection) plus DSG; (4) AdexLacZ (LacZ-adenovirus 1 x 10(9) (PFU intravenously [IV], day -7) plus DSG; and (5) AdexCTLA4IgG (CTLA4IgG-adenovirus 1 x 10(9) PFU IV, day -7) plus DSG. RESULTS The survival times were: (1) no treatment, 3.7 days; (2) DSG alone, 12.4 days; (3) CyA plus DSG, >100 days; (4) AdexLacZ plus DSG, 11.0 days; and (5) AdexCTLA4IgG plus DSG, 23.6 days. Adenovirus-mediated CTLA4IgG therapy with DSG prolonged survival time significantly compared with DSG alone or AdexLacZ plus DSG, but CTLA4IgG therapy was not as effective as CsA. Immunopathology showed the deposition of C3 and IgM on the endothelium in the AdexCTLA4IgG plus DSG group. CONCLUSIONS We showed that the effectiveness of adenovirus-mediated CTLA4IgG gene therapy in cardiac xenotransplantation in less than that of CsA. Combination therapy with inhibition of the B7/CD28 constimulatory signal and DSG administration might not be sufficient for long-term survival or tolerance in cardiac xenotransplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- E N Lee
- Transplantation Research Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Marshall D, Sabek O, Fraga D, Kotb M, Gaber AO. Examination of the Molecular Signature Associated With Islet Dysfunction. Transplant Proc 2005; 37:1311-2. [PMID: 15848706 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2004.12.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to identify the molecular signatures that are predictive of nonfunctional islet preparations. We examined functional outcomes of six islet preparations accepted for research purposes from human donors. Islet were maintained on culture in M-SFM media for 7 to 14 days then transplanted into NOD-SCID mice. At the time of transplant, RNA was extracted from a second aliquot of cultured islets for expression analysis. We also performed gene expression analysis using high-density Affymetrix U133A GeneChips on these preparations. Among 1833 genes selected, hierarchical clustering was performed using the GeneSpring software package (Silicon Genetics, Inc.), where 754 genes (higher in nonfunctional) and 177 genes (lower in nonfunctional) were differentially expressed with tight pattern of expression. Islets with low functionality showed high relative levels of expression of hypoxia-induced genes and increased frequency of expression of proinflammatory and proangiogenic genes, such as vascular endothelial growth factor. Conversely, nonfunctional islets had low levels of insulin-processing message. The general profile of these low-functionality islets shows attempted recovery from hypoxic assault and little effort directed toward insulin production and secretion. Further identification of the molecular signature of nonfunctional islets could allow the development of a potency assay for human transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Marshall
- University of Tennessee, Memphis, Tennessee 38103, USA
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Delis S, Ciancio G, Burke GW, Garcia-Morales R, Miller J. Donor bone marrow transplantation: chimerism and tolerance. Transpl Immunol 2005; 13:105-15. [PMID: 15380541 DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2004.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/21/2004] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Infusion of donor bone marrow (DBM)-derived cells continue to be tested in clinical protocols intended to induce specific immunologic tolerance. Central clonal deletion of donor-specific alloreactive cells associated with mixed chimerism reliably produced long-term graft tolerance. In this setting, depletion of recipient T cells by antilymphocyte antibodies and subsequent repopulation by donor hematopoietic cells after donor bone marrow infusion (DBMI) are prerequisites for tolerance induction. Major advances have been made in animal models and in pilot clinical trials and the key questions with the future perspectives are presented in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spiros Delis
- Department of Surgery, Division of Kidney, Kidney/Pancreas Transplant, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
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Rayat GR, Gill RG. Indefinite survival of neonatal porcine islet xenografts by simultaneous targeting of LFA-1 and CD154 or CD45RB. Diabetes 2005; 54:443-51. [PMID: 15677502 DOI: 10.2337/diabetes.54.2.443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
