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Liu J, Zhang K, Zhang X, Guan F, Zeng H, Kubo M, Lee P, Candotti F, James LK, Camara NOS, Benlagha K, Lei J, Forsman H, Yang L, Xiao W, Liu Z, Liu C. Immunoglobulin class-switch recombination: Mechanism, regulation, and related diseases. MedComm (Beijing) 2024; 5:e662. [PMID: 39144468 PMCID: PMC11322596 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Maturation of the secondary antibody repertoire requires class-switch recombination (CSR), which switches IgM to other immunoglobulins (Igs), and somatic hypermutation, which promotes the production of high-affinity antibodies. Following immune response or infection within the body, activation of T cell-dependent and T cell-independent antigens triggers the activation of activation-induced cytidine deaminase, initiating the CSR process. CSR has the capacity to modify the functional properties of antibodies, thereby contributing to the adaptive immune response in the organism. Ig CSR defects, characterized by an abnormal relative frequency of Ig isotypes, represent a rare form of primary immunodeficiency. Elucidating the molecular basis of Ig diversification is essential for a better understanding of diseases related to Ig CSR defects and could provide clues for clinical diagnosis and therapeutic approaches. Here, we review the most recent insights on the diversification of five Ig isotypes and choose several classic diseases, including hyper-IgM syndrome, Waldenström macroglobulinemia, hyper-IgD syndrome, selective IgA deficiency, hyper-IgE syndrome, multiple myeloma, and Burkitt lymphoma, to illustrate the mechanism of Ig CSR deficiency. The investigation into the underlying mechanism of Ig CSR holds significant potential for the advancement of increasingly precise diagnostic and therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia‐Chen Liu
- Institute of Hematology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
- Department of Pathogen BiologySchool of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College and State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanHubeiChina
| | - Ke Zhang
- Department of Pathogen BiologySchool of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College and State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanHubeiChina
| | - Xu Zhang
- Department of RespiratoryThe First Affiliated Hospital of Yangtze UniversityJingzhouChina
| | - Fei Guan
- Department of Pathogen BiologySchool of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College and State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanHubeiChina
| | - Hu Zeng
- Department of ImmunologyMayo Clinic College of Medicine and ScienceRochesterUSA
| | - Masato Kubo
- Laboratory for Cytokine Regulation, Center for Integrative Medical Science (IMS), RIKEN Yokohama InstituteYokohamaJapan
| | - Pamela Lee
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent MedicineLKS Faculty of MedicineThe University of Hong KongHong KongChina
| | - Fabio Candotti
- Division of Immunology and AllergyLausanne University Hospital and University of LausanneLausanneSwitzerland
| | | | | | - Kamel Benlagha
- Institut de Recherche Saint‐LouisUniversité de ParisParisFrance
| | - Jia‐Hui Lei
- Department of Pathogen BiologySchool of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College and State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanHubeiChina
| | - Huamei Forsman
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation ResearchInstitute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
| | - Lu Yang
- Department of Pathogen BiologySchool of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College and State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanHubeiChina
| | - Wei Xiao
- Department of RespiratoryThe First Affiliated Hospital of Yangtze UniversityJingzhouChina
| | - Zheng Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology‐Head and Neck SurgeryTongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, HuazhongUniversity of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Chao‐Hong Liu
- Department of Pathogen BiologySchool of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College and State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanHubeiChina
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Pan J, Yao WL, Liu LP, Wang BS, Chai WZ, Huang Z, Fan XP, He WH, Wang WH, Zhang WD. Moniezia benedeni infection increases IgE + cells in sheep (Ovis aries) small intestine. Vet Parasitol 2024; 328:110169. [PMID: 38520755 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2024.110169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
The concentration of immunoglobulin (Ig) E is the lowest among serum Igs, but it can induces type I hypersensitivity and plays an important role in anti-parasitic infection. The present study aimed to explore the residence characteristics of IgE+ cells in the sheep small intestine and the impact of Moniezia benedeni infection on them. The recombinant plasmids pET-28a-IgE were constructed and induced and expressed in Escherichia coli. BL21 (DE3). The rabbit anti-sheep IgE polyclonal antibody was prepared using the obtained recombinant protein as antigen. Finally, the levels of IgE+ cells in the small intestine of healthy (Control group) and naturally M. benedeni-infected (Infected group) sheep were detected analyzed. The results showed that the rabbit anti-sheep IgE polyclonal antibody with good immunogenicity (titer = 1: 128000) could specifically bind to the heavy chain of natural sheep IgE. In the Control group, the IgE+ cells were mainly distributed in lamina propria of the small intestine, and the densities were significantly decreased from duodenum to ileum (P<0.05), with respective values of (4.28 cells / 104 μm2, 1.80 cells / 104 μm2, and 1.44 cells / 104 μm2 in duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. In the Infected group, IgE+ cells density were 6.26 cells / 104 μm2, 3.01 cells / 104 μm2, and 2.09 cells / 104 μm2 in duodenum, jejunum and ileum respectively, which were significantly higher in all segments compared to the Control group (P<0.05), increasing by 46.26%, 67.22% and 45.14%, respectively. In addition, compared with the Control group, the IgE protein levels were significantly increased in all intestinal segments of the Infected group (P<0.01), however, there was no significant differences among the different intestinal segments within the same group (P>0.05). The results demonstrated that M. benedeni infection could significantly increase the content of IgE and the distribution density of its secreting cells in sheep small intestine. The intestinal mucosal immune system of sheep presented obvious specificity against M. benedeni infection. This lays a good foundation for further exploring molecular mechanisms of the intestinal mucosal immune system monitoring and responding to M. benedeni infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Pan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, China
| | - Wan-Ling Yao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, China
| | - Li-Ping Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, China
| | - Bao-Shan Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, China
| | - Wen-Zhu Chai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, China
| | - Zhen Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, China
| | - Xi-Ping Fan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, China
| | - Wan-Hong He
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, China
| | - Wen-Hui Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, China
| | - Wang-Dong Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, China.
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Chen SS, Zhang H. Abrogation and homeostatic restoration of IgE responses by a universal IgE allergy CTL vaccine-The three signal self/non-self/self (S/NS/S) theory. Immunology 2024; 172:91-108. [PMID: 38303079 PMCID: PMC10987285 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Natural IgE cytotoxic peptides (nECPs), which are derived from the constant domain of the heavy chain of human IgE producing B cells via endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, are decorated onto MHC class 1a molecules (MHCIa) as unique biomarkers for CTL (cytotoxic T lymphocyte)-mediated immune surveillance. Human IgE exhibits only one isotype and lacks polymorphisms; IgE is pivotal in mediating diverse, allergen-specific allergies. Therefore, by disrupting self-IgE tolerance via costimulation, the CTLs induced by nECPs can serve as universal allergy vaccines (UAVs) in humans to dampen IgE production mediated by diverse allergen-specific IgE-secreting B cells and plasma cells expressing surface nECP-MHCIa as targets. The study herein has enabled the identification of nECPs, A32 and SP-1/SP-2 nonameric natural peptides produced through the correspondence principle. Vaccination using nECP induced nECP-specific CTL that profoundly suppressed human IgE production in vitro as well as chimeric human IgE production in human IgE/HLA-A2.01/HLA-B7.02 triple transgenic rodents. Furthermore, nECP-tetramer-specific CTLs were found to be converted into CD4 Tregs that restored IgE competence via the homeostatic principle, mediatepred by SREBP-1c suppressed DCs. Thus, nECPs showed causal efficacy and safety as UAVs for treating categorically type I hypersensitivity IgE-mediated allergies. The applied vaccination concept presented provides the foundation to unify, integrate through a singular class of tetramer-specific TCR clonotypes for regulaing human IgE production. The three signal theory pertains to mechanisms of three cells underlying central tolerance (S), breaking self tolerance (NS) and regaining peripheral tolerance (S) via homeostasis concerning nECP as an efficacious and safe UAV to treat type I IgE-mediated hypersensitivity. The three signal theory impirically extended, may be heuritic for immuno-regulation of adaptive immune repertoire in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swey-Shen Chen
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, AAIIT LLC, San Diego, California, USA
- Division of Vaccinology and Immunotherapy, IGE Therapeutics and Pharmaceuticals, Inc, San Diego, California, USA
- Department of Protein Display and Molecular Evolution, The Institute of Genetics at San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Hailan Zhang
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, AAIIT LLC, San Diego, California, USA
- Division of Vaccinology and Immunotherapy, IGE Therapeutics and Pharmaceuticals, Inc, San Diego, California, USA
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Suárez Vázquez TA, López López N, Salinas Carmona MC. MASTer cell: chief immune modulator and inductor of antimicrobial immune response. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1360296. [PMID: 38638437 PMCID: PMC11024470 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1360296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Mast cells have long been recognized for their involvement in allergic pathology through the immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated degranulation mechanism. However, there is growing evidence of other "non-canonical" degranulation mechanisms activated by certain pathogen recognition receptors. Mast cells release several mediators, including histamine, cytokines, chemokines, prostaglandins, and leukotrienes, to initiate and enhance inflammation. The chemical nature of activating stimuli influences receptors, triggering mechanisms for the secretion of formed and new synthesized mediators. Mast cells have more than 30 known surface receptors that activate different pathways for direct and indirect activation by microbes. Different bacterial strains stimulate mast cells through various ligands, initiating the innate immune response, which aids in clearing the bacterial burden. Mast cell interactions with adaptative immune cells also play a crucial role in infections. Recent publications revealed another "non-canonical" degranulation mechanism present in tryptase and chymase mast cells in humans and connective tissue mast cells in mice, occurring through the activation of the Mas-related G protein-coupled receptor (MRGPRX2/b2). This receptor represents a new therapeutic target alongside antibiotic therapy. There is an urgent need to reconsider and redefine the biological role of these MASTer cells of innate immunity, extending beyond their involvement in allergic pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mario César Salinas Carmona
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine and Dr. Jose Eleuterio Gonzalez University Hospital, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Mexico
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Flores-Velázquez LM, Ruiz-Campillo MT, Herrera-Torres G, Martínez-Moreno Á, Martínez-Moreno FJ, Zafra R, Buffoni L, Rufino-Moya PJ, Molina-Hernández V, Pérez J. Fasciolosis: pathogenesis, host-parasite interactions, and implication in vaccine development. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1270064. [PMID: 38149297 PMCID: PMC10750376 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1270064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Fasciola hepatica is distributed worldwide, causing substantial economic losses in the animal husbandry industry. Human fasciolosis is an emerging zoonosis in Andean America, Asia, and Africa. The control of the disease, both in humans and animals, is based on using anthelmintic drugs, which has resulted in increased resistance to the most effective anthelmintics, such as triclabendazole, in many countries. This, together with the concerns about drug residues in food and the environment, has increased the interest in preventive measures such as a vaccine to help control the disease in endemic areas. Despite important efforts over the past two decades and the work carried out with numerous vaccine candidates, none of them has demonstrated consistent and reproducible protection in target species. This is at least in part due to the high immunomodulation capacity of the parasite, making ineffective the host response in susceptible species such as ruminants. It is widely accepted that a deeper knowledge of the host-parasite interactions is needed for a more rational design of vaccine candidates. In recent years, the use of emerging technologies has notably increased the amount of data about these interactions. In the present study, current knowledge of host-parasite interactions and their implication in Fasciola hepatica vaccine development is reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Miguel Flores-Velázquez
- Unidad de Anatomía, Histología y Patología Veterinaria, Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad San Sebastián, Campus Puerto Montt, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - María Teresa Ruiz-Campillo
- Departamento de Anatomía y Anatomía Patológica Comparadas y Toxicología, UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes ENZOEM, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Guillem Herrera-Torres
- Departamento de Anatomía y Anatomía Patológica Comparadas y Toxicología, UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes ENZOEM, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Álvaro Martínez-Moreno
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal (Área de Parasitología), UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes ENZOEM, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Francisco Javier Martínez-Moreno
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal (Área de Parasitología), UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes ENZOEM, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Rafael Zafra
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal (Área de Parasitología), UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes ENZOEM, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Leandro Buffoni
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal (Área de Parasitología), UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes ENZOEM, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Pablo José Rufino-Moya
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal (Área de Parasitología), UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes ENZOEM, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Verónica Molina-Hernández
- Departamento de Anatomía y Anatomía Patológica Comparadas y Toxicología, UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes ENZOEM, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - José Pérez
- Departamento de Anatomía y Anatomía Patológica Comparadas y Toxicología, UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes ENZOEM, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
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Chen SS, Zhang H. Abrogation and Homeostatic Restoration of IgE Responses by a Universal IgE Allergy CTL Vaccine-The Three Signal Self/Non-Self/Self (S/NS/S) Model. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.10.12.561777. [PMID: 37904962 PMCID: PMC10614744 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.12.561777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2023]
Abstract
Natural IgE cytotoxic peptides (nECPs), which are derived from the constant domain of the heavy chain of human IgE producing B cells via endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, are decorated onto MHC class 1a molecules (MHCIa) as unique biomarkers for CTL (cytotoxic T lymphocyte)-mediated immune surveillance. Human IgE exhibits only one isotype and lacks polymorphisms; IgE is pivotal in mediating diverse, allergen-specific allergies. Therefore, by disrupting self-IgE tolerance via costimulation, the cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) induced by nECPs can serve as universal allergy vaccines (UAVs) in humans to dampen IgE production mediated by diverse allergen-specific IgE- secreting B cells and plasma cells expressing surface nECP-MHCIa as targets. The study herein has enabled the identification of nECPs produced through the correspondence principle 1, 2 . Furthermore, nECP-tetramer-specific CTLs were found to be converted into CD4 Tregs that restored IgE competence via the homeostatic principle, mediated by SREBP-1c suppressed DCs. Thus, nECPs showed causal efficacy and safety as UAVs for treating type I hypersensitivity IgE-mediated allergies. The applied vaccination concept presented provides the foundation to unify, integrate through a singular class of tetramer-specific TCR clonotypes. The three signal model is proposed on the mechanisms underlying central tolerance, breaking tolerance and regaining peripheral tolerance via homeostasis concerning nECP as an efficacious and safe UAV to treat type I IgE-mediated hypersensitivity. One Sentence Summary Human IgE self-peptides are identified as universal allergy vaccines that inhibit IgE synthesis while allowing homeostatic IgE recovery.Graphic abstract textThree cell S/NS/S model of Universal Allergy Vaccines (UAV): Natural IgE peptides (nECPs) presented by enabler DCs break central IgE tolerance (Self), leading to CTLs that inhibit IgE production (Non-self). Generative DCs converted by the metabolic milieu transform the pre-existing nECP-specific CTLs into nECP-specific Tregs leading to homeostatic recovery of IgE competence (S).
