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Alam I, Gerard-O’Riley RL, Acton D, Hardman SL, Murphy M, Alvarez MB, Blosser RJ, Sinn A, Srour EF, Kacena MA, Econs MJ. Bone marrow transplantation as a therapy for autosomal dominant osteopetrosis type 2 in mice. FASEB J 2022; 36:e22471. [PMID: 35959867 PMCID: PMC9397585 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202200678r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Autosomal dominant osteopetrosis type II (ADO2) is a heritable bone disease of impaired osteoclastic bone resorption caused by missense mutations in the chloride channel 7 (CLCN7) gene. Clinical features of ADO2 include fractures, osteomyelitis of jaw, vision loss, and in severe cases, bone marrow failure. Currently, there is no effective therapy for ADO2, and patients usually receive symptomatic treatments. Theoretically, bone marrow transplantation (BMT), which is commonly used in recessive osteopetrosis, could be used to treat ADO2, although the frequency of complications related to BMT is quite high. We created an ADO2 knock-in (p.G213R mutation) mouse model on the 129 genetic background, and their phenotypes mimic the human disease of ADO2. To test whether BMT could restore osteoclast function and rescue the bone phenotypes in ADO2 mice, we transplanted bone marrow cells from 6-8 weeks old male WT donor mice into recipient female ADO2 mice. Also, to determine whether age at the time of transplant may play a role in transplant success, we performed BMT in young (12-week-old) and old (9-month-old) ADO2 mice. Our data indicate that ADO2 mice transplanted with WT marrow achieved more than 90% engraftment up to 6 months post-transplantation at both young and old ages. The in-vivo DXA data revealed that young ADO2 mice transplanted with WT marrow had significantly lower whole body and spine areal bone mineral density (aBMD) at month 6 post-transplantation compared to the ADO2 control mice. The old ADO2 mice also displayed significantly lower whole body, femur, and spine aBMD at months 4 and 5 post-transplantation compared to the age-matched control mice. The in-vivo micro-CT data showed that ADO2 experimental mice transplanted with WT marrow had significantly lower BV/TV at months 2 and 4 post-transplantation compared to the ADO2 control mice at a young age. In contrast, ADO2 control and experimental mice displayed similar BV/TV values for all post-transplantation time points at old age. In addition, serum CTX was significantly higher at month 2 post-transplantation in both young and old ADO2 experimental mice compared to the ADO2 control mice. Serum P1NP levels in young ADO2 experimental mice were significantly higher at baseline and month 2 post-transplantation compared to the ADO2 control mice. These data suggest that BMT may provide, at least, some beneficial effect at both young and adult ages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imranul Alam
- Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, IN 46202, USA
| | | | - Dena Acton
- Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, IN 46202, USA
| | - Sara L. Hardman
- Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, IN 46202, USA
| | - Madeline Murphy
- Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, IN 46202, USA
| | - Marta B. Alvarez
- Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, IN 46202, USA
| | - Rachel J. Blosser
- Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, IN 46202, USA
| | - Anthony Sinn
- Melvin and Bren Simon Comprehensive Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, IN 46202, USA
| | - Edward F. Srour
- Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, IN 46202, USA
- Melvin and Bren Simon Comprehensive Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, IN 46202, USA
| | - Melissa A. Kacena
- Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, IN 46202, USA
- Melvin and Bren Simon Comprehensive Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, IN 46202, USA
| | - Michael J. Econs
- Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, IN 46202, USA
- Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, IN 46202, USA
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2
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Elkashty OA, Ashry R, Tran SD. Head and neck cancer management and cancer stem cells implication. Saudi Dent J 2019; 31:395-416. [PMID: 31700218 PMCID: PMC6823822 DOI: 10.1016/j.sdentj.2019.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs) arise in the mucosal linings of the upper aerodigestive tract and are heterogeneous in nature. Risk factors for HNSCCs are smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, and the human papilloma virus. Conventional treatments are surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, or a combined modality; however, no international standard mode of therapy exists. In contrast to the conventional model of clonal evolution in tumor development, there is a newly proposed theory based on the activity of cancer stem cells (CSCs) as the model for carcinogenesis. This “CSC hypothesis” may explain the high mortality rate, low response to treatments, and tendency to develop multiple tumors for HNSCC patients. We review current knowledge on HNSCC etiology and treatment, with a focus on CSCs, including their origins, identifications, and effects on therapeutic options.
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Key Words
- ABC, ATP-binding cassette transporters
- ATC, amplifying transitory cell
- Antineoplastic agents
- BMI-1, B cell-specific Moloney murine leukemia virus integration site 1
- Cancer stem cells
- Cancer treatment
- Carcinoma
- EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor
- HIFs, hypoxia-inducible factors
- Head and neck cancer
- MDR1, Multidrug Resistance Protein 1
- NF-κB, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells
- PI3K, phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase
- Squamous cell
- TKIs, tyrosine kinase inhibitors
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Affiliation(s)
- Osama A Elkashty
- McGill Craniofacial Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Oral Pathology Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Ramy Ashry
- Oral Pathology Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Simon D Tran
- McGill Craniofacial Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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3
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Song Y, Du H, Dai C, Zhang L, Li S, Hunter DJ, Lu L, Bao C. Human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells for osteoarthritis: a pilot study with long-term follow-up and repeated injections. Regen Med 2018; 13:295-307. [PMID: 29417902 DOI: 10.2217/rme-2017-0152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM This study aimed to evaluate the safety and therapeutic potential of autologous human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (haMSCs) in patients with osteoarthritis. MATERIALS & METHODS Safety and efficacy of haMSCs were preclinically assessed in vitro and in BALB/c-nu nude mice. 18 patients were enrolled and divided into three dose groups: the low-dose, mid-dose and high-dose group (1 × 107, 2 × 107 and 5 × 107 cells, respectively), provided three injections and followed up for 96 weeks. RESULTS & CONCLUSION The preclinical study established the safety and efficacy of haMSCs. Intra-articular injections of haMSCs were safe and improved pain, function and cartilage volume of the knee joint, rendering them a promising novel treatment for knee osteoarthritis. The dosage of 5 × 107 haMSCs exhibited the highest improvement (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01809769).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Song
- Department of Rheumatology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Du
- Department of Rheumatology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Li Zhang
- Cellular Biomedicine Group Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Suke Li
- Cellular Biomedicine Group Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - David J Hunter
- Rheumatology Department, Royal North Shore Hospital & Institute of Bone & Joint Research, Kolling Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Liangjing Lu
- Department of Rheumatology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunde Bao
- Department of Rheumatology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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4
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Abstract
I started research in high school, experimenting on immunological tolerance to transplantation antigens. This led to studies of the thymus as the site of maturation of T cells, which led to the discovery, isolation, and clinical transplantation of purified hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). The induction of immune tolerance with HSCs has led to isolation of other tissue-specific stem cells for regenerative medicine. Our studies of circulating competing germline stem cells in colonial protochordates led us to document competing HSCs. In human acute myelogenous leukemia we showed that all preleukemic mutations occur in HSCs, and determined their order; the final mutations occur in a multipotent progenitor derived from the preleukemic HSC clone. With these, we discovered that CD47 is an upregulated gene in all human cancers and is a "don't eat me" signal; blocking it with antibodies leads to cancer cell phagocytosis. CD47 is the first known gene common to all cancers and is a target for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irving Weissman
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, and Ludwig Center for Cancer Stem Cell Research and Medicine at Stanford, Stanford, CA 94305
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5
