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López-Cauce B, Urquía A, Menchén L, Homma K, Bolás-Fernández F, García-Rodriguez JJ, Puerto M. Lentinula edodes extract increases goblet cell number and Muc2 expression in an intestinal inflammatory model of Trichinella spiralis infection. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 150:112937. [PMID: 35427820 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.112937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
AHCC® is a standardized extract of cultured mushroom (Lentinula edodes) mycelia with a wide variety of therapeutic effects including anti-inflammatory, antitumor and antiviral effects. Trichinellosis, a food-borne parasitic zoonosis is caused by the nematode Trichinella spp. Infection with Trichinella is characterized by the induction of a Th1-type response at the beginning of the intestinal phase, followed by a dominant Th2-type response which is essential for parasite expulsion. The aim of this study was to evaluate the immunomodulatory effect of AHCC® in a murine model of Trichinella spiralis infection. Swiss CD1 mice were infected with T. spiralis larvae and treated with AHCC®. Standard treatment with albendazole (ABZ) was used as control in the assessment of parasite burden. The small intestine was taken out and the proximal segment was evaluated for several parameters: gene expression of immune and stress-reticulum mediators, histological damage score, goblet cell count and Mucin 2 (Muc2) gene expression. AHCC® modulated expression levels of both Th1 and Th2 cytokines and reduced histological damage score. In addition, AHCC® diminished the number of adults of T. spiralis in treated animals. AHCC® treatment anticipates T. spiralis expulsion and increases goblet cell number and Muc2 gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz López-Cauce
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain; Servicio de Aparato Digestivo, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón-IiSGM, Spain
| | - Andrés Urquía
- Servicio de Anatomía Patológica, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Spain
| | - Luis Menchén
- Servicio de Aparato Digestivo, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón-IiSGM, Spain; Departamento de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Francisco Bolás-Fernández
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan J García-Rodriguez
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Puerto
- Servicio de Aparato Digestivo, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón-IiSGM, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Spain.
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2
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Salem ML, Salman S, Barnawi IO. Brief in vitro IL-12 conditioning of CD8 + T Cells for anticancer adoptive T cell therapy. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2021; 70:2751-2759. [PMID: 33966093 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-021-02887-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy represents a potential treatment approach through non-specific and specific enhancement of the immune responses. Adoptive cell therapy (ACT) is a potential modality of immunotherapy that depends on harvesting T cells from the tumor-bearing host, activating them in vitro and infusing them back to the same host. Several cytokines, in particular IL-2, IL-7 and IL-15, have been used to enhance survival T cells in vitro. Although effective, conditioning of T cells in vitro with these cytokines requires long-term culture which results in the loss of expression of their trafficking receptors mainly CD62L. It also results in exhaustion of the activated T cells and reduction in their functions upon adoptive transfer in vivo. Our recent studies and those of other groups showed that brief (3 days) conditioning of CD8+ T cells by IL-12 in vitro can result in enhancing function of tumor-reactive CD8+ T cells. Adoptive transfer of these IL-12-conditioned CD8+ T cells into tumor-bearing mice, preconditioned with cyclophosphamide, 1 day before ACT, induced tumor eradication that was associated with generation of tumor-specific memory response. In this review, we summarize studies that indicated to the superiority of IL-12 as a potential cytokine for conditioning T cells for ACT. In addition, we discuss some of the cellular and molecular mechanisms that govern how IL-12 programs CD8+ T cells to enhance their functionality especially in vitro and its implication in combination with other ACT modalities, opening a avenue for the clinical application of this cytokine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Labib Salem
- Immunology and Biotechnology Unit, Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt.
- Center of Excellence in Cancer Research (CECR), Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt.
| | - Samar Salman
- Department of Dermatology and VenereologyFaculty of MedicineTanta University Hospital, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Ibrahim O Barnawi
- Animal Section, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Taibah University, Medina, Saudi Arabia
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3
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Fariña FA, Pasqualetti MI, Bessi C, Ercole ME, Vargas C, Arbusti P, Ayesa G, Ribicich MM. Reprint of: Comparison between Trichinella patagoniensis and Trichinella spiralis infection in BALB/c mice. Vet Parasitol 2021; 297:109542. [PMID: 34391612 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2021.109542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
In Argentina, trichinellosis is an endemic disease acquired mainly through consumption of raw pork infected with nematodes larvae from the Trichinella genus. For years, the only species involved in outbreaks in humans and pig foci in Argentina was Trichinella spiralis. In 2008 the presence of a new Trichinella taxon from a cougar (Puma concolor) was detected and recorded in the province of Rio Negro, Argentina, and the finding was established as a new species in 2012: Trichinella patagoniensis. To the best of our knowledge, there is no information available on the intestinal phase and antibody response in a susceptible host during T. patagoniensis infection. Therefore, our research has been designed to study experimental infection with T. patagoniensis compared to infection with T. spiralis in BALB/c mice. One hundred and twenty eight BALB/c mice were divided into two groups and individuals in each group were infected per os with 500 larvae of T. patagoniensis or 500 larvae of T. spiralis, respectively. After that, they were euthanized on different days. Adult worm recovery from small intestines and artificial digestion of each carcass was performed. Histopathology of small intestines was performed using hematoxylin-eosin staining. Systemic cytokines and antibody kinetics were evaluated. Intestinal adult worm recovery of T. patagoniensis and T. spiralis took place until day 17 and 25, respectively. Systemic IFN-γ, IL-10, and TNF showed significant variations in T. patagoniensis infected mice. Seroconversion was detected in animals as from 15 days post-infection (pi) for both T. patagoniensis and T. spiralis, reaching the highest OD value at 42 days pi. Similar microscopic lesions were observed in the small intestine from mice infected with the same dose of T. spiralis and T. patagoniensis. Our findings contribute new information regarding the intestinal phase and the antibody kinetics of T. patagoniensis in BALB/c mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando A Fariña
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Cátedra de Parasitología y Enfermedades Parasitarias, Av San Martín 5285, C1417DSM CABA, Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones en Producción Animal (INPA), Argentina.