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Watanabe N. The effect of inheritance of IgE responsiveness on the susceptibility of mice to Trichinella spiralis infection. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1185094. [PMID: 37283738 PMCID: PMC10240059 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1185094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
IgE antibodies are likely involved in host protection. Trichinella spiralis is a helminth that induces protection through IgE antibodies. The present study examined T. spiralis susceptibility in high and low IgE responder mice, with a specific focus on the inheritance of IgE responsiveness, which controls IgE production specific for the IgE isotype and non-specific for antigens. Furthermore, low IgE responsiveness is inherited as a recessive trait under a single gene, which is not linked to the H-2 gene. This study determined the total IgE and anti-T. spiralis IgE antibody levels after T. spiralis infection in low IgE responder SJL/J mice were several times lower than those in high IgE responders, such as the BALB/c mice. An IgE-dependent susceptibility to T. spiralis, evaluated in mice treated with anti-IgE antibodies and in control mice, was observed in high IgE responder mice but not in low IgE responder mice. The inheritance of IgE responsiveness and susceptibility to T. spiralis was investigated using crosses of SJL/J with high IgE responders. All of the (BALB/c × SJL/J) F1 and half of the (BALB/c × SJL/J) F1 × SJL backcross progenies were high IgE responders after T. spiralis infection. Total IgE and antigen-specific IgE antibody levels were correlated and not linked to H-2. It should be noted that high IgE responders always exhibited low susceptibility, suggesting that the trait of IgE responsiveness functions as a trait of susceptibility to T. spiralis.
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Alakhras NS, Shin J, Smith SA, Sinn AL, Zhang W, Hwang G, Sjoerdsma J, Bromley EK, Pollok KE, Bilgicer B, Kaplan MH. Peanut allergen inhibition prevents anaphylaxis in a humanized mouse model. Sci Transl Med 2023; 15:eadd6373. [PMID: 36753563 PMCID: PMC10205092 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.add6373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Peanut-induced allergy is an immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated type I hypersensitivity reaction that manifests symptoms ranging from local edema to life-threatening anaphylaxis. Although there are treatments for symptoms in patients with allergies resulting from allergen exposure, there are few preventive therapies other than strict dietary avoidance or oral immunotherapy, neither of which are successful in all patients. We have previously designed a covalent heterobivalent inhibitor (cHBI) that binds in an allergen-specific manner as a preventive for allergic reactions. Building on previous in vitro testing, here, we developed a humanized mouse model to test cHBI efficacy in vivo. Nonobese diabetic-severe combined immunodeficient γc-deficient mice expressing transgenes for human stem cell factor, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, and interleukin-3 developed mature functional human mast cells in multiple tissues and displayed robust anaphylactic reactions when passively sensitized with patient-derived IgE monoclonal antibodies specific for peanut Arachis hypogaea 2 (Ara h 2). The allergic response in humanized mice was IgE dose dependent and was mediated by human mast cells. Using this humanized mouse model, we showed that cHBI prevented allergic reactions for more than 2 weeks when administered before allergen exposure. cHBI also prevented fatal anaphylaxis and attenuated allergic reactions when administered shortly after the onset of symptoms. cHBI impaired mast cell degranulation in vivo in an allergen-specific manner. cHBI rescued the mice from lethal anaphylactic responses during oral Ara h 2 allergen-induced anaphylaxis. Together, these findings suggest that cHBI has the potential to be an effective preventative for peanut-specific allergic responses in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nada S. Alakhras
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202
| | - Jaeho Shin
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556
| | - Scott A. Smith
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Anthony L. Sinn
- In Vivo Therapeutics Core, Indiana University Melvin and Bren Simon Comprehensive Cancer Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202
| | - Wenwu Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202
| | - Gyoyeon Hwang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556
| | - Jenna Sjoerdsma
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556
| | - Emily K. Bromley
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556
| | - Karen E. Pollok
- In Vivo Therapeutics Core, Indiana University Melvin and Bren Simon Comprehensive Cancer Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202
- Department of Pediatrics, HB Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202
| | - Basar Bilgicer
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556
| | - Mark H. Kaplan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202
- Department of Pediatrics, HB Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202
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Colas L, Magnan A, Brouard S. Immunoglobulin E response in health and disease beyond allergic disorders. Allergy 2022; 77:1700-1718. [PMID: 35073421 DOI: 10.1111/all.15230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Immunoglobulin E is the latest discovered of immunoglobulin family and has been long associated with anaphylaxis and worm expulsion. Immunoglobulin E, along with mast cells, basophils, and eosinophils, is also a hallmark of type 2 immunity which is dysregulated in numerous diseases such as asthma, rhinitis, atopic dermatitis, and eosinophilic esophagitis in addition to anaphylaxis as aforementioned. However, recent advances have shed light on IgE regulation and memory explaining the low level of free IgE, the scarcity of IgE plasma cells that are mainly short live and the absence of IgE memory B cells in homeostatic conditions. Furthermore, IgE was implicated in inflammatory conditions beyond allergic disorders where IgE-mediated facilitated antigen presentation can enhance cellular and humoral response against autoantigens in systemic lupus or chronic urticaria leading to more severe disease and even against neoantigen facilitating tumor cell lysis. At last, IgE was unexpectedly associated with allograft rejection or atheromatous cardiovascular diseases where precise mechanisms remain to be deciphered. The purpose of this review is to summarize these recent advances in IgE regulation, biology, and physiopathology beyond allergic diseases opening whole new fields of IgE biology to explore.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luc Colas
- Plateforme Transversale d'Allergologie et d'immunologie Clinique PFTA Clinique dermatologique CHU de Nantes Nantes France
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, INSERM, Center for Research in Transplantation and Translational Immunology Nantes France
| | - Antoine Magnan
- Hôpital Foch, Suresnes; Université de Versailles Saint‐Quentin Paris‐Saclay; INRAe Paris France
| | - Sophie Brouard
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, INSERM, Center for Research in Transplantation and Translational Immunology Nantes France
- Labex IGO Nantes France
- Centre d’Investigation Clinique en Biothérapie Centre de ressources biologiques (CRB) Nantes France
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Lymphatic filariasis and visceral leishmaniasis coinfection: A review on their epidemiology, therapeutic, and immune responses. Acta Trop 2021; 224:106117. [PMID: 34464587 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2021.106117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Coinfection is less commonly observed in individuals around the world, yet it is more common than the single infection. Around 800 million people worldwide are infected with helminths as a result of various diseases. Lymphatic filariasis (LF) and visceral leishmaniasis (VL) are chronic, deadly, crippling, and debilitating neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) that are endemic in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Due to poor hygienic conditions, poverty, and genetic predisposition, those living in endemic areas are more likely to develop both leishmaniasis and filariasis. One of the key challenges in the management of LF/VL coinfection is the development of an effective therapeutic strategy that not only treats the first episode of VL but also prevents LF. However, there is a scarcity of knowledge and data on the relationship between LF and VL coinfection. While reviewing it was apparent that only a few studies relevant to LF/VL coinfections have been reported from southeastern Spain, Sudan, and the Indian subcontinents, highlighting the need for greater research in the most affected areas. We also looked at LF and VL as a single disease and also as a coinfection. Some features of the immune response evolved in mammalian hosts against LF and VL alone or against coinfection are also discussed, including epidemiology, therapeutic regimens, and vaccines. In addition to being potentially useful in clinical research, our findings imply the need for improved diagnostic methodology and therapeutics, which could accelerate the deployment of more specific and effective diagnosis for treatments to lessen the impact of VL/LF coinfections in the population.