A variety of transient therapies directed against molecules involved in T-cell activation and function result in long-term islet allograft survival. However, there are relatively few examples of durable islet xenograft survival using similar short-term approaches, especially regarding highly phylogenetically disparate xenograft donors. Previous studies demonstrate that combined anti-lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1 (LFA-1) plus anti-CD154 therapy results in a robust form of islet allograft tolerance not observed with either individual monotherapy. Thus, the aim of this study was to determine whether the perturbation of anti-LFA-1, either alone or in combination with targeting CD154 or CD45RB, would promote neonatal porcine islet (NPI) xenograft survival in mice. NPI xenografts are rapidly rejected in wild-type C57BL/6 mice but reproducibly mature and restore durable euglycemia in diabetic, immune-deficient C57BL/6 rag-1(-/-) recipients. A short course of individual anti-LFA-1, anti-CD154, or anti-CD45RB therapy resulted in long-term (>100 days) survival in a moderate proportion of C57BL/6 recipients. However, simultaneous treatment with anti-LFA-1 plus either anti-CD154 or anti-CD45RB therapy could achieve indefinite xenograft function in the majority of recipient animals. Importantly, prolongation of islet xenograft survival using combined anti-LFA-1/anti-CD154 therapy was associated with little mononuclear cell infiltration and greatly reduced anti-porcine antibody levels. Taken together, results indicate that therapies simultaneously targeting differing pathways impacting T-cell function can show marked efficacy for inducing long-term xenograft survival and produce a prolonged state of host hyporeactivity in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina R Rayat
- Surgical-Medical Research Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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Coulombe M, Gill RG. Tolerance induction to pancreatic islet allografts. Curr Opin Organ Transplant 2004. [DOI: 10.1097/01.mot.0000137838.95174.4f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Camirand G, Rousseau J, Ducharme ME, Rothstein DM, Tremblay JP. Novel Duchenne muscular dystrophy treatment through myoblast transplantation tolerance with anti-CD45RB, anti-CD154 and mixed chimerism. Am J Transplant 2004; 4:1255-65. [PMID: 15268726 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2004.00501.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a fatal disease caused by a defect in the skeletal muscle protein, dystrophin. One potential therapy for DMD involves transplantation of myoblasts from normal individuals. Unfortunately, myoblast allografts are particularly immunogenic and transplant tolerance in dystrophic (mdx/mdx) mice has not yet been achieved despite using strategies successful in other allograft models. Here, we attempted to induce 'central tolerance' using either haplo- or fully allogeneic bone marrow after conditioning with low-dose (3 Gy) whole body irradiation and anti-CD154 or anti-CD45RB mAbs. With one exception, these mice lacked persistent chimerism, long-term survival of myoblast allografts, or tolerance. In contrast, the addition of anti-CD45RB to anti-CD154 uniformly resulted in long-lived high-level mixed chimerism, long-term (>100 days) engraftment of allogeneic myoblasts and deletion of donor-reactive cells. Moreover, all recipients exhibited tolerance to second myoblast allografts or donor-specific tolerance to skin transplants performed >80 days after the initial graft. Thus, we now report that anti-CD45RB synergizes with anti-CD40L to promote stable mixed chimerism and robust tolerance to myoblast allografts for the first time. This novel protocol may be applicable to future clinical trials in myoblast transplantation for treatment of DMD and for transplantation of other immunogenic allografts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey Camirand
- Unité de Recherche en Génétique Humaine, Centre de Recherche du CHUL, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
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Abstract
The destiny of activated T cells is critical to the ultimate fate of immune response. After encountering antigen, naïve T cells receive signal 1 through the T-cell receptor (TCR)-major histocompatibility complex (MHC) plus antigenic peptide complex and signal 2 through "positive" costimulatory molecules leading to full activation. "Negative" T-cell costimulatory pathways, on the other hand, function to downregulate immune responses. The purpose of this article is to review the current state of knowledge and recent advances in our understanding of the functions of the positive and negative T-cell costimulatory pathways in alloimmune responses. Specifically, we discuss the functions of the CD28:B7 and the tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR):tumor necrosis factor (TNF) family of molecules in allograft rejection and tolerance. We address the following important questions: are T-cell costimulatory pathways merely redundant or do they provide distinct and unique functions? What are the important and unique interactions between the various pathways? And, what are the effects and mechanisms of targeting of these pathways in different types and patterns of allograft rejection and tolerance models?
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