| | - Mariana I Pasqualetti
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Cátedra de Parasitología y Enfermedades Parasitarias, Av San Martín 5285, C1417DSM CABA, Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones en Producción Animal (INPA), Argentina
| | - Clara Bessi
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Cátedra de Parasitología y Enfermedades Parasitarias, Av San Martín 5285, C1417DSM CABA, Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones en Producción Animal (INPA), Argentina
| | - Mariano E Ercole
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Cátedra de Parasitología y Enfermedades Parasitarias, Av San Martín 5285, C1417DSM CABA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Claudia Vargas
- CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones en Producción Animal (INPA), Argentina
| | - Patricia Arbusti
- Departamento de Parasitología, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Administración Nacional de Laboratorios e Institutos de Salud, Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán, Av. Vélez Sarsfield 563, 1281, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Graciana Ayesa
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Cátedra de Parasitología y Enfermedades Parasitarias, Av San Martín 5285, C1417DSM CABA, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Departamento de Parasitología, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Administración Nacional de Laboratorios e Institutos de Salud, Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán, Av. Vélez Sarsfield 563, 1281, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M Mabel Ribicich
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Cátedra de Parasitología y Enfermedades Parasitarias, Av San Martín 5285, C1417DSM CABA, Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones en Producción Animal (INPA), Argentina
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4
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Singh A, Khan A, Ghosh T, Mondal S, Mallick AI. Gut Microbe-Derived Outer Membrane Vesicles: A Potential Platform to Control Cecal Load of Campylobacter jejuni. ACS Infect Dis 2021; 7:1186-1199. [PMID: 33724795 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.0c00744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Acute diarrheal illness and gastroenteritis caused by Campylobacter jejuni infection remain significant public health risks in developing countries with substantial mortality and morbidity in humans, particularly in children under the age of five. Genetic diversities among Campylobacter jejuni and limited understanding of immunological correlations of host protection remain primary impediments for developing an effective measure to controlCampylobacter infection. Moreover, the lack of a reliable in vivo model to mimic natural infection against Campylobacter jejuni has substantially delayed the vaccine-development process. Given the role of bacterial outer membrane associated proteins in intestinal adherence and invasion as well as modulating dynamic interplay between host and pathogens, bacterial outer-membrane vesicles have emerged as a potential vaccine target against a number of gut pathogens, including Campylobacter jejuni. Here, we describe a mucosal vaccine strategy using chitosan-coated outer-membrane vesicles to induce specific immune responses against Campylobacter jejuni in mice. To overcome the challenges of mucosal delivery of outer membrane vesicles in terms of exposure to variable pH and risk of enzymatic degradation, we preferentially used chitosan as a nontoxic, mucoadhesive polymer. We show that intragastric delivery of chitosan-coated outer-membrane vesicles imparts significant immune protection against Campylobacter jejuni with high level local and systemic antibody production. Further, immunization with the outer membrane vesicles resulted in potent cellular responses with an increased CD4+ and CD8+ T cell population. Moreover, significant upregulation of IFN-γ and IL-6 gene expression suggests that mucosal delivery of outer membrane vesicles promotes a Th1/Th2 mixed-type immune response. Together, as an acellular and nonreplicating canonical end product of bacterial secretion, mucosal delivery of outer membrane vesicles may represent a promising platform for developing an effective vaccine againstCampylobacter jejuni.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankita Singh
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Nadia, Mohanpur, 741246 West Bengal, India
| | - Afruja Khan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Nadia, Mohanpur, 741246 West Bengal, India
| | - Tamal Ghosh
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Nadia, Mohanpur, 741246 West Bengal, India
| | - Samiran Mondal
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences, Belgachia, Kolkata, 700037 West Bengal, India
| | - Amirul I. Mallick
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Nadia, Mohanpur, 741246 West Bengal, India
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5
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Zaini A, Good-Jacobson KL, Zaph C. Context-dependent roles of B cells during intestinal helminth infection. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009340. [PMID: 33983946 PMCID: PMC8118336 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The current approaches to reduce the burden of chronic helminth infections in endemic areas are adequate sanitation and periodic administration of deworming drugs. Yet, resistance against some deworming drugs and reinfection can still rapidly occur even after treatment. A vaccine against helminths would be an effective solution at preventing reinfection. However, vaccines against helminth parasites have yet to be successfully developed. While T helper cells and innate lymphoid cells have been established as important components of the protective type 2 response, the roles of B cells and antibodies remain the most controversial. Here, we review the roles of B cells during intestinal helminth infection. We discuss the potential factors that contribute to the context-specific roles for B cells in protection against diverse intestinal helminth parasite species, using evidence from well-defined murine model systems. Understanding the precise roles of B cells during resistance and susceptibility to helminth infection may offer a new perspective of type 2 protective immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aidil Zaini
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kim L. Good-Jacobson
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Colby Zaph
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- * E-mail:
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6
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Fariña FA, Pasqualetti MI, Bessi C, Ercole ME, Vargas C, Arbusti P, Ayesa G, Ribicich MM. Comparison between Trichinella patagoniensis and Trichinella spiralis infection in BALB/c mice. Vet Parasitol 2020; 286:109248. [PMID: 33002768 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2020.109248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
In Argentina, trichinellosis is an endemic disease acquired mainly through consumption of raw pork infected with nematodes larvae from the Trichinella genus. For years, the only species involved in outbreaks in humans and pig foci in Argentina was Trichinella spiralis. In 2008 the presence of a new Trichinella taxon from a cougar (Puma concolor) was detected and recorded in the province of Rio Negro, Argentina, and the finding was established as a new species in 2012: Trichinella patagoniensis. To the best of our knowledge, there is no information available on the intestinal phase and antibody response in a susceptible host during T. patagoniensis infection. Therefore, our research has been designed to study experimental infection with T. patagoniensis compared to infection with T. spiralis in BALB/c mice. One hundred and twenty eight BALB/c mice were divided into two groups and individuals in each group were infected per os with 500 larvae of T. patagoniensis or 500 larvae of T. spiralis, respectively. After that, they were euthanized on different days. Adult worm recovery from small intestines and artificial digestion of each carcass was performed. Histopathology of small intestines was performed using hematoxylin-eosin staining. Systemic cytokines and antibody kinetics were evaluated. Intestinal adult worm recovery of T. patagoniensis and T. spiralis took place until day 17 and 25, respectively. Systemic IFN-γ, IL-10, and TNF showed significant variations in T. patagoniensis infected mice. Seroconversion was detected in animals as from 15 days post-infection (pi) for both T. patagoniensis and T. spiralis, reaching the highest OD value at 42 days pi. Similar microscopic lesions were observed in the small intestine from mice infected with the same dose of T. spiralis and T. patagoniensis. Our findings contribute new information regarding the intestinal phase and the antibody kinetics of T. patagoniensis in BALB/c mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando A Fariña
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Cátedra de Parasitología y Enfermedades Parasitarias, Av San Martín 5285, C1417DSM CABA, Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones en Producción Animal (INPA), Argentina.
| | - Mariana I Pasqualetti
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Cátedra de Parasitología y Enfermedades Parasitarias, Av San Martín 5285, C1417DSM CABA, Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones en Producción Animal (INPA), Argentina
| | - Clara Bessi
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Cátedra de Parasitología y Enfermedades Parasitarias, Av San Martín 5285, C1417DSM CABA, Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones en Producción Animal (INPA), Argentina
| | - Mariano E Ercole
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Cátedra de Parasitología y Enfermedades Parasitarias, Av San Martín 5285, C1417DSM CABA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Claudia Vargas
- CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones en Producción Animal (INPA), Argentina
| | - Patricia Arbusti
- Departamento de Parasitología, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Administración Nacional de Laboratorios e Institutos de Salud, Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán, Av. Vélez Sarsfield 563, 1281 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Graciana Ayesa
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Cátedra de Parasitología y Enfermedades Parasitarias, Av San Martín 5285, C1417DSM CABA, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Departamento de Parasitología, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Administración Nacional de Laboratorios e Institutos de Salud, Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán, Av. Vélez Sarsfield 563, 1281 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M Mabel Ribicich
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Cátedra de Parasitología y Enfermedades Parasitarias, Av San Martín 5285, C1417DSM CABA, Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Investigaciones en Producción Animal (INPA), Argentina
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7
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Abstract
The hygiene hypothesis posits that the decreased incidence of parasitic infection in developed countries may underlie an increased prevalence of allergic and autoimmune diseases in these countries. As unique inflammation modulator of intracellular parasitism, Trichinella spiralis, or its excretory-secretory (ES) product, shows improved responses to allergies, autoimmune diseases, inflammatory bowel disease, type 1 diabetes, rheumatic arthritis and autoimmune encephalomyelitis by exerting immunomodulatory effects on both innate and adaptive immune cells in animal models. Research has shown that T. spiralis differs from other helminths in manipulation of the host immune response not only by well-known characteristics of its life cycle, but also by its inflammation modulation pathway. How the parasite achieves inflammation modulation has not been fully elucidated yet. This review will generalize the mechanism and focuses on ES immunomodulatory molecules of T. spiralis that may be important for developing new therapeutics for inflammatory disorders.
