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Pangrácová M, Křivánek J, Vrchotová M, Sehadová H, Hadravová R, Hanus R, Lukšan O. Extended longevity of termite kings and queens is accompanied by extranuclear localization of telomerase in somatic organs and caste-specific expression of its isoforms. INSECT SCIENCE 2024. [PMID: 39034424 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.13418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
Kings and queens of termites are endowed with an extraordinary longevity coupled with lifelong fecundity. We recently reported that termite kings and queens display a dramatically increased enzymatic activity and abundance of telomerase in their somatic organs when compared to short-lived workers and soldiers. We hypothesized that this telomerase activation may represent a noncanonical pro-longevity function, independent of its canonical role in telomere maintenance. Here, we explore this avenue and investigate whether the presumed noncanonical role of telomerase may be due to alternative splicing of the catalytic telomerase subunit TERT and whether the subcellular localization of TERT isoforms differs among organs and castes in the termite Prorhinotermes simplex. We empirically confirm the expression of four in silico predicted splice variants (psTERT1-A, psTERT1-B, psTERT2-A, psTERT2-B), defined by N-terminal splicing implicating differential localizations, and C-terminal splicing giving rise to full-length and truncated isoforms. We show that the transcript proportions of the psTERT are caste- and tissue-specific and that the extranuclear full-length isoform TERT1-A is relatively enriched in the soma of neotenic kings and queens compared to their gonads and to the soma of workers. We also show that extranuclear TERT protein quantities are significantly higher in the soma of kings and queens compared to workers, namely due to the cytosolic TERT. Independently, we confirm by microscopy the extranuclear TERT localization in somatic organs. We conclude that the presumed pleiotropic action of telomerase combining the canonical nuclear role in telomere maintenance with extranuclear functions is driven by complex TERT splicing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Pangrácová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Křivánek
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Markéta Vrchotová
- Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Sehadová
- Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Romana Hadravová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Robert Hanus
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Lukšan
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
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2
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Liu M, Zhang Y, Jian Y, Gu L, Zhang D, Zhou H, Wang Y, Xu ZX. The regulations of telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) in cancer. Cell Death Dis 2024; 15:90. [PMID: 38278800 PMCID: PMC10817947 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-024-06454-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
Abnormal activation of telomerase occurs in most cancer types, which facilitates escaping from cell senescence. As the key component of telomerase, telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) is regulated by various regulation pathways. TERT gene changing in its promoter and phosphorylation respectively leads to TERT ectopic expression at the transcription and protein levels. The co-interacting factors play an important role in the regulation of TERT in different cancer types. In this review, we focus on the regulators of TERT and these downstream functions in cancer regulation. Determining the specific regulatory mechanism will help to facilitate the development of a cancer treatment strategy that targets telomerase and cancer cell senescence. As the most important catalytic subunit component of telomerase, TERT is rapidly regulated by transcriptional factors and PTM-related activation. These changes directly influence TERT-related telomere maintenance by regulating telomerase activity in telomerase-positive cancer cells, telomerase assembly with telomere-binding proteins, and recruiting telomerase to the telomere. Besides, there are also non-canonical functions that are influenced by TERT, including the basic biological functions of cancer cells, such as proliferation, apoptosis, cell cycle regulation, initiating cell formation, EMT, and cell invasion. Other downstream effects are the results of the influence of transcriptional factors by TERT. Currently, some small molecular inhibitors of TERT and TERT vaccine are under research as a clinical therapeutic target. Purposeful work is in progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingdi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, China
| | - Yuning Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, China
| | - Yongping Jian
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, China
| | - Liting Gu
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, China
| | - Dan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, China
| | - Honglan Zhou
- Department of Urology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, China.
| | - Yishu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, China.
| | - Zhi-Xiang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, China.
- Department of Urology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, China.
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3
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Martinez-Banaclocha MA. Targeting the Cysteine Redox Proteome in Parkinson's Disease: The Role of Glutathione Precursors and Beyond. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1373. [PMID: 37507913 PMCID: PMC10376658 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12071373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Encouraging recent data on the molecular pathways underlying aging have identified variants and expansions of genes associated with DNA replication and repair, telomere and stem cell maintenance, regulation of the redox microenvironment, and intercellular communication. In addition, cell rejuvenation requires silencing some transcription factors and the activation of pluripotency, indicating that hidden molecular networks must integrate and synchronize all these cellular mechanisms. Therefore, in addition to gene sequence expansions and variations associated with senescence, the optimization of transcriptional regulation and protein crosstalk is essential. The protein cysteinome is crucial in cellular regulation and plays unexpected roles in the aging of complex organisms, which show cumulative somatic mutations, telomere attrition, epigenetic modifications, and oxidative dysregulation, culminating in cellular senescence. The cysteine thiol groups are highly redox-active, allowing high functional versatility as structural disulfides, redox-active disulfides, active-site nucleophiles, proton donors, and metal ligands to participate in multiple regulatory sites in proteins. Also, antioxidant systems control diverse cellular functions, including the transcription machinery, which partially depends on the catalytically active cysteines that can reduce disulfide bonds in numerous target proteins, driving their biological integration. Since we have previously proposed a fundamental role of cysteine-mediated redox deregulation in neurodegeneration, we suggest that cellular rejuvenation of the cysteine redox proteome using GSH precursors, like N-acetyl-cysteine, is an underestimated multitarget therapeutic approach that would be particularly beneficial in Parkinson's disease.
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Herr F, Desterke C, Bargiel K, Vernochet A, Vanhove B, Vadanici R, Ye F, Dekeyser M, Durrbach A. The proliferation of belatacept-resistant T cells requires early IFNα pathway activation. Am J Transplant 2022; 22:489-503. [PMID: 34431219 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.16811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Belatacept was developed to replace calcineurin inhibitors in kidney transplantation. Its use is associated with better kidney transplant function, a lower incidence of anti-donor antibodies and higher graft survival. However, it is also associated with a higher risk of cellular rejection. We studied the activation and proliferation mechanisms of belatacept-resistant T lymphocytes (TLs), to identify new pathways for control. We performed a transcriptomic analysis on CD4+ CD57+ PD1- memory TLs, which are responsible for a higher incidence of graft rejection, after allogeneic stimulation with activated dendritic cells (aDCs) in the presence or absence of belatacept. After six hours of contact with aDCs, the (CD4+ CD57+ PD1- ) (CD4+ CD57+ PD1+ ) and (CD4+ CD57- ) lymphocytes had different transcriptional profiles with or without belatacept. In the CD4+ CD57+ PD1- population, the IFNα-dependent activation pathway was positively overrepresented, and IRF7 transcript levels were high. IRF7 was associated with IFNα/β and IL-6 regulation. The inhibition of both these cytokines in a context of belatacept treatment inhibited the proliferation of CD4+ CD57+ PD1- T cells. Our results show that IRF7 is rapidly upregulated in belatacept-resistant CD4+ CD57+ PD1- TLs. The inhibition of type I IFN or IL-6 in association with belatacept treatment reduces the proliferation of belatacept-resistant TLs, paving the way for new treatments for use in organ transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Herr
- INSERM UMR1186, Gustave Roussy Institute, Villejuif, France.,Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
| | | | - Karen Bargiel
- INSERM UMR1186, Gustave Roussy Institute, Villejuif, France.,Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
| | - Amelia Vernochet
- INSERM UMR1186, Gustave Roussy Institute, Villejuif, France.,Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
| | | | | | - Fan Ye
- INSERM UMR1186, Gustave Roussy Institute, Villejuif, France
| | - Manon Dekeyser
- INSERM UMR1186, Gustave Roussy Institute, Villejuif, France.,Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France.,Henri Mondor Hospital, APHP, Creteil, France
| | - Antoine Durrbach
- INSERM UMR1186, Gustave Roussy Institute, Villejuif, France.,Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France.,Henri Mondor Hospital, APHP, Creteil, France
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Zhang Z, Han Z, Guo Y, Liu X, Gao Y, Zhang Y. Establishment of an Efficient Immortalization Strategy Using HMEJ-Based b TERT Insertion for Bovine Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222212540. [PMID: 34830422 PMCID: PMC8622252 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Immortalized cell lines have been used in a wide range of applications in research on immune disorders and cellular metabolic regulation due to the stability and uniformity of their cellular characteristics. At present, the investigation into molecular functions and signaling pathways within bovine cells remains largely limited by the lack of immortalized model cells. Current methods for immortalizing bovine cells are mainly restricted to the ectopic expression of human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) through transient transfection or virus-mediated delivery, which have defects in efficiency and reliability. In this study, we identified bovine TERT (bTERT) as a novel potent biofactor for immortalizing bovine cells with great advantages over hTERT, and established an efficient and easily manipulated strategy for the immortalization of bovine primary cells. Through the homology-mediated end-joining-based insertion of bTERT at the ROSA26 locus, we successfully generated immortalized bovine fetal fibroblast cell lines with stable characteristics. The observed limitation of this strategy in immortalizing bovine bone marrow-derived macrophages was attributed to the post-translational modification of bTERT, causing inhibited nuclear localization and depressed activity of bTERT in this terminally differentiated cell. In summary, we constructed an innovative method to achieve the high-quality immortalization of bovine primary cells, thereby expanding the prospects for the future application of immortalized bovine model cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihan Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (Z.Z.); (Z.H.); (Y.G.); (X.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Zhuo Han
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (Z.Z.); (Z.H.); (Y.G.); (X.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Ying Guo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (Z.Z.); (Z.H.); (Y.G.); (X.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Xin Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (Z.Z.); (Z.H.); (Y.G.); (X.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China
| | - Yuanpeng Gao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (Z.Z.); (Z.H.); (Y.G.); (X.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China
- Correspondence: (Y.G.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Yong Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (Z.Z.); (Z.H.); (Y.G.); (X.L.)
- Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China
- Correspondence: (Y.G.); (Y.Z.)