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Zhu E, Hu L, Wu H, Piao L, Zhao G, Inoue A, Kim W, Yu C, Xu W, Bando YK, Li X, Lei Y, Hao CN, Takeshita K, Kim WS, Okumura K, Murohara T, Kuzuya M, Cheng XW. Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Regulates Hematopoietic Stem Cell Activation in Response to Chronic Stress. J Am Heart Assoc 2017; 6:JAHA.117.006394. [PMID: 28710180 PMCID: PMC5586325 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.117.006394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Background DPP4 (Dipeptidyl peptidase‐4)‐GLP‐1 (glucagon‐like peptide‐1) and its receptor (GLP‐1R) axis has been involved in several intracellular signaling pathways. The Adrβ3 (β3‐adrenergic receptor)/CXCL12 (C‐X‐C motif chemokine 12) signal was required for the hematopoiesis. We investigated the novel molecular requirements between DPP4‐GLP‐1/GLP‐1 and Adrβ3/CXCL12 signals in bone marrow (BM) hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) activation in response to chronic stress. Methods and Results Male 8‐week‐old mice were subjected to 4‐week intermittent restrain stress and orally treated with vehicle or the DPP4 inhibitor anagliptin (30 mg/kg per day). Control mice were left undisturbed. The stress increased the blood and brain DPP4 levels, the plasma epinephrine and norepinephrine levels, and the BM niche cell Adrβ3 expression, and it decreased the plasma GLP‐1 levels and the brain GLP‐1R and BM CXCL12 expressions. These changes were reversed by DPP4 inhibition. The stress activated BM sca‐1highc‐KithighCD48lowCD150highHSC proliferation, giving rise to high levels of blood leukocytes and monocytes. The stress‐activated HSC proliferation was reversed by DPP4 depletion and by GLP‐1R activation. Finally, the selective pharmacological blocking of Adrβ3 mitigated HSC activation, accompanied by an improvement of CXCL12 gene expression in BM niche cells in response to chronic stress. Conclusions These findings suggest that DPP4 can regulate chronic stress‐induced BM HSC activation and inflammatory cell production via an Adrβ3/CXCL12‐dependent mechanism that is mediated by the GLP‐1/GLP‐1R axis, suggesting that the DPP4 inhibition or the GLP‐1R stimulation may have applications for treating inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enbo Zhu
- Department of Cardiology and ICU, Yanbian University Hospital, Yanji, China.,Department of and Community Healthcare & Geriatrics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Lina Hu
- Department of Public Health, Guilin Medical College, Guilin Guangxi, China.,Department of and Community Healthcare & Geriatrics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hongxian Wu
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Limei Piao
- Department of Cardiology and ICU, Yanbian University Hospital, Yanji, China.,Department of and Community Healthcare & Geriatrics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Guangxian Zhao
- Department of Cardiology and ICU, Yanbian University Hospital, Yanji, China
| | - Aiko Inoue
- Department of and Community Healthcare & Geriatrics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.,Institute of Innovation for Future Society, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Weon Kim
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Chenglin Yu
- Department of and Community Healthcare & Geriatrics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Wenhu Xu
- Department of Cardiology and ICU, Yanbian University Hospital, Yanji, China.,Department of and Community Healthcare & Geriatrics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yasuko K Bando
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of Cardiology and ICU, Yanbian University Hospital, Yanji, China.,Department of and Community Healthcare & Geriatrics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yanna Lei
- Department of Cardiology and ICU, Yanbian University Hospital, Yanji, China
| | - Chang-Ning Hao
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kyosuke Takeshita
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Woo-Shik Kim
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kenji Okumura
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Toyoaki Murohara
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Masafumi Kuzuya
- Department of and Community Healthcare & Geriatrics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.,Institute of Innovation for Future Society, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Xian Wu Cheng
- Department of Cardiology and ICU, Yanbian University Hospital, Yanji, China .,Department of and Community Healthcare & Geriatrics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.,Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.,Institute of Innovation for Future Society, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.,Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
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6
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Chao ML, Guo J, Cheng WL, Zhu XY, She ZG, Huang Z, Ji Y, Li H. Loss of Caspase-Activated DNase Protects Against Atherosclerosis in Apolipoprotein E-Deficient Mice. J Am Heart Assoc 2016; 5:JAHA.116.004362. [PMID: 28007744 PMCID: PMC5210397 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.116.004362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Background Atherosclerosis is a chronic disease that is closely related to inflammation and macrophage apoptosis, which leads to secondary necrosis and proinflammatory responses in advanced lesions. Caspase‐activated DNase (CAD) is a double‐strand specific endonuclease that leads to the subsequent degradation of chromosome DNA during apoptosis. However, whether CAD is involved in the progression of atherosclerosis remains elusive. Methods and Results CAD−/−ApoE−/− and ApoE−/− littermates were fed a high‐fat diet for 28 weeks to develop atherosclerosis. Human specimens were collected from coronary heart disease (CHD) patients who were not suitable for transplantation. CAD expression was increased in the atheromatous lesions of CHD patients and high‐fat diet‐treated ApoE‐deficient mice. Further investigation demonstrated that CAD deficiency inhibited high‐fat diet‐induced atherosclerosis, as evidenced by decreased atherosclerotic plaques, inhibited inflammatory response, and macrophage apoptosis, as well as enhanced stability of plaques in CAD−/−ApoE−/− mice compared to the ApoE−/− controls. Bone marrow transplantation verified the effect of CAD on atherosclerosis from macrophages. Mechanically, the decrease in the phosphorylated levels of mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) kinase/extracellular signal‐regulated kinase 1 and 2 (MEK‐ERK1/2) that resulted from CAD knockout and the activation of nuclear factor kappa B signaling mediated by CAD stimulation that was suppressed by inhibiting ERK1/2 phosphorylation revealed the potential association between the role of CAD in atherosclerosis and the MAPK signaling pathway. Conclusions In conclusion, CAD deficiency protects against atherosclerosis through inhibiting inflammation and macrophage apoptosis, which is partially through inactivation of the MEK‐ERK1/2 signaling pathway. This finding provides a promising therapeutic target for treating atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Lin Chao
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,The Institute of Model Animals of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Junhong Guo
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,The Institute of Model Animals of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wen-Lin Cheng
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,The Institute of Model Animals of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xue-Yong Zhu
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,The Institute of Model Animals of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhi-Gang She
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,The Institute of Model Animals of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zan Huang
- College of Life Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yong Ji
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hongliang Li
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China .,The Institute of Model Animals of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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7
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Latchney SE, Calvi LM. The aging hematopoietic stem cell niche: Phenotypic and functional changes and mechanisms that contribute to hematopoietic aging. Semin Hematol 2016; 54:25-32. [PMID: 28088984 DOI: 10.1053/j.seminhematol.2016.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The hematopoietic system has the remarkable ability to provide a lifelong supply of mature cells that make up the entire blood and immune system. However, similar to other adult stem cell niches, the hematopoietic system is vulnerable to the detrimental effects of aging. This is a substantial health concern as the trend for population aging continues to increase. Identifying mechanisms that underlie hematopoietic aging is vital for understanding hematopoietic-related diseases. In this review, we first discuss the cellular hierarchy of the hematopoietic system and the components that make up the surrounding hematopoietic niche. We then provide an overview of the major phenotypes associated with hematopoietic aging and discuss recent research investigating cell-intrinsic and cell-extrinsic mechanisms of hematopoietic stem cell (HSCs) aging. We end by discussing the exciting new concept of possibly reversing the HSC aging process along with outstanding questions that remain to be answered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Latchney
- Endocrine Metabolism Division, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester NY
| | - Laura M Calvi
- Endocrine Metabolism Division, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester NY; Department of Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester NY.