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Jiménez M, Cervantes-García D, Córdova-Dávalos LE, Pérez-Rodríguez MJ, Gonzalez-Espinosa C, Salinas E. Responses of Mast Cells to Pathogens: Beneficial and Detrimental Roles. Front Immunol 2021; 12:685865. [PMID: 34211473 PMCID: PMC8240065 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.685865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mast cells (MCs) are strategically located in tissues close to the external environment, being one of the first immune cells to interact with invading pathogens. They are long living effector cells equipped with different receptors that allow microbial recognition. Once activated, MCs release numerous biologically active mediators in the site of pathogen contact, which induce vascular endothelium modification, inflammation development and extracellular matrix remodeling. Efficient and direct antimicrobial mechanisms of MCs involve phagocytosis with oxidative and non-oxidative microbial destruction, extracellular trap formation, and the release of antimicrobial substances. MCs also contribute to host defense through the attraction and activation of phagocytic and inflammatory cells, shaping the innate and adaptive immune responses. However, as part of their response to pathogens and under an impaired, sustained, or systemic activation, MCs may contribute to tissue damage. This review will focus on the current knowledge about direct and indirect contribution of MCs to pathogen clearance. Antimicrobial mechanisms of MCs are addressed with special attention to signaling pathways involved and molecular weapons implicated. The role of MCs in a dysregulated host response that can increase morbidity and mortality is also reviewed and discussed, highlighting the complexity of MCs biology in the context of host-pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariela Jiménez
- Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, Mexico
| | - Daniel Cervantes-García
- Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, Mexico.,Cátedras CONACYT, National Council of Science and Technology, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Laura E Córdova-Dávalos
- Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, Mexico
| | - Marian Jesabel Pérez-Rodríguez
- Department of Pharmacobiology, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados (Cinvestav), Unidad Sede Sur, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Claudia Gonzalez-Espinosa
- Department of Pharmacobiology, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados (Cinvestav), Unidad Sede Sur, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Eva Salinas
- Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, Mexico
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12
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Ahmad H, Arifin N, Nolan TJ, Lok JB, Anuar NS, Noordin R. Strongyloides-Specific IgE Phage cDNA Clones and Development of a Novel ELISA for Strongyloidiasis. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11060985. [PMID: 34071716 PMCID: PMC8228214 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11060985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Strongyloidiasis, caused mainly by the nematode Strongyloides stercoralis, is prevalent worldwide and potentially fatal in immunosuppressed patients. We report on a new IgE biomarker to diagnose Strongyloides infection. Sera from two groups infected with Strongyloides served as positive samples: Group 1A, in which infection was confirmed by stool-microscopy and/or stool-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and was seropositive by an IgG-enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and an IgG4 rapid test, and Group 1B in which infection was confirmed by stool-PCR but was seronegative. Negative samples (controls) comprised infections with other parasites (Group II) and healthy donors (Group III). Immunoscreenings of an S. stercoralis complementary DNA (cDNA) library were performed, and the cDNA clone with the highest diagnostic potential (clone A133) was selected for recombinant protein production and then evaluated using IgE Western blot and ELISA. The Western blot showed that the recombinant protein (rA133) was 100% reactive with Group IA (n = 10) and Group IB (n = 5), and 96% non-reactive with Groups II and III (n = 25). Subsequently, the IgE-ELISA was developed and showed 100% diagnostic sensitivity in Groups IA (n = 32) and IB (n = 11); and 99.3% specificity in Groups II and III (n = 144). In conclusion, this study has identified rA133 as a novel recombinant protein with potential diagnostic value, and that the IgE-ELISA incorporating this protein may be useful for patient diagnosis and epidemiological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hussain Ahmad
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor 11800, Malaysia; (H.A.); (N.A.); (N.S.A.)
- Department of Microbiology, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan 23200, Pakistan
| | - Norsyahida Arifin
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor 11800, Malaysia; (H.A.); (N.A.); (N.S.A.)
| | - Thomas J. Nolan
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (T.J.N.); (J.B.L.)
| | - James B. Lok
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (T.J.N.); (J.B.L.)
| | - Nor Suhada Anuar
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor 11800, Malaysia; (H.A.); (N.A.); (N.S.A.)
| | - Rahmah Noordin
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor 11800, Malaysia; (H.A.); (N.A.); (N.S.A.)
- Correspondence:
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13
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Muñoz-Carrillo JL, Gutiérrez-Coronado O, Muñoz-Escobedo JJ, Contreras-Cordero JF, Maldonado-Tapia C, Moreno-García MA. Resiniferatoxin promotes adult worm expulsion in Trichinella spiralis-infected rats by Th2 immune response modulation. Parasite Immunol 2021; 43:e12840. [PMID: 33914935 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The immune response during T spiralis infection is characterized by an increase in eosinophils and mast cells, as well as Th2 cytokine production, such as interleukin (IL)-4, IL-10 and IL-13, promoting T spiralis expulsion from the host. However, this response damages the host, favouring the parasite survival. In the search for new pharmacological strategies that protect against T spiralis infection, a recent study showed that treatment with resiniferatoxin (RTX) modulates the Th1 cytokines production, reducing muscle parasite burden. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of RTX treatment on the Th2 cytokines production, the number of eosinophils, mast cells and the intestinal expulsion of T spiralis. METHODS Serum levels of IL-4, IL-10 and IL-13 were quantified by ELISA; the number of eosinophils, mast cells and the adult worms of T spiralis in the small intestine was quantified. RESULTS RTX treatment increased serum levels of IL-4, IL-10 and IL-13, and it decreases intestinal eosinophilia, however, favours the mastocytosis, promoting T spiralis intestinal expulsion. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that RTX is capable to modulate the Th2 immune response, promoting T spiralis expulsion, which contributes to the defence against T spiralis infection, placing the RTX as a potential immunomodulatory drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Luis Muñoz-Carrillo
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Microbiology, Academic Unit of Biological Sciences, Autonomous University of Zacatecas, Zacatecas, México.,Laboratory of Immunology and Virology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Autonomous University of Nuevo Leon, San Nicolás de los Garza, México.,Laboratory of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Odontology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Cuauhtémoc University Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, México
| | - Oscar Gutiérrez-Coronado
- Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Earth and Life Sciences, University Center of Los Lagos, University of Guadalajara, Lagos de Moreno, México
| | | | - Juan Francisco Contreras-Cordero
- Laboratory of Immunology and Virology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Autonomous University of Nuevo Leon, San Nicolás de los Garza, México
| | - Claudia Maldonado-Tapia
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Microbiology, Academic Unit of Biological Sciences, Autonomous University of Zacatecas, Zacatecas, México
| | - María Alejandra Moreno-García
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Microbiology, Academic Unit of Biological Sciences, Autonomous University of Zacatecas, Zacatecas, México
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14
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Khodoun MV, Morris SC, Shao WH, Potter C, Angerman E, Kiselev A, Yarawsky AE, Herr AB, Klausz K, Otte A, Peipp M, Finkelman FD. Suppression of IgE-mediated anaphylaxis and food allergy with monovalent anti-FcεRIα mAbs. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2021; 147:1838-1854.e4. [PMID: 33326804 PMCID: PMC8215870 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2020.10.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mast cell and basophil activation by antigen cross-linking of FcεRI-bound IgE is central to allergy pathogenesis. We previously demonstrated global suppression of this process by rapid desensitization with anti-FcεRIα mAbs. OBJECTIVES We sought to determine whether use of monovalent (mv) anti-FcεRIα mAbs increases desensitization safety without loss of efficacy. METHODS mv anti-human (hu) FcεRIα mAbs were produced with mouse-derived immunoglobulin variable regions and huIgG1 or huIgG4 C regions and were used to suppress murine IgE-mediated anaphylaxis and food allergy. mAbs were administered as a single dose or as serially increasing doses to mice that express hu instead of mouse FcεRIα; mice that additionally have an allergy-promoting IL-4Rα mutation; and hu cord blood-reconstituted immunodeficient, hu cytokine-secreting, mice that have large numbers of activated hu mast cells. Anaphylaxis susceptibility was sometimes increased by treatment with IL-4 or a β-adrenergic receptor antagonist. RESULTS mv anti-hu FcεRIα mAbs are considerably less able than divalent mAbs are to induce anaphylaxis and deplete mast cell and basophil IgE, but mv mAbs still strongly suppress IgE-mediated disease. The mv mAbs can be safely administered as a single large dose to mice with typical susceptibility to anaphylaxis, while a rapid desensitization approach safely suppresses disease in mice with increased susceptibility. Our huIgG4 variant of mv anti-huFcεRIα mAb is safer than our huIgG1 variant is, apparently because reduced interactions with FcεRs decrease ability to indirectly cross-link FcεRI. CONCLUSIONS mv anti-FcεRIα mAbs more safely suppress IgE-mediated anaphylaxis and food allergy than divalent variants of the same mAbs do. These mv mAbs may be useful for suppression of huIgE-mediated disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marat V Khodoun
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Suzanne C Morris
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Wen-Hai Shao
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Crystal Potter
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Elizabeth Angerman
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Artem Kiselev
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Alexander E Yarawsky
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Andrew B Herr
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio; Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Katja Klausz
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunotherapy, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Anna Otte
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunotherapy, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Matthias Peipp
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunotherapy, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Fred D Finkelman
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio; Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio.