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Arakawa F, Miyoshi H, Yoshida N, Nakashima K, Watatani Y, Furuta T, Yamada K, Moritsubo M, Takeuchi M, Yanagida E, Shimasaki Y, Kohno K, Kataoka K, Ohshima K. Expression of telomerase reverse transcriptase in peripheral T-cell lymphoma. Cancer Med 2021; 10:6786-6794. [PMID: 34477310 PMCID: PMC8495278 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.4200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Telomere length is maintained by the activation of telomerase, which causes continuous cell division and proliferation in many carcinomas. A catalytic reverse transcriptase protein (TERT) encoded by the TERT gene plays a critical role in the activation of telomerase. We performed a molecular and pathological analysis of the TERT against three different peripheral T‐cell lymphoma (PTCL) subtypes: PTCL, not otherwise specified (PTCL‐NOS), angioimmunoblastic T‐cell lymphoma (AITL), and adult T‐cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL). Immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated TERT expression in 31% of AITL, 11% of PTCL‐NOS, and 5% of ATLL. Among them, AITL frequently showed high TERT expression with statistical significance. TERT promoter mutation analysis and genomic copy number evaluation were performed. TERT promoter mutation was observed in two cases of PTCL‐NOS (2/40) and not in other PTCLs. Genome copy number amplification was detected in 33% of PTCL‐NOS, 33% of AITL, and 50% of ATLL cases. We evaluated the relationship between the analyzed TERT genomic abnormalities and protein expression; however, no apparent relationship was observed. Furthermore, immunostaining showed TERT expression in the PTCL cytoplasm, suggesting the existence of mechanisms other than the maintenance of telomere length. Statistical analysis of the effect of TERT expression on the prognosis in PTCL cases revealed that TERT expression tended to have a poor prognosis in PTCL‐NOS. Since TERT expression was not an independent factor in multivariate analysis, further research will be needed to clarify the poor prognosis of PTCL‐NOS in TERT expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumiko Arakawa
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Kurume University, Kurume, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Miyoshi
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Kurume University, Kurume, Japan
| | - Noriaki Yoshida
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Kurume University, Kurume, Japan.,Department of Clinical Studies, Radiation Effects Research Foundation Hiroshima Laboratory, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Kazutaka Nakashima
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Kurume University, Kurume, Japan
| | - Yosaku Watatani
- Departments of Hematology and Rheumatology, Faculty of Medicine, Kindai University Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takuya Furuta
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Kurume University, Kurume, Japan
| | - Kyohei Yamada
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Kurume University, Kurume, Japan
| | - Mayuko Moritsubo
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Kurume University, Kurume, Japan
| | - Mai Takeuchi
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Kurume University, Kurume, Japan
| | - Eriko Yanagida
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Kurume University, Kurume, Japan
| | - Yasumasa Shimasaki
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Kurume University, Kurume, Japan
| | - Kei Kohno
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Kurume University, Kurume, Japan
| | - Keisuke Kataoka
- Division of Hematology Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koichi Ohshima
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Kurume University, Kurume, Japan
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7
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Nogueira LS, Vasconcelos CP, Mitre GP, Bittencourt LO, Plaça JR, Kataoka MSDS, Pinheiro JDJV, Garlet GP, De Oliveira EHC, Lima RR. Gene Expression Profile in Immortalized Human Periodontal Ligament Fibroblasts Through hTERT Ectopic Expression: Transcriptome and Bioinformatic Analysis. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:679548. [PMID: 34141725 PMCID: PMC8204186 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.679548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Human periodontal ligament fibroblast (hPLF) cells play an important role in maintaining oral cavity homeostasis with special function in tissue regeneration and maintenance of dental alveoli. Although their primary cell cultures are considered a good experimental model with no genetic changes, the finite life span may limit some experimental designs. The immortalization process increases cell life span but may cause genetic changes and chromosomal instability, resulting in direct effects on physiological cell responses. In this way, we aimed to investigate the global gene expression of hPLFs after the immortalization process by the ectopic expression of the catalytic subunit of the enzyme telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) through transcriptome analysis. The embryonic origin of the primary culture of hPLF cells and immortalized hPLF-hTERT was also tested by vimentin staining, hTERT synthesis evaluated by indirect immunocytochemistry, analysis of cell proliferation, and morphology. The results indicated that hPLFs and hPLF-hTERT were positive for vimentin. On the 20th cell passage, hPLFs were in senescence, while hPLF-hTERT maintained their proliferation and morphology characteristics. At the same passage, hPLF-hTERT presented a significant increase in hTERT synthesis, but transcriptome did not reveal overexpression of the hTERT gene. Fifty-eight genes had their expression altered (11 upregulated and 47 downregulated) with the absence of changes in the key genes related to these cell types and in the main cancer-associated genes. In addition, the increase in hTERT protein expression without the overexpression of its gene indicates posttranscriptional level regulation. Successful immortalization of hPLFs through the ectopic expression of hTERT encourages further studies to design experimental protocols to investigate clinical questions from a translational perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lygia S Nogueira
- Laboratory of Functional and Structural Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Carolina P Vasconcelos
- Laboratory of Cell Culture and Cytogenetics, Environment Section, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ananindeua, Brazil
| | | | - Leonardo Oliveira Bittencourt
- Laboratory of Functional and Structural Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Jessica Rodrigues Plaça
- Regional Blood Center at University Hospital of the Ribeirão Preto Medical School of University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Edivaldo H C De Oliveira
- Laboratory of Cell Culture and Cytogenetics, Environment Section, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ananindeua, Brazil
| | - Rafael R Lima
- Laboratory of Functional and Structural Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
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8
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Moreno-Acosta P, Molano MÓ, Morales N, Acosta J, GonzÁlez-Prieto C, Mayorga D, Buitrago L, Gamboa O, MejÍa JC, Castro J, Romero-Rojas A, Espenel S, Murray GL, Garland SM, Vallard A, MagnÉ N. hTERT Protein Expression in Cytoplasm and Nucleus and its Association With HPV Infection in Patients With Cervical Cancer. Cancer Genomics Proteomics 2021; 17:615-625. [PMID: 32859640 DOI: 10.21873/cgp.20218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Few studies have analyzed the association between human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) protein expression (nuclear and cytoplasmic localization), hTERT methylation status, and human papillomavirus (HPV) genotype infection in cervical cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS One hundred seventy-three patients with cervical cancer were analyzed. hTERT protein expression was detected by immunohistochemistry. hTERT DNA methylation analysis was performed using a PCR-RLB-hTERT assay, targeting two regions of the hTERT promoter. Type specific HPV infection was detected by using GP5+/GP6+PCR-RLB. RESULTS hTERT protein expression was found in both cytoplasm and nucleus (78.0% of the samples showed a cytoplasmic localization and 79.8% had a nuclear localization). A statistically significant association was found between alpha 9 and 7 HPV species with a non-methylation pattern of the hTERT promoter and between these species and high expression of hTERT protein with nuclear localization. CONCLUSION hTERT protein is found in both the nucleus and cytoplasm of patients with cervical cancer and confirm the relationship between the non-methylated status of hTERT promoter and some HPV species as well as the relationship between these species and hTERT protein expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Moreno-Acosta
- Research Group in Radiobiology Clinical, Molecular and Cellular, National Cancer Institute, Bogotá, Colombia .,Research Group in Cancer Biology, National Cancer Institute, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - MÓnica Molano
- Centre Women's Infectious Diseases Research, The Royal Women's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Nicolas Morales
- Research Group in Cancer Biology, National Cancer Institute, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Jinneth Acosta
- Pathology Group, National University of Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | | | - Diana Mayorga
- Research Group in Radiobiology Clinical, Molecular and Cellular, National Cancer Institute, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Lina Buitrago
- Unit of Analysis, National Cancer Institute, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Oscar Gamboa
- Unit of Analysis, National Cancer Institute, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Juan Carlos MejÍa
- Group of Pathology Oncology, National Cancer Institute, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - July Castro
- Group of Pathology Oncology, National Cancer Institute, Bogotá, Colombia
| | | | - Sophie Espenel
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Institut de Cancérologie de la Loire-Lucien Neuwirth, Saint-Priest en Jarez, France
| | - Gerald L Murray
- Centre Women's Infectious Diseases Research, The Royal Women's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Suzanne M Garland
- Centre Women's Infectious Diseases Research, The Royal Women's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Alexis Vallard
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Institut de Cancérologie de la Loire-Lucien Neuwirth, Saint-Priest en Jarez, France
| | - Nicolas MagnÉ
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Institut de Cancérologie de la Loire-Lucien Neuwirth, Saint-Priest en Jarez, France
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9
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Salimi-Jeda A, Badrzadeh F, Esghaei M, Abdoli A. The role of telomerase and viruses interaction in cancer development, and telomerase-dependent therapeutic approaches. Cancer Treat Res Commun 2021; 27:100323. [PMID: 33530025 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctarc.2021.100323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) is an enzyme that is critically involved in elongating and maintaining telomeres length to control cell life span and replicative potential. Telomerase activity is continuously expressed in human germ-line cells and most cancer cells, whereas it is suppressed in most somatic cells. In normal cells, by reducing telomerase activity and progressively shortening the telomeres, the cells progress to the senescence or apoptosis process. However, in cancer cells, telomere lengths remain constant due to telomerase's reactivation, and cells continue to proliferate and inhibit apoptosis, and ultimately lead to cancer development and human death due to metastasis. Studies demonstrated that several DNA and RNA oncoviruses could interact with telomerase by integrating their genome sequence within the host cell telomeres specifically. Through the activation of the hTERT promoter and lengthening the telomere, these cells contributes to cancer development. Since oncoviruses can activate telomerase and increase hTERT expression, there are several therapeutic strategies based on targeting the telomerase of cancer cells like telomerase-targeted peptide vaccines, hTERT-targeting dendritic cells (DCs), hTERT-targeting gene therapy, and hTERT-targeting CRISPR/Cas9 system that can overcome tumor-mediated toleration mechanisms and specifically apoptosis in cancer cells. This study reviews available data on the molecular structure of telomerase and the role of oncoviruses and telomerase interaction in cancer development and telomerase-dependent therapeutic approaches to conquest the cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Salimi-Jeda
- Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Fariba Badrzadeh
- Faculti of Medicine, Golestan University of Medical sciences, Golestan, Iran.
| | - Maryam Esghaei
- Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Asghar Abdoli
- Department of Hepatitis and AIDS, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
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10
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Noureen N, Wu S, Lv Y, Yang J, Alfred Yung WK, Gelfond J, Wang X, Koul D, Ludlow A, Zheng S. Integrated analysis of telomerase enzymatic activity unravels an association with cancer stemness and proliferation. Nat Commun 2021; 12:139. [PMID: 33420056 PMCID: PMC7794223 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-20474-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Active telomerase is essential for stem cells and most cancers to maintain telomeres. The enzymatic activity of telomerase is related but not equivalent to the expression of TERT, the catalytic subunit of the complex. Here we show that telomerase enzymatic activity can be robustly estimated from the expression of a 13-gene signature. We demonstrate the validity of the expression-based approach, named EXTEND, using cell lines, cancer samples, and non-neoplastic samples. When applied to over 9,000 tumors and single cells, we find a strong correlation between telomerase activity and cancer stemness. This correlation is largely driven by a small population of proliferating cancer cells that exhibits both high telomerase activity and cancer stemness. This study establishes a computational framework for quantifying telomerase enzymatic activity and provides new insights into the relationships among telomerase, cancer proliferation, and stemness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nighat Noureen
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Department of Population Health Sciences, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Shaofang Wu
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yingli Lv
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Juechen Yang
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - W K Alfred Yung
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jonathan Gelfond
- Department of Population Health Sciences, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Xiaojing Wang
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Department of Population Health Sciences, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Dimpy Koul
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Andrew Ludlow
- Department of Movement Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Siyuan Zheng
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA.
- Department of Population Health Sciences, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA.