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8
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Wang N, Bai X, Tang B, Yang Y, Wang X, Zhu H, Luo X, Yan H, Jia H, Liu M, Liu X. Primary characterization of the immune response in pigs infected with Trichinella spiralis. Vet Res 2020; 51:17. [PMID: 32085808 PMCID: PMC7035712 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-020-0741-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Trichinellosis, which is caused by Trichinella spiralis (T. spiralis), is a serious zoonosis. Pigs play an important role in the transmission of human trichinellosis. Characterizing the immune response to T. spiralis infection is key to elucidating host–parasite interactions. However, most studies on the immune response to T. spiralis infection have employed murine models. In this study, we investigated the immune response to T. spiralis infection in pigs. The results showed that the average numbers of larvae per gram (lpg) for the 100-muscle larvae (ML), 1000-ML, and 10 000-ML groups were 1.502, 35.947, and 398.811, respectively. The percentages of CD3+ T cells, B cells, CD4+ T cells, Treg cells, and Th17 cells were elevated in the infection groups compared to the control animals. In contrast, CD8+ T cell percentages were reduced after infection in the low-dose group. The number of neutrophils was increased at 3–17 days post-infection (dpi). Th1 cytokine IL-2 levels were significantly decreased at 7 dpi, and Th2 cytokine IL-4 levels were significantly elevated at 3 dpi. Treg cytokine IL-10 levels were significantly elevated between 7 dpi and 30 dpi. Th17 cytokine IL-17A levels were significantly increased beginning at 11 dpi. These results confirmed that pigs infected with T. spiralis predominantly induced Th2 and Treg immune responses, which suppress the Th1 immune responses. This study provides novel insights into the immune response of pigs infected with T. spiralis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis/College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130000, China
| | - Xue Bai
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis/College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130000, China
| | - Bin Tang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis/College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130000, China
| | - Yong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis/College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130000, China
| | - Xuelin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis/College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130000, China
| | - Hongfei Zhu
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xuenong Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, China
| | - Hongbin Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, China
| | - Hong Jia
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Mingyuan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis/College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130000, China.
| | - Xiaolei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis/College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130000, China.
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9
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Etewa SE, Fathy GM, Abdel-Rahman SA, El-Khalik DA, Sarhan MH, Badawey MS. The impact of anthelminthic therapeutics on serological and tissues apoptotic changes induced by experimental trichinosis. J Parasit Dis 2018; 42:232-242. [PMID: 29844628 PMCID: PMC5962499 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-018-0990-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Trichinosis is a sharable parasitic disease caused by Trichinella spp., the disease occurred on eating inappropriate cooked pork infected by the parasite encysted larvae. This study aimed to evaluate experimentally the impact of treatment by thiabendazole, praziquantel (PZQ) and prednisone on T. spiralis induced parasitological, serological and apoptotic changes. Forty albino rats were infected orally each by ± 1000 larvae, divided into four groups each of 10 rats, group (A) infected control, group (B) thiabendazole tested, group (C) PZQ tested and group (D) prednisone tested. On the seventh and 40th days post-infection, all groups were evaluated parasitologically by the number of the intestinal worms and the muscular encysted larvae, while IFN-γ and TNF-α were estimated by ELISA, histopathological and histochemical assessment of the tissue changes during both phases were performed by different stains. In conclusion, thiabendazole was a potent and curable drug, it showed nearly 100% efficacy on intestinal worms, highly significant variations in cytokines levels during both the intestinal and muscular phases, while it induced moderate effects on encysted muscular larvae number, In addition it ameliorated myocytes apoptotic changes induced by trichinosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samia E. Etewa
- Medical Parasitology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Ghada M. Fathy
- Medical Parasitology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Sara A. Abdel-Rahman
- Medical Parasitology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Dalia Abd El-Khalik
- Medical Parasitology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Mohamed H. Sarhan
- Medical Parasitology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Maha S. Badawey
- Medical Parasitology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
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10
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Gomez-Samblas M, Bernal D, Bolado-Ortiz A, Vilchez S, Bolás-Fernández F, Espino AM, Trelis M, Osuna A. Intraperitoneal administration of the anti-IL-23 antibody prevents the establishment of intestinal nematodes in mice. Sci Rep 2018; 8:7787. [PMID: 29773890 PMCID: PMC5958071 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-26194-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have established that an increased Th-9 response creates a hostile environment for nematode parasites. Given that IL-23, a cytokine required for maintenance of the IL-17-secreting phenotype, has inhibitory effects on IL-9 production, we hypothesized that reducing circulating IL-23 by treatment with anti-IL-23 antibodies would reduce the establishment and development of parasitic intestinal nematodes. In this study, we show that animals treated with anti-IL-23 monoclonal antibodies showed a drastic reduction in the number of mouse pinworms (Aspiculuris tetraptera) recovered from the intestine (p < 0.001) at 23 days post-infection compared to the untreated animals. The cytokine levels in Peyer's patches (PP) in treated and infected animals increase the expression of interleukins such as IL-25, IL-21, and IL-9, augmenting mucus production in the crypts, and boosting chemokines, such as OX40 and CCL20 in the mucosa. Our results suggest that the Th17/Th2 regulatory mechanism provoked by the administration of the anti-IL-23 antibody prevents the implantation of the intestinal nematode in mice. The diminished inflammatory IL-17 levels alter the Th9 environment perhaps as a consequence of IL-17 inhibiting IL-9 expression. These Th9 conditions may explain the successful treatment against Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) both with antibodies against IL-23 or through parasitization with nematodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gomez-Samblas
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Grupo de Bioquímica y Parasitología Molecular, Departamento de Parasitología, Universidad de Granada, Campus Universitario Fuentenueva, 18071, Granada, Spain
| | - D Bernal
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat de València, C/Dr. Moliner, 50, 46100, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - A Bolado-Ortiz
- Departament de Farmàcia i Tecnologia Farmacèutica i Parasitologia, Àrea de Parasitologia, Universitat de València, Av. V.A. Estellés, s/n, 46100, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
- Joint Research Unit on Endocrinology, Nutrition and Clinical Dietetics, Health Research Institute-La Fe, Universitat de Valencia, Av. Fdo. Abril Martorell, 106, 46026, Valencia, Spain
| | - S Vilchez
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Grupo de Bioquímica y Parasitología Molecular, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidad de Granada, Campus Universitario Fuentenueva, 18071, Granada, Spain
| | - F Bolás-Fernández
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, Plaza de Ramón y Cajal s/n. Ciudad Universitaria, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - A M Espino
- Laboratory of Immunology and Molecular Parasitology, Department of Microbiology, University of Puerto Rico, School of Medicine, PO BOX 365067, San Juan, 00936-5067, Puerto Rico
| | - M Trelis
- Departament de Farmàcia i Tecnologia Farmacèutica i Parasitologia, Àrea de Parasitologia, Universitat de València, Av. V.A. Estellés, s/n, 46100, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
- Joint Research Unit on Endocrinology, Nutrition and Clinical Dietetics, Health Research Institute-La Fe, Universitat de Valencia, Av. Fdo. Abril Martorell, 106, 46026, Valencia, Spain
| | - A Osuna
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Grupo de Bioquímica y Parasitología Molecular, Departamento de Parasitología, Universidad de Granada, Campus Universitario Fuentenueva, 18071, Granada, Spain.