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15
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Pritchard DI, Falcone FH, Mitchell PD. The evolution of IgE-mediated type I hypersensitivity and its immunological value. Allergy 2021; 76:1024-1040. [PMID: 32852797 DOI: 10.1111/all.14570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The allergic phenotype manifests itself in a spectrum of troublesome to life-threatening diseases, from seasonal hay fever, through the food allergies, atopic eczema, asthma, to anaphylaxis. Allergy, that is an overreaction to allergen in hypersensitive individuals, results from the production of IgE, mast cell and basophil sensitisation and degranulation, requiring a range of medications to manage the conditions. Yet it is highly likely that allergy evolved for a purpose and that allergic diseases are accidental consequences of an insufficiently regulated immune response. This article presents a viewpoint from which to restore the immunological reputation of the allergic phenotype. We consider the evolutionary origins of potential allergens, toxins and parasites, and how they might have influenced early-mammal species in existence when IgE first developed. We conclude that the allergic phenotype has likely saved the lives of many more mammals than have ever died from allergy, so justifying the positive role of IgE in our evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Franco H. Falcone
- Institute for Parasitology Justus‐Liebig‐University Gießen Gießen Germany
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16
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Yan C, Wu J, Xu N, Li J, Zhou QY, Yang HM, Cheng XD, Liu JX, Dong X, Koda S, Zhang BB, Yu Q, Chen JX, Tang RX, Zheng KY. TLR4 Deficiency Exacerbates Biliary Injuries and Peribiliary Fibrosis Caused by Clonorchis sinensis in a Resistant Mouse Strain. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 10:526997. [PMID: 33469517 PMCID: PMC7813683 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.526997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mice with different genetic backgrounds have various susceptibilities to infection with Clonorchis sinensis, although the mechanisms underlying are largely unknown. Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) as one of the most important pattern recognition receptors (PPRs) is essential for the invasion, survival, pathogenesis, and elimination of worms. The roles played by TLR4 in C. sinensis infection may vary due to the different genetic backgrounds of mice. In the present study, a relatively resistant mouse strain-C57BL/10 to C. sinensis was used for investigation on the possible roles of TLR4 in the biliary injuries and peribiliary fibrosis. TLR4 wild type (TLR4wild) and TLR4 defective (TLR4def) mice were orally infected with 45 metacercariae of C. sinensis, and all C. sinensis-infected mice and non-infected groups were anesthetized on day 28 post-infection. The liver and serum from each mouse were collected for assessment of the biliary injuries and biliary fibrosis. Meanwhile, hepatic leukocytes were isolated and detected for the activation of M1 or M2 macrophage using flow cytometry. The hepatic type 1 immune response and type 2 immune responses -relative molecules were also evaluated using ELISA and quantitative PCR. The data showed that TLR4def aggravated liver inflammatory cell infiltrations, bile duct proliferation, biliary and hepatocellular injuries, and ECM deposition in C. sinensis-infected mice, compared with TLR4wild mice when they were intragastrically administered with the same amounts of C. sinensis metacercaria. Furthermore, the M2-like macrophages and type 2 immune responses were significantly predominant induced in TLR4def mice, compared with that of TLR4wild mice following C. sinensis infection. But the type 1 immune response were significantly decreased in TLR4def mice, compared with TLR4wild mice after C. sinensis infection. These data demonstrate that TLR4 deficiency exacerbates biliary injuries and peribiliary fibrosis caused by C. sinensis in C57BL/10 strain mice, which is contributed by augments of type 2 immune responses and decrease pro-inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Yan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,National Experimental Demonstration Center for Basic Medicine Education, Department of Clinical Medicine, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Jing Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,Huai'an Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Huai'an, China
| | - Na Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Jing Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Qian-Yang Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Hui-Min Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Dan Cheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Ji-Xin Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Xin Dong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Stephane Koda
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Bei-Bei Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,National Experimental Demonstration Center for Basic Medicine Education, Department of Clinical Medicine, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Qian Yu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,National Experimental Demonstration Center for Basic Medicine Education, Department of Clinical Medicine, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Jia-Xu Chen
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, WHO Collaborating Center of Malaria, Schistosomiasis and Filariasis, Shanghai, China
| | - Ren-Xian Tang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,National Experimental Demonstration Center for Basic Medicine Education, Department of Clinical Medicine, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Kui-Yang Zheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,National Experimental Demonstration Center for Basic Medicine Education, Department of Clinical Medicine, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
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17
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Kanagaratham C, El Ansari YS, Lewis OL, Oettgen HC. IgE and IgG Antibodies as Regulators of Mast Cell and Basophil Functions in Food Allergy. Front Immunol 2020; 11:603050. [PMID: 33362785 PMCID: PMC7759531 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.603050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Food allergy is a major health issue, affecting the lives of 8% of U.S. children and their families. There is an urgent need to identify the environmental and endogenous signals that induce and sustain allergic responses to ingested allergens. Acute reactions to foods are triggered by the activation of mast cells and basophils, both of which release inflammatory mediators that lead to a range of clinical manifestations, including gastrointestinal, cutaneous, and respiratory reactions as well as systemic anaphylaxis. Both of these innate effector cell types express the high affinity IgE receptor, FcϵRI, on their surface and are armed for adaptive antigen recognition by very-tightly bound IgE antibodies which, when cross-linked by polyvalent allergen, trigger degranulation. These cells also express inhibitory receptors, including the IgG Fc receptor, FcγRIIb, that suppress their IgE-mediated activation. Recent studies have shown that natural resolution of food allergies is associated with increasing food-specific IgG levels. Furthermore, oral immunotherapy, the sequential administration of incrementally increasing doses of food allergen, is accompanied by the strong induction of allergen-specific IgG antibodies in both human subjects and murine models. These can deliver inhibitory signals via FcγRIIb that block IgE-induced immediate food reactions. In addition to their role in mediating immediate hypersensitivity reactions, mast cells and basophils serve separate but critical functions as adjuvants for type 2 immunity in food allergy. Mast cells and basophils, activated by IgE, are key sources of IL-4 that tilts the immune balance away from tolerance and towards type 2 immunity by promoting the induction of Th2 cells along with the innate effectors of type 2 immunity, ILC2s, while suppressing the development of regulatory T cells and driving their subversion to a pathogenic pro-Th2 phenotype. This adjuvant effect of mast cells and basophils is suppressed when inhibitory signals are delivered by IgG antibodies signaling via FcγRIIb. This review summarizes current understanding of the immunoregulatory effects of mast cells and basophils and how these functions are modulated by IgE and IgG antibodies. Understanding these pathways could provide important insights into innovative strategies for preventing and/or reversing food allergy in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Kanagaratham
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Yasmeen S. El Ansari
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Owen L. Lewis
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Hans C. Oettgen
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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18
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Bruton K, Koenig JFE, Phelps A, Jordana M. Perturbations to Homeostasis in Experimental Models Revealed Innate Pathways Driving Food Allergy. Front Immunol 2020; 11:603272. [PMID: 33362786 PMCID: PMC7758527 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.603272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
While type 2 immunity has been conventionally viewed as beneficial against helminths, venoms, and poisons, and harmful in allergy, contemporary research has uncovered its critical role in the maintenance of homeostasis. The initiation of a type 2 immune response involves an intricate crosstalk between structural and immune cells. Structural cells react to physical and chemical tissue perturbations by secreting alarmins, which signal the innate immune system to restore homeostasis. This pathway acts autonomously in the context of sterile injury and in the presence of foreign antigen initiates an adaptive Th2 response that is beneficial in the context of venoms, toxins, and helminths, but not food allergens. The investigation of the triggers and mechanisms underlying food allergic sensitization in humans is elusive because sensitization is a silent process. Therefore, the central construct driving food allergy modeling is based on introducing perturbations of tissue homeostasis along with an allergen which will result in an immunological and clinical phenotype that is consistent with that observed in humans. The collective evidence from multiple models has revealed the pre-eminent role of innate cells and molecules in the elicitation of allergic sensitization. We posit that, with the expanding use of technologies capable of producing formidable datasets, models of food allergy will continue to have an indispensable role to delineate mechanisms and establish causal relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Manel Jordana
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre (MIRC), McMaster University, Hamilton ON, Canada
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19
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El Ansari YS, Kanagaratham C, Lewis OL, Oettgen HC. IgE and mast cells: The endogenous adjuvant. Adv Immunol 2020; 148:93-153. [PMID: 33190734 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ai.2020.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Mast cells and IgE are most familiar as the effectors of type I hypersensitivity reactions including anaphylaxis. It is becoming clear however that this pair has important immunomodulatory effects on innate and adaptive cells of the immune system. In this purview, they act as endogenous adjuvants to ignite evolving immune responses, promote the transition of allergic disease into chronic illness and disrupt the development of active mechanisms of tolerance to ingested foods. Suppression of IgE-mediated mast cell activation can be exerted by molecules targeting IgE, FcɛRI or signaling kinases including Syk, or by IgG antibodies acting via inhibitory Fcγ receptors. In 2015 we reviewed the evidence for the adjuvant functions of mast cells. This update includes the original text, incorporates some important developments in the field over the past five years and discusses how interventions targeting these pathways might have promise in the development of strategies to treat allergic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmeen S El Ansari
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Cynthia Kanagaratham
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Owen L Lewis
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Hans C Oettgen
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.
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20
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Ahmad H, Balachandra D, Arifin N, Nolan TJ, Lok JB, Hayat Khan A, Yunus MH, Noordin R. Diagnostic Potential of an IgE-ELISA in Detecting Strongyloidiasis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2020; 103:2288-2293. [PMID: 32996454 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.20-0265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Strongyloides stercoralis infection is prevalent worldwide and can cause lifelong infection in immunocompetent individuals, and potentially death in immunosuppressed patients. The diagnosis is hindered by the low sensitivity of microscopic examination, thus making serology an important complementary test to improve the detection rate. However, there were reports that some Strongyloides-infected individuals were negative with specific IgG and IgG4 assays, and other helminth infections were positive with commercial Strongyloides IgG-ELISAs. Thus, there is a need to develop better serodiagnostic methods for strongyloidiasis. We investigated the diagnostic potential of IgE-ELISAs using Strongyloides larval lysate. Sera from two groups infected with Strongyloides served as the positive reference, that is, 1) positive by commercial IgG-ELISAs and IgG4 rapid test, and stool samples positive by microscopy and/or PCR (group IA; n = 20); and 2) negative by IgG-ELISAs and IgG4 rapid test, but stool samples were PCR positive (group IB sera; n = 11). Sera from another two groups served as negative reference (controls), that is, 1) infected with other parasites (group II; n = 73) and 2) healthy donors (group III; n = 22). Results showed a 100% diagnostic sensitivity in detecting sera from groups IA and IB. The latter group of individuals probably had early infection because their IgG and IgG4 assays were negative. The optical density values of group IB sera were also significantly lower than those of group IA (P < 0.003). The IgE-ELISA was 100% specific when tested against sera from groups II and III. This study highlights the diagnostic potential of IgE-ELISA using larval lysate to detect strongyloidiasis, especially those with probable early infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hussain Ahmad
- Department of Microbiology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.,Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Dinesh Balachandra
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Norsyahida Arifin
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Thomas J Nolan
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - James B Lok
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Amjad Hayat Khan
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Hafiznur Yunus
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Rahmah Noordin
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
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21
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Abstract
The hygiene hypothesis posits that the decreased incidence of parasitic infection in developed countries may underlie an increased prevalence of allergic and autoimmune diseases in these countries. As unique inflammation modulator of intracellular parasitism, Trichinella spiralis, or its excretory-secretory (ES) product, shows improved responses to allergies, autoimmune diseases, inflammatory bowel disease, type 1 diabetes, rheumatic arthritis and autoimmune encephalomyelitis by exerting immunomodulatory effects on both innate and adaptive immune cells in animal models. Research has shown that T. spiralis differs from other helminths in manipulation of the host immune response not only by well-known characteristics of its life cycle, but also by its inflammation modulation pathway. How the parasite achieves inflammation modulation has not been fully elucidated yet. This review will generalize the mechanism and focuses on ES immunomodulatory molecules of T. spiralis that may be important for developing new therapeutics for inflammatory disorders.