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11
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Engin AB, Engin A. The Connection Between Cell Fate and Telomere. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1275:71-100. [PMID: 33539012 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-49844-3_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Abolition of telomerase activity results in telomere shortening, a process that eventually destabilizes the ends of chromosomes, leading to genomic instability and cell growth arrest or death. Telomere shortening leads to the attainment of the "Hayflick limit", and the transition of cells to state of senescence. If senescence is bypassed, cells undergo crisis through loss of checkpoints. This process causes massive cell death concomitant with further telomere shortening and spontaneous telomere fusions. In functional telomere of mammalian cells, DNA contains double-stranded tandem repeats of TTAGGG. The Shelterin complex, which is composed of six different proteins, is required for the regulation of telomere length and stability in cells. Telomere protection by telomeric repeat binding protein 2 (TRF2) is dependent on DNA damage response (DDR) inhibition via formation of T-loop structures. Many protein kinases contribute to the DDR activated cell cycle checkpoint pathways, and prevent DNA replication until damaged DNA is repaired. Thereby, the connection between cell fate and telomere length-associated telomerase activity is regulated by multiple protein kinase activities. Contrarily, inactivation of DNA damage checkpoint protein kinases in senescent cells can restore cell-cycle progression into S phase. Therefore, telomere-initiated senescence is a DNA damage checkpoint response that is activated with a direct contribution from dysfunctional telomeres. In this review, in addition to the above mentioned, the choice of main repair pathways, which comprise non-homologous end joining and homologous recombination in telomere uncapping telomere dysfunctions, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayse Basak Engin
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Atilla Engin
- Department of General Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
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12
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Potential roles of telomeres and telomerase in neurodegenerative diseases. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 163:1060-1078. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.07.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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13
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Schrumpfová PP, Fajkus J. Composition and Function of Telomerase-A Polymerase Associated with the Origin of Eukaryotes. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10101425. [PMID: 33050064 PMCID: PMC7658794 DOI: 10.3390/biom10101425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The canonical DNA polymerases involved in the replication of the genome are unable to fully replicate the physical ends of linear chromosomes, called telomeres. Chromosomal termini thus become shortened in each cell cycle. The maintenance of telomeres requires telomerase—a specific RNA-dependent DNA polymerase enzyme complex that carries its own RNA template and adds telomeric repeats to the ends of chromosomes using a reverse transcription mechanism. Both core subunits of telomerase—its catalytic telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) subunit and telomerase RNA (TR) component—were identified in quick succession in Tetrahymena more than 30 years ago. Since then, both telomerase subunits have been described in various organisms including yeasts, mammals, birds, reptiles and fish. Despite the fact that telomerase activity in plants was described 25 years ago and the TERT subunit four years later, a genuine plant TR has only recently been identified by our group. In this review, we focus on the structure, composition and function of telomerases. In addition, we discuss the origin and phylogenetic divergence of this unique RNA-dependent DNA polymerase as a witness of early eukaryotic evolution. Specifically, we discuss the latest information regarding the recently discovered TR component in plants, its conservation and its structural features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Procházková Schrumpfová
- Laboratory of Functional Genomics and Proteomics, National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, CZ-61137 Brno, Czech Republic;
- Mendel Centre for Plant Genomics and Proteomics, Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, CZ-62500 Brno, Czech Republic
- Correspondence:
| | - Jiří Fajkus
- Laboratory of Functional Genomics and Proteomics, National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, CZ-61137 Brno, Czech Republic;
- Mendel Centre for Plant Genomics and Proteomics, Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, CZ-62500 Brno, Czech Republic
- The Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Biophysics, Královopolská 135, 612 65 Brno, Czech Republic
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Zvereva M, Pisarev E, Hosen I, Kisil O, Matskeplishvili S, Kubareva E, Kamalov D, Tivtikyan A, Manel A, Vian E, Kamalov A, Ecke T, Calvez-Kelm FL. Activating Telomerase TERT Promoter Mutations and Their Application for the Detection of Bladder Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E6034. [PMID: 32839402 PMCID: PMC7503716 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
This review summarizes state-of-the-art knowledge in early-generation and novel urine biomarkers targeting the telomerase pathway for the detection and follow-up of bladder cancer (BC). The limitations of the assays detecting telomerase reactivation are discussed and the potential of transcription-activating mutations in the promoter of the TERT gene detected in the urine as promising simple non-invasive BC biomarkers is highlighted. Studies have shown good sensitivity and specificity of the urinary TERT promoter mutations in case-control studies and, more recently, in a pilot prospective cohort study, where the marker was detected up to 10 years prior to clinical diagnosis. However, large prospective cohort studies and intervention studies are required to fully validate their robustness and assess their clinical utility. Furthermore, it may be interesting to evaluate whether the clinical performance of urinary TERT promoter mutations could increase when combined with other simple urinary biomarkers. Finally, different approaches for assessment of TERT promoter mutations in urine samples are presented together with technical challenges, thus highlighting the need of careful technological validation and standardization of laboratory methods prior to translation into clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Zvereva
- Chair of Chemistry of Natural Compounds, Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 69372 Lyon, France;
| | - Eduard Pisarev
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Ismail Hosen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh;
| | - Olga Kisil
- Gause Institute of New Antibiotics, 119021 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Simon Matskeplishvili
- Medical Research and Education Center, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia; (S.M.); (D.K.); (A.T.); (A.K.)
| | - Elena Kubareva
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia;
| | - David Kamalov
- Medical Research and Education Center, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia; (S.M.); (D.K.); (A.T.); (A.K.)
| | - Alexander Tivtikyan
- Medical Research and Education Center, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia; (S.M.); (D.K.); (A.T.); (A.K.)
| | | | - Emmanuel Vian
- Department of Urology, Protestant Clinic of Lyon, 69300 Lyon, France;
| | - Armais Kamalov
- Medical Research and Education Center, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia; (S.M.); (D.K.); (A.T.); (A.K.)
| | - Thorsten Ecke
- Department of Urology, HELIOS Hospital Bad Saarow, D-15526 Bad Saarow, Germany;
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15
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Patrick M, Weng NP. Expression and regulation of telomerase in human T cell differentiation, activation, aging and diseases. Cell Immunol 2019; 345:103989. [PMID: 31558266 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2019.103989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Telomeres are essential for chromosomal integrity. Telomere shortening during cell division restricts cellular proliferative capacity and leads to cellular senescence when critically shortened telomere lengths are reached. Similar to hematopoietic stem cells, T cells can upregulate telomerase activity to compensate for telomere loss incurred during proliferation in response to engagement of the T cell antigen receptor (TCR) or exposure to homeostatic cytokines. However, this compensation for telomere loss by telomerase in T cells is imperfect or limited, as shortening of T cell telomeres is observed in human aging and during in vitro longterm culture. In this review, we summarize the current state of knowledge regarding the expression and regulation of telomerase in human T cells and changes of telomerase expression during development, activation, differentiation, aging and disease conditions. In conclusion, we discuss how controlled enhancement of telomerase activity could be a potential strategy to improve T cell function in the elderly and in immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Patrick
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunology, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Nan-Ping Weng
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunology, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
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16
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Jie MM, Chang X, Zeng S, Liu C, Liao GB, Wu YR, Liu CH, Hu CJ, Yang SM, Li XZ. Diverse regulatory manners of human telomerase reverse transcriptase. Cell Commun Signal 2019; 17:63. [PMID: 31186051 PMCID: PMC6560729 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-019-0372-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) is the core subunit of human telomerase and plays important roles in human cancers. Aberrant expression of hTERT is closely associated with tumorigenesis, cancer cell stemness maintaining, cell proliferation, apoptosis inhibition, senescence evasion and metastasis. The molecular basis of hTERT regulation is highly complicated and consists of various layers. A deep and full-scale comprehension of the regulatory mechanisms of hTERT is pivotal in understanding the pathogenesis and searching for therapeutic approaches. In this review, we summarize the recent advances regarding the diverse regulatory mechanisms of hTERT, including the transcriptional (promoter mutation, promoter region methylation and histone acetylation), post-transcriptional (mRNA alternative splicing and non-coding RNAs) and post-translational levels (phosphorylation and ubiquitination), which may provide novel perspectives for further translational diagnosis or therapeutic strategies targeting hTERT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Meng Jie
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - Xing Chang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - Shuo Zeng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - Cheng Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - Guo-Bin Liao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - Ya-Ran Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - Chun-Hua Liu
- Teaching evaluation center of Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Chang-Jiang Hu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - Shi-Ming Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400037, China.
| | - Xin-Zhe Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400037, China.
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17
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Abstract
Telomeres are specialised structures at the end of linear chromosomes. They consist of tandem repeats of the hexanucleotide sequence TTAGGG, as well as a protein complex called shelterin. Together, they form a protective loop structure against chromosome fusion and degradation. Shortening or damage to telomeres and opening of the loop induce an uncapped state that triggers a DNA damage response resulting in senescence or apoptosis.Average telomere length, usually measured in human blood lymphocytes, was thought to be a biomarker for ageing, survival and mortality. However, it becomes obvious that regulation of telomere length is very complex and involves multiple processes. For example, the "end replication problem" during DNA replication as well as oxidative stress are responsible for the shortening of telomeres. In contrast, telomerase activity can potentially counteract telomere shortening when it is able to access and interact with telomeres. However, while highly active during development and in cancer cells, the enzyme is down-regulated in most human somatic cells with a few exceptions such as human lymphocytes. In addition, telomeres can be transcribed, and the transcription products called TERRA are involved in telomere length regulation.Thus, telomere length and their integrity are regulated at many different levels, and we only start to understand this process under conditions of increased oxidative stress, inflammation and during diseases as well as the ageing process.This chapter aims to describe our current state of knowledge on telomeres and telomerase and their regulation in order to better understand their role for the ageing process.
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18
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de Punder K, Heim C, Wadhwa PD, Entringer S. Stress and immunosenescence: The role of telomerase. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2019; 101:87-100. [PMID: 30445409 PMCID: PMC6458519 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2018.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Chronic stress is associated with the accelerated aging of the immune system and represents a potent risk factor for the development and progression of a wide range of physical and mental disorders. The elucidation of molecular pathways and mechanisms underlying the link between stress and cellular aging is an area of considerable interest and investigation. In this context, telomere biology has emerged as a particularly attractive candidate mechanism. Several studies have linked immune cell telomere length with stress-related conditions and states, and also with several physical and mental disorders. Because the cellular reverse transcriptase enzyme telomerase is the primary regulator of telomere length (by adding telomeric DNA to telomeres and thereby attenuating telomere shortening), the understanding of its regulation and regulatory functions constitutes a prime target for developing strategies to prevent, attenuate or reverse the adverse consequences of immune system aging (immunosenescence). In this review we provide an overview of the mechanistic pathways linking telomerase with stress and cellular aging, with an emphasis on the immune system. We summarize and synthesize the current state of the literature on immune cell telomerase in different stress- and aging-related disease states and provide recommendations for future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin de Punder
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Institute of Medical Psychology, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Christine Heim
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Institute of Medical Psychology, Berlin, Germany; Department of Biobehavioral Health, College of Health and Human Development, Pennsylvania State University, USA
| | - Pathik D Wadhwa
- Department of Psychiatry & Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA, USA; Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA, USA; Department of Epidemiology, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Sonja Entringer
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Institute of Medical Psychology, Berlin, Germany; Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA, USA; Development, Health and Disease Research Program, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA, USA
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19
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Anitha A, Thanseem I, Vasu MM, Viswambharan V, Poovathinal SA. Telomeres in neurological disorders. Adv Clin Chem 2019; 90:81-132. [PMID: 31122612 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acc.2019.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Ever since their discovery, the telomeres and the telomerase have been topics of intensive research, first as a mechanism of cellular aging and later as an indicator of health and diseases in humans. By protecting the chromosome ends, the telomeres play a vital role in preserving the information in our genome. Telomeres shorten with age and the rate of telomere erosion provides insight into the proliferation history of cells. The pace of telomere attrition is known to increase at the onset of several pathological conditions. Telomere shortening has been emerging as a potential contributor in the pathogenesis of several neurological disorders including autism spectrum disorders (ASD), schizophrenia, Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD) and depression. The rate of telomere attrition in the brain is slower than that of other tissues owing to the low rate of cell proliferation in brain. Telomere maintenance is crucial for the functioning of stem cells in brain. Taking together the studies on telomere attrition in various neurological disorders, an association between telomere shortening and disease status has been demonstrated in schizophrenia, AD and depression, in spite of a few negative reports. But, studies in ASD and PD have failed to produce conclusive results. The cause-effect relationship between TL and neurological disorders is yet to be elucidated. The factors responsible for telomere erosion, which have also been implicated in the pathogenesis of neurological disorders, need to be explored in detail. Telomerase activation is now being considered as a potential therapeutic strategy for neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayyappan Anitha
- Institute for Communicative and Cognitive Neurosciences (ICCONS), Palakkad, Kerala, India.