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11
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Muñoz-Carrillo JL, Muñoz-López JL, Muñoz-Escobedo JJ, Maldonado-Tapia C, Gutiérrez-Coronado O, Contreras-Cordero JF, Moreno-García MA. Therapeutic Effects of Resiniferatoxin Related with Immunological Responses for Intestinal Inflammation in Trichinellosis. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2017; 55:587-599. [PMID: 29320813 PMCID: PMC5776891 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2017.55.6.587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Revised: 10/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The immune response against Trichinella spiralis at the intestinal level depends on the CD4+ T cells, which can both suppress or promote the inflammatory response through the synthesis of diverse cytokines. During the intestinal phase, the immune response is mixed (Th1/Th2) with the initial predominance of the Th1 response and the subsequent domination of Th2 response, which favor the development of intestinal pathology. In this context, the glucocorticoids (GC) are the pharmacotherapy for the intestinal inflammatory response in trichinellosis. However, its therapeutic use is limited, since studies have shown that treatment with GC suppresses the host immune system, favoring T. spiralis infection. In the search for novel pharmacological strategies that inhibit the Th1 immune response (proinflammatory) and assist the host against T. spiralis infection, recent studies showed that resiniferatoxin (RTX) had anti-inflammatory activity, which decreased the serum levels of IL-12, INF-γ, IL-1β, TNF-α, NO, and PGE2, as well the number of eosinophils in the blood, associated with decreased intestinal pathology and muscle parasite burden. These researches demonstrate that RTX is capable to inhibit the production of Th1 cytokines, contributing to the defense against T. spiralis infection, which places it as a new potential drug modulator of the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Luis Muñoz-Carrillo
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Microbiology, Academic Unit of Biological Sciences, Autonomous University of Zacatecas, Zacatecas, Zacatecas, México.,Laboratory of Immunology and Virology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Autonomous University of Nuevo Leon, San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, México
| | | | | | - Claudia Maldonado-Tapia
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Microbiology, Academic Unit of Biological Sciences, Autonomous University of Zacatecas, Zacatecas, Zacatecas, México
| | - Oscar Gutiérrez-Coronado
- Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Earth and Life Sciences, University Center of Los Lagos, University of Guadalajara, Lagos de Moreno, Jalisco, México
| | - Juan Francisco Contreras-Cordero
- Laboratory of Immunology and Virology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Autonomous University of Nuevo Leon, San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, México
| | - María Alejandra Moreno-García
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Microbiology, Academic Unit of Biological Sciences, Autonomous University of Zacatecas, Zacatecas, Zacatecas, México
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12
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Biodegradable Chitosan Decreases the Immune Response to Trichinella spiralis in Mice. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22112008. [PMID: 29156562 PMCID: PMC6150330 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22112008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 11/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the potential of chitosan units released during natural degradation of the polymer to activate the immune system against T. spiralis infection. High molecular weight chitosan was injected intraperitoneally into C57BL/6 mice. Flow cytometry and cytokine concentration, measured by ELISA, were used to characterize peritoneal cell populations during T. spiralis infection. The strong chemo-attractive properties of chitosan caused considerable infiltration into the peritoneal cavity of CD11b+ cells, with reduced expression of MHC class II, CD80, CD86, Dectin-1 or CD23 receptors in comparison to T. spiralis-infected mice. After prolonged chitosan biodegradation, cell populations expressing IL-4R, MR and Dectin-1 receptors were found to coexist with elevated IL-6, IL-10, TGF-β and IgA production. IgA cross-reacted with T. spiralis antigen and chitosan. It was found that chitosan treatment attracted immune cells with low activity, which resulted in the number of nematodes increasing. The glucosamine and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues were recognized by wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) lectin and therefore any biodegradable chitosan units may actively downregulate the immune response to the parasite. The findings are relevant for both people and animals treated with chitosan preparations.
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13
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Cortés A, Muñoz-Antoli C, Esteban JG, Toledo R. Th2 and Th1 Responses: Clear and Hidden Sides of Immunity Against Intestinal Helminths. Trends Parasitol 2017; 33:678-693. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2017.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Revised: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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14
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Muñoz-Carrillo JL, Contreras-Cordero JF, Muñoz-López JL, Maldonado-Tapia CH, Muñoz-Escobedo JJ, Moreno-García MA. Resiniferatoxin modulates the Th1 immune response and protects the host during intestinal nematode infection. Parasite Immunol 2017; 39. [DOI: 10.1111/pim.12448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. L. Muñoz-Carrillo
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Microbiology, Academic Unit of Biological Sciences; Autonomous University of Zacatecas; Zacatecas México
- Laboratory of Immunology and Virology, Faculty of Biological Sciences; Autonomous University of Nuevo Leon; San Nicolás de los Garza Nuevo León México
| | - J. F. Contreras-Cordero
- Laboratory of Immunology and Virology, Faculty of Biological Sciences; Autonomous University of Nuevo Leon; San Nicolás de los Garza Nuevo León México
| | | | - C. H. Maldonado-Tapia
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Microbiology, Academic Unit of Biological Sciences; Autonomous University of Zacatecas; Zacatecas México
| | - J. J. Muñoz-Escobedo
- Academic Unit of Odontology; Autonomous University of Zacatecas; Zacatecas México
| | - M. A. Moreno-García
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Microbiology, Academic Unit of Biological Sciences; Autonomous University of Zacatecas; Zacatecas México
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15
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Roy A, Sawesi O, Pettersson U, Dagälv A, Kjellén L, Lundén A, Åbrink M. Serglycin proteoglycans limit enteropathy in Trichinella spiralis-infected mice. BMC Immunol 2016; 17:15. [PMID: 27267469 PMCID: PMC4897876 DOI: 10.1186/s12865-016-0155-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Serglycin proteoglycans are essential for maturation of secretory granules and for the correct granular storage of cationic proteases in hematopoietic cells, e.g. mast cells. However, little is known about the in vivo functions of serglycin proteoglycans during infection. Here we investigated the potential role of serglycin proteoglycans in host defense after infection with the nematode Trichinella spiralis. RESULTS Twelve days post infection lack of serglycin proteoglycans caused significantly increased enteropathy. The serglycin-deficient mice showed significantly increased intestinal worm burden, reduced recruitment of mast cells to the intestinal crypts, decreased levels of the mast cell proteases MCPT5 and MCPT6 in intestinal tissue, decreased serum levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-10 and IL-13, increased levels of IL-4 and total IgE in serum, and increased intestinal levels of the neutrophil markers myeloperoxidase and elastase, as compared to wild type mice. At five weeks post infection, increased larvae burden and inflammation were seen in the muscle tissue of the serglycin-deficient mice. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that the serglycin-deficient mice were more susceptible to T. spiralis infection and displayed an unbalanced immune response compared to wild type mice. These findings point to an essential regulatory role of serglycin proteoglycans in immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ananya Roy
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Section of Immunology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, VHC, Box 7028, 75007, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Osama Sawesi
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Section of Immunology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, VHC, Box 7028, 75007, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ulrika Pettersson
- Department of Pathology and Wildlife Diseases, The National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anders Dagälv
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lena Kjellén
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anna Lundén
- Department of Microbiology, The National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Section of Immunology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, VHC, Box 7028, 75007, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Magnus Åbrink
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Section of Immunology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, VHC, Box 7028, 75007, Uppsala, Sweden.