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8
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miRNA-regulated cancer stem cells: understanding the property and the role of miRNA in carcinogenesis. Tumour Biol 2016; 37:13039-13048. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-016-5156-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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9
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Zhou X, Crow AL, Hartiala J, Spindler TJ, Ghazalpour A, Barsky LW, Bennett BJ, Parks BW, Eskin E, Jain R, Epstein JA, Lusis AJ, Adams GB, Allayee H. The Genetic Landscape of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Frequency in Mice. Stem Cell Reports 2015; 5:125-38. [PMID: 26050929 PMCID: PMC4618249 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2015.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Revised: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Prior efforts to identify regulators of hematopoietic stem cell physiology have relied mainly on candidate gene approaches with genetically modified mice. Here we used a genome-wide association study (GWAS) strategy with the hybrid mouse diversity panel to identify the genetic determinants of hematopoietic stem/progenitor cell (HSPC) frequency. Among 108 strains, we observed ∼120- to 300-fold variation in three HSPC populations. A GWAS analysis identified several loci that were significantly associated with HSPC frequency, including a locus on chromosome 5 harboring the homeodomain-only protein gene (Hopx). Hopx previously had been implicated in cardiac development but was not known to influence HSPC biology. Analysis of the HSPC pool in Hopx−/− mice demonstrated significantly reduced cell frequencies and impaired engraftment in competitive repopulation assays, thus providing functional validation of this positional candidate gene. These results demonstrate the power of GWAS in mice to identify genetic determinants of the hematopoietic system. Genetic variation across mouse strains influences hematopoietic stem cell frequency This variation can be exploited for genome-wide association studies Hopx is a regulator of hematopoietic stem/progenitor cell function This approach can be used to identify genetic determinants of other stem cell systems
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Zhou
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research at USC, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Amanda L Crow
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Institute for Genetic Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Jaana Hartiala
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Institute for Genetic Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Tassja J Spindler
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research at USC, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Anatole Ghazalpour
- Departments of Human Genetics, Medicine, and Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Lora W Barsky
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research at USC, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Brian J Bennett
- Department of Genetics and Nutrition Research Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA
| | - Brian W Parks
- Departments of Human Genetics, Medicine, and Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Eleazar Eskin
- Department of Computer Science and Inter-Departmental Program in Bioinformatics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Rajan Jain
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology and Penn Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jonathan A Epstein
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology and Penn Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Aldons J Lusis
- Departments of Human Genetics, Medicine, and Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Gregor B Adams
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research at USC, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
| | - Hooman Allayee
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Institute for Genetic Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
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10
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CD201 and CD27 identify hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells across multiple murine strains independently of Kit and Sca-1. Exp Hematol 2015; 43:578-85. [PMID: 25892186 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2015.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Revised: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Identification and isolation of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) in mice is most commonly based on the expression of surface molecules Kit and Sca-1 and the absence of markers of mature lineages. However, Sca-1 is absent or weakly expressed in hematopoietic progenitors in many strains, including nonobese diabetic (NOD), BALB/c, C3H, and CBA mice. In addition, both Kit and Sca-1 levels are modulated following bone marrow injury. In these cases, other markers and dye exclusion methods have been employed to identify HSCs, yet there is no antibody-based stain that enables identification of HSCs and early progenitors when Kit and Sca-1 are inadequate. CD201 is a marker that is highly restricted to HSCs and progenitors, and CD27 is expressed at moderate-to-high levels on HSCs. We show here that combining CD201 and CD27 enables highly efficient isolation of long-term HSCs in NOD mice as well as in other strains, including SJL, FVB, AKR, BALB/c, C3H, and CBA. We also find that HSCs appear to maintain expression of CD201 and CD27 after hematopoietic injury when Kit expression is downregulated. These results suggest a widely applicable yet simple alternative for HSC isolation in settings where Kit and Sca-1 expression are insufficient.
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11
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Leon-Rico D, Fernández-García M, Aldea M, Sánchez R, Peces-Barba M, Martinez-Palacio J, Yáñez RM, Almarza E. Comparison of haematopoietic stem cell engraftment through the retro-orbital venous sinus and the lateral vein: alternative routes for bone marrow transplantation in mice. Lab Anim 2015; 49:132-41. [PMID: 25586937 DOI: 10.1177/0023677214567915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Bone marrow transplantation in mice is performed by intravenous administration of haematopoietic repopulating cells, usually via the lateral tail vein. This technique can be technically challenging to carry out and may cause distress to the mice. The retro-orbital sinus is a large area where there is a confluence of several vessels that provides an alternative route for intravenous access. Retro-orbital injection, although aesthetically unpleasant, can be performed rapidly without requiring mechanical restriction or heat-induced vasodilation. In addition, this technique can be easily learned by novice manipulators. This route of administration has been reported for use in bone marrow transplantation but there is no comparison of retro-orbital and tail vein injections reported for this specific purpose, although both routes have been compared for many other applications. Here, we provide for the first time a comprehensive comparison between tail vein and retro-orbital injections for two different bone marrow transplant scenarios in P3B and B6D2F1 mice. In both cases, no significant differences regarding donor engraftment were observed between mice transplanted using each of the techniques. Haematological counts and leukocyte subpopulation distribution were practically identical between both animal groups. Moreover, donor engraftment levels were less homogenous when cells were transplanted by tail vein injection, probably due to a higher risk of failure associated with this technique. All these data suggest that retro-orbital injection is a compelling alternative to conventional tail vein injection for bone marrow transplant in mice, providing similar and more homogenous haematopoietic reconstitution.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Leon-Rico
- Division of Haematopoietic Innovative Therapies. Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT) and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBER-ER), Madrid, Spain Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz. (IIS-FJD, UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - M Fernández-García
- Division of Haematopoietic Innovative Therapies. Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT) and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBER-ER), Madrid, Spain Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz. (IIS-FJD, UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - M Aldea
- Division of Haematopoietic Innovative Therapies. Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT) and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBER-ER), Madrid, Spain Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz. (IIS-FJD, UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - R Sánchez
- Division of Haematopoietic Innovative Therapies. Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT) and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBER-ER), Madrid, Spain Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz. (IIS-FJD, UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - M Peces-Barba
- Division of Haematopoietic Innovative Therapies. Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT) and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBER-ER), Madrid, Spain
| | - J Martinez-Palacio
- Animal Facility, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), Madrid, Spain
| | - R M Yáñez
- Division of Haematopoietic Innovative Therapies. Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT) and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBER-ER), Madrid, Spain Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz. (IIS-FJD, UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - E Almarza
- Division of Haematopoietic Innovative Therapies. Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT) and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBER-ER), Madrid, Spain Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz. (IIS-FJD, UAM), Madrid, Spain
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12
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Madjd Z, Gheytanchi E, Erfani E, Asadi-Lari M. Application of stem cells in targeted therapy of breast cancer: a systematic review. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2015; 14:2789-800. [PMID: 23803033 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2013.14.5.2789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this systematic review was to investigate whether stem cells could be effectively applied in targeted therapy of breast cancer. MATERIAL AND METHOD A systematic literature search was performed for original articles published from January 2007 until May 2012. RESULTS Nine studies met the inclusion criteria for phase I or II clinical trials, of which three used stem cells as vehicles, two trials used autologous hematopoetic stem cells and in four trials cancer stem cells were targeted. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) were applied as cellular vehicles to transfer therapeutic agents. Cell therapy with MSC can successfully target resistant cancers. Cancer stem cells were selectively targeted via a proteasome-dependent suicide gene leading to tumor regression. Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway has been also evidenced to be an attractive CSC-target. CONCLUSIONS This systematic review focused on two different concepts of stem cells and breast cancer marking a turning point in the trials that applied stem cells as cellular vehicles for targeted delivery therapy as well as CSC-targeted therapies. Applying stem cells as targeted therapy could be an effective therapeutic approach for treatment of breast cancer in the clinic and in therapeutic marketing; however this needs to be confirmed with further clinical investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Madjd
- Department of Pathology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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13
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Zhou T, Chen P, Gu J, Bishop AJR, Scott LM, Hasty P, Rebel VI. Potential relationship between inadequate response to DNA damage and development of myelodysplastic syndrome. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:966-89. [PMID: 25569081 PMCID: PMC4307285 DOI: 10.3390/ijms16010966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are responsible for the continuous regeneration of all types of blood cells, including themselves. To ensure the functional and genomic integrity of blood tissue, a network of regulatory pathways tightly controls the proliferative status of HSCs. Nevertheless, normal HSC aging is associated with a noticeable decline in regenerative potential and possible changes in other functions. Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) is an age-associated hematopoietic malignancy, characterized by abnormal blood cell maturation and a high propensity for leukemic transformation. It is furthermore thought to originate in a HSC and to be associated with the accrual of multiple genetic and epigenetic aberrations. This raises the question whether MDS is, in part, related to an inability to adequately cope with DNA damage. Here we discuss the various components of the cellular response to DNA damage. For each component, we evaluate related studies that may shed light on a potential relationship between MDS development and aberrant DNA damage response/repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Zhou
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research Center, University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio (UTHSCSA), 8403 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA.