| | - Ismail Thanseem
- Institute for Communicative and Cognitive Neurosciences (ICCONS), Palakkad, Kerala, India
| | - Mahesh Mundalil Vasu
- Institute for Communicative and Cognitive Neurosciences (ICCONS), Palakkad, Kerala, India
| | - Vijitha Viswambharan
- Institute for Communicative and Cognitive Neurosciences (ICCONS), Palakkad, Kerala, India
| | - Suresh A Poovathinal
- Institute for Communicative and Cognitive Neurosciences (ICCONS), Palakkad, Kerala, India
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20
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de Punder K, Heim C, Przesdzing I, Wadhwa PD, Entringer S. Characterization in humans of in vitro leucocyte maximal telomerase activity capacity and association with stress. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2019; 373:rstb.2016.0441. [PMID: 29335365 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2016.0441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The goal of this study was to develop and validate a measure of maximal telomerase activity capacity (mTAC) for use in human studies of telomere biology, and to determine its association with measures of stress and stress responsivity. The study was conducted in a population of 28 healthy young women and men who were assessed serially across two separate days, at multiple time points, and in response to a standardized laboratory stressor. Venous blood was collected at each of these multiple assessments, and an in vitro mitogen challenge (phytohaemagglutinin supplemented with interleukin-2) was used to stimulate telomerase activity in leucocytes. After first establishing the optimal post-stimulation time course to characterize mTAC, we determined the within-subject stability and the between-subject variability of mTAC. The major findings of our study are as follows: (i) the optimal time point to quantify human leucocyte mTAC appears to be at 72 h after mitogen stimulation; (ii) mTAC exhibits substantial within-subject stability (correlations were in the range of r 0.68-0.82) and between-subject variability, with a high intra-class coefficient (0.70), indicating greater between-subject relative to within-subject variability; (iii) mTAC is not influenced by situational factors including time of day, cortisol, acute stress exposure and immune cell distribution in the pre-stimulation blood sample; and (iv) a significant proportion of the between-subject variability in mTAC is associated with measures of stress and stress responsivity (mTAC is lower in subjects reporting higher levels of perceived (chronic) stress and exhibiting higher psychophysiological stress reactivity). Based collectively on these findings, it appears that mTAC, as proposed and operationalized, empirically meets the key criteria to represent a potentially useful individual difference measure of telomerase activity capacity of human leucocytes.This article is part of the theme issue 'Understanding diversity in telomere dynamics'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin de Punder
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Institute of Medical Psychology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christine Heim
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Institute of Medical Psychology, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Biobehavioral Health, College of Health and Human Development, Pennsylvania State University, Pennsylvania, PA, USA
| | - Ingo Przesdzing
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Department of Experimental Neurology and Center for Stroke Research Berlin (CSB), Berlin, Germany
| | - Pathik D Wadhwa
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA .,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.,Department of Epidemiology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.,Development, Health and Disease Research Program, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Sonja Entringer
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Institute of Medical Psychology, Berlin, Germany .,Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.,Development, Health and Disease Research Program, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
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21
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Booth SA, Wadley GD, Marques FZ, Wlodek ME, Charchar FJ. Fetal growth restriction shortens cardiac telomere length, but this is attenuated by exercise in early life. Physiol Genomics 2018; 50:956-963. [PMID: 30192712 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00042.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Fetal and postnatal growth restriction cause a predisposition to cardiovascular disease (CVD) in adulthood. Telomeres are repetitive DNA-protein structures that protect chromosome ends, and the loss of these repeats (a reduction in telomere length) is associated with CVD. As exercise preserves telomere length and cardiovascular health, the aim of this study was to determine the effects of growth restriction and exercise training on cardiac telomere length and telomeric genes. METHODS AND RESULTS Pregnant Wistar Kyoto rats underwent bilateral uterine vessel ligation to induce uteroplacental insufficiency and fetal growth restriction ("Restricted"). Sham-operated rats had either intact litters ("Control") or their litters reduced to five pups with slowed postnatal growth ("Reduced"). Control, Restricted, and Reduced male rats were assigned to Sedentary, Early exercise (5-9 wk of age), or Late exercise (20-24 wk of age) groups. Hearts were excised at 24 wk of age for telomere length and gene expression measurements by quantitative PCR. Growth restriction shortened cardiac telomere length ( P < 0.001), but this was rescued by early exercise ( P < 0.001). Early and Late exercise increased cardiac weight index ( P < 0.001), but neither this nor telomere length was associated with expression of the telomeric genes Tert, Terc, Trf2, Pnuts, or Sirt1. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS Growth restriction shortens cardiac telomere length, reflecting the cardiac pathologies associated with low birth weight. Exercise in early life may offer long-term protective effects on cardiac telomere length, which could help prevent CVD in later life.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Booth
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Federation University Australia , Victoria , Australia
| | - G D Wadley
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University , Geelong, Victoria , Australia
| | - F Z Marques
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Federation University Australia , Victoria , Australia.,Heart Failure Research Group, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute , Melbourne , Australia.,Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University , Melbourne , Australia
| | - M E Wlodek
- Department of Physiology, The University of Melbourne , Parkville, Victoria , Australia
| | - F J Charchar
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Federation University Australia , Victoria , Australia.,Department of Physiology, The University of Melbourne , Parkville, Victoria , Australia.,Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester , Leicester , United Kingdom
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Contact-independent suppressive activity of regulatory T cells is associated with telomerase inhibition, telomere shortening and target lymphocyte apoptosis. Mol Immunol 2018; 101:229-244. [PMID: 30025223 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2018.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) play a fundamental role in the maintenance of immunological tolerance by suppressing effector target T, B and NK lymphocytes. Contact-dependent suppression mechanisms have been well-studied, though contact-independent Treg activity is not fully understood. In the present study, we showed that human native Tregs, as well as induced ex vivo Tregs, can cause in vitro telomere-dependent senescence in target T, B and NK cells in a contact-independent manner. The co-cultivation of target cells with Tregs separated through porous membranes induced alternative splicing of the telomerase catalytic subunit hTERT (human Telomerase Reverse Transcriptase), which suppressed telomerase activity. Induction of the hTERT splicing variant was associated with increased expression of the apoptotic endonuclease EndoG, a splicing regulator. Inhibited telomerase in target cells co-cultivated with Tregs for a long period of time led to a decrease in their telomere lengths, cell cycle arrest, conversion of the target cells to replicative senescence and apoptotic death. Induced Tregs showed the ability to up-regulate EndoG expression, TERT alternative splicing and telomerase inhibition in mouse T, B and NK cells after in vivo administration. The results of the present study describe a novel mechanism of contact-independent Treg cell suppression that induces telomerase inhibition through the EndoG-provoked alternative splicing of hTERT and converts cells to senescence and apoptosis phenotypes.
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Zhdanov DD, Gladilina YA, Orlova VS, Grishin DV, Pokrovskaya MV, Aleksandrova SS, Podobed OV, Sokolov NN. Induction of Telomerase Catalytic Subunit Alternative Splicing by Apoptotic Endonuclease G in Mouse and Rat Lymphocytes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s1990519x18030124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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24
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Huang W, Zhou W, Li C, Yang Y, Shang YK, Chen C, Zhang J, Yao R, Wang P, Wen W, Liu HQ, Wang L, Li X, Bian H, Chen ZN. Promoter mutations and cellular distribution of telomerase in non-clear cell and clear cell hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncotarget 2018; 8:26288-26297. [PMID: 28460432 PMCID: PMC5432257 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.15458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactivation of telomerase is a critical step in the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Here we identified the frequency of mutations in telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) promoter was 34% in non-clear cell HCC (NCCHCC, n = 259) and 26.3% in clear cell HCC (CCHCC, n = 57). The mutations were independently associated with poor recurrence-free survival of HCCs. Interestingly immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated a higher positive rate of TERT cytoplasmic localization (95%) than nuclear localization (64%) in HCCs. In NCCHCCs, the mutations correlated with higher TERT nuclear expression and increased telomere-dependent telomerase activity. Higher cytoplasmic expression was found in adjacent tissues compared to tumor tissues, and was associated with tumor well-differentiation and lower level of α-fetoprotein. NCCHCCs with low nuclear as well as high cytoplasmic expression correlated with better prognosis. In CCHCCs, elevated TERT cytoplasmic expression was observed in CCHCCs harboring mutations. Higher TERT cytoplasmic expression was found in tumor tissues compared to adjacent tissues, and was associated with multiple numbers of tumors and poor prognosis of CCHCCs. In conclusion, mutations in TERT promoter disclose the significance of both nuclear and cytoplasmic TERT in HCC. Cytoplasmic TERT should also be considered when determining prognosis and treatment of HCCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan Huang
- National Translational Science Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Cell Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Weiping Zhou
- The Third Department of Hepatic Surgery, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Can Li
- National Translational Science Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Cell Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yuan Yang
- The Third Department of Hepatic Surgery, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu-Kui Shang
- National Translational Science Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Cell Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Changsheng Chen
- Department of Health Statistics, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Rui Yao
- National Translational Science Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Cell Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Pei Wang
- National Translational Science Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Cell Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Wen Wen
- National Translational Science Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Cell Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Han-Qiang Liu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ling Wang
- Department of Health Statistics, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xia Li
- Department of Pathology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Huijie Bian
- National Translational Science Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Cell Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhi-Nan Chen
- National Translational Science Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Cell Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
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25
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The Maintenance of Telomere Length in CD28+ T Cells During T Lymphocyte Stimulation. Sci Rep 2017; 7:6785. [PMID: 28754961 PMCID: PMC5533788 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-05174-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Telomerase activity is not readily detected in resting human T lymphocytes, however upon antigen presentation, telomerase is transiently upregulated. Presently, it is not known if telomerase activation is necessary for the proliferation of T cells or for the maintenance of telomere lengths. In this study, we found that telomerase activation is not required for the short- term proliferation of T cells and that telomeres progressively shorten in a heterogeneous population of T cells, even if telomerase is detected. By measuring telomerase activity at the single-cell level using quantitative ddPCR techniques (ddTRAP) and by monitoring changes in the shortest telomeres with more sensitive telomere length measurement assays, we show that only a subset of CD28+ T-cells have robust telomerase activity upon stimulation and are capable of maintaining their telomere lengths during induced proliferation. The study of this T-cell subset may lead to a better understanding on how telomerase is regulated and functions in immune cells.
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26
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Booth SA, Charchar FJ. Cardiac telomere length in heart development, function, and disease. Physiol Genomics 2017; 49:368-384. [DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00024.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Telomeres are repetitive nucleoprotein structures at chromosome ends, and a decrease in the number of these repeats, known as a reduction in telomere length (TL), triggers cellular senescence and apoptosis. Heart disease, the worldwide leading cause of death, often results from the loss of cardiac cells, which could be explained by decreases in TL. Due to the cell-specific regulation of TL, this review focuses on studies that have measured telomeres in heart cells and critically assesses the relationship between cardiac TL and heart function. There are several lines of evidence that have identified rapid changes in cardiac TL during the onset and progression of heart disease as well as at critical stages of development. There are also many factors, such as the loss of telomeric proteins, oxidative stress, and hypoxia, that decrease cardiac TL and heart function. In contrast, antioxidants, calorie restriction, and exercise can prevent both cardiac telomere attrition and the progression of heart disease. TL in the heart is also indicative of proliferative potential and could facilitate the identification of cells suitable for cardiac rejuvenation. Although these findings highlight the involvement of TL in heart function, there are important questions regarding the validity of animal models, as well as several confounding factors, that need to be considered when interpreting results and planning future research. With these in mind, elucidating the telomeric mechanisms involved in heart development and the transition to disease holds promise to prevent cardiac dysfunction and potentiate regeneration after injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. A. Booth
- Faculty of Science and Technology, School of Applied and Biomedical Sciences, Federation University Australia, Balllarat, Australia
| | - F. J. Charchar
- Faculty of Science and Technology, School of Applied and Biomedical Sciences, Federation University Australia, Balllarat, Australia
- Department of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia; and
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
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27
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Ma Q, Yu Y, Dai L, Qu X, Cong S, Liang H. Effect of TERT on the growth of fibrosarcoma via caspase-3, survivin and PKB. Oncol Lett 2017; 14:1939-1942. [PMID: 28789428 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.6373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study explored the effect of telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) on the growth and apoptosis of fibrosarcoma, and investigated the potential molecular signalling pathways underlying its effect. A plasmid was constructed in order to overexpress TERT and siRNA was used to knockdown TERT. The effect of TERT on fibrosarcoma cells in vitro was studied by performing reverse transcription-quantitative PCR and western blotting to determine the expression of p53, survivin, caspase-3, caspase-7 and PKB. Knockdown of TERT suppressed cell growth, decreased fibrosarcoma volume, decreased survivin and PKB expression, and increased caspase-3 expression. The results of the present study suggest that TERT regulates the growth of fibrosarcoma in vitro and in vivo, and that this is associated with the expression of caspase-3 and survivin, in addition to the PKB signalling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuye Ma
- Department of Orthopedics, Chinese Medicine Hospital of Jiulongpo, Chongqing 400080, P.R. China
| | - Yidong Yu
- Department of Orthopedics, Chinese Medicine Hospital of Jiulongpo, Chongqing 400080, P.R. China
| | - Linlin Dai
- Department of Orthopedics, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Helongjiang 150001, P.R. China
| | - Xuehua Qu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Helongjiang 150001, P.R. China
| | - Shan Cong
- Department of Orthopedics, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Helongjiang 150001, P.R. China
| | - Hongsuo Liang
- Department of Orthopedics, Nanning Second People's Hospital, Nanning, Guangxi 530031, P.R. China
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28
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MacNeil DE, Bensoussan HJ, Autexier C. Telomerase Regulation from Beginning to the End. Genes (Basel) 2016; 7:genes7090064. [PMID: 27649246 PMCID: PMC5042394 DOI: 10.3390/genes7090064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Revised: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The vast body of literature regarding human telomere maintenance is a true testament to the importance of understanding telomere regulation in both normal and diseased states. In this review, our goal was simple: tell the telomerase story from the biogenesis of its parts to its maturity as a complex and function at its site of action, emphasizing new developments and how they contribute to the foundational knowledge of telomerase and telomere biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deanna Elise MacNeil
- Bloomfield Centre for Research in Aging, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, 3755 Côte Ste-Catherine Road, Montréal, QC H3T 1E2, Canada.