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16
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Temsahy MME, Ibrahim IR, Mossallam SF, Mahrous H, Bary AA, Salam SAA. Evaluation of newly isolated probiotics in the protection against experimental intestinal trichinellosis. Vet Parasitol 2015; 214:303-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2015.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2015] [Revised: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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17
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Differential immune responses in mice infected with the tissue-dwelling nematode Trichinella zimbabwensis. J Helminthol 2015; 90:547-54. [PMID: 26294082 DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x15000723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
To improve diagnostic tools, immunotherapies and vaccine development for trichinellosis surveillance and control there is a need to understand the host immune responses induced during infection with Trichinella zimbabwensis, a tissue-dwelling nematode. In this study, we sought to determine immune responses induced in mice during T. zimbabwensis infection. The parasite strain used (Code ISS1209) was derived from a naturally infected crocodile (Crocodylus niloticus) and is the main Trichinella species prevalent in southern Africa. Sixty 6- to 8-week-old female BALB/c mice were randomly assigned to two equal groups: T. zimbabwensis-infected (n= 30) and the non-infected control group (n= 30). Levels of serum tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-10 (IL-10), interleukin-4 (IL-4) as well as parasite-specific IgM, IgG, IgG1, IgG2a, IgG2b and IgG3 antibody responses were determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The cytokines and antibodies provided information on T-helper 1 (Th1)- and Th2-type, T-regulatory and antibody responses. Results showed that during the intestinal stage of infection, higher levels of parasite-specific IgM, IgG, IgG1 (P < 0.05) and IL-10 and TNF-α (P < 0.001) were observed in the Trichinella-infected group compared with the non-infected control group. In the parasite establishment and tissue migration phases, levels of IgG1 and IgG3 were elevated (P < 0.001), while those of IgM (P < 0.01) declined on days 21 and 35 post infection (pi) compared to the enteric phase. Our findings show that distinct differences in Th1- and Th2-type and T-regulatory responses are induced during the intestinal, tissue migration and larval establishment stages of T. zimbabwensis infection.
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18
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Helmby H. Immunity to gastrointestinal nematodes: a story of immune modulation. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2014; 1:475-82. [DOI: 10.1586/1744666x.1.3.475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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19
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Ashour DS. Trichinella spiralisimmunomodulation: an interactive multifactorial process. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2014; 9:669-75. [DOI: 10.1586/1744666x.2013.811187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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20
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Ngiow SF, Teng MWL, Smyth MJ. A balance of interleukin-12 and -23 in cancer. Trends Immunol 2013; 34:548-55. [PMID: 23954142 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2013.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2013] [Revised: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-12 and IL-23 share the IL-12p40 molecule. IL-12 promotes T helper (Th)1 immunity and IL-23 promotes Th17 immunity, and it has recently become apparent that the balance between IL-12 and IL-23 is important in carcinogenesis. A series of studies demonstrated that, where tumor initiation, growth, and metastasis are concerned, IL-12 may act independently of interferon (IFN)-γ, and IL-23 independently of IL-17A. This review explores the activity of IL-23 in carcinogenesis. In the context of the tumor-inhibitory effects of IL-12, and tumor-promoting effects of IL-23, we discuss the use of anti-IL-12p/23 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) in autoimmune inflammatory disorders and the alternative specific neutralization of IL-23.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin Foong Ngiow
- Immunology in Cancer and Infection Laboratory, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Herston, 4006, Queensland, Australia
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21
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Systemic cytokine profiles and splenic toll-like receptor expression during Trichinella spiralis infection. Exp Parasitol 2013; 134:92-101. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2013.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2012] [Revised: 02/17/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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22
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Participation of MyD88 and interleukin-33 as innate drivers of Th2 immunity to Trichinella spiralis. Infect Immun 2013; 81:1354-63. [PMID: 23403558 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01307-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Trichinella spiralis is a highly destructive parasitic nematode that invades and destroys intestinal epithelial cells, injures many different tissues during its migratory phase, and occupies and transforms myotubes during the final phase of its life cycle. We set out to investigate the role in immunity of innate receptors for potential pathogen- or danger-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs or DAMPs). Focusing on the MyD88-dependent receptors, which include Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and interleukin-1 (IL-1) family members, we found that MyD88-deficient mice expelled worms normally, while TLR2/4-deficient mice showed accelerated worm expulsion, suggesting that MyD88 was active in signaling pathways for more than one receptor during intestinal immunity. A direct role for PAMPs in TLR activation was not supported in a transactivation assay involving a panel of murine and human TLRs. Mice deficient in the IL-1 family receptor for the DAMP, IL-33 (called ST2), displayed reduced intestinal Th2 responses and impaired mast cell activation. IL-33 was constitutively expressed in intestinal epithelial cells, where it became concentrated in nuclei within 2 days of infection. Nuclear localization was an innate response to infection that occurred in intestinal regions where worms were actively migrating. Th2 responses were also compromised in the lymph nodes draining the skeletal muscles of ST2-deficient mice, and this correlated with increased larval burdens in muscle. Our results support a mechanism in which the immune system recognizes and responds to tissue injury in a way that promotes Th2 responses.
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23
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Jarry A, Bossard C, Sarrabayrouse G, Mosnier JF, Laboisse CL. Loss of interleukin-10 or transforming growth factor β signaling in the human colon initiates a T-helper 1 response via distinct pathways. Gastroenterology 2011; 141:1887-96.e1-2. [PMID: 21839042 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2011.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2010] [Revised: 07/22/2011] [Accepted: 08/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Signaling via interleukin (IL)-10 or transforming growth factor (TGF)-β is disrupted in subpopulations of patients with inflammatory bowel disease, but it is not clear how a T-helper (Th) 1 cell response is induced. We studied conversion of human mucosal innate immune cells into inflammatory cells and the initiation of a Th1 cell response following loss of IL-10 or TGF-β signaling. METHODS We depleted IL-10 or TGF-β from explant cultures of human normal colonic mucosa using immunoneutralization. Pharmacologic inhibitors and antibodies were used to determine the factors involved in the initiation of an interferon (IFN)-γ response following loss of TGF-β or IL-10 signaling. Cytokines produced by mucosal cells were assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and quantitative reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. The subsets of cells involved in cytokine production were determined by in situ immunofluorescence analysis and flow cytometry after digestion of the explants with collagenase. RESULTS Depletion of IL-10 from human normal colonic mucosa resulted in an IFN-γ response, characterized by early-stage secretion of mature IL-18 and production of the active form of caspase-1 by macrophages and some epithelial cells. A caspase-1 inhibitor or the IL-18 antagonist IL-18-binding protein blocked this response. By contrast, depletion of TGF-β resulted in an IFN-γ response that was preceded by and required secretion of IL-12 from macrophages, dendritic cells, and epithelial cells. CONCLUSIONS Innate immune cells (macrophages and epithelial cells) activate a Th1 cell response in explant cultures of human normal colonic mucosa depleted in IL-10 or TGF-β via distinct, nonredundant pathways. These pathways might contribute to the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Jarry
- EA 4273 Biometadys, Université de Nantes, Faculté de Médecine, Nantes, France.