| | - Peishuai Chen
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research Center, University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio (UTHSCSA), 8403 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA.
| | - Jian Gu
- Department of Hematology, Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital, Yangzhou 225001, China.
| | - Alexander J R Bishop
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research Center, University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio (UTHSCSA), 8403 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA.
| | - Linda M Scott
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, 37 Kent Street, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia.
| | - Paul Hasty
- The Cancer Therapy Research Center, UTHSCSA, 7979 Wurzbach Road, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA.
| | - Vivienne I Rebel
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research Center, University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio (UTHSCSA), 8403 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA.
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14
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Kozovska Z, Gabrisova V, Kucerova L. Colon cancer: Cancer stem cells markers, drug resistance and treatment. Biomed Pharmacother 2014; 68:911-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2014.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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15
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Barcellos-Hoff MH, Kleinberg DL. Breast cancer risk in BRCA1 mutation carriers: insight from mouse models. Ann Oncol 2014; 24 Suppl 8:viii8-viii12. [PMID: 24131977 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdt305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Since its identification 20 years ago, the biological basis for the high breast cancer risk in women who have germline BRCA1 mutations has been an area of intense study for three reasons. First, BRCA1 was the first gene shown to associate with breast cancer risk, and therefore serves as model for understanding genetic susceptibility. Second, the type of breast cancer that occurs in these women has specific features that have engendered new hypotheses about the cancer biology. Third, it is hoped that understanding the origins of this disease may provide the means to prevent disease. Resolving this question has proven extremely challenging because the biology controlled by BRCA1 is complex. Our working model is that the high frequency of basal-like breast cancer in BRCA1 mutation carriers is the result of a self-perpetuating triad of cellular phenotypes consisting of: (i) intrinsic defects in DNA repair and centrosome regulation that lead to genomic instability and increases spontaneous transformation; (ii) aberrant lineage commitment; and (iii) increased proliferation due to in large part to increased IGF-1 activity. We propose that the last is key and is a potential entree for preventing breast cancer in BRCA1 mutation carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Barcellos-Hoff
- Department of Radiation Oncology, New York University School of Medicine, New York
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16
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Tarayrah L, Chen X. Epigenetic regulation in adult stem cells and cancers. Cell Biosci 2013; 3:41. [PMID: 24172544 PMCID: PMC3852361 DOI: 10.1186/2045-3701-3-41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 09/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult stem cells maintain tissue homeostasis by their ability to both self-renew and differentiate to distinct cell types. Multiple signaling pathways have been shown to play essential roles as extrinsic cues in maintaining adult stem cell identity and activity. Recent studies also show dynamic regulation by epigenetic mechanisms as intrinsic factors in multiple adult stem cell lineages. Emerging evidence demonstrates intimate crosstalk between these two mechanisms. Misregulation of adult stem cell activity could lead to tumorigenesis, and it has been proposed that cancer stem cells may be responsible for tumor growth and metastasis. However, it is unclear whether cancer stem cells share commonalities with normal adult stem cells. In this review, we will focus on recent discoveries of epigenetic regulation in multiple adult stem cell lineages. We will also discuss how epigenetic mechanisms regulate cancer stem cell activity and probe the common and different features between cancer stem cells and normal adult stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lama Tarayrah
- Department of Biology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA.
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17
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Barcellos-Hoff MH. Does microenvironment contribute to the etiology of estrogen receptor-negative breast cancer? Clin Cancer Res 2013; 19:541-8. [PMID: 23325583 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-12-2241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
What dictates the prevalence of certain types of breast cancer, which are classified by markers, particularly estrogen receptor (ER), expression profiles such as basal or luminal, and genetic alterations such as HER2 amplification, in particular populations is not well understood. It is increasingly evident that microenvironment disruption is highly intertwined with cancer progression. Here, the idea that microenvironment shapes the course of carcinogenesis, and hence breast cancer subtype, is discussed. Aggressive, basal-like, ER-negative breast tumors occur in younger women, African-American women, women who carry BRCA1 mutation, and women exposed to ionizing radiation. Recent experimental studies using ionizing radiation, a well-documented environmental exposure, suggest that certain processes in the microenvironment strongly favor the development of ER-negative tumors. Understanding the contribution of tissue microenvironment during carcinogenesis could lead to prevention strategies that are personalized to age, agent, and exposure to reduce the risk of aggressive breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Helen Barcellos-Hoff
- Author's Affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology and Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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18
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Pig peripheral blood mononuclear leucocyte subsets are heritable and genetically correlated with performance. Animal 2012; 2:1575-84. [PMID: 22444008 DOI: 10.1017/s1751731108002929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Indicator traits used to select pigs for increased resistance to infection or improved health must be heritable and, preferably, be associated with improved performance. We estimated the heritability of a range of immune traits and their genetic and phenotypic correlations with growth performance. We measured immune traits on 589 pigs and performance on 1941 pigs from six farms, three of which were classified as 'high health status' (i.e. specific pathogen-free) and three were of lower health status. All pigs were apparently healthy. Immune traits were total white blood cells (WBC), and peripheral blood mononuclear leucocyte (PBML) subsets positive for CD4, CD8α, gamma delta (γδ) T cell receptor, CD11R1 (natural killer cell marker), B cell and monocyte markers at the start and the end of standard growth performance tests. At both time points, all immune traits were moderately to highly heritable except for CD8α+ cells. At end of test, heritability estimates (h2) (±s.e.) were 0.18 (±0.11) for total WBC count. For PBML subset proportions, the heritabilities were 0.52 (±0.14) for γδ TCR+ cells, 0.62 (±0.14) for CD4+ cells, 0.44 (±0.14) for CD11R1+ cells, 0.58 (±0.14) for B cells and 0.59 (±0.14) for monocytes. Farm health status affected the heritabilities for WBC, being substantially higher on lower health status farms, but did not have consistent effects on heritabilities for the PBML subsets. There were significant negative genetic correlations between numbers and proportions of various PBML subsets and performance, at both start and end of test. In particular, the proportion of PBML cells that were CD11R1+ cells, at end of test, was strongly correlated with daily gain (rg = -0.72; P < 0.01). There were also weaker but significant negative phenotypic correlations between PBML subsets measured at end of test and performance, for γδ+ T cells, CD8α+, CD11R1+ cells, B cells or monocytes. Phenotypic correlations with daily gain were generally lower at the start of test than at the end of test. These results show that most of the major pig PBML subsets are heritable, and that systemic levels of several of these PBML subsets are genetically negatively correlated with performance. This approach provides a basis for using immune trait markers when selecting boars that can produce higher-performing progeny.