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22
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Ferastraoaru D, Bax HJ, Bergmann C, Capron M, Castells M, Dombrowicz D, Fiebiger E, Gould HJ, Hartmann K, Jappe U, Jordakieva G, Josephs DH, Levi-Schaffer F, Mahler V, Poli A, Rosenstreich D, Roth-Walter F, Shamji M, Steveling-Klein EH, Turner MC, Untersmayr E, Karagiannis SN, Jensen-Jarolim E. AllergoOncology: ultra-low IgE, a potential novel biomarker in cancer-a Position Paper of the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (EAACI). Clin Transl Allergy 2020; 10:32. [PMID: 32695309 PMCID: PMC7366896 DOI: 10.1186/s13601-020-00335-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Elevated serum IgE levels are associated with allergic disorders, parasitosis and specific immunologic abnormalities. In addition, epidemiological and mechanistic evidence indicates an association between IgE-mediated immune surveillance and protection from tumour growth. Intriguingly, recent studies reveal a correlation between IgE deficiency and increased malignancy risk. This is the first review discussing IgE levels and links to pathological conditions, with special focus on the potential clinical significance of ultra-low serum IgE levels and risk of malignancy. In this Position Paper we discuss: (a) the utility of measuring total IgE levels in the management of allergies, parasitosis, and immunodeficiencies, (b) factors that may influence serum IgE levels, (c) IgE as a marker of different disorders, and d) the relationship between ultra-low IgE levels and malignancy susceptibility. While elevated serum IgE is generally associated with allergic/atopic conditions, very low or absent IgE may hamper anti-tumour surveillance, indicating the importance of a balanced IgE-mediated immune function. Ultra-low IgE may prove to be an unexpected biomarker for cancer risk. Nevertheless, given the early stage of investigations conducted mostly in patients with diseases that influence IgE levels, in-depth mechanistic studies and stratification of malignancy risk based on associated demographic, immunological and clinical co-factors are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Ferastraoaru
- Department of Internal Medicine/Allergy and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY USA
| | - H J Bax
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, School of Basic & Medical Biosciences, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, 9th Floor, Guy's Tower, London, SE1 9RT UK.,School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
| | - C Bergmann
- ENT Research Institute for Clinical Studies, Essen, Germany
| | - M Capron
- LIRIC-Unite Mixte de Recherche 995 INSERM, Universite de Lille 2, CHRU de Lille, Lille, France
| | - M Castells
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | - D Dombrowicz
- Recepteurs Nucleaires, Maladies Cardiovasculaires et Diabete, Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011-EGID, 59000 Lille, France
| | - E Fiebiger
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition Research, Department of Medicine Research, Children's University Hospital Boston, Boston, MA USA
| | - H J Gould
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, School of Basic & Medical Biosciences, King's College London, New Hunt's House, London, SE1 1UL UK.,Medical Research Council & Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, London, UK
| | - K Hartmann
- Department of Dermatology, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
| | - U Jappe
- Interdisciplinary Allergy Outpatient Clinic, Department of Pneumology, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany.,Division of Clinical and Molecular Allergology, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Lung Center, Airway Research Center North (ARCN), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Borstel, Germany
| | - G Jordakieva
- Department of Physical Medicine, Rehabilitation and Occupational Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - D H Josephs
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, School of Basic & Medical Biosciences, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, 9th Floor, Guy's Tower, London, SE1 9RT UK.,School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
| | - F Levi-Schaffer
- Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics Unit, The Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - V Mahler
- Division of Allergology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Federal Institute for Vaccines and Biomedicines, Langen, Germany
| | - A Poli
- Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Esch-Sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - D Rosenstreich
- Department of Internal Medicine/Allergy and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY USA
| | - F Roth-Walter
- The Interuniversity Messerli Research Inst, Univ. of Vet. Medicine Vienna, Med. Univ. Vienna, Univ. Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - M Shamji
- Immunomodulation and Tolerance Group, Imperial College London, and Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - E H Steveling-Klein
- Department of Dermatology, Allergy Division, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - M C Turner
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Barcelona, Spain.,Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain.,McLaughlin Centre for Population Health Risk Assessment, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - E Untersmayr
- Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - S N Karagiannis
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, School of Basic & Medical Biosciences, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, 9th Floor, Guy's Tower, London, SE1 9RT UK.,NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Guy's and St. Thomas' Hospitals and King's College London, Guy's Hospital, King's College London, London, UK
| | - E Jensen-Jarolim
- The Interuniversity Messerli Research Inst, Univ. of Vet. Medicine Vienna, Med. Univ. Vienna, Univ. Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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23
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To review recent evidence on the association of urticaria and the gut diseases, focusing on the roles of chronic inflammation with or without Helicobacter pylori (H. Pylori) infection. RECENT FINDINGS The connection between the gut and urticaria has been discussed for a long time. Some publications have shown that H. pylori can induce chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU). Recently, it was reported that upper gastrointestinal inflammatory disorders can cause CSU and trigger exacerbations independently of H. pylori. SUMMARY Gastritis and especially H. pylori-induced gastritis has been implicated as potential trigger of CSU. Chronic parasite infection and inflammation of the gut are relevant comorbidities and also potential inducing factors for the development of urticaria.
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Effects of TLR agonists on immune responses in Trichinella spiralis infected mice. Parasitol Res 2020; 119:2505-2510. [PMID: 32535733 PMCID: PMC7292931 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-020-06747-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Human trichinellosis is acquired by eating raw or undercooked meats carrying muscle larvae of Trichinella spp. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are essential components of the innate immune system. However, little is known about the potential application of TLR agonists for immunotherapy against Trichinella spiralis (T. spiralis) infection. Here, we evaluated the effects of four TLR agonists (i.e., TLR3, TLR4, TLR8, and TLR9 agonists) on T. spiralis infection in mice. The reduction rate of worm burden showed that TLR3 agonist poly(I:C) significantly reduced T. spiralis infection rather than TLR4, TLR8, and TLR9 agonists (p < 0.05). Moreover, TLR3 showed a continuous high-level of expression during 6–35 days post infection (dpi). The levels of interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), interleukin (IL)-2, and IL-6 increased significantly in mice serum compared with control group after treatment with TLR3 agonist at 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, 28, and 35 dpi (p < 0.05). A significant decreasing trend was also detected in levels of IL-10 and IL-4 after treatment with TLR3 agonist compared with control group at 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, 28, and 35 dpi (p < 0.05). Overall, this study suggested that TLR3-targeted therapies might be effective on worm burden reduction by regulation of the cytokine levels in the mice infected with T. spiralis.
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25
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Infectious Implications of Interleukin-1, Interleukin-6, and T Helper Type 2 Inhibition. Infect Dis Clin North Am 2020; 34:211-234. [PMID: 32334983 DOI: 10.1016/j.idc.2020.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Targeting interleukins that drive innate inflammation has expanded treatments of autoinflammatory and autoimmune disorders. Interleukin (IL)-1 inhibition has proven useful for monogenic autoinflammatory syndromes, and IL-6 inhibition for autoimmune arthritides. Biological therapies impeding these pathways impair detection and containment of pathogens, particularly invasive bacteria, reflecting the importance of IL-1 and IL-6 in communicating danger throughout the immune system. Biologics targeting T helper type 2 inflammation are used to treat specific allergic, atopic, and eosinophilic diseases. They may impair protections against local herpesvirus reactivations while augmenting antiviral responses to respiratory viruses. Their risks with helminth exposures have yet to be defined.
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26
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Gastrointestinal Manifestations of Hypereosinophilic Syndromes and Mast Cell Disorders: a Comprehensive Review. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2020; 57:194-212. [PMID: 30003499 DOI: 10.1007/s12016-018-8695-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hypereosinophilic syndrome and mastocytosis are relatively rare proliferative diseases encountered in the general population. However, allergists frequently consider these disorders in the differential of patients presenting with gastrointestinal, pulmonary, cutaneous, and allergic symptoms. Gastrointestinal symptoms are some of the most frequent and/or debilitating aspects of both disease states and in many cases lead to poor quality of life and functional limitation for the patient. They are the third most common clinical manifestation in hypereosinophilic syndrome and have been found to be the most distressful aspect of the disorder in those with systemic mastocytosis. Both eosinophils and mast cells play integral parts in normal gut physiology, but when and how exactly their effector functionality translates into clinically significant disease remains unclear, and the available literature regarding their pathophysiology remains sparse. Eosinophils and mast cells even, in fact, may not necessarily function in isolation from each other but can participate in bidirectional crosstalk. Both are affected by similar mediators and can also influence one another in a paracrine fashion. Their interactions include both production of soluble mediators for specific eosinophil and mast cell receptors (for example, eosinophil recruitment and activation by mast cells releasing histamine and eotaxin) as well as direct physical contact. The mechanistic relationship between clonal forms of hypereosinophilia and systemic mastocytosis has also been explored. The nature of gastrointestinal symptomatology in the setting of both hypereosinophilic syndrome and mast cell disease is frequently manifold, heterogeneous, and the lack of better targeted therapy makes diagnosis and management challenging, especially when faced with a substantial differential. Currently, the management of these gastrointestinal symptoms relies on the treatment of the overall disease process. In hypereosinophilia patients, systemic corticosteroids are mainstay, although steroid-sparing agents such as hydroxyurea, IFN-α, methotrexate, cyclosporine, imatinib, and mepolizumab have been utilized with varying success. In mastocytosis patients, anti-mediator therapy with antihistamines and mast cell stabilization with cromolyn sodium can be considered treatments of choice, followed by other therapies yet to be thoroughly studied, including the role of the low-histamine diet, corticosteroids, and treatment of associated IBS symptoms. Given that both eosinophils and mast cells may have joint pathophysiologic roles, they have the potential to be a combined target for therapeutic intervention in disease states exhibiting eosinophil or mast cell involvement.
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27
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Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies block specific inflammatory pathways involved in the pathogenesis of asthma. These pathways are important in host defense against pathogens, and in particular, against parasites. Despite theoretical concerns about infection risk, biologics seem to have a favorable safety profile. Data from large clinical trials and postmarketing surveillance for these drugs have not shown increases in severe infections, including those from parasitic organisms. This may be due to redundancy of effector cells within the immune system. Certain drugs have special considerations and precautions, and therefore, the prescribing physician should be familiar with product recommendations and warnings.
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28
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Cui J, Han Y, Yue X, Liu F, Song YY, Yan SW, Lei JJ, Zhang X, Jiang P, Wang ZQ. Vaccination of mice with a recombinant novel cathepsin B inhibits Trichinella spiralis development, reduces the fecundity and worm burden. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:581. [PMID: 31829230 PMCID: PMC6907330 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3833-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trichinella spiralis is a major zoonotic tissue-dwelling nematode, which is a public health concern and a serious hazard to animal food safety. It is necessary to exploit an anti-Trichinella vaccine to interrupt the transmission of Trichinella infection among animals and from animals to humans. The purpose of the present study was to characterize the novel T. spiralis cathepsin B (TsCB) and to evaluate the immune protection elicited by immunization with recombinant TsCB (rTsCB). METHODS The complete cDNA sequences of the TsCB gene were cloned, expressed and purified. The antigenicity of rTsCB was investigated by western blot analysis and ELISA. Transcription and expression of TsCB at various T. spiralis life-cycle stages were analyzed by RT-PCR and indirect immunofluorescent assay (IIFA). The mice were subcutaneously immunized with rTsCB, and serum level of TsCB-specific IgG (IgG1 and IgG2a) and IgE antibodies were assayed by ELISA. Immune protection elicited by vaccination with rTsCB was investigated. RESULTS The TsCB was transcribed and expressed in four T. spiralis life-cycle stages (adult worm, AW; newborn larvae, NBL; muscle larvae, ML; and intestinal infective L1 larvae), it was primarily located in the cuticle and stichosome of the parasitic nematode. Vaccination of mice with rTsCB produced a prominent antibody response (high level of specific IgG and IgE) and immune protection, as demonstrated by a 52.81% AW burden reduction of intestines at six days post-infection (dpi) and a 50.90% ML burden reduction of muscles at 35 dpi after oral larva challenge. The TsCB-specific antibody response elicited by immunization with rTsCB also impeded intestinal worm growth and decreased the female fecundity. CONCLUSIONS TsCB might be considered as a novel potential molecular target to develop vaccines against T. spiralis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Cui
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 China
| | - Yue Han
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 China
| | - Xin Yue
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 China
| | - Fang Liu
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 China
| | - Yan Yan Song
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 China
| | - Shu Wei Yan
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 China
| | - Jun Jun Lei
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 China
| | - Xi Zhang
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 China
| | - Peng Jiang
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 China
| | - Zhong Quan Wang
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 China
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29
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Martin RK, Damle SR, Valentine YA, Zellner MP, James BN, Lownik JC, Luker AJ, Davis EH, DeMeules MM, Khandjian LM, Finkelman FD, Urban JF, Conrad DH. B1 Cell IgE Impedes Mast Cell-Mediated Enhancement of Parasite Expulsion through B2 IgE Blockade. Cell Rep 2019; 22:1824-1834. [PMID: 29444434 PMCID: PMC5832064 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.01.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Revised: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Helminth infection is known for generating large amounts of poly-specific IgE. Here we demonstrate that innate-like B1 cells are responsible for this IgE production during infection with the nematode parasites Nippostrongylus brasiliensis and Heligmosomoides polygyrus bakeri. In vitro analysis of B1 cell immunoglobulin class switch recombination to IgE demonstrated a requirement for anti-CD40 and IL-4 that was further enhanced when IL-5 was added or when the B1 source was helminth infected mice. An IL-25-induced upregulation of IgE in B1 cells was also demonstrated. In T cell-reconstituted RAG1−/− mice, N. brasiliensis clearance was enhanced with the addition of B2 cells in an IgE-dependent manner. This enhanced clearance was impeded by reconstitution with IgE sufficient B1 cells. Mucosal mast cells mediated the B2 cell enhancement of clearance in the absence of B1 cells. The data support B1 cell IgE secretion as a regulatory response exploited by the helminth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca K Martin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Sheela R Damle
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Yolander A Valentine
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Matthew P Zellner
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Briana N James
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Joseph C Lownik
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA; Center for Clinical and Translational Research, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Andrea J Luker
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Elijah H Davis
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Martha M DeMeules
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA; University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53715, USA
| | - Laura M Khandjian
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Fred D Finkelman
- Division of Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA; Medicine Service, Veterans Administration Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Joseph F Urban
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Diet, Genomics and Immunology Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Daniel H Conrad
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA.