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24
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Chiumiento L, Del Prete G, Codolo G, De Bernard M, Amedei A, Della Bella C, Piazza M, D'Elios S, Caponi L, D'Elios M, Bruschi F. Stimulation of TH1 Response by Helicobacter Pylori Neutrophil Activating Protein Decreases the Protective Role of IgE and Eosinophils in Experimental Trichinellosis. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2011; 24:895-903. [DOI: 10.1177/039463201102400408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Th2 responses seem to play an important role in defence against Trichinella spiralis (Ts). The Neutrophil Activating Protein of Helicobacter pylori (HP-NAP), that induces IL-12, and IL-23 expression and shifts to Th1 allergen-specific Th2 cells in vitro was used as an anti-Th2 agent in BALB/c mice infected with T. spiralis. The muscle larvae (ML) burden was lower ( p < 0.02) in untreated infected animals than those infected treated with HP-NAP. In both groups there was an inverse relationship between ML burden of each animal and total IgE level (controls: r −0.617, p = 0.0013 and HP-NAP-treated: r −0.678, P = 0.0001) or eosinophil count, evaluated in the same mouse on day 42 (r −0.390, P = 0.0592 and r −0.803, P = 0.0001, respectively). Inflammatory response around the nurse cell-parasite complex was significantly higher in HP-NAP-treated infected animals than in those untreated infected, on the contrary the number of eosinophils, counted around each complex was significantly lower in the first animal group. This study provides evidence of a powerful anti-Th2 activity in vivo by HP-NAP and for the partial protective effect of Th2 responses in T. spiralis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Chiumiento
- Department of Experimental Pathology, M.B.I.E., Pisa University
| | - G. Del Prete
- Department of Internal Medicine, Florence University, Florence
- Deparment of Biomedicine, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Careggi, Florence
| | - G. Codolo
- Department of Biology, University of Padua, Padua
- Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padua, Italy
| | - M. De Bernard
- Department of Biology, University of Padua, Padua
- Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padua, Italy
| | - A. Amedei
- Department of Internal Medicine, Florence University, Florence
- Deparment of Biomedicine, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Careggi, Florence
| | - C. Della Bella
- Department of Internal Medicine, Florence University, Florence
| | - M. Piazza
- Department of Experimental Pathology, M.B.I.E., Pisa University
| | - S. D'Elios
- Department of Internal Medicine, Florence University, Florence
| | - L. Caponi
- Department of Experimental Pathology, M.B.I.E., Pisa University
| | - M.M. D'Elios
- Department of Internal Medicine, Florence University, Florence
- Deparment of Biomedicine, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Careggi, Florence
| | - F. Bruschi
- Department of Experimental Pathology, M.B.I.E., Pisa University
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25
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Bruschi F, Chiumiento L. Trichinella inflammatory myopathy: host or parasite strategy? Parasit Vectors 2011; 4:42. [PMID: 21429196 PMCID: PMC3079684 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-4-42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2011] [Accepted: 03/23/2011] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The parasitic nematode Trichinella has a special relation with muscle, because of its unique intracellular localization in the skeletal muscle cell, completely devoted in morphology and biochemistry to become the parasite protective niche, otherwise called the nurse cell. The long-lasting muscle infection of Trichinella exhibits a strong interplay with the host immune response, mainly characterized by a Th2 phenotype. The aim of this review is to illustrate the role of the Th2 host immune response at the muscle level during trichinellosis in different experimental models, such as knock-out or immuno-modulated mice. In particular, in knock-out mice a crucial role of IL-10 is evident for the regulation of inflammation intensity. The muscular host immune response to Trichinella is partially regulated by the intestinal phase of the parasite which emphasizes the intensity of the following muscle inflammation compared with animals infected by synchronized injections of newborn larvae. In eosinophil-ablated mice such as PHIL and GATA-- animals it was observed that there was an increased NOS2 expression in macrophages, driven by higher IFN-γ release, thus responsible for muscle larva damage. Besides modulation of the intestinal stage of the infection, using recombinant IL-12, increases the muscular parasite burden delaying adult worm expulsion from the intestine. Furthermore, a Th1 adjuvant of bacterial origin called Helicobacter pylori neutrophil activating protein (HP-NAP), administered during the intestinal phase of trichinellosis, alters the Th2 dependent response at muscle level. All these data from the literature delineate then a mutual adaptation between parasite and host immune response in order to achieve a strategic compromise between two evolutionary forces pointed towards the survival of both species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizo Bruschi
- Department of Experimental Pathology, M,B,I,E,, Università di Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy.
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26
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Bricarello PA, Zaros LG, Coutinho LL, Rocha RA, Silva MB, Kooyman FNJ, De Vries E, Yatsuda AP, Amarante AFT. Immunological responses and cytokine gene expression analysis to Cooperia punctata infections in resistant and susceptible Nelore cattle. Vet Parasitol 2008; 155:95-103. [PMID: 18513872 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2008.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2007] [Revised: 02/28/2008] [Accepted: 03/24/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Cellular and humoral immune response, as well as cytokine gene expression, was assessed in Nelore cattle with different degrees of resistance to Cooperia punctata natural infection. One hundred cattle (male, weaned, 11-12 months old), kept together on pasture, were evaluated. Faecal and blood samples were collected for parasitological and immunological assays. Based on nematode faecal egg counts (FEC) and worm burden, the seven most resistant and the eight most susceptible animals were selected. Tissue samples of the small intestine were collected for histological quantification of inflammatory cells and analysis of cytokine gene expression (IL-2, IL-4, IL-8, IL-12p35, IL-13, TNF-alpha, IFN-gamma, MCP-1, MCP-2, and MUC-1) using real-time RT-PCR. Mucus samples were also collected for IgA levels determination. Serum IgG1 mean levels against C. punctata antigens were higher in the resistant group, but significant differences between groups were only observed 14 days after the beginning of the experiment against infective larvae (L3) and 14 and 84 days against adult antigens. The resistant group also presented higher IgA levels against C. punctata (L3 and adult) antigens with significant difference 14 days after the beginning of the trial (P<0.05). In the small-intestine mucosa, levels of IgA anti-L3 and anti-adult C. punctata were higher in the resistant group, compared with the susceptible group (P<0.05). Gene expression of both T(H)2 cytokines (IL-4 and IL-13) in the resistant group and T(H)1 cytokines (IL-2, IL-12p35, IFN-gamma and MCP-1) in the susceptible group was up-regulated. Such results suggested that immune response to C. punctata was probably mediated by T(H)2 cytokines in the resistant group and by T(H)1 cytokines in the susceptible group.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Bricarello
- UNESP-Universidade Estadual Paulista, Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Biociências, Caixa Postal 510, Botucatu CEP 18618-000, SP, Brazil.
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Salem ML, Gillanders WE, Kadima AN, El-Naggar S, Rubinstein MP, Demcheva M, Vournakis JN, Cole DJ. Review: novel nonviral delivery approaches for interleukin-12 protein and gene systems: curbing toxicity and enhancing adjuvant activity. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2006; 26:593-608. [PMID: 16978064 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2006.26.593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
It has become increasingly apparent that the ability to generate an optimal host immune response requires effective cross talk between the innate and adaptive components of the immune system. Pro-inflammatory cytokines, in particular those that can induce a danger signal, often called signal 3, are crucial in this role of initiating and augmenting the presentation of exogenous antigen to T cells by dendritic cells. Interleukin-12 (IL-12) in particular has been defined as a "signal 3" cytokine required for the antigen cross priming. Given this unique interactive function, a significant amount of work has been performed to define possible therapeutic applications for IL-12. Systemic IL-12 administration can clearly act as a potent adjuvant for postvaccination T cell responses in a variety of diseases. As an example, in the cancer setting, systemic IL-12 is capable of suppressing tumor growth, metastasis, and angiogenesis in vivo. IL-12, however, has been associated with significant dose- and schedule-dependent toxicity in early clinical trials, results that have proven to be a major obstacle to its clinical application. Recent research has focused on decreasing the toxicity of IL-12 using different delivery approaches, including virus-based and gene-modified cell-based delivery. Although effective, these approaches also have limitations, including the generation of neutralizing antibodies, in addition to lacking the simplicity and versatility required for universal clinical application. Thus, there is a significant interest in the development of alternative delivery approaches for IL-12 administration that can overcome these issues. Several nonviral delivery approaches for IL-12 protein or gene expression vectors are being defined, including alum, liposomes, and polymer-based delivery. These developing approaches have shown promising adjuvant effects with significantly lessened systemic toxicity. This article discusses the potential capabilities of these nonvirus-based IL-12 delivery systems in different disease settings, including allergy, infection, and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Labib Salem
- Department of Surgery, Section of Surgical Oncology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA.