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Avagyan S, Aguilo F, Kamezaki K, Snoeck HW. Quantitative trait mapping reveals a regulatory axis involving peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors, PRDM16, transforming growth factor-β2 and FLT3 in hematopoiesis. Blood 2011; 118:6078-86. [PMID: 21967974 PMCID: PMC3234666 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2011-07-365080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2011] [Accepted: 09/23/2011] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Hematopoiesis is the process whereby BM HSCs renew to maintain their number or to differentiate into committed progenitors to generate all blood cells. One approach to gain mechanistic insight into this complex process is the investigation of quantitative genetic variation in hematopoietic function among inbred mouse strains. We previously showed that TGF-β2 is a genetically determined positive regulator of hematopoiesis. In the presence of unknown nonprotein serum factors TGF-β2, but not TGF-β1 or -β3, enhances progenitor proliferation in vitro, an effect that is subject to mouse strain-dependent variation mapping to a locus on chr.4, Tb2r1. TGF-β2-deficient mice show hematopoietic defects, demonstrating the physiologic role of this cytokine. Here, we show that TGF-β2 specifically and predominantly cell autonomously enhances signaling by FLT3 in vitro and in vivo. A coding polymorphism in Prdm16 (PR-domain-containing 16) underlies Tb2r1 and differentially regulates transcriptional activity of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ), identifying lipid PPAR ligands as the serum factors required for regulation of FLT3 signaling by TGF-β2. We furthermore show that PPARγ agonists play a FLT3-dependent role in stress responses of progenitor cells. These observations identify a novel regulatory axis that includes PPARs, Prdm16, and TGF-β2 in hematopoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serine Avagyan
- Children's Hospital of New York-Presbyterian, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
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20
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Mamun MA, Rahman MS, Fahmid Islam M, Honi U, Sobhani ME. Molecular biology and riddle of cancer: the ‘Tom & Jerry’ show. Oncol Rev 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s12156-011-0091-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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21
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Moitra K, Lou H, Dean M. Multidrug efflux pumps and cancer stem cells: insights into multidrug resistance and therapeutic development. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2011; 89:491-502. [PMID: 21368752 DOI: 10.1038/clpt.2011.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Stem cells possess the dual properties of self-renewal and pluripotency. Self-renewal affords these populations the luxury of self-propagation, whereas pluripotency allows them to produce the multitude of cell types found in the body. Protection of the stem cell population from damage or death is critical because these cells need to remain intact throughout the life of an organism. The principal mechanism of protection is through expression of multifunctional efflux transporters--the adenosine triphosphate-binding cassette (ABC) transporters that are the "guardians" of the stem cell population. Ironically, it has been shown that these ABC efflux pumps also afford protection to cancer stem cells (CSCs), shielding them from the adverse effects of chemotherapeutic insult. It is therefore imperative to gain a better understanding of the mechanisms involved in the resistance of stem cells to chemotherapy, which could lead to the discovery of new therapeutic targets and improvement of current anticancer strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Moitra
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Human Genetics Section, Cancer and Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
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22
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Soltanian S, Matin MM. Cancer stem cells and cancer therapy. Tumour Biol 2011; 32:425-40. [PMID: 21318290 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-011-0155-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2010] [Accepted: 01/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are a subpopulation of tumour cells that possess the stem cell properties of self-renewal and differentiation. Stem cells might be the target cells responsible for malignant transformation, and tumour formation may be a disorder of stem cell self-renewal pathway. Epigenetic alterations and mutations of genes involved in signal transmissions may promote the formation of CSCs. These cells have been identified in many solid tumours including breast, brain, lung, prostate, testis, ovary, colon, skin, liver, and also in acute myeloid leukaemia. The CSC theory clarifies not only the issue of tumour initiation, development, metastasis and relapse, but also the ineffectiveness of conventional cancer therapies. Treatments directed against the bulk of the cancer cells may produce striking responses but they are unlikely to result in long-term remissions if the rare CSCs are not targeted. In this review, we consider the properties of CSCs and possible strategies for controlling the viability and tumourigenecity of these cells, including therapeutic models for selective elimination of CSCs and induction of their proper differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Soltanian
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
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23
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Abstract
Identification of genes that regulate the development, self-renewal, and differentiation of stem cells is of vital importance for understanding normal organogenesis and cancer; such knowledge also underpins regenerative medicine. Here we demonstrate that chemical mutagenesis of mice combined with advances in hematopoietic stem cell reagents and genome resources can efficiently recover recessive mutations and identify genes essential for generation and proliferation of definitive hematopoietic stem cells and/or their progeny. We used high-throughput fluorescence-activated cell sorter to analyze 9 subsets of blood stem cells, progenitor cells, circulating red cells, and platelets in more than 1300 mouse embryos at embryonic day (E) 14.5. From 45 pedigrees, we recovered 6 strains with defects in definitive hematopoiesis. We demonstrate rapid identification of a novel mutation in the c-Myb transcription factor that results in thrombocythemia and myelofibrosis as proof of principal of the utility of our fluorescence-activated cell sorter-based screen. Such phenotype-driven approaches will provide new knowledge of the genes, protein interactions, and regulatory networks that underpin stem cell biology.
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Abstract
Abstract
Since the end of the ‘no-new-neuron’ theory, emerging evidence from multiple studies has supported the existence of stem cells in neurogenic areas of the adult brain. Along with this discovery, neural stem cells became candidate cells being at the origin of brain tumors. In fact, it has been demonstrated that molecular mechanisms controlling self-renewal and differentiation are shared between brain tumor stem cells and neural stem cells and that corruption of genes implicated in these pathways can direct tumor growth. In this regard, future anticancer approaches could be inspired by uncovering such redundancies and setting up treatments leading to exhaustion of the cancer stem cell pool. However, deleterious effects on (normal) neural stem cells should be minimized. Such therapeutic models underline the importance to study the cellular mechanisms implicated in fate decisions of neural stem cells and the oncogenic derivation of adult brain cells. In this review, we discuss the putative origins of brain tumor stem cells and their possible implications on future therapies.
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25
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Kumar R, Avagyan S, Snoeck HW. A quantitative trait locus on chr.4 regulates thymic involution. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2010; 65:620-5. [PMID: 20371546 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glq041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying age-associated thymic involution are unknown. In mice, thymic involution shows mouse strain-dependent genetic variation. Identification of the underlying genes would provide mechanistic insight into this elusive process. We previously showed that responsiveness of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) to transforming growth factor-beta 2, a positive regulator of HSPC proliferation, is regulated by a quantitative trait locus (QTL) on chr. 4, Tb2r1. Interestingly, Tgfb2(+/-) mice have delayed thymic involution. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that a QTL on chr. 4 might regulate thymic involution. Aged, but not young, B6.D2-chr.4 congenic mice, where the telomeric region of chr. 4 was introgressed from DBA/2 to C57BL/6 mice, had larger thymi, and better maintenance of early thymic precursors than C57BL/6 control mice. These observations unequivocally demonstrate that the telomeric region of chr. 4 contains a QTL, Ti1 (thymic involution 1) that regulates thymic involution, and suggest the possibility that Ti1 may be identical to Tb2r1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritu Kumar
- Department of Gene and Cell Medicine, Mount Sinai of School of Medicine, Gustave L. Levy Place, PO Box 1496, New York, NY 10029, USA
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26
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Bhattacharyya S, Khanduja KL. New hope in the horizon: cancer stem cells. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2010; 42:237-42. [PMID: 20383470 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmq013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The major goal of researchers and oncologists is to develop promising ground for novel therapeutic strategies to prevent recurrence or relapse of cancer. Recent evidences suggest that a subset of cells called cancer stem cells (CSCs) are present within the tumor mass which possess tumorigenic capacity and may be responsible for propagation, relapse, and metastatic dissemination. These cells have certain stem cell-like properties, e.g. quiescence, selfrenewal, asymmetric division, and multidrug resistance which allow them to drive tumor growth and evade conventional therapies. A number of markers and assays have been designed to isolate and characterize the CSC population from the bulk tumor. The objective now is to selectively target the CSCs in order to eliminate the tumor from root, overcoming the emergence of clones capable of evading traditional therapy. This approach may help in increasing the overall disease-free survival in some cancers.