- Room M-29, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, 3640 University Street, Montréal, QC H3A 0C7, Canada.
| | - Hélène Jeanne Bensoussan
- Bloomfield Centre for Research in Aging, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, 3755 Côte Ste-Catherine Road, Montréal, QC H3T 1E2, Canada.
- Room M-29, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, 3640 University Street, Montréal, QC H3A 0C7, Canada.
| | - Chantal Autexier
- Bloomfield Centre for Research in Aging, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, 3755 Côte Ste-Catherine Road, Montréal, QC H3T 1E2, Canada.
- Room M-29, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, 3640 University Street, Montréal, QC H3A 0C7, Canada.
- Department of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, 1110 Pins Avenue West, Room 101, Montréal, QC H3A 1A3, Canada.
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29
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Wang PH, Chen GD, Chang H, Yang SF, Han CP, Lin LY, Ko JL. High Expression of Human Telomerase Reverse Transcriptase in High-Grade Intraepithelial Neoplasia and Carcinoma of Uterine Cervix and Its Correlation With Human Papillomavirus Infection. Reprod Sci 2016; 14:338-48. [PMID: 17644806 DOI: 10.1177/1933719107303986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Most of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia 1 (CIN 1) will regress and 12% to 40% of high-grade CIN may progress to squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the uterine cervix. However, the differentiation of CIN 1 and high-grade CIN is sometimes controversial among pathologists. Human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) is therefore applied to detect the differences among normal, CIN 1, high-grade CIN, and SCC tissues of uterine cervix. One hundred six cervical specimens were collected for immunohistochemical study of hTERT. These data were compared with the human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA status. Expression of hTERT in high-grade CIN increased significantly compared to that in CIN 1 ( P < .001). A positive relationship was found between high hTERT expression and degree of malignant transformation ( P < .001). Most of the cases with high hTERT expression tested positive for the high-risk HPV groups. High hTERT expression was detected in 88.73% of the samples with cervical high-grade CIN or SCC. Low hTERT expression was found in 94.29% of low-grade CIN or normal tissues. Furthermore, 96.92% of the cervical tissues with high hTERT expression were high-grade CIN or SCC. A total of 80.49% of samples with low hTERT expression were low-grade CIN or normal tissues. A significantly increased hTERT expression between CIN 1 and high-grade CIN exhibits a critical progression in cervical carcinogenesis. hTERT can be offered as additional molecular information correlated with more severe dysplasia and SCC. Furthermore, this increased hTERT expression is correlated whigh-risk HPVs infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Hui Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chung Shan Medical University Taichung, Taiwan
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30
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Plumbagin triggers DNA damage response, telomere dysfunction and genome instability of human breast cancer cells. Biomed Pharmacother 2016; 82:256-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Revised: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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31
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Jäger K, Walter M. Therapeutic Targeting of Telomerase. Genes (Basel) 2016; 7:genes7070039. [PMID: 27455328 PMCID: PMC4962009 DOI: 10.3390/genes7070039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2016] [Revised: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Telomere length and cell function can be preserved by the human reverse transcriptase telomerase (hTERT), which synthesizes the new telomeric DNA from a RNA template, but is normally restricted to cells needing a high proliferative capacity, such as stem cells. Consequently, telomerase-based therapies to elongate short telomeres are developed, some of which have successfully reached the stage I in clinical trials. Telomerase is also permissive for tumorigenesis and 90% of all malignant tumors use telomerase to obtain immortality. Thus, reversal of telomerase upregulation in tumor cells is a potential strategy to treat cancer. Natural and small-molecule telomerase inhibitors, immunotherapeutic approaches, oligonucleotide inhibitors, and telomerase-directed gene therapy are useful treatment strategies. Telomerase is more widely expressed than any other tumor marker. The low expression in normal tissues, together with the longer telomeres in normal stem cells versus cancer cells, provides some degree of specificity with low risk of toxicity. However, long term telomerase inhibition may elicit negative effects in highly-proliferative cells which need telomerase for survival, and it may interfere with telomere-independent physiological functions. Moreover, only a few hTERT molecules are required to overcome senescence in cancer cells, and telomerase inhibition requires proliferating cells over a sufficient number of population doublings to induce tumor suppressive senescence. These limitations may explain the moderate success rates in many clinical studies. Despite extensive studies, only one vaccine and one telomerase antagonist are routinely used in clinical work. For complete eradication of all subpopulations of cancer cells a simultaneous targeting of several mechanisms will likely be needed. Possible technical improvements have been proposed including the development of more specific inhibitors, methods to increase the efficacy of vaccination methods, and personalized approaches. Telomerase activation and cell rejuvenation is successfully used in regenerative medicine for tissue engineering and reconstructive surgery. However, there are also a number of pitfalls in the treatment with telomerase activating procedures for the whole organism and for longer periods of time. Extended cell lifespan may accumulate rare genetic and epigenetic aberrations that can contribute to malignant transformation. Therefore, novel vector systems have been developed for a 'mild' integration of telomerase into the host genome and loss of the vector in rapidly-proliferating cells. It is currently unclear if this technique can also be used in human beings to treat chronic diseases, such as atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Jäger
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, Berlin 13353, Germany.
| | - Michael Walter
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, Berlin 13353, Germany.
- Labor Berlin-Charité Vivantes Services GmbH, Sylter Str. 2, Berlin 13353, Germany.
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32
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Zanetti M. A second chance for telomerase reverse transcriptase in anticancer immunotherapy. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2016; 14:115-128. [DOI: 10.1038/nrclinonc.2016.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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33
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Melicher D, Buzas EI, Falus A. Genetic and epigenetic trends in telomere research: a novel way in immunoepigenetics. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:4095-109. [PMID: 26190020 PMCID: PMC11113282 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-1991-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Revised: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Telomeres are protective heterochromatic structures that cap the end of linear chromosomes and play a key role in preserving genomic stability. Telomere length represents a balance between processes that shorten telomeres during cell divisions with incomplete DNA replication and the ones that lengthen telomeres by the action of telomerase, an RNA-protein complex with reverse transcriptase activity which adds telomeric repeats to DNA molecule ends. Telomerase activity and telomere length have a crucial role in cellular ageing and in the pathobiology of several human diseases attracting intense research. The last few decades have witnessed remarkable advances in our understanding about telomeres, telomere-associated proteins, and the biogenesis and regulation of the telomerase holoenzyme complex, as well as about telomerase activation and the telomere-independent functions of telomerase. Emerging data have revealed that telomere length can be modified by genetic and epigenetic factors, sex hormones, reactive oxygen species and inflammatory reactions. It has become clear that, in order to find out more about the factors influencing the rate of telomere attrition in vivo, it is crucial to explore both genetic and epigenetic mechanisms. Since the telomere/telomerase assembly is under the control of multiple epigenetic influences, the unique design of twin studies could help disentangle genetic and environmental factors in the functioning of the telomere/telomerase system. It is surprising that the literature on twin studies investigating this topic is rather scarce. This review aims to provide an overview of some important immune response- and epigenetics-related aspects of the telomere/telomerase system demanding more research, while presenting the available twin data published in connection with telomere research so far. By emphasising what we know and what we still do not know in these areas, another purpose of this review is to urge more twin studies in telomere research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dora Melicher
- Department of Genetics, Cell and Immunobiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Edit I Buzas
- Department of Genetics, Cell and Immunobiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Andras Falus
- Department of Genetics, Cell and Immunobiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.
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Babizhayev MA, Yegorov YE. Tissue formation and tissue engineering through host cell recruitment or a potential injectable cell-based biocomposite with replicative potential: Molecular mechanisms controlling cellular senescence and the involvement of controlled transient telomerase activation therapies. J Biomed Mater Res A 2015; 103:3993-4023. [PMID: 26034007 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.35515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Accumulated data indicate that wound-care products should have a composition equivalent to that of the skin: a combination of particular growth factors and extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins endogenous to the skin, together with viable epithelial cells, fibroblasts, and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Strategies consisting of bioengineered dressings and cell-based products have emerged for widespread clinical use; however, their performance is not optimal because chronic wounds persist as a serious unmet medical need. Telomerase, the ribonucleoprotein complex that adds telomeric repeats to the ends of chromosomes, is responsible for telomere maintenance, and its expression is associated with cell immortalization and, in certain cases, cancerogenesis. Telomerase contains a catalytic subunit, the telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT). Introduction of TERT into human cells extends both their lifespan and their telomeres to lengths typical of young cells. The regulation of TERT involves transcriptional and posttranscriptional molecular biology mechanisms. The manipulation, regulation of telomerase is multifactorial in mammalian cells, involving overall telomerase gene expression, post-translational protein-protein interactions, and protein phosphorylation. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been implicated in aging, apoptosis, and necrosis of cells in numerous diseases. Upon production of high levels of ROS from exogenous or endogenous generators, the redox balance is perturbed and cells are shifted into a state of oxidative stress, which subsequently leads to modifications of intracellular proteins and membrane lipid peroxidation and to direct DNA damage. When the oxidative stress is severe, survival of the cell is dependent on the repair or replacement of damaged molecules, which can result in induction of apoptosis in the injured with ROS cells. ROS-mediated oxidative stress induces the depletion of hTERT from the nucleus via export through the nuclear pores. Nuclear export is initiated by ROS-induced phosphorylation of tyrosine 707 within hTERT by the Src kinase family. It might be presumed that protection of mitochondria against oxidative stress is an important telomere length-independent function for telomerase in cell survival. Biotechnology companies are focused on development of therapeutic telomerase vaccines, telomerase inhibitors, and telomerase promoter-driven cell killing in oncology, have a telomerase antagonist in late preclinical studies. Anti-aging medicine-oriented groups have intervened on the market with products working on telomerase activation for a broad range of degenerative diseases in which replicative senescence or telomere dysfunction may play an important role. Since oxidative damage has been shown to shorten telomeres in tissue culture models, the adequate topical, transdermal, or systemic administration of antioxidants (such as, patented ocular administration of 1% N-acetylcarnosine lubricant eye drops in the treatment of cataracts) may be beneficial at preserving telomere lengths and delaying the onset or in treatment of disease in susceptible individuals. Therapeutic strategies toward controlled transient activation of telomerase are targeted to cells and replicative potential in cell-based therapies, tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Babizhayev
- Innovative Vision Products, Inc., 3511 Silverside Road, Suite 105, County of New Castle, Delaware, 19810
| | - Yegor E Yegorov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 32 Vavilov Street, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation
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35
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Bellon M, Nicot C. Multiple Pathways Control the Reactivation of Telomerase in HTLV-I-Associated Leukemia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 2. [PMID: 26430700 DOI: 10.15436/2377-0902.15.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
While telomerase (hTERT) activity is absent from normal somatic cells, reactivation of hTERT expression is a hallmark of cancer cells. Telomerase activity is required for avoiding replicative senescence and supports immortalization of cellular proliferation. Only a minority of cancer cells rely on a telomerase-independent process known as alternative lengthening of telomeres, ALT, to sustain cancer cell proliferation. Multiple genetic, epigenetic, and viral mechanisms have been found to de-regulate telomerase gene expression, thereby increasing the risk of cellular transformation. Here, we review the different strategies used by the Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1, HTLV-I, to activate hTERT expression and stimulate its enzymatic activity in virally infected CD4 T cells. The implications of hTERT reactivation in HTLV-I pathogenesis and disease treatment are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcia Bellon
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Viral Oncology, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Boulevard, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Christophe Nicot
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Viral Oncology, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Boulevard, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
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Jang KJ, Kwon GS, Jeong JW, Kim CH, Yoon HM, Kim GY, Shim JH, Moon SK, Kim WJ, Choi YH. Cordyceptin induces apoptosis through repressing hTERT expression and inducing extranuclear export of hTERT. J Biosci Bioeng 2015; 119:351-7. [PMID: 25282637 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2014.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Revised: 08/03/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Cordycepin is an adenosine analog originally extracted from Cordyceps militaris that possesses many pharmacological effects including immune activation and antioxidant and antitumor effects. However, the underlying relationship between apoptosis and telomerase activity in response to cordycepin exposure has not been investigated. In this study, we found that cordycepin-induced apoptosis of human leukemia cells (H937 and THP-1 cells) was associated with inactivation of telomerase and downregulation of human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) as well as the transcription factors c-Myc and Sp1, which are required for basal transcription from the hTERT gene promoter. Cordycepin also attenuated the activation of phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt signaling, thereby reducing phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of hTERT. We further showed that the PI3K inhibitor LY29004 significantly decreased telomerase activity in cordycepin-treated cells and increased cordycepin-induced cell death. These findings demonstrate that cordycepin is cytotoxic to human leukemia cells and suppresses telomerase activity through transcriptional and post-translational suppression of hTERT by inactivating the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Jun Jang
- Department of Acupuncture & Moxibustion, Dongeui University College of Korean Medicine, Busan 614-052, Republic of Korea
| | - Gi-Sun Kwon
- Department of Acupuncture & Moxibustion, Dongeui University College of Korean Medicine, Busan 614-052, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Woo Jeong
- Department of Biochemistry, Dongeui University College of Korean Medicine, Busan 614-052, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheol-Hong Kim
- Department of Acupuncture & Moxibustion, Dongeui University College of Korean Medicine, Busan 614-052, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Min Yoon
- Department of Acupuncture & Moxibustion, Dongeui University College of Korean Medicine, Busan 614-052, Republic of Korea
| | - Gi-Young Kim
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Marine Life Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju 690-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Hyun Shim
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Mokpo National University, Jeonnam 534-729, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Kwon Moon
- School of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Ansung 456-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Wun-Jae Kim
- Department of Urology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine, Cheongju 361-804, Republic of Korea
| | - Yung Hyun Choi
- Department of Biochemistry, Dongeui University College of Korean Medicine, Busan 614-052, Republic of Korea; Anti-Aging Research Center & Blue-Bio Industry RIC, Dongeui University, Busan 614-714, Republic of Korea.