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30
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Yang Y, Bai X, Li C, Tong M, Zhang P, Cai W, Liu X, Liu M. Molecular Characterization of Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate Aldolase From Trichinella spiralis and Its Potential in Inducing Immune Protection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 9:122. [PMID: 31069178 PMCID: PMC6491450 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Trichinella spiralis is a major food-borne parasite worldwide. Trichinellosis caused by T. spiralis is not only a public health problem, but also an economic hazard in food safety. The development of effective vaccines to prevent Trichinella infection in domestic animals and humans is urgently needed for controlling of this zoonosis. Fructose-1, 6-bisphosphate aldolase (FBPA) is involved in energy production in glycolysis and is also associated with many non-glycolysis functions in the parasite, such as adhesion to host cells, plasminogen binding, and invasion. FBPA has been considered as a potential vaccine candidate or as a target for chemotherapeutic treatment. Here, we report for the first time the characterization of FBPA of T. spiralis and an evaluation of its potential as a vaccine candidate antigen against T. spiralis infection in mice. The results of qPCR and western blot analysis showed that the Ts-FBPA gene was expressed at various developmental stages of T. spiralis and was also detected in excretory–secretory products (ES) of T. spiralis muscle larvae (ML). Immunostaining with anti-Ts-FBPA mouse sera indicated that it localized principally to the surface and embryos of this parasitic nematode. Vaccination of mice with recombinant Ts-FBPA (rTs-FBPA) resulted in a Th1/Th2 mixed humoral and cellular immune response with Th2 predominant, as well as remarkably elevated IgE levels. Moreover, mice vaccinated with rTs-FBPA displayed a 48.7% reduction in adult worm burden and 52.5% reduction in muscle larval burden. These studies indicated that Ts-FBPA is a promising target for developing an effective vaccine to prevent and control Trichinella infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Zoonosis, Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Wu Xi Medical School, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Xue Bai
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Zoonosis, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Chengyao Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Zoonosis, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Mingwei Tong
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Peihao Zhang
- Wu Xi Medical School, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Wei Cai
- Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, The Fourth People's Hospital of Wuxi City, Wuxi, China
| | - Xiaolei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Zoonosis, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Mingyuan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Zoonosis, Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
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31
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Sutton BJ, Davies AM, Bax HJ, Karagiannis SN. IgE Antibodies: From Structure to Function and Clinical Translation. Antibodies (Basel) 2019; 8:E19. [PMID: 31544825 PMCID: PMC6640697 DOI: 10.3390/antib8010019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies are well known for their role in mediating allergic reactions, and their powerful effector functions activated through binding to Fc receptors FcεRI and FcεRII/CD23. Structural studies of IgE-Fc alone, and when bound to these receptors, surprisingly revealed not only an acutely bent Fc conformation, but also subtle allosteric communication between the two distant receptor-binding sites. The ability of IgE-Fc to undergo more extreme conformational changes emerged from structures of complexes with anti-IgE antibodies, including omalizumab, in clinical use for allergic disease; flexibility is clearly critical for IgE function, but may also be exploited by allosteric interference to inhibit IgE activity for therapeutic benefit. In contrast, the power of IgE may be harnessed to target cancer. Efforts to improve the effector functions of therapeutic antibodies for cancer have almost exclusively focussed on IgG1 and IgG4 subclasses, but IgE offers an extremely high affinity for FcεRI receptors on immune effector cells known to infiltrate solid tumours. Furthermore, while tumour-resident inhibitory Fc receptors can modulate the effector functions of IgG antibodies, no inhibitory IgE Fc receptors are known to exist. The development of tumour antigen-specific IgE antibodies may therefore provide an improved immune functional profile and enhanced anti-cancer efficacy. We describe proof-of-concept studies of IgE immunotherapies against solid tumours, including a range of in vitro and in vivo evaluations of efficacy and mechanisms of action, as well as ex vivo and in vivo safety studies. The first anti-cancer IgE antibody, MOv18, the clinical translation of which we discuss herein, has now reached clinical testing, offering great potential to direct this novel therapeutic modality against many other tumour-specific antigens. This review highlights how our understanding of IgE structure and function underpins these exciting clinical developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J Sutton
- King's College London, Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, London SE1 1UL, UK.
- Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, London, UK.
| | - Anna M Davies
- King's College London, Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, London SE1 1UL, UK.
- Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, London, UK.
| | - Heather J Bax
- King's College London, St John's Institute of Dermatology, London SE1 9RT, UK.
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32
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Huang SSY, Al Ali F, Boughorbel S, Toufiq M, Chaussabel D, Garand M. A curated collection of transcriptome datasets to investigate the molecular mechanisms of immunoglobulin E-mediated atopic diseases. Database (Oxford) 2019; 2019:baz066. [PMID: 31290545 PMCID: PMC6616200 DOI: 10.1093/database/baz066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 04/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Prevalence of allergies has reached ~20% of population in developed countries and sensitization rate to one or more allergens among school age children are approaching 50%. However, the combination of the complexity of atopic allergy susceptibility/development and environmental factors has made identification of gene biomarkers challenging. The amount of publicly accessible transcriptomic data presents an unprecedented opportunity for mechanistic discoveries and validation of complex disease signatures across studies. However, this necessitates structured methodologies and visual tools for the interpretation of results. Here, we present a curated collection of transcriptomic datasets relevant to immunoglobin E-mediated atopic diseases (ranging from allergies to primary immunodeficiencies). Thirty-three datasets from the Gene Expression Omnibus, encompassing 1860 transcriptome profiles, were made available on the Gene Expression Browser (GXB), an online and open-source web application that allows for the query, visualization and annotation of metadata. The thematic compositions, disease categories, sample number and platforms of the collection are described. Ranked gene lists and sample grouping are used to facilitate data visualization/interpretation and are available online via GXB (http://ige.gxbsidra.org/dm3/geneBrowser/list). Dataset validation using associated publications showed good concordance in GXB gene expression trend and fold-change.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fatima Al Ali
- Sidra Medicine, Al Gharrafa Street Ar-Rayyan, Doha, Qatar
| | | | | | | | - Mathieu Garand
- Sidra Medicine, Al Gharrafa Street Ar-Rayyan, Doha, Qatar
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33
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Astawa INM, Oka IBM, Dwinata IM. Antibody immunoglobulin G1 and immunoglobulin G2a responses against some cystic fluid proteins of Cysticercus bovis in Balb/c mice. Vet World 2018; 11:1641-1647. [PMID: 30587902 PMCID: PMC6303487 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2018.1641-1647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Immunoglobulin (Ig) G1 and IgG2a are the surrogate markers respectively for humoral and cellular immune responses of hosts against antigens including cystic fluid proteins of Cysticercus bovis. A study was conducted to investigate the IgG1 and IgG2a responses of Balb/c mice against some individual cystic fluid proteins of C. bovis in an effort to determine the roles of each protein in inducing the humoral and cellular immune responses in host. Materials and Methods: Individual p71, p31, and p14 proteins of C. bovis were purified by separation of the proteins using sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and elution of individual proteins from the gel. Six female Balb/c mice were immunized 4 times at 10-day intervals with the crude cystic fluid proteins, and sera were collected for the measurement of IgG1 and IgG2a levels against the individual proteins. Sera samples collected before the first immunization were used as negative antibody control, sera samples collected after the fourth immunization were used as positive antibody control, and crude cystic fluid protein was used as positive antigen control. Results: All immunized mice were immune to p71, p31, p14, and crude cystic fluid proteins of C. bovis. The crude cystic fluid proteins of C. bovis induced a higher IgG2a than IgG1 level following the first and the second immunizations but switched into a higher IgG1 than IgG2a level following the fourth immunization. Protein 71 kDa (p71) induced a higher IgG2a than IgG1 level following the fourth immunization. In contrast, p14 induced a higher IgG1 than IgG2a level following the fourth immunization. Low and balance IgG1 and IgG2a levels against p31 were observed following the first to the fourth immunizations. Conclusion: Using IgG1 and IgG2a levels as the surrogate markers, it appears that cystic fluid antigens of C. bovis induce both humoral and cellular immune responses in Balb/c mice. The p71 appears to be a better inducer of cellular immune response, whereas p14 is a better inducer of humoral immune response of mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Nyoman Mantik Astawa
- Laboratory of Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Udayana University, Denpasar Bali 80232, Indonesia
| | - Ida Bagus Made Oka
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Udayana University, Bali 80232, Indonesia
| | - I Made Dwinata
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Udayana University, Bali 80232, Indonesia
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The resistance against Trichinella spiralis infection induced by primary infection with respiratory syncytial virus. Parasitology 2018; 146:634-642. [PMID: 30394235 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182018001889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Human infections with Trichinella spiralis and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) are common, as T. spiralis infections are re-emerging in various parts of the world and RSV infections remain a threat for infants. Yet, studies investigating the relationship pertaining to the two are severely lacking. In particular, immune response induction via RSV and T. spiralis remain largely elusive. Here, we investigated the resistance against T. spiralis infection induced upon primary infection with RSV. RSV, notorious for causing severe inflammatory reaction in the lungs, were intranasally infected, followed with a T. spiralis infection in mice. Our results revealed that primary RSV infection in mice significantly raised T. spiralis-specific and total IgE, IgG and its subclass antibody responses upon T. spiralis challenge infection (RSV-Ts). Blood eosinophil levels were decreased in RSV-Ts, accompanied with significant increase in both Th1 and Th2 cytokines. Antibodies generated against RSV in RSV-infected mice were found to react with T. spiralis excretory/secretory antigen, showing several bands determined through immunoblotting. RSV-Ts also had a marked reduction of T. spiralis worm burden in diaphragm. These results indicate that immune responses induced by RSV infection contribute to resistance against subsequent T. spiralis infection.