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Shimono Y, Zabala M, Cho RW, Lobo N, Dalerba P, Qian D, Diehn M, Liu H, Panula SP, Chiao E, Dirbas FM, Somlo G, Pera RAR, Lao K, Clarke MF. Downregulation of miRNA-200c links breast cancer stem cells with normal stem cells. Cell 2009; 138:592-603. [PMID: 19665978 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2009.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 941] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2008] [Revised: 05/12/2009] [Accepted: 07/10/2009] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Human breast tumors contain a breast cancer stem cell (BCSC) population with properties reminiscent of normal stem cells. We found 37 microRNAs that were differentially expressed between human BCSCs and nontumorigenic cancer cells. Three clusters, miR-200c-141, miR-200b-200a-429, and miR-183-96-182 were downregulated in human BCSCs, normal human and murine mammary stem/progenitor cells, and embryonal carcinoma cells. Expression of BMI1, a known regulator of stem cell self-renewal, was modulated by miR-200c. miR-200c inhibited the clonal expansion of breast cancer cells and suppressed the growth of embryonal carcinoma cells in vitro. Most importantly, miR-200c strongly suppressed the ability of normal mammary stem cells to form mammary ducts and tumor formation driven by human BCSCs in vivo. The coordinated downregulation of three microRNA clusters and the similar functional regulation of clonal expansion by miR-200c provide a molecular link that connects BCSCs with normal stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Shimono
- Stanford Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, 1050 Arastradero Road, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
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Avagyan S, Glouchkova L, Choi J, Snoeck HW. A quantitative trait locus on chromosome 4 affects cycling of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells through regulation of TGF-beta 2 responsiveness. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 181:5904-11. [PMID: 18941179 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.9.5904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell (HSPC) compartment is subject to extensive quantitative genetic variation. We have previously shown that TGF-beta2 at low concentrations enhances flt3 ligand-induced growth of HSPCs, while it is potently antiproliferative at higher concentrations. This in vitro enhancing effect was subject to quantitative genetic variation, for which a quantitative trait locus (QTL) was tentatively mapped to chromosome 4 (chr.4). Tgfb2(+/-) mice have a smaller and more slowly cycling HSPC compartment, which has a decreased serial repopulation capacity, and are less susceptible to the lethal effect of high doses of 5-fluorouracil. To unequivocally demonstrate that these phenotypes can be attributed to the enhancing effect of TGF-beta2 on HSPC proliferation observed in vitro and are therefore subject to mouse strain-dependent variation as well, we generated congenic mice where the telomeric region of chr.4 was introgressed from DBA/2 into C57BL/6 mice. In these mice, the enhancing effect of TGF-beta2 on flt3 signaling, but not the generic antiproliferative effect of high concentrations of TGF-beta2, was abrogated, confirming the location of this QTL, which we named tb2r1, on chr.4. These mice shared a smaller and more slowly cycling HSPC compartment and increased 5-fluorouracil resistance but not a decreased serial repopulation capacity with Tgfb2(+/-) mice. The concordance of phenotypes between Tgfb2(+/-) and congenic mice indicates that HSPC frequency and cycling are regulated by tb2r1, while an additional QTL in the telomeric region of chr.4 may regulate the serial repopulation capacity of hematopoietic stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serine Avagyan
- Department of Gene and Cell Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
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29
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Hematopoietic fingerprints: an expression database of stem cells and their progeny. Cell Stem Cell 2008; 1:578-91. [PMID: 18371395 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2007.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 260] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2007] [Revised: 07/04/2007] [Accepted: 10/09/2007] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) continuously regenerate the hematologic system, yet few genes regulating this process have been defined. To identify candidate factors involved in differentiation and self-renewal, we have generated an expression database of hematopoietic stem cells and their differentiated progeny, including erythrocytes, granulocytes, monocytes, NK cells, activated and naive T cells, and B cells. Bioinformatic analysis revealed HSCs were more transcriptionally active than their progeny and shared a common activation mechanism with T cells. Each cell type also displayed unique biases in the regulation of particular genetic pathways, with Wnt signaling particularly enhanced in HSCs. We identified approximately 100-400 genes uniquely expressed in each cell type, termed lineage "fingerprints." In overexpression studies, two of these genes, Zfp 105 from the NK cell lineage, and Ets2 from the monocyte lineage, were able to significantly influence differentiation toward their respective lineages, demonstrating the utility of the fingerprints for identifying genes that regulate differentiation.
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31
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Long-term haematopoietic reconstitution by Trp53-/-p16Ink4a-/-p19Arf-/- multipotent progenitors. Nature 2008; 453:228-32. [DOI: 10.1038/nature06869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2007] [Accepted: 02/25/2008] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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32
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Stem cells and aging in the hematopoietic system. Mech Ageing Dev 2008; 130:46-53. [PMID: 18479735 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2008.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2008] [Revised: 03/24/2008] [Accepted: 03/26/2008] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The effector cells of the blood have limited lifetimes and must be replenished continuously throughout life from a small reserve of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) in the bone marrow. Although serial bone marrow transplantation experiments in mice suggest that the replicative potential of HSCs is finite, there is little evidence that replicative senescence causes depletion of the stem cell pool during the normal lifespan of either mouse or man. Studies conducted in murine genetic models defective in DNA repair, intracellular ROS management, and telomere maintenance indicate that all these pathways are critical to the longevity and stress response of the stem cell pool. With age, HSCs show an increased propensity to differentiate towards myeloid rather than lymphoid lineages, which may contribute to the decline in lymphopoiesis that attends aging. Challenges for the future include assessing the significance of 'lineage skewing' to immune dysfunction, and investigating the role of epigenetic dysregulation in HSC aging.
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Abstract
Proliferation in continuously renewing tissues, including the mammary gland, is hierarchically organized with a small number of slowly dividing stem cells and a greater number of more rapidly proliferating 'transit amplifying' cells. Mammary stem cells have been recently identified and purified based on their surface antigen expression. The recognition of mammary epithelial stem cells had led to the hypothesis that these may be at the root of breast cancer. In support of this, a highly tumorigenic subpopulation of cancer cells - cancer stem cells - has recently been identified in primary and metastatic breast cancer samples and in a number of established breast cancer cell lines. The existence of cancer stem cells would explain why only a small minority of cancer cells is capable of extensive proliferation and transferral of the tumour. In this article we aim to review the evidence in support of the existence of both normal mammary stem cells and breast cancer stem cells, and provide further insight into how taking this subpopulation of cells into account may affect the way we treat epithelial cancers in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Cariati
- Department of Academic Oncology, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
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34
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QTL analyses of lineage-negative mouse bone marrow cells labeled with Sca-1 and c-Kit. Mamm Genome 2008; 19:190-8. [PMID: 18288524 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-008-9097-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2007] [Accepted: 01/14/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Differences in the number of functionally and/or phenotypically defined bone marrow cells in inbred mouse strains have been exploited to map quantitative trait loci (QTL) that determine the variation in cell frequency. To extend this approach to the differences in the stem/progenitor cell compartment in CBA/H and C57BL/6 mice, we have exploited the resolution of flow cytometry and the power of QTL analyses in 124 F(2) mice to analyze lineage-negative (Lin(-)) bone marrow cells according to the intensity of labeling with Sca-1 and c-Kit. In the Lin(-) Sca-1(+) c-Kit(+) enriched population, six QTL were identified: one significant and five suggestive. Whereas previous in vitro clonogenic, LTC-IC, day 35 CAFC, and flow cytometry each identified different QTL, our approach identified the same or very similar QTL at all three loci (chromosomes 1, 17, and 18) as well as QTL on chromosomes 6 and 10. In silico analyses implicate hematopoietic stem cell homing involving Cxcr4 and Cxcl12 as being the determining pathway. The mapping of the same or very similar QTL in independent studies using different assay(s) suggests a common genetic determinant, and thus reinforces the biological and genetic significance of the QTL. These data also suggest that mouse bone marrow cell subpopulations can be functionally, phenotypically, and genetically defined.