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28
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Doligalska M, Rzepecka J, Drela N, Donskow K, Gerwel-Wronka M. The role of TGF-β in mice infected with Heligmosomoides polygyrus. Parasite Immunol 2006; 28:387-95. [PMID: 16879310 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3024.2006.00845.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Hyporesponsiveness induced by Heligmosomoides polygyrus was quantified and the relationship between TGF-beta and inflammation was identified in BALB/c mice. The immune response and pathological changes modified by neutralization of TGF-beta were characterized in vivo. Nine and twelve days following infection, BALB/c mice were injected intraperitoneally with anti-TGF-beta (1,2,3) antibodies, isotype control antibodies or isosmotic solution. We assessed both Th1 and Th2 related cytokines production ex vivo and in vitro, IgA, the number of CD4+ cells, and eosinophils in the lamina propria and the villus : crypt ratio in the small intestine 6 weeks after infection. The pattern of cytokine production differed in the intestine, peritoneal fluid and serum. In mice infected with H. polygyrus the concentrations of IL-5, IL-12, TNF-alpha and IL-10 were raised in the intestine, but in serum the level of cytokines was diminished below the value observed in uninfected mice. The neutralization of TGF-beta converted the pattern of immune response induced by H. polygyrus. The elevation of cytokines in serum coincided with the reduction of cytokine concentration in the intestine or peritoneum. Neutralization of TGF-beta restored infiltration of eosinophils into the lamina propria of the intestine despite the low level of IL-5. We conclude that H. polygyrus infection suppresses the immune response through pathways involving TGF-beta production or activity and that the Th2 related immune response was not affected by neutralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Doligalska
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Zoology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
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Abstract
Mast cells are progeny of multipotential hematopoietic stem cells (MHSCs). MHSCs commit to the mast cell lineage in the bone marrow, and the mast cell-committed progenitors leave the bone marrow, migrate in blood, invade connective or mucosal tissue, and then proliferate and differentiate to connective tissue-type or mucosal mast cell. GATA-1, GATA-2, and PU.1 transcription factors seem to be involved i the commitment to mast cells, and MITF, a basic helix-loop-helix leucine zipper-type transcription factor, seems to be involved in the migration, phenotypic expression, and survival of mast cells. KIT ligand (KITL) is the most important cytoline for development of mast cells, and KIT is the receptor of KITL. Tissues of loss-of-function mutants of KIT, KITL, or MITF are deficient in mast cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukihiko Kitamura
- Developmental Research Laboratories, Shionogi and Company, 3-1-1 Futaba-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka, 561-0825, Japan.
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Hu ZQ, Zhao WH, Shimamura T. Mechanisms of strain-dependent development of mast cells from mouse splenocytes. Immunol Cell Biol 2006; 84:184-91. [PMID: 16519736 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1711.2005.01410.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Mast cell development from spleen cells was not triggered by prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) or dibutyryl cAMP (db-cAMP) during a 12 day culture when the spleen cells were obtained from C57BL/6N and DBA/1 mice, but mast cells did develop when the spleen cells were obtained from C3H/HeN, BALB/c and ICR mice. A lack of endogenous IFN-gamma in the initial 2 days of the culture period was responsible for the failure. This was confirmed by adding neutralizing anti-IFN-gamma antibody and rIFN-gamma to the cultures and by determining IFN-gamma levels in the spleen cell cultures. Th1 cells in the spleens of C57Bl and DBA/1 mice were much more sensitive to PGE1 and db-cAMP than Th1 cells from other inbred mice strains, and consequently, IFN-gamma production was inhibited in spleen cell cultures of C57BL and DBA/1 mice on addition of PGE1 or db-cAMP. Furthermore, the different sensitivities of Th1 cells to PGE and db-cAMP were dependent on the different levels of IL-12 p40 monomers or homodimers in the spleen cell cultures. As the endogenous specific inhibitors of IL-12 p70 (heterodimers of p40 and p35), large amounts of IL-12 p40 monomers or homodimers in the spleen cell cultures of C57BL and DBA/1 mice enhanced the ability of PGE1 and db-cAMP to inhibit IFN-gamma production by antagonizing the activity of IL-12 heterodimers. These results indicate that the strain-dependent development of mast cells from mouse splenocytes is related to endogenous IFN-gamma levels, which are regulated by PGE, db-cAMP, IL-12 p70 and IL-12 p40.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Qing Hu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Showa Univrsity School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
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31
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Kołodziej-Sobocińska M, Dziemian E, Machnicka-Rowińska B. Inhibition of nitric oxide production by aminoguanidine influences the number of Trichinella spiralis parasites in infected “low responders” (C57BL/6) and “high responders” (BALB/c) mice. Parasitol Res 2006; 99:194-6. [PMID: 16541259 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-006-0144-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2005] [Accepted: 02/06/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The influence of nitric oxide (NO) on the development of adults and larvae Trichinella spiralis was examined in two strains of mice: C57BL/6 and BALB/c. The influence of aminoguanidine (AG)-inhibitor of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) administered in the first days after T. spiralis infection (1-5 dpi) on the number of adult parasites, as well as the influence of AG administered at the beginning of muscle phase of the T. spiralis infection (16-29 dpi) on the number of muscle larvae, was studied. In mice that were treated with AG from the 1st to the 5th day post infection (dpi), the numbers of adult T. spiralis were counted in intestines at 6, 9, 15, and 20 dpi. In this experiment, the impact of AG expressed as diminution of adult worms at 9, 15, and 20 dpi in BALB/c mice. The opposite effect of AG was demonstrated in C57BL/6 mice at 6 and 9 dpi. In mice in which AG was applied from the 16th to the 29th dpi T. spiralis larvae were counted at 30, 35, and 41 dpi. This experiment demonstrated that treating mice with AG at the beginning of muscle phase of the infection inhibits the reduction of muscle larvae number in mice of both strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Kołodziej-Sobocińska
- W. Stefański Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Twarda 51/55, Warsaw, 00-818, Poland.
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Kołodziej-Sobocińska M, Dvoroznakova E, Dziemian E. Trichinella spiralis: Macrophage activity and antibody response in chronic murine infection. Exp Parasitol 2006; 112:52-62. [PMID: 16274689 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2005.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2005] [Revised: 09/12/2005] [Accepted: 09/19/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The role of macrophages, their products, and the specific antibody response were examined during chronic Trichinella spiralis infection in BALB/c mice. Adult T. spiralis in intestines were detected from 5 to 20 dpi. Muscle larvae numbers peaked at 45 dpi and thereafter a reduction was noted. The highest numbers of macrophages in the peritoneal cavity of infected mice were obtained up to 30 dpi. The production of NO by macrophages in infected mice was suppressed at 5 dpi, and then NO release increased until 45 dpi. The levels of NO in plasma and urine were lower in infected mice during the entire experiment in comparison to control. The production of O(2)(-) in peritoneal macrophages was inhibited during the first two weeks after infection and then increased until 90 dpi. Circulating T. spiralis antigens in plasma and urine were detected from 5 to 30 dpi. Specific IgM and IgA in serum increased until 20 dpi. IgG, IgG(1), and IgG(2) levels in serum increased until 60 dpi.