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Balbino B, Conde E, Marichal T, Starkl P, Reber LL. Approaches to target IgE antibodies in allergic diseases. Pharmacol Ther 2018; 191:50-64. [PMID: 29909239 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2018.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
IgE is the antibody isotype found at the lowest concentration in the circulation. However IgE can undeniably play an important role in mediating allergic reactions; best exemplified by the clinical benefits of anti-IgE monoclonal antibody (omalizumab) therapy for some allergic diseases. This review will describe our current understanding of the interactions between IgE and its main receptors FcεRI and CD23 (FcεRII). We will review the known and potential functions of IgE in health and disease: in particular, its detrimental roles in allergic diseases and chronic spontaneous urticaria, and its protective functions in host defense against parasites and venoms. Finally, we will present an overview of the drugs that are in clinical development or have therapeutic potential for IgE-mediated allergic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Balbino
- Institut Pasteur, Department of Immunology, Unit of Antibodies in Therapy and Pathology, Paris, France; INSERM, U1222, Paris, France; Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | - Eva Conde
- Institut Pasteur, Department of Immunology, Unit of Antibodies in Therapy and Pathology, Paris, France; INSERM, U1222, Paris, France; Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France; Neovacs SA, Paris, France
| | - Thomas Marichal
- GIGA-Research and Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, 4000, Liege, Belgium; Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Wallonia, Belgium
| | - Philipp Starkl
- CeMM, Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Austria; Department of Medicine I, Research Laboratory of Infection Biology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Laurent L Reber
- Institut Pasteur, Department of Immunology, Unit of Antibodies in Therapy and Pathology, Paris, France; INSERM, U1222, Paris, France.
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36
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Kohno K, Koya-Miyata S, Harashima A, Ariyasu T, Ushio S. NK-4 exerts selective regulatory effects on the activation and function of allergy-related Th2 cells. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0199666. [PMID: 29933387 PMCID: PMC6014662 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0199666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
NK-4 is the main component of the antiallergic drug Lumin, which has been in popular usage since the early 1950s. In this study, we examined whether NK-4 exerts a regulatory effect on the activation and effector function of Th2 cells. NK-4 inhibited IL-4 production by anti-CD3ε mAb-stimulated BALB/c mouse spleen cells, whereas NK-4 had little effect on IFN-γ production. IL-4 and IL-5 secretion by anti-CD3ε mAb- or antigen-stimulated Th2 cells (D10.G4.1) was abrogated by NK-4 without affecting cell numbers, whereas IFN-γ secretion by activated Th1 cells was unchanged. Mechanistic analysis revealed that NK-4 inhibited mRNA expression of the Th2-associated transcription factors GATA-3 and NFATc1 in anti-CD3ε mAb-stimulated D10.G4.1 cells. Regarding the regulation of Th2 cell effector functions, NK-4 inhibited the secretion of eotaxin and thymus and activation-regulated chemokine (TARC) by normal human dermal fibroblasts in response to IL-4 and/or TNF-α. NK-4 achieved TARC attenuation comparable to what is observed with suplatast tosilate, an antiallergic drug that selectively inhibits Th2 cytokine production, at 14-fold lower concentrations of suplatast tosilate. Dexamethasone increased TARC production by 2.2- to 2.6-fold of control cultures. NK-4 successfully inhibited the STAT6 signaling pathway, suggesting a potential mechanism for down-regulating chemokines expression. In addition, NK-4 abrogated IL-4-driven modulation of cytokine production profile in human monocytic THP-1 cells from proinflammatory to anti-inflammatory response, as seen in the inverted ratio of TNF-α to IL-10 produced in response to LPS. These results suggest that NK-4 could prevent IL-4-driven polarization to alternatively activated macrophages, which are proposed to have pathogenic roles in allergic asthma. The importance of Th2 cytokines and chemokines in the development and progression of type 2 inflammatory disorders has been highlighted by recent advance in our understanding the immunological mechanism underlying allergic disease. Our results support the use of NK-4 as a reasonable therapeutic option to alleviate Th2-mediated allergic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keizo Kohno
- R&D Division, Hayashibara Co., Ltd., Okayama, Japan
- * E-mail:
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37
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Meyer N, Zenclussen AC. Mast cells-Good guys with a bad image? Am J Reprod Immunol 2018; 80:e13002. [DOI: 10.1111/aji.13002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Meyer
- Experimental Obstetrics and Gynecology; Medical Faculty; Otto-von-Guericke University; Magdeburg Germany
| | - Ana Claudia Zenclussen
- Experimental Obstetrics and Gynecology; Medical Faculty; Otto-von-Guericke University; Magdeburg Germany
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38
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Motran CC, Silvane L, Chiapello LS, Theumer MG, Ambrosio LF, Volpini X, Celias DP, Cervi L. Helminth Infections: Recognition and Modulation of the Immune Response by Innate Immune Cells. Front Immunol 2018; 9:664. [PMID: 29670630 PMCID: PMC5893867 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The survival of helminths in the host over long periods of time is the result of a process of adaptation or dynamic co-evolution between the host and the parasite. However, infection with helminth parasites causes damage to the host tissues producing the release of danger signals that induce the recruitment of various cells, including innate immune cells such as macrophages (Mo), dendritic cells (DCs), eosinophils, basophils, and mast cells. In this scenario, these cells are able to secrete soluble factors, which orchestrate immune effector mechanisms that depend on the different niches these parasites inhabit. Here, we focus on recent advances in the knowledge of excretory-secretory products (ESP), resulting from helminth recognition by DCs and Mo. Phagocytes and other cells types such as innate lymphocyte T cells 2 (ILC2), when activated by ESP, participate in an intricate cytokine network to generate innate and adaptive Th2 responses. In this review, we also discuss the mechanisms of innate immune cell-induced parasite killing and the tissue repair necessary to assure helminth survival over long periods of time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Cristina Motran
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina.,Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Leonardo Silvane
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina.,Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Laura Silvina Chiapello
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina.,Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Martin Gustavo Theumer
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina.,Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Laura Fernanda Ambrosio
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina.,Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Ximena Volpini
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina.,Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Daiana Pamela Celias
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina.,Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Laura Cervi
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina.,Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina
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39
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Burleson SCM, Freebern WJ, Burleson FG, Burleson GR, Johnson VJ, Luebke RW. Host Resistance Assays. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1803:117-145. [PMID: 29882137 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8549-4_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The goal of immunotoxicity testing is to obtain data useful for immunotoxicity safety assessment. Guidance in the performance of immunotoxicity safety evaluations is provided in documents from the US EPA for chemicals and the ICH S8 document for pharmaceuticals. The ICH S8 document outlines a tiered approach that includes (1) standard toxicity studies with associated hematology, immune system organ weights, and histopathology data; (2) functional assays, such as cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) assays, natural killer (NK) cell assays, respiratory burst, phagocytosis, and T-cell-dependent antibody response (TDAR) assays; and (3) host resistance assays. Host resistance assays are considered the gold standard in immunotoxicity testing and provide a critical overview of the extent to which innate, adaptive, and homeostatic regulatory immune functions are integrated to protect the host. Both comprehensive and targeted host resistance assays are available, each with distinct advantages. This chapter serves to provide a general overview of the various assays that may be used, as well as a summary of procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wendy Jo Freebern
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Immunotoxicology, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | | | - Gary R Burleson
- Burleson Research Technologies, Inc. (BRT), Morrisville, NC, USA
| | - Victor J Johnson
- Burleson Research Technologies, Inc. (BRT), Morrisville, NC, USA
| | - Robert W Luebke
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Cardiopulmonary and Immunotoxicology Branch, Environmental Public Health Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.,Burleson Research Technologies, Inc., Morrisville, NC, USA
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40
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Muñoz-Carrillo JL, Muñoz-López JL, Muñoz-Escobedo JJ, Maldonado-Tapia C, Gutiérrez-Coronado O, Contreras-Cordero JF, Moreno-García MA. Therapeutic Effects of Resiniferatoxin Related with Immunological Responses for Intestinal Inflammation in Trichinellosis. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2017; 55:587-599. [PMID: 29320813 PMCID: PMC5776891 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2017.55.6.587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Revised: 10/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The immune response against Trichinella spiralis at the intestinal level depends on the CD4+ T cells, which can both suppress or promote the inflammatory response through the synthesis of diverse cytokines. During the intestinal phase, the immune response is mixed (Th1/Th2) with the initial predominance of the Th1 response and the subsequent domination of Th2 response, which favor the development of intestinal pathology. In this context, the glucocorticoids (GC) are the pharmacotherapy for the intestinal inflammatory response in trichinellosis. However, its therapeutic use is limited, since studies have shown that treatment with GC suppresses the host immune system, favoring T. spiralis infection. In the search for novel pharmacological strategies that inhibit the Th1 immune response (proinflammatory) and assist the host against T. spiralis infection, recent studies showed that resiniferatoxin (RTX) had anti-inflammatory activity, which decreased the serum levels of IL-12, INF-γ, IL-1β, TNF-α, NO, and PGE2, as well the number of eosinophils in the blood, associated with decreased intestinal pathology and muscle parasite burden. These researches demonstrate that RTX is capable to inhibit the production of Th1 cytokines, contributing to the defense against T. spiralis infection, which places it as a new potential drug modulator of the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Luis Muñoz-Carrillo
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Microbiology, Academic Unit of Biological Sciences, Autonomous University of Zacatecas, Zacatecas, Zacatecas, México.,Laboratory of Immunology and Virology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Autonomous University of Nuevo Leon, San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, México
| | | | | | - Claudia Maldonado-Tapia
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Microbiology, Academic Unit of Biological Sciences, Autonomous University of Zacatecas, Zacatecas, Zacatecas, México
| | - Oscar Gutiérrez-Coronado
- Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Earth and Life Sciences, University Center of Los Lagos, University of Guadalajara, Lagos de Moreno, Jalisco, México
| | - Juan Francisco Contreras-Cordero
- Laboratory of Immunology and Virology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Autonomous University of Nuevo Leon, San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, México
| | - María Alejandra Moreno-García
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Microbiology, Academic Unit of Biological Sciences, Autonomous University of Zacatecas, Zacatecas, Zacatecas, México
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41
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Yang Z, Li W, Yang Z, Pan A, Liao W, Zhou X. A novel antigenic cathepsin B protease induces protective immunity in Trichinella-infected mice. Vaccine 2017; 36:248-255. [PMID: 29199042 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.11.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Revised: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Trichinellosis is a foodborne disease that remains a public health hazard and an economic problem in food safety. Vaccines against the parasite can be an effective way to control this disease; however, commercial vaccines against Trichinella infection are not yet available. Trichinella cathepsin B proteins appear to be promising targets for vaccine development. Here, we reported for the first time the characterization of a novel cDNA that encodes Trichinella spiralis (T. spiralis) cathepsin B-like protease 2 gene (TsCPB2). The recombinant mature TsCPB2 protein was successfully expressed in E. coli system and purified with Ni-affinity chromatography. TsCPB2 expression was detected at all the developmental stages of T. spiralis and it was expressed as an excretory-secretory protein of T. spiralis muscle larvae. Immunization with TsCPB2 antigen induced a combination of humoral and cellular immune responses, which manifested as a mixed Th1/Th2 response, as well as remarkably elevated IgE level. Moreover, vaccination of mice with TsCPB2 that were subsequently challenged with T. spiralis larvae resulted in a 52.3% (P < .001) reduction in worm burden and a 51.2% (P < .001) reduction in muscle larval burden. Our results suggest that TsCPB2 induces protective immunity in Trichinella-infected mice and might be a novel vaccine candidate against trichinellosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoshou Yang
- Sun Yat-sen University Zhongshan School of Medicine, Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-Sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Wenjie Li
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Zifan Yang
- Sun Yat-sen University Zhongshan School of Medicine, Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-Sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Aihua Pan
- Sun Yat-sen University Zhongshan School of Medicine, Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-Sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Wanqin Liao
- Sun Yat-sen University Zhongshan School of Medicine, Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-Sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510080, China.
| | - Xingwang Zhou
- Sun Yat-sen University Zhongshan School of Medicine, Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-Sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510080, China.