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Liang Y, Van Zant G. Aging stem cells, latexin, and longevity. Exp Cell Res 2008; 314:1962-72. [PMID: 18374916 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2008.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2008] [Accepted: 01/31/2008] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Liang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Markey Cancer Center, Division of Hematology/ Oncology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536-0093, USA
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36
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What can we learn about breast cancer from stem cells? ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2008; 617:17-22. [PMID: 18497027 DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-69080-3_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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37
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Abstract
Cancers originally develop from normal cells that gain the ability to proliferate aberrantly and eventually turn malignant. These cancerous cells then grow clonally into tumors and eventually have the potential to metastasize. A central question in cancer biology is, which cells can be transformed to form tumors? Recent studies elucidated the presence of cancer stem cells that have the exclusive ability to regenerate tumors. These cancer stem cells share many characteristics with normal stem cells, including self-renewal and differentiation. With the growing evidence that cancer stem cells exist in a wide array of tumors, it is becoming increasingly important to understand the molecular mechanisms that regulate self-renewal and differentiation because corruption of genes involved in these pathways likely participates in tumor growth. This new paradigm of oncogenesis has been validated in a growing list of tumors. Studies of normal and cancer stem cells from the same tissue have shed light on the ontogeny of tumors. That signaling pathways such as Bmi1 and Wnt have similar effects in normal and cancer stem cell self-renewal suggests that common molecular pathways regulate both populations. Understanding the biology of cancer stem cells will contribute to the identification of molecular targets important for future therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neethan A Lobo
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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38
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Louis DN. Molecular pathology of malignant gliomas. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY-MECHANISMS OF DISEASE 2007; 2:277-305. [PMID: 18039109 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.pathol.2.010506.091930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Malignant gliomas, the most common type of primary brain tumor, are a spectrum of tumors of varying differentiation and malignancy grades. These tumors may arise from neural stem cells and appear to contain tumor stem cells. Early genetic events differ between astrocytic and oligodendroglial tumors, but all tumors have an initially invasive phenotype, which complicates therapy. Progression-associated genetic alterations are common to different tumor types, targeting growth-promoting and cell cycle control pathways and resulting in focal hypoxia, necrosis, and angiogenesis. Knowledge of malignant glioma genetics has already impacted clinical management of these tumors, and researchers hope that further knowledge of the molecular pathology of malignant gliomas will result in novel therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- David N Louis
- Molecular Pathology Unit, Department of Pathology and Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA.
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39
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40
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Jawad M, Giotopoulos G, Cole C, Plumb M. Target cell frequency is a genetically determined risk factor in radiation leukaemogenesis. Br J Radiol 2007; 80 Spec No 1:S56-62. [PMID: 17704327 DOI: 10.1259/bjr/99530445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Whole body exposure to ionizing radiation increases the risk of radiation-induced acute myeloid leukaemia (r-AML). r-AML is the result of the accumulation of mutations in a single haemopoietic stem cell, so risk is therefore a function of the number of mutations required to transform the stem cell and the mutation rate. There is a genetic component to the risk of AML within the general population, and low penetrance variant alleles encoding DNA repair enzymes have been genetically implicated in therapy-related AML susceptibility. However, what is largely ignored is that target cell number, which defines the number of genomes at risk from DNA damaging agents, is also part of the equation that defines risk. We will review the evidence from genetic studies of inbred mouse models that target cell frequency is a risk factor in radiation leukaemogenesis. Inbred mouse strains that differ in their susceptibility to radiation-induced r-AML and thymic lymphoma (r-TL), spontaneous TL and pristane-induced plasmacytoma (PCT) have been exploited to identify susceptibility loci. The target cell in AML is the haemopoietic stem cell, whereas TLs and PCT arise from more mature lymphoid progenitor cells. Inbred mice also differ significantly in all aspects of haemopoiesis, and these differences have been used to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) that determine the frequency of specific haemopoietic stem, progenitor or mature blood cells. The co-localization of QTL that determine risk and target cell frequency in all three haemopoietic malignancies is strong evidence that target cell frequency is a risk factor in radiation leukaemogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Jawad
- Department of Genetics, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
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41
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Sagar J, Chaib B, Sales K, Winslet M, Seifalian A. Role of stem cells in cancer therapy and cancer stem cells: a review. Cancer Cell Int 2007; 7:9. [PMID: 17547749 PMCID: PMC1894783 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2867-7-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2006] [Accepted: 06/04/2007] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
For over 30 years, stem cells have been used in the replenishment of blood and immune systems damaged by the cancer cells or during treatment of cancer by chemotherapy or radiotherapy. Apart from their use in the immuno-reconstitution, the stem cells have been reported to contribute in the tissue regeneration and as delivery vehicles in the cancer treatments. The recent concept of 'cancer stem cells' has directed scientific communities towards a different wide new area of research field and possible potential future treatment modalities for the cancer. Aim of this review is primarily focus on the recent developments in the use of the stem cells in the cancer treatments, then to discuss the cancer stem cells, now considered as backbone in the development of the cancer; and their role in carcinogenesis and their implications in the development of possible new cancer treatment options in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayesh Sagar
- Academic Department of Surgery, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK
- University College of London, London, UK
| | | | | | - Marc Winslet
- Academic Department of Surgery, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK
- University College of London, London, UK
| | - Alexander Seifalian
- Academic Department of Surgery, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK
- University College of London, London, UK
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42
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Ganapati U, Tan HT, Lynch M, Dolezal M, de Vos S, Gasson JC. Modeling Notch Signaling in Normal and Neoplastic Hematopoiesis: Global Gene Expression Profiling in Response to Activated Notch Expression. Stem Cells 2007; 25:1872-80. [PMID: 17464091 DOI: 10.1634/stemcells.2006-0547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In normal hematopoiesis, proliferation is tightly linked to differentiation in ways that involve cell-cell interaction with stromal elements in the bone marrow stem cell niche. Numerous in vitro and in vivo studies strongly support a role for Notch signaling in the regulation of stem cell renewal and hematopoiesis. Not surprisingly, mutations in the Notch gene have been linked to a number of types of malignancies. To better define the function of Notch in both normal and neoplastic hematopoiesis, a tetracycline-inducible system regulating expression of a ligand-independent, constitutively active form of Notch1 was introduced into murine E14Tg2a embryonic stem cells. During coculture, OP9 stromal cells induce the embryonic stem cells to differentiate first to hemangioblasts and subsequently to hematopoietic stem cells. Our studies indicate that activation of Notch signaling in flk+ hemangioblasts dramatically reduces their survival and proliferative capacity and lowers the levels of hematopoietic stem cell markers CD34 and c-Kit and the myeloid marker CD11b. Global gene expression profiling of day 8 hematopoietic progenitors in the absence and presence of activated Notch yield candidate genes required for normal hematopoietic differentiation, as well as putative downstream targets of oncogenic forms of Notch including the noncanonical Wnts Wnt4 and 5A. Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uma Ganapati
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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43
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Liang Y, Jansen M, Aronow B, Geiger H, Van Zant G. The quantitative trait gene latexin influences the size of the hematopoietic stem cell population in mice. Nat Genet 2007; 39:178-88. [PMID: 17220891 DOI: 10.1038/ng1938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2006] [Accepted: 11/17/2006] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
We mapped quantitative trait loci that accounted for the variation in hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) numbers between young adult C57BL/6 (B6) and DBA/2 (D2) mice. In reciprocal chromosome 3 congenic mice, introgressed D2 alleles increased HSC numbers owing to enhanced proliferation and self-renewal and reduced apoptosis, whereas B6 alleles had the opposite effects. Using oligonucleotide arrays, real-time PCR and protein blots, we identified latexin (Lxn), a gene whose differential transcription and expression was associated with the allelic differences. Expression was inversely correlated with the number of HSCs; therefore, ectopic expression of Lxn using a retroviral vector decreased stem cell population size. We identified clusters of SNPs upstream of the Lxn transcriptional start site, at least two of which are associated with potential binding sites for transcription factors regulating stem cells. Thus, promoter polymorphisms between the B6 and D2 alleles may affect Lxn gene expression and consequently influence the population size of hematopoietic stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Liang