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37
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Wu TT, Chen C, Chen SM, Xu Y, Wang Y, Chen Z, Wang F, Xiao BK, Tao ZZ. Nuclear translocation of telomerase reverse transcriptase is a critical process in lymphatic metastasis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Oncol Lett 2014; 9:265-269. [PMID: 25435972 PMCID: PMC4246691 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2014.2689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) is the predominant functional unit of telomerase and maintains the telomere length and the stability of chromosomes. Recently, TERT has been shown to be a critical factor in a number of other biological processes, including cell proliferation and cancer metastasis. In addition, although numerous studies have been conducted, the subcellular localization of the TERT protein and the association of such with cancer metastasis remains unclear. To investigate the involvement of TERT in in vivo metastasis, quantum dots-based immunofluorescence and western blot analysis were conducted to detect changes in the subcellular localization of TERT in human nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) tissues and metastatic lymph nodes. To further investigate, metastatic and non-metastatic models of NPC were generated using 5-8F (high metastasis capability) and 6-10B (low metastasis capability) cell lines, respectively. It was found that TERT protein was overexpressed in NPC tissue samples and metastatic lymph nodes and TERT was predominantly located in the cytoplasm of primary NPC tissues, while TERT was predominantly located in the nucleus of the metastatic lymph nodes. The ratio of cytoplasmic TERT/nuclear TERT for the primary tumor of the 6-10B cell line was almost six-fold higher than that of the metastatic lymph nodes of the 5-8F cell line. TERT translocation from the cytoplasm to nucleus may present a critical step in the lymphatic metastasis of NPC. Thus, TERT translocation may be more useful than TERT expression level and telomerase activity for predicting the metastasis of NPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Ting Wu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| | - Chen Chen
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Shi-Ming Chen
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Yong Xu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Zhe Chen
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Fei Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Bo-Kui Xiao
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Ze-Zhang Tao
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
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Henson SM, Lanna A, Riddell NE, Franzese O, Macaulay R, Griffiths SJ, Puleston DJ, Watson AS, Simon AK, Tooze SA, Akbar AN. p38 signaling inhibits mTORC1-independent autophagy in senescent human CD8⁺ T cells. J Clin Invest 2014; 124:4004-16. [PMID: 25083993 PMCID: PMC4151208 DOI: 10.1172/jci75051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 257] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
T cell senescence is thought to contribute to immune function decline, but the pathways that mediate senescence in these cells are not clear. Here, we evaluated T cell populations from healthy volunteers and determined that human CD8+ effector memory T cells that reexpress the naive T cell marker CD45RA have many characteristics of cellular senescence, including decreased proliferation, defective mitochondrial function, and elevated levels of both ROS and p38 MAPK. Despite their apparent senescent state, we determined that these cells secreted high levels of both TNF-α and IFN-γ and showed potent cytotoxic activity. We found that the senescent CD45RA-expressing population engaged anaerobic glycolysis to generate energy for effector functions. Furthermore, inhibition of p38 MAPK signaling in senescent CD8+ T cells increased their proliferation, telomerase activity, mitochondrial biogenesis, and fitness; however, the extra energy required for these processes did not arise from increased glucose uptake or oxidative phosphorylation. Instead, p38 MAPK blockade in these senescent cells induced an increase in autophagy through enhanced interactions between p38 interacting protein (p38IP) and autophagy protein 9 (ATG9) in an mTOR-independent manner. Together, our findings describe fundamental metabolic requirements of senescent primary human CD8+ T cells and demonstrate that p38 MAPK blockade reverses senescence via an mTOR-independent pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sian M. Henson
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom. Department of Systems Medicine, University of Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy. MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom. Secretory Pathways Laboratory, London Research Institute, Cancer Research UK, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alessio Lanna
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom. Department of Systems Medicine, University of Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy. MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom. Secretory Pathways Laboratory, London Research Institute, Cancer Research UK, London, United Kingdom
| | - Natalie E. Riddell
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom. Department of Systems Medicine, University of Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy. MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom. Secretory Pathways Laboratory, London Research Institute, Cancer Research UK, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ornella Franzese
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom. Department of Systems Medicine, University of Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy. MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom. Secretory Pathways Laboratory, London Research Institute, Cancer Research UK, London, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Macaulay
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom. Department of Systems Medicine, University of Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy. MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom. Secretory Pathways Laboratory, London Research Institute, Cancer Research UK, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen J. Griffiths
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom. Department of Systems Medicine, University of Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy. MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom. Secretory Pathways Laboratory, London Research Institute, Cancer Research UK, London, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel J. Puleston
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom. Department of Systems Medicine, University of Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy. MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom. Secretory Pathways Laboratory, London Research Institute, Cancer Research UK, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander Scarth Watson
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom. Department of Systems Medicine, University of Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy. MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom. Secretory Pathways Laboratory, London Research Institute, Cancer Research UK, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Katharina Simon
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom. Department of Systems Medicine, University of Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy. MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom. Secretory Pathways Laboratory, London Research Institute, Cancer Research UK, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sharon A. Tooze
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom. Department of Systems Medicine, University of Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy. MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom. Secretory Pathways Laboratory, London Research Institute, Cancer Research UK, London, United Kingdom
| | - Arne N. Akbar
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom. Department of Systems Medicine, University of Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy. MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom. Secretory Pathways Laboratory, London Research Institute, Cancer Research UK, London, United Kingdom
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39
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Papathomas TG, Oudijk L, Zwarthoff EC, Post E, Duijkers FA, van Noesel MM, Hofland LJ, Pollard PJ, Maher ER, Restuccia DF, Feelders RA, Franssen GJH, Timmers HJ, Sleijfer S, de Herder WW, de Krijger RR, Dinjens WNM, Korpershoek E. Telomerase reverse transcriptase promoter mutations in tumors originating from the adrenal gland and extra-adrenal paraganglia. Endocr Relat Cancer 2014; 21:653-61. [PMID: 24951106 DOI: 10.1530/erc-13-0429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Hotspot mutations in the promoter of the telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) gene have been recently reported in human cancers and proposed as a novel mechanism of telomerase activation. To explore TERT promoter mutations in tumors originating from the adrenal gland and extra-adrenal paraganglia, a set of 253 tumors (38 adrenocortical carcinomas (ACCs), 127 pheochromocytomas (PCCs), 18 extra-adrenal paragangliomas (ea PGLs), 37 head and neck PGLs (HN PGLs), and 33 peripheral neuroblastic tumors) was selected along with 16 human neuroblastoma (NBL) and two ACC cell lines to assess TERT promoter mutations by the Sanger sequencing method. All mutations detected were confirmed by a SNaPshot assay. Additionally, 36 gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) were added to explore an association between TERT promoter mutations and SDH deficiency. TERT promoter mutations were found in seven out of 289 tumors and in three out of 18 human cell lines; four C228T mutations in 38 ACCs (10.5%), two C228T mutations in 18 ea PGLs (11.1%), one C250T mutation in 36 GISTs (2.8%), and three C228T mutations in 16 human NBL cell lines (18.75%). No mutation was detected in PCCs, HN PGLs, neuroblastic tumors as well as ACC cell lines. TERT promoter mutations preferentially occurred in a SDH-deficient setting (P=0.01) being present in three out of 47 (6.4%) SDH-deficient tumors vs zero out of 171 (0%) SDH-intact tumors. We conclude that TERT promoter mutations occur in ACCs and ea PGLs. In addition, preliminary evidence indicates a potential association with the acquisition of TERT promoter mutations in SDH-deficient tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas G Papathomas
- Department of PathologyJosephine Nefkens Institute, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsDepartment of Pediatric Oncology-HematologyErasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsSector of EndocrinologyDepartment of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsCancer Biology and Metabolism GroupInstitute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UKDepartment of Medical GeneticsUniversity of Cambridge, Cambridge, UKDepartment of SurgeryErasmus MC, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsDivision of EndocrinologyDepartment of Medicine, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The NetherlandsDepartment of Medical OncologyErasmus MC, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsDepartment of PathologyReinier de Graaf Hospital, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Lindsey Oudijk
- Department of PathologyJosephine Nefkens Institute, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsDepartment of Pediatric Oncology-HematologyErasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsSector of EndocrinologyDepartment of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsCancer Biology and Metabolism GroupInstitute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UKDepartment of Medical GeneticsUniversity of Cambridge, Cambridge, UKDepartment of SurgeryErasmus MC, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsDivision of EndocrinologyDepartment of Medicine, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The NetherlandsDepartment of Medical OncologyErasmus MC, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsDepartment of PathologyReinier de Graaf Hospital, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Ellen C Zwarthoff
- Department of PathologyJosephine Nefkens Institute, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsDepartment of Pediatric Oncology-HematologyErasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsSector of EndocrinologyDepartment of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsCancer Biology and Metabolism GroupInstitute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UKDepartment of Medical GeneticsUniversity of Cambridge, Cambridge, UKDepartment of SurgeryErasmus MC, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsDivision of EndocrinologyDepartment of Medicine, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The NetherlandsDepartment of Medical OncologyErasmus MC, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsDepartment of PathologyReinier de Graaf Hospital, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Edward Post
- Department of PathologyJosephine Nefkens Institute, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsDepartment of Pediatric Oncology-HematologyErasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsSector of EndocrinologyDepartment of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsCancer Biology and Metabolism GroupInstitute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UKDepartment of Medical GeneticsUniversity of Cambridge, Cambridge, UKDepartment of SurgeryErasmus MC, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsDivision of EndocrinologyDepartment of Medicine, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The NetherlandsDepartment of Medical OncologyErasmus MC, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsDepartment of PathologyReinier de Graaf Hospital, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Floor A Duijkers
- Department of PathologyJosephine Nefkens Institute, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsDepartment of Pediatric Oncology-HematologyErasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsSector of EndocrinologyDepartment of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsCancer Biology and Metabolism GroupInstitute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UKDepartment of Medical GeneticsUniversity of Cambridge, Cambridge, UKDepartment of SurgeryErasmus MC, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsDivision of EndocrinologyDepartment of Medicine, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The NetherlandsDepartment of Medical OncologyErasmus MC, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsDepartment of PathologyReinier de Graaf Hospital, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Max M van Noesel
- Department of PathologyJosephine Nefkens Institute, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsDepartment of Pediatric Oncology-HematologyErasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsSector of EndocrinologyDepartment of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsCancer Biology and Metabolism GroupInstitute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UKDepartment of Medical GeneticsUniversity of Cambridge, Cambridge, UKDepartment of SurgeryErasmus MC, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsDivision of EndocrinologyDepartment of Medicine, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The NetherlandsDepartment of Medical OncologyErasmus MC, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsDepartment of PathologyReinier de Graaf Hospital, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Leo J Hofland