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42
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Bramhall M, Zaph C. Mastering gut permeability: New roles for old friends. Eur J Immunol 2017; 47:236-239. [PMID: 28185248 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201646842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Mast cells are innate immune cells that respond rapidly to infection in barrier tissues such as the skin and intestinal mucosa. Expulsion of parasitic worms in the gut involves a robust type 2 host response, and an acute mastocytosis is often generated at the site of infection. However, the role of mast cells in resistance to worm infections appears to be parasite specific. Mast cells are also involved in tissue repair, but the long-term contribution of mast cell activation after worm expulsion has not been definitively studied. In this issue of European Journal of Immunology, Sorobetea et al. [Eur. J. Immunol. 2017. 47: 257-268] demonstrate that activated mast cells persist in the large intestinal lamina propria and intraepithelial compartment long after worm expulsion, resulting in continued local and systemic presence of the mast cell protease mast cell protease 1 (MCPt-1) and enhanced intestinal permeability. In this commentary, we discuss these findings in the wider context of mast cell function in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Bramhall
- Infection and Immunity Program, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Colby Zaph
- Infection and Immunity Program, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
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43
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Oettgen HC. Fifty years later: Emerging functions of IgE antibodies in host defense, immune regulation, and allergic diseases. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2017; 137:1631-1645. [PMID: 27263999 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2016.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Revised: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Fifty years ago, after a long search, IgE emerged as the circulating factor responsible for triggering allergic reactions. Its extremely low concentration in plasma created significant hurdles for scientists working to reveal its identity. We now know that IgE levels are invariably increased in patients affected by atopic conditions and that IgE provides the critical link between the antigen recognition role of the adaptive immune system and the effector functions of mast cells and basophils at mucosal and cutaneous sites of environmental exposure. This review discusses the established mechanisms of action of IgE in pathologic immediate hypersensitivity, as well as its multifaceted roles in protective immunity, control of mast cell homeostasis, and its more recently revealed immunomodulatory functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans C Oettgen
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, and the Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass.
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44
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Abstract
Mast cells (MCs) play a central role in tissue homoeostasis, sensing the local environment through numerous innate cell surface receptors. This enables them to respond rapidly to perceived tissue insults with a view to initiating a co-ordinated programme of inflammation and repair. However, when the tissue insult is chronic, the ongoing release of multiple pro-inflammatory mediators, proteases, cytokines and chemokines leads to tissue damage and remodelling. In asthma, there is strong evidence of ongoing MC activation, and their mediators and cell-cell signals are capable of regulating many facets of asthma pathophysiology. This article reviews the evidence behind this.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Bradding
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Institute for Lung Health, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - G Arthur
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Institute for Lung Health, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
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45
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Kelly BT, Grayson MH. Immunoglobulin E, what is it good for? Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2016; 116:183-7. [PMID: 26945494 DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2015.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Revised: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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46
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Bermúdez-Cruz RM, Fonseca-Liñán R, Grijalva-Contreras LE, Mendoza-Hernández G, Ortega-Pierres MG. Proteomic analysis and immunodetection of antigens from early developmental stages of Trichinella spiralis. Vet Parasitol 2016; 231:22-31. [PMID: 27396501 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2016.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Revised: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Trichinella spiralis is an ubiquitous parasitic nematode that lives in muscle tissue of many hosts and causes trichinellosis in humans. Numerous efforts have been directed at specific detection of this infection and strategies for its control. TSL-1 and other antigens, mainly from muscle larvae (ML), have been used to induce partial protection in rodents. An improvement in protective immunity may be achieved by using antigens from other parasite stages. Further, identification of other parasite antigens may provide insights into their role in the host-parasite interaction. In this study, T. spiralis antigens from early developmental parasite stages, namely ML and pre-adult (PA) obtained at 6h, 18h and 30h post-infection, were identified by proteomic and mass spectrometry analyses. Our findings showed a differential expression of several proteins with molecular weights in the range of 13-224kDa and pI range of 4.54-9.89. Bioinformatic analyses revealed a wide diversity of functions in the identified proteins, which include structural, antioxidant, actin binding, peptidyl prolyl cis-trans isomerase, motor, hydrolase, ATP binding, magnesium and calcium binding, isomerase and translation elongation factor. This, together with the differential recognition of antigens from these parasite stages by antibodies present in intestinal fluid, in supernatants from intestinal explants, and in serum samples from mice infected with T. spiralis or re-infected with this parasite, provides information that may lead to alternatives in the design of vaccines against this parasite or for modulation of immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Ma Bermúdez-Cruz
- Departamento de Genética y Biología Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Avenida Instituto Politécnico Nacional # 2508, Col. San Pedro Zacatenco, México DF C.P. 07360, Mexico
| | - R Fonseca-Liñán
- Departamento de Genética y Biología Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Avenida Instituto Politécnico Nacional # 2508, Col. San Pedro Zacatenco, México DF C.P. 07360, Mexico
| | - Lucia Elhy Grijalva-Contreras
- Departamento de Genética y Biología Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Avenida Instituto Politécnico Nacional # 2508, Col. San Pedro Zacatenco, México DF C.P. 07360, Mexico
| | | | - M Guadalupe Ortega-Pierres
- Departamento de Genética y Biología Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Avenida Instituto Politécnico Nacional # 2508, Col. San Pedro Zacatenco, México DF C.P. 07360, Mexico.
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Roy A, Sawesi O, Pettersson U, Dagälv A, Kjellén L, Lundén A, Åbrink M. Serglycin proteoglycans limit enteropathy in Trichinella spiralis-infected mice. BMC Immunol 2016; 17:15. [PMID: 27267469 PMCID: PMC4897876 DOI: 10.1186/s12865-016-0155-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Serglycin proteoglycans are essential for maturation of secretory granules and for the correct granular storage of cationic proteases in hematopoietic cells, e.g. mast cells. However, little is known about the in vivo functions of serglycin proteoglycans during infection. Here we investigated the potential role of serglycin proteoglycans in host defense after infection with the nematode Trichinella spiralis. RESULTS Twelve days post infection lack of serglycin proteoglycans caused significantly increased enteropathy. The serglycin-deficient mice showed significantly increased intestinal worm burden, reduced recruitment of mast cells to the intestinal crypts, decreased levels of the mast cell proteases MCPT5 and MCPT6 in intestinal tissue, decreased serum levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-10 and IL-13, increased levels of IL-4 and total IgE in serum, and increased intestinal levels of the neutrophil markers myeloperoxidase and elastase, as compared to wild type mice. At five weeks post infection, increased larvae burden and inflammation were seen in the muscle tissue of the serglycin-deficient mice. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that the serglycin-deficient mice were more susceptible to T. spiralis infection and displayed an unbalanced immune response compared to wild type mice. These findings point to an essential regulatory role of serglycin proteoglycans in immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ananya Roy
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Section of Immunology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, VHC, Box 7028, 75007, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Osama Sawesi
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Section of Immunology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, VHC, Box 7028, 75007, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ulrika Pettersson
- Department of Pathology and Wildlife Diseases, The National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anders Dagälv
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lena Kjellén
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anna Lundén
- Department of Microbiology, The National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Section of Immunology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, VHC, Box 7028, 75007, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Magnus Åbrink
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Section of Immunology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, VHC, Box 7028, 75007, Uppsala, Sweden.
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48
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Mukai K, Tsai M, Starkl P, Marichal T, Galli SJ. IgE and mast cells in host defense against parasites and venoms. Semin Immunopathol 2016; 38:581-603. [PMID: 27225312 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-016-0565-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
IgE-dependent mast cell activation is a major effector mechanism underlying the pathology associated with allergic disorders. The most dramatic of these IgE-associated disorders is the fatal anaphylaxis which can occur in some people who have developed IgE antibodies to otherwise innocuous antigens, such as those contained in certain foods and medicines. Why would such a highly "maladaptive" immune response develop in evolution and be retained to the present day? Host defense against parasites has long been considered the only beneficial function that might be conferred by IgE and mast cells. However, recent studies have provided evidence that, in addition to participating in host resistance to certain parasites, mast cells and IgE are critical components of innate (mast cells) and adaptive (mast cells and IgE) immune responses that can enhance host defense against the toxicity of certain arthropod and animal venoms, including enhancing the survival of mice injected with such venoms. Yet, in some people, developing IgE antibodies to insect or snake venoms puts them at risk for having a potentially fatal anaphylactic reaction upon subsequent exposure to such venoms. Delineating the mechanisms underlying beneficial versus detrimental innate and adaptive immune responses associated with mast cell activation and IgE is likely to enhance our ability to identify potential therapeutic targets in such settings, not only for reducing the pathology associated with allergic disorders but perhaps also for enhancing immune protection against pathogens and animal venoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaori Mukai
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305-5324, USA.,Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305-5324, USA
| | - Mindy Tsai
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305-5324, USA.,Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305-5324, USA
| | - Philipp Starkl
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, and Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Marichal
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, GIGA-Research and Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Stephen J Galli
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305-5324, USA.,Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305-5324, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305-5324, USA
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49
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Regulatory roles of mast cells in immune responses. Semin Immunopathol 2016; 38:623-9. [PMID: 27154294 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-016-0566-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Mast cells are important immune cells for host defense through activation of innate immunity (via toll-like receptors or complement receptors) and acquired immunity (via FcεRI). Conversely, mast cells also act as effector cells that exacerbate development of allergic or autoimmune disorders. Yet, several lines of evidence show that mast cells act as regulatory cells to suppress certain inflammatory diseases. Here, we review the mechanisms by which mast cells suppress diseases.
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50
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Kolkhir P, Balakirski G, Merk HF, Olisova O, Maurer M. Chronic spontaneous urticaria and internal parasites--a systematic review. Allergy 2016; 71:308-22. [PMID: 26648083 DOI: 10.1111/all.12818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU) is defined as persistent wheals, angioedema, or both lasting for >6 weeks due to known or unknown causes. Some epidemiological studies and case reports suggest that internal parasite infections (PI) can cause CSU. Here, we provide a systematic overview of published findings on the prevalence and relevance of PI in CSU and we discuss possible pathomechanisms. The prevalence of PI in CSU was investigated by 39 independent studies and comorbidity reportedly ranged from 0 to 75.4% (two-thirds of these studies reported infection rates of 10% or less). The prevalence of PI in adult and pediatric CSU patients ranged from 0% to 75.4% and from 0% to 37.8%, respectively. CSU patients were more often diagnosed with protozoa and had a significantly higher risk of toxocariasis seropositivity and Anisakis simplex sensitization when compared to healthy controls. Patients with chronic urticaria more frequently had seropositivity of fasciolosis, Anisakis simplex sensitization, and the presence of Blastocystis hominis allele 34 (ST3) as compared with control subjects. In 21 studies, efficacy of treatment with antiparasitic drugs ranged from 0 to 100% (35.7% of 269 CSU patients benefitted). In 9 (42.8%) of 21 studies, more than 50% of efficacy was observed. The reported rate of urticaria comorbidity in PI patients in 18 independent studies is 1-66.7%. Urticaria including CSU might be a quite common symptom of strongyloidiasis and blastocystosis. Pathogenic mechanisms in CSU due to PI may include specific IgE, Th2 cytokine skewing, eosinophils, activation of the complement, and the coagulation systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. Kolkhir
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology; Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University; Moscow Russia
| | - G. Balakirski
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology; University Hospital of Aachen; Aachen Germany
| | - H. F. Merk
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology; University Hospital of Aachen; Aachen Germany
| | - O. Olisova
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology; Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University; Moscow Russia
| | - M. Maurer
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Berlin Germany
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