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Xu Q, Yajima T, Li W, Saito K, Ohshima Y, Yoshikai Y. Levan (beta-2, 6-fructan), a major fraction of fermented soybean mucilage, displays immunostimulating properties via Toll-like receptor 4 signalling: induction of interleukin-12 production and suppression of T-helper type 2 response and immunoglobulin E production. Clin Exp Allergy 2006; 36:94-101. [PMID: 16393271 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2006.02401.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Products from the fermentation process of soybeans by Bacillus subtilis (natto) have been shown to possess anti-tumour and immunomodulatory activities. However, the formulations previously examined were not chemically pure, and this is a major limitation for elucidation of the molecular mechanisms for their activities. OBJECTIVE In order to determine which components in soybean mucilage exert immunostimulatory activities, we examined the activities of their purified forms in vitro and in vivo in mice. METHODS B. subtilis (natto) and fractions including levan and poly-gamma-glutamic acid (gamma-PGA) from fermented soybean mucilage were prepared. Levels of cytokine production by mouse macrophage cells after treatment with the fractions were measured by means of ELISA. In vivo effect of levan delivered intragastrically on ovalbumin (OVA)-specific T-helper type 2 (Th2) response with IgE production was examined in BALB/c mice that had been immunized intraperitoneally with OVA. Results Levan but neither gamma-PGA nor killed B. subtilis (natto) was found to exert strong activity to induce production of IL-12 p40 and TNF-alpha by macrophage cell lines in vitro. RESULTS of experiments using Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4-deficient mice and TLR4-transfected human cell line indicated that TLR4 is involved in pattern recognition of levan. Oral administration of levan in vivo significantly reduced the serum levels of OVA-specific IgE and Th2 response to OVA in mice immunized with OVA. CONCLUSION Levan is an immunostimulatory moiety in products from the fermentation process of B. subtilis (natto) and may be useful for prevention of allergic disorders with IgE production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Xu
- Central Research Institute, Mizkan Group Co. Ltd, Handa, Japan.
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Furze RC, Selkirk ME. Comparative dynamics and phenotype of the murine immune response to Trichinella spiralis and Trichinella pseudospiralis. Parasite Immunol 2005; 27:181-8. [PMID: 15987341 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3024.2005.00761.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Infection of NIH mice with Trichinella spiralis and Trichinella pseudospiralis results in qualitatively comparable immune responses. Antigen-specific proliferation by mesenteric lymph node cells was transient and temporally associated with intestinal infection, but in contrast was sustained throughout infection by splenocytes. Early cytokine production by mesenteric lymph node cells was dominated by interleukin 10, but also IL-5 and IL-4, with rapid resolution following parasite expulsion from the gut. Splenocytes showed a mixed profile of cytokine production, although again dominated by IL-10 and sustained over 60 days of infection. All antibody classes were evident, with early production of IgA and IgG1, and subsequent secretion of other subclasses including IgG2a. Granulocytic infiltration of the spleen was significantly greater in T. spiralis infection. The concentration of serum corticosterone generally remained within normal boundaries, although was raised by day 60 in T. spiralis-infected mice. We conclude that the systemic suppression of inflammation reported for T. pseudospiralis does not result from selective induction of regulatory cytokines, or a major difference in the immune response to infection with T. spiralis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R C Furze
- Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Imperial College London, Biochemistry Building, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK
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Weinstock JV, Summers RW, Elliott DE. Role of helminths in regulating mucosal inflammation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 27:249-71. [PMID: 15959781 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-005-0209-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2004] [Accepted: 04/28/2005] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The rapid rise in prevalence of ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD) in highly developed countries suggests that environmental change engenders risk for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Eradication of parasitic worms (helminths) through increased hygiene may be one such change that has led to increased prevalence of these diseases. Helminths alter host mucosal and systemic immunity, inhibiting dysregulated inflammatory responses. Animals exposed to helminths are protected from experimental colitis, encephalitis, and diabetes. Patients with CD or UC improve when exposed to whipworm. Lamina propria (LP) mononuclear cells from helminth-colonized mice make less interleukin (IL)-12 p40 and IFN-gamma, but more IL-4, IL-13, IL-10, TGF-beta, and PGE(2) compared to LP mononuclear cells from naive mice. Systemic immune responses show similar skewing toward Th2 and regulatory cytokine production in worm-colonized animal models and humans. Recent reports suggest that helminths induce regulatory T cell activity. These effects by once ubiquitous organisms may have protected individuals from many of the emerging immune-mediated illnesses like IBD, multiple sclerosis, type I diabetes, and asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel V Weinstock
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology-Hepatology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242-1009, USA.
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Helmby H, Grencis RK. Interleukin 1 plays a major role in the development of Th2-mediated immunity. Eur J Immunol 2005; 34:3674-81. [PMID: 15549727 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200425452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Expulsion of the gastrointestinal nematode Trichuris muris is mediated by a T helper (Th)2-type response, involving interleukin (IL)-4, IL-9 and IL-13. Here, we show that Th2 response-associated resistance is dependent on the presence of IL-1alpha and IL-1beta. When lymph node cells from naive IL-1alpha- or IL-1beta-deficient mice were subjected to Th2 polarization in vitro, they failed to polarize in the presence of IL-4 alone, but required the addition of exogenous IL-1alpha or IL-1beta. Furthermore, we demonstrate that both IL-1alpha- and IL-1beta-deficient mice are susceptible to chronic T. muris infection and that the inability to expel the worms is associated with a defect in the development of a Th2 response in the mesenteric lymph nodes. These results provide the first demonstration of the critical role of IL-1 in regulating Th2 responses during gastrointestinal nematode infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Helmby
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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Jackson JA, Turner JD, Rentoul L, Faulkner H, Behnke JM, Hoyle M, Grencis RK, Else KJ, Kamgno J, Bradley JE, Boussinesq M. Cytokine response profiles predict species-specific infection patterns in human GI nematodes. Int J Parasitol 2004; 34:1237-44. [PMID: 15491586 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2004.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2004] [Revised: 07/27/2004] [Accepted: 07/29/2004] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated associations between pre-treatment cytokine expression and infection patterns, before and after de-worming, in humans exposed to two gastrointestinal nematode species. Quantitative measures of Ascaris lumbricoides and Trichuris trichiura infection (based on faecal egg counts) were estimated immediately before and 8-9 months after treatment in a Cameroonian population. Whole blood cytokine responses to parasite-derived antigens were assayed immediately pre-treatment. An overall measure of the tendency towards species-specific infection (increasing with A. lumbricoides faecal egg counts and decreasing with T. trichiura faecal egg counts) was significantly positively related to IL-10 levels in older (14-57 year) hosts. There was a significant negative influence of IL-5 on reinfection probability in T. trichiura but not A. lumbricoides. This effect coincided with reduced reinfection success in T. trichiura compared to A. lumbricoides. T(H)2 cytokine expression by younger hosts (4-13 year) was negatively associated with contemporary A. lumbricoides faecal egg counts before treatment. Following treatment, the pre-treatment T(H)2 cytokine expression data for younger hosts (now reflecting responsiveness 8-9 months in the past) were negatively associated with T. trichiura faecal egg counts. Taken together, these observations suggest a successional interaction between T(H)2-driven immune responses and species infection over time. However, any differential effects of the measured immune responses on species-specific recruitment, maturation and mortality were superimposed upon (and outweighed by) the effects of other factors favouring coinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Jackson
- School of Biology, Nottingham University, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
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