- Department of PathologyJosephine Nefkens Institute, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsDepartment of Pediatric Oncology-HematologyErasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsSector of EndocrinologyDepartment of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsCancer Biology and Metabolism GroupInstitute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UKDepartment of Medical GeneticsUniversity of Cambridge, Cambridge, UKDepartment of SurgeryErasmus MC, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsDivision of EndocrinologyDepartment of Medicine, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The NetherlandsDepartment of Medical OncologyErasmus MC, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsDepartment of PathologyReinier de Graaf Hospital, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick J Pollard
- Department of PathologyJosephine Nefkens Institute, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsDepartment of Pediatric Oncology-HematologyErasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsSector of EndocrinologyDepartment of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsCancer Biology and Metabolism GroupInstitute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UKDepartment of Medical GeneticsUniversity of Cambridge, Cambridge, UKDepartment of SurgeryErasmus MC, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsDivision of EndocrinologyDepartment of Medicine, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The NetherlandsDepartment of Medical OncologyErasmus MC, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsDepartment of PathologyReinier de Graaf Hospital, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Eamonn R Maher
- Department of PathologyJosephine Nefkens Institute, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsDepartment of Pediatric Oncology-HematologyErasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsSector of EndocrinologyDepartment of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsCancer Biology and Metabolism GroupInstitute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UKDepartment of Medical GeneticsUniversity of Cambridge, Cambridge, UKDepartment of SurgeryErasmus MC, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsDivision of EndocrinologyDepartment of Medicine, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The NetherlandsDepartment of Medical OncologyErasmus MC, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsDepartment of PathologyReinier de Graaf Hospital, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - David F Restuccia
- Department of PathologyJosephine Nefkens Institute, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsDepartment of Pediatric Oncology-HematologyErasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsSector of EndocrinologyDepartment of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsCancer Biology and Metabolism GroupInstitute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UKDepartment of Medical GeneticsUniversity of Cambridge, Cambridge, UKDepartment of SurgeryErasmus MC, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsDivision of EndocrinologyDepartment of Medicine, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The NetherlandsDepartment of Medical OncologyErasmus MC, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsDepartment of PathologyReinier de Graaf Hospital, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Richard A Feelders
- Department of PathologyJosephine Nefkens Institute, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsDepartment of Pediatric Oncology-HematologyErasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsSector of EndocrinologyDepartment of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsCancer Biology and Metabolism GroupInstitute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UKDepartment of Medical GeneticsUniversity of Cambridge, Cambridge, UKDepartment of SurgeryErasmus MC, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsDivision of EndocrinologyDepartment of Medicine, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The NetherlandsDepartment of Medical OncologyErasmus MC, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsDepartment of PathologyReinier de Graaf Hospital, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Gaston J H Franssen
- Department of PathologyJosephine Nefkens Institute, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsDepartment of Pediatric Oncology-HematologyErasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsSector of EndocrinologyDepartment of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsCancer Biology and Metabolism GroupInstitute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UKDepartment of Medical GeneticsUniversity of Cambridge, Cambridge, UKDepartment of SurgeryErasmus MC, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsDivision of EndocrinologyDepartment of Medicine, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The NetherlandsDepartment of Medical OncologyErasmus MC, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsDepartment of PathologyReinier de Graaf Hospital, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Henri J Timmers
- Department of PathologyJosephine Nefkens Institute, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsDepartment of Pediatric Oncology-HematologyErasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsSector of EndocrinologyDepartment of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsCancer Biology and Metabolism GroupInstitute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UKDepartment of Medical GeneticsUniversity of Cambridge, Cambridge, UKDepartment of SurgeryErasmus MC, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsDivision of EndocrinologyDepartment of Medicine, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The NetherlandsDepartment of Medical OncologyErasmus MC, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsDepartment of PathologyReinier de Graaf Hospital, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan Sleijfer
- Department of PathologyJosephine Nefkens Institute, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsDepartment of Pediatric Oncology-HematologyErasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsSector of EndocrinologyDepartment of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsCancer Biology and Metabolism GroupInstitute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UKDepartment of Medical GeneticsUniversity of Cambridge, Cambridge, UKDepartment of SurgeryErasmus MC, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsDivision of EndocrinologyDepartment of Medicine, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The NetherlandsDepartment of Medical OncologyErasmus MC, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsDepartment of PathologyReinier de Graaf Hospital, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter W de Herder
- Department of PathologyJosephine Nefkens Institute, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsDepartment of Pediatric Oncology-HematologyErasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsSector of EndocrinologyDepartment of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsCancer Biology and Metabolism GroupInstitute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UKDepartment of Medical GeneticsUniversity of Cambridge, Cambridge, UKDepartment of SurgeryErasmus MC, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsDivision of EndocrinologyDepartment of Medicine, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The NetherlandsDepartment of Medical OncologyErasmus MC, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsDepartment of PathologyReinier de Graaf Hospital, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Ronald R de Krijger
- Department of PathologyJosephine Nefkens Institute, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsDepartment of Pediatric Oncology-HematologyErasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsSector of EndocrinologyDepartment of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsCancer Biology and Metabolism GroupInstitute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UKDepartment of Medical GeneticsUniversity of Cambridge, Cambridge, UKDepartment of SurgeryErasmus MC, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsDivision of EndocrinologyDepartment of Medicine, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The NetherlandsDepartment of Medical OncologyErasmus MC, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsDepartment of PathologyReinier de Graaf Hospital, Delft, The NetherlandsDepartment of PathologyJosephine Nefkens Institute, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsDepartment of Pediatric Oncology-HematologyErasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsSector of EndocrinologyDepartment of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsCancer Biology and Metabolism GroupInstitute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UKDepartment of Medical GeneticsUniversity of Cambridge, Cambridge, UKDepartment of SurgeryErasmus MC, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsDivision of EndocrinologyDepartment of Medicine, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The NetherlandsDepartment of Medical OncologyErasmus MC, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsDepartment of PathologyReinier de Graaf Hospital, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Winand N M Dinjens
- Department of PathologyJosephine Nefkens Institute, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsDepartment of Pediatric Oncology-HematologyErasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsSector of EndocrinologyDepartment of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsCancer Biology and Metabolism GroupInstitute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UKDepartment of Medical GeneticsUniversity of Cambridge, Cambridge, UKDepartment of SurgeryErasmus MC, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsDivision of EndocrinologyDepartment of Medicine, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The NetherlandsDepartment of Medical OncologyErasmus MC, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsDepartment of PathologyReinier de Graaf Hospital, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Esther Korpershoek
- Department of PathologyJosephine Nefkens Institute, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsDepartment of Pediatric Oncology-HematologyErasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsSector of EndocrinologyDepartment of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsCancer Biology and Metabolism GroupInstitute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Edinburgh Cancer Research UK Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UKDepartment of Medical GeneticsUniversity of Cambridge, Cambridge, UKDepartment of SurgeryErasmus MC, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsDivision of EndocrinologyDepartment of Medicine, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The NetherlandsDepartment of Medical OncologyErasmus MC, Rotterdam, The NetherlandsDepartment of PathologyReinier de Graaf Hospital, Delft, The Netherlands
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40
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Xi L, Cech TR. Inventory of telomerase components in human cells reveals multiple subpopulations of hTR and hTERT. Nucleic Acids Res 2014; 42:8565-77. [PMID: 24990373 PMCID: PMC4117779 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gku560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Telomerase is the ribonucleoprotein (RNP) enzyme that elongates telomeric DNA to compensate for the attrition occurring during each cycle of DNA replication. Knowing the levels of telomerase in continuously dividing cells is important for understanding how much telomerase is required for cell immortality. In this study, we measured the endogenous levels of the human telomerase RNP and its two key components, human telomerase RNA (hTR) and human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT). We estimate ∼240 telomerase monomers per cell for HEK 293T and HeLa, a number similar to that of telomeres in late S phase. The subunits were in excess of RNPs (e.g. ∼1150 hTR and ∼500 hTERT molecules per HeLa cell), suggesting the existence of unassembled components. This hypothesis was tested by overexpressing individual subunits, which increased total telomerase activity as measured by the direct enzyme assay. Thus, there are subpopulations of both hTR and hTERT not assembled into telomerase but capable of being recruited. We also determined the specific activity of endogenous telomerase and of overexpressed super-telomerase both to be ∼60 nt incorporated per telomerase per minute, with Km(dGTP) ∼17 μM, indicating super-telomerase is as catalytically active as endogenous telomerase and is thus a good model for biochemical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linghe Xi
- University of Colorado BioFrontiers Institute, Boulder, CO 80303, USA Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Thomas R Cech
- University of Colorado BioFrontiers Institute, Boulder, CO 80303, USA Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
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Chilton WL, Marques FZ, West J, Kannourakis G, Berzins SP, O’Brien BJ, Charchar FJ. Acute exercise leads to regulation of telomere-associated genes and microRNA expression in immune cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e92088. [PMID: 24752326 PMCID: PMC3994003 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0092088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2013] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Telomeres are specialized nucleoprotein structures that protect chromosomal ends from degradation. These structures progressively shorten during cellular division and can signal replicative senescence below a critical length. Telomere length is predominantly maintained by the enzyme telomerase. Significant decreases in telomere length and telomerase activity are associated with a host of chronic diseases; conversely their maintenance underpins the optimal function of the adaptive immune system. Habitual physical activity is associated with longer leukocyte telomere length; however, the precise mechanisms are unclear. Potential hypotheses include regulation of telomeric gene transcription and/or microRNAs (miRNAs). We investigated the acute exercise-induced response of telomeric genes and miRNAs in twenty-two healthy males (mean age = 24.1±1.55 years). Participants undertook 30 minutes of treadmill running at 80% of peak oxygen uptake. Blood samples were taken before exercise, immediately post-exercise and 60 minutes post-exercise. Total RNA from white blood cells was submitted to miRNA arrays and telomere extension mRNA array. Results were individually validated in white blood cells and sorted T cell lymphocyte subsets using quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR). Telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) mRNA (P = 0.001) and sirtuin-6 (SIRT6) (P<0.05) mRNA expression were upregulated in white blood cells after exercise. Fifty-six miRNAs were also differentially regulated post-exercise (FDR <0.05). In silico analysis identified four miRNAs (miR-186, miR-181, miR-15a and miR-96) that potentially targeted telomeric gene mRNA. The four miRNAs exhibited significant upregulation 60 minutes post-exercise (P<0.001). Telomeric repeat binding factor 2, interacting protein (TERF2IP) was identified as a potential binding target for miR-186 and miR-96 and demonstrated concomitant downregulation (P<0.01) at the corresponding time point. Intense cardiorespiratory exercise was sufficient to differentially regulate key telomeric genes and miRNAs in white blood cells. These results may provide a mechanistic insight into telomere homeostasis and improved immune function and physical health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warrick L. Chilton
- School of Health Sciences, Federation University Australia, Victoria, Australia
| | - Francine Z. Marques
- School of Health Sciences, Federation University Australia, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jenny West
- Fiona Elsey Cancer Research Institute, Ballarat, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Stuart P. Berzins
- Fiona Elsey Cancer Research Institute, Ballarat, Victoria, Australia
| | - Brendan J. O’Brien
- School of Health Sciences, Federation University Australia, Victoria, Australia
| | - Fadi J. Charchar
- School of Health Sciences, Federation University Australia, Victoria, Australia