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, USA
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44
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Jawad M, Giotopoulos G, Fitch S, Cole C, Plumb M, Talbot CJ. Mouse bone marrow and peripheral blood erythroid cell counts are regulated by different autosomal genetic loci. Blood Cells Mol Dis 2006; 38:69-77. [PMID: 17185011 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcmd.2006.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2006] [Revised: 10/19/2006] [Accepted: 10/25/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Erythropoiesis is under fine control and genetic loci that affect it are likely to be important in a range of conditions. To assess the relative contributions of different genetic loci to parameters of erythropoiesis, we have measured RBC counts in the peripheral circulation and committed erythroid cells (RBC and small normoblasts) in the bone marrow in a cohort of (CBA/H x C57BL/6) F2 mice to map quantitative trait loci (QTL). Candidate genes were assessed using bioinformatics and DNA sequencing. Different autosomal loci affect bone marrow (chromosomes 5, 11 and 19) and peripheral blood (chromosome 4) erythroid cell counts but there may be a common chromosome X locus. Spleen weight QTL were found on chromosomes 3, 15 and 17. Surprisingly, erythropoietin (Epo) is the best candidate quantitative trait gene (QTG) in the chromosome 5 locus that affects bone marrow but not peripheral blood erythroid cell counts. Epo gene expression is known to be genetically regulated in mice, but our data suggest a tissue-specific role for epo in mouse erythropoiesis that is also genetically determined. The identity of the other QTG will be important both to further knowledge of the control of erythropoiesis and as potential modifier genes for haematological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Jawad
- Department of Genetics, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK
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45
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Hematopoietic stem cells are functionally heterogeneous even when isolated as phenotypically homogenous populations. How this heterogeneity is generated is incompletely understood. Several models have been formulated to explain the generation of diversity. All of these assume the existence of a single type of hematopoietic stem cell that generates heterogeneous daughter stem cells in response to extrinsic or intrinsic (stochastic) signals. This view has encouraged the idea that stem cells can be instructed to adapt their function. Newer data, however, challenge this concept. Here, we summarize these findings and discuss their implication for applications of stem cells. RECENT FINDINGS Hematopoietic stem cells that differ in function have been documented during development and within the adult stem cell compartment. The differences in function are stably inherited to daughter stem cells when these cells proliferate to self-renew. Collectively, the data show that the adult stem cell compartment consists of a limited number of distinct classes of stem cells. SUMMARY The most important stem cell functions, including self-renewal and differentiation capacity, are preprogrammed through epigenetic or genetic mechanisms. Thus, stem cells are much more predictable than previously thought. Changes in the stem cell compartment through disease or aging can be interpreted as shifts in its clonal composition, rather than a modification of individual hematopoietic stem cells.
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46
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Paguirigan A, Beebe DJ, Liu B, Alexander C. Mammary stem and progenitor cells: Tumour precursors? Eur J Cancer 2006; 42:1225-36. [PMID: 16697180 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2006.01.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2006] [Accepted: 01/31/2006] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Several groups have proposed that mammary epithelial cell (MEC) populations, in common with other epithelia, have stem and progenitor sub-populations that are long-lived and provide most of the growth potential during ductal (and perhaps lobuloalveolar) outgrowth. In this review, we describe what is known about normal development, particularly with respect to the growth potential and regenerative capacity of mouse MEC populations. We have developed a theoretical model in order to understand how the activity of the somatic stem/progenitor cell compartment during mammary gland development could affect the demographic of adult MEC populations. This demographic is likely to be key to understanding tumour risk, since long-lived cells provide great advantages in the process of cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Paguirigan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin, 1400 University Avenue, Madison 53706, USA
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47
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Forsberg EC, Prohaska SS, Katzman S, Heffner GC, Stuart JM, Weissman IL. Differential expression of novel potential regulators in hematopoietic stem cells. PLoS Genet 2006; 1:e28. [PMID: 16151515 PMCID: PMC1200425 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.0010028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2005] [Accepted: 07/14/2005] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The hematopoietic system is an invaluable model both for understanding basic developmental biology and for developing clinically relevant cell therapies. Using highly purified cells and rigorous microarray analysis we have compared the expression pattern of three of the most primitive hematopoietic subpopulations in adult mouse bone marrow: long-term hematopoietic stem cells (HSC), short-term HSC, and multipotent progenitors. All three populations are capable of differentiating into a spectrum of mature blood cells, but differ in their self-renewal and proliferative capacity. We identified numerous novel potential regulators of HSC self-renewal and proliferation that were differentially expressed between these closely related cell populations. Many of the differentially expressed transcripts fit into pathways and protein complexes not previously identified in HSC, providing evidence for new HSC regulatory units. Extending these observations to the protein level, we demonstrate expression of several of the corresponding proteins, which provide novel surface markers for HSC. We discuss the implications of our findings for HSC biology. In particular, our data suggest that cell–cell and cell–matrix interactions are major regulators of long-term HSC, and that HSC themselves play important roles in regulating their immediate microenvironment. Hematopoietic, or blood-forming, stem cells (HSC) are responsible for the continual replenishment of all blood cells throughout life. This ability to both renew themselves and give rise to expanded populations of differentiating and mature cells is a hallmark of stem cells and is therefore an area of intense research. The rarity of HSC as well as their location in the bone marrow environment has made it difficult to identify the genes that regulate these properties. The earliest stages of blood development begins with the long-term (LT) repopulating HSC that then differentiate into short-term (ST) repopulating HSC and non-self renewing multipotent progenitors (MPP). The authors investigated the gene expression differences in these highly purified populations that differ mainly in their capacity to self renew, and identified a number of genes specific to each of these populations. Intriguingly, many of these genes code for proteins that are involved in cell–cell and cell–matrix interactions that were not previously identified on these populations. These novel discoveries will, together with future experiments, enhance our understanding of the basic biology of stem cells and their clinical uses.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Camilla Forsberg
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Cancer and Stem Cell Biology and Medicine, Stanford University Medical School, Stanford, California, USA.
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48
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Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that a subset of cancer cells within some tumors, the so-called cancer stem cells, may drive the growth and metastasis of these tumors. Understanding the pathways that regulate proliferation, self-renewal, survival, and differentiation of malignant and normal stem cells may shed light on mechanisms that lead to cancer and suggest better modes of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael F Clarke
- Stanford Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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49
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Abstract
Cancers of epithelial origin are responsible for the majority of cancer-related deaths in the USA. Unfortunately, although chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy can sometimes shrink tumors, metastatic cancers of epithelial origin are essentially incurable. It is clear that new approaches are needed to treat these diseases. Although cancer cell lines provide invaluable information, their biological properties often differ in crucial ways from de novo cancer cells. Our laboratory has developed a novel mouse model that reliably permits individual cancer cells isolated directly from patients' tumors to be assayed. This will allow the characterization of crucial signaling pathways involved in processes such as self-renewal that are critical for tumor formation by the cancer cells within de novo tumors. These tools should lead to new insights into the cellular and molecular mechanisms that drive human breast cancer growth and invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael F Clarke
- University of Michigan Medical School, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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50
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Abstract
In many tissues, a cellular hierarchy exists in which a small population of stem cells is responsible for the production of the mature cells of the organ. The stem cells maintain themselves through a process known as self-renewal. Similarly, tumors contain a minority population of cancer stem cells that maintain the tumor. Some factors that regulate this process of self-renewal are conserved from fruit fly to humans. Disruption of the regulation of self-renewal results in cancer. Thus understanding the mechanisms that regulate stem cell generation has implications for normal development and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael F Clarke
- University of Michigan Medical School, CCGC Room 4310, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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