- * E-mail:
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Frohnert C, Hutten S, Wälde S, Nath A, Kehlenbach RH. Importin 7 and Nup358 promote nuclear import of the protein component of human telomerase. PLoS One 2014; 9:e88887. [PMID: 24586428 PMCID: PMC3930611 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2013] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
In actively dividing eukaryotic cells, chromosome ends (telomeres) are subject to progressive shortening, unless they are maintained by the action of telomerase, a dedicated enzyme that adds DNA sequence repeats to chromosomal 3′end. For its enzymatic function on telomeres, telomerase requires nuclear import of its protein component (hTERT in human cells) and assembly with the RNA component, TERC. We now confirm a major nuclear localization signal (NLS) in the N-terminal region of hTERT and describe a novel one in the C-terminal part. Using an siRNA approach to deplete several import receptors, we identify importin 7 as a soluble nuclear transport factor that is required for efficient import. At the level of the nuclear pore complex (NPC), Nup358, a nucleoporin that forms the cytoplasmic filaments of the NPC, plays an important role in nuclear import of hTERT. A structure-function analysis of Nup358 revealed that the zinc finger region of the nucleoporin is of particular importance for transport of hTERT. Together, our study sheds light on the nuclear import pathway of hTERT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia Frohnert
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Saskia Hutten
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sarah Wälde
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Annegret Nath
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ralph H. Kehlenbach
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Telomerase in Bladder Cancer: Back to a Better Future? Eur Urol 2014; 65:370-1. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2013.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 10/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Wang J, Chen Y, Ren J, Zhao C, Qu X. G-Quadruplex binding enantiomers show chiral selective interactions with human telomere. Nucleic Acids Res 2014; 42:3792-802. [PMID: 24413564 PMCID: PMC3973297 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkt1354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Chiral recognition of DNA molecules is important because DNA chiral transition and its different conformations are involved in a series of important life events. Among them, polymorphic human telomere DNA has attracted great interests in recent years because of its important roles in chromosome structural integrity. In this report, we examine the short-term effect of chiral metallo-supramolecular complex enantiomers treatment on tumor cells, and find that a zinc-finger-like alpha helical chiral metallo-supramolecular complex, [Ni2L3]4+-P enantiomer (NiP), can selectively provoke the rapid telomere uncapping, trigger DNA damage responses at telomere and degradation of G-overhang and the delocalization of telomeric protein from telomeres. Further studies indicate that NiP can induce an acute cellular apoptosis and senescence in cancer cells rather than normal cells. These results are further evidenced by the upregulation of p21 and p16 proteins. Moreover, NiP can cause translocation of hTERT from nuclear to cytoplasm through Tyr 707 phosphorylation. While its enantiomer, [Ni2L3]4+-M (NiM), has no such mentioned effects, these results clearly demonstrate the compound’s chiral selectivity in cancer cells. Our work will shed light on design of chiral anticancer drugs targeting G-quadruplex DNA, and developing telomere and telomerase modulation agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiasi Wang
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Division of Biological Inorganic Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Changchun, Jilin 130022, China, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, China and Department of Neurosurgery, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
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Shen T, Ma J, Zhang L, Yu X, Liu M, Hou Y, Wang Y, Ma C, Li S, Zhu D. Positive feedback-loop of telomerase reverse transcriptase and 15-lipoxygenase-2 promotes pulmonary hypertension. PLoS One 2013; 8:e83132. [PMID: 24376652 PMCID: PMC3871619 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0083132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is characterized with pulmonary vasoconstriction and vascular remodeling mediated by 15-lipoxygenase (15-LO)/15-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (15-HETE) according to our previous studies. Meanwhile, telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) activity is highly correlated with vascular injury and remodeling, suggesting that TERT may be an essential determinant in the development of PH. The aim of this study was to determine the contribution and molecular mechanisms of TERT in the pathogenesis of PH. APPROACH AND RESULTS We measured the right ventricular systolic pressure (RVSP) and ventricular weight, analyzed morphometric change of the pulmonary vessels in the hypoxia or monocrotaline treated rats. Bromodeoxyuridine incorporation, transwell assay and flow cytometry in pulmonary smooth muscle cells were performed to investigate the roles and relationship of TERT and 15-LO/15-HETE in PH. We revealed that the expression of TERT was increased in pulmonary vasculature of patients with PH and in the monocrotaline or hypoxia rat model of PH. The up-regulation of TERT was associated with experimental elevated RVSP and pulmonary vascular remodeling. Coimmunoprecipitation experiments identified TERT as a novel interacting partner of 15-LO-2. TERT and 15-LO-2 augmented protein expression of each other. In addition, the proliferation, migration and cell-cycle transition from G0/G1 phase to S phase induced by hypoxia were inhibited by TERT knockdown, which were rescued by 15-HETE addition. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate that TERT regulates pulmonary vascular remodeling. TERT and 15-LO-2 form a positive feedback loop and together promote proliferation and migration of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells, creating a self-amplifying circuit which propels pulmonary hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Shen
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University (Daqing), Daqing, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Jun Ma
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University (Daqing), Daqing, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University (Daqing), Daqing, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Xiufeng Yu
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University (Daqing), Daqing, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Mengmeng Liu
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University (Daqing), Daqing, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Yunlong Hou
- Department of Pharmacology (the State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education), Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Yanyan Wang
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University (Daqing), Daqing, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Cui Ma
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University (Daqing), Daqing, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Shuzhen Li
- Biopharmaceutical Key Laboratory of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Daling Zhu
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University (Daqing), Daqing, Heilongjiang Province, China
- Biopharmaceutical Key Laboratory of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
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Lanna A, Coutavas E, Levati L, Seidel J, Rustin MHA, Henson SM, Akbar AN, Franzese O. IFN-α inhibits telomerase in human CD8⁺ T cells by both hTERT downregulation and induction of p38 MAPK signaling. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 191:3744-52. [PMID: 23997212 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1301409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The cytokine IFN-α is secreted during viral infections and has been shown to inhibit telomerase activity and accelerate T cell differentiation in vivo. However, the mechanism for this inhibition is not clear. In this study, we show that IFN-α inhibits both the transcription and translation of human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT), the catalytic component of telomerase, in activated CD8(+) T cells. This was associated with increased activity of the repressor of hTERT transcription E2 transcription factor and decreased activation of NF-κB that promotes hTERT transcription. However IFN-α did not affect the translocation of hTERT from the cytoplasm to the nucleus. IFN-α also inhibits AKT kinase activation but increases p38 MAPK activity, and both of these events have been shown previously to inhibit telomerase activity. Addition of BIRB796, an inhibitor of p38 activity, to IFN-α-treated cells reversed, in part, the inhibition of telomerase by this cytokine. Therefore, IFN-α can inhibit the enzyme telomerase in CD8(+) T cells by transcriptional and posttranslational mechanisms. Furthermore, the addition of IFN-α to CD8(+)CD27(+)CD28(+) T cells accelerates the loss of both these costimulatory molecules. This suggests that persistent viral infections may contribute to the accumulation of highly differentiated/senescent CD8(+)CD27(-)CD28(-) T cells during aging by promoting IFN-α secretion during repeated episodes of viral reactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Lanna
- Pharmacology Section, Department of System Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133, Rome, Italy
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Yamada O, Kawauchi K. The role of the JAK-STAT pathway and related signal cascades in telomerase activation during the development of hematologic malignancies. JAKSTAT 2013; 2:e25256. [PMID: 24416646 PMCID: PMC3876434 DOI: 10.4161/jkst.25256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2013] [Revised: 05/25/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Telomerase, comprising a reverse transcriptase protein (TERT) and an RNA template, plays a critical role during senescence and carcinogenesis; however, the mechanisms by which telomerase is regulated remain to be elucidated. Several signaling pathways are involved in the activation of TERT at multistep levels. The JAK-STAT pathway is indispensable for mediating signals through growth factor and cytokine receptors during the development of hematopoietic cells, and its activity is frequently upregulated in hematological malignancies. Here, we review the role of the JAK-STAT pathway and related signaling cascades in the regulation of telomerase in hematological malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osamu Yamada
- Medical Research Institute and Department of Hematology; Tokyo Women's Medical University; Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kiyotaka Kawauchi
- Department of Medicine; Tokyo Women's Medical University; Medical Center East; Tokyo, Japan ; Nishiogu Clinic; Tokyo, Japan
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Comandini A, Naro C, Adamo R, Akbar AN, Lanna A, Bonmassar E, Franzese O. Molecular mechanisms involved in HIV-1-Tat mediated inhibition of telomerase activity in human CD4+ T lymphocytes. Mol Immunol 2013; 54:181-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2012.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2012] [Revised: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Benko AL, Olsen NJ, Kovacs WJ. Estrogen and telomerase in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2012; 364:83-8. [PMID: 22954679 PMCID: PMC3473148 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2012.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2012] [Revised: 07/23/2012] [Accepted: 08/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The enzyme telomerase plays an important role in sustaining the capacity of T lymphocytes for homeostatic replication. Recent data have suggested that gonadal steroids might modulate telomerase expression or activity within these cells. We used quantitative assay techniques for both telomerase mRNA expression and telomerase enzymatic activity to systematically examine the effects of physiologic concentrations of estradiol on human peripheral blood mononuclear cells under basal conditions and under conditions that normally enhance telomerase activity in T lymphocytes. Cells from women tended to exhibit higher responsiveness of telomerase activity to induction by T cell receptor engagement. However, we found no evidence of a direct effect of physiologic concentrations of estradiol on human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) mRNA expression, hTERT protein expression, or telomerase enzymatic activity in cultured PBMCs. While estrogen might exert developmental effects on T cells to alter telomerase responsiveness to T cell receptor engagement, mature peripheral T cells do not respond to estradiol with changes in expression or function of telomerase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann L. Benko
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, The Pennsylvania State University - College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033
| | - Nancy J. Olsen
- Division of Rheumatology, The Pennsylvania State University - College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033
| | - William J. Kovacs
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, The Pennsylvania State University - College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033
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Kasiappan R, Shen Z, Tse AKW, Jinwal U, Tang J, Lungchukiet P, Sun Y, Kruk P, Nicosia SV, Zhang X, Bai W. 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 suppresses telomerase expression and human cancer growth through microRNA-498. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:41297-309. [PMID: 23055531 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.407189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Telomerase is an essential enzyme that counteracts the telomere attrition accompanying DNA replication during cell division. Regulation of the promoter activity of the gene encoding its catalytic subunit, the telomerase reverse transcriptase, is established as the dominant mechanism conferring the high telomerase activity in proliferating cells, such as embryonic stem and cancer cells. This study reveals a new mechanism of telomerase regulation through non-coding small RNA by showing that microRNA-498 (miR-498) induced by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)(2)D(3)) decreases the mRNA expression of the human telomerase reverse transcriptase. MiR-498 was first identified in a microarray analysis as the most induced microRNA by 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) in ovarian cancer cells and subsequently validated by quantitative polymerase chain reaction assays in multiple human cancer types. A functional vitamin D response element was defined in the 5-prime regulatory region of the miR-498 genome, which is occupied by the vitamin D receptor and its coactivators. Further studies showed that miR-498 targeted the 3-prime untranslated region of human telomerase reverse transcriptase mRNA and decreased its expression. The levels of miR-498 expression were decreased in malignant human ovarian tumors as well as human ovarian cancer cell lines. The ability of 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) to decrease human telomerase reverse transcriptase mRNA and to suppress ovarian cancer growth was compromised when miR-498 was depleted using the sponges in cell lines and mouse tumor models. Taken together, our studies define a novel mechanism of telomerase regulation by small non-coding RNAs and identify miR-498 as an important mediator for the anti-tumor activity of 1,25(OH)(2)D(3).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Kasiappan
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida 33612-4799, USA
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