1
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Reticker-Flynn NE, Engleman EG. Lymph nodes: at the intersection of cancer treatment and progression. Trends Cell Biol 2023; 33:1021-1034. [PMID: 37149414 PMCID: PMC10624650 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2023.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Metastasis to lymph nodes (LNs) is a common feature of disease progression in most solid organ malignancies. Consequently, LN biopsy and lymphadenectomy are common clinical practices, not only because of their diagnostic utility but also as a means of deterring further metastatic spread. LN metastases have the potential to seed additional tissues and can induce metastatic tolerance, a process by which tumor-specific immune tolerance in LNs promotes further disease progression. Nonetheless, phylogenetic studies have revealed that distant metastases are not necessarily derived from nodal metastases. Furthermore, immunotherapy efficacy is increasingly being attributed to initiation of systemic immune responses within LNs. We argue that lymphadenectomy and nodal irradiation should be approached with caution, particularly in patients receiving immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan E Reticker-Flynn
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | - Edgar G Engleman
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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2
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Moghaddam MZ, Mousavi MJ, Ghotloo S. Cell-based therapies for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Immun Inflamm Dis 2023; 11:e1091. [PMID: 38018576 PMCID: PMC10664399 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.1091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis that is the most prevalent rheumatic autoimmune disorder, affect autologous connective tissues caused by the breakdown of the self-tolerance mechanisms of the immune system. During the last two decades, cell-based therapy, including stem cells and none-stem cells has been increasingly considered as a therapeutic option in various diseases. This is partly due to the unique properties of stem cells that divide and differentiate from the specialized cells in the damaged tissue. Moreover, stem cells and none-stem cells, impose immunomodulatory properties affecting the diseases caused by immunological abnormalities such as rheumatic autoimmune disorders. In the present review, the efficacy of cell-based therapy with four main types of stem cells, including mesenchymal stem cells, hematopoietic stem cells, embryonic stem cells, and human amniotic membrane cells, as well as none-stem cells, including regulatory T cells, chimeric antigen receptor T cells, and tolerogenic dendritic cells will be evaluated. Moreover, other related issues, including safety, changes in immunological parameters, suitable choice of stem cell and none-stem cell origin, conditioning regimen, limitations, and complications will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohammad Javad Mousavi
- Department of HematologyFaculty of Allied Medicine, Bushehr University of Medical SciencesBushehrIran
| | - Somayeh Ghotloo
- Autoimmune Diseases Research CenterKashan University of Medical SciencesKashanIran
- Department of Clinical Laboratory SciencesKashan University of Medical SciencesKashanIran
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3
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Subburayalu J. Immune surveillance and humoral immune responses in kidney transplantation - A look back at T follicular helper cells. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1114842. [PMID: 37503334 PMCID: PMC10368994 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1114842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
T follicular helper cells comprise a specialized, heterogeneous subset of immune-competent T helper cells capable of influencing B cell responses in lymphoid tissues. In physiology, for example in response to microbial challenges or vaccination, this interaction chiefly results in the production of protecting antibodies and humoral memory. In the context of kidney transplantation, however, immune surveillance provided by T follicular helper cells can take a life of its own despite matching of human leukocyte antigens and employing the latest immunosuppressive regiments. This puts kidney transplant recipients at risk of subclinical and clinical rejection episodes with a potential risk for allograft loss. In this review, the current understanding of immune surveillance provided by T follicular helper cells is briefly described in physiological responses to contrast those pathological responses observed after kidney transplantation. Sensitization of T follicular helper cells with the subsequent emergence of detectable donor-specific human leukocyte antigen antibodies, non-human leukocyte antigen antibodies their implication for kidney transplantation and lessons learnt from other transplantation "settings" with special attention to antibody-mediated rejection will be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Subburayalu
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Center for Regenerative Therapies (CRTD), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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4
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Zhao J, Jung S, Li X, Li L, Kasinath V, Zhang H, Movahedi SN, Mardini A, Sabiu G, Hwang Y, Saxena V, Song Y, Ma B, Acton SE, Kim P, Madsen JC, Sage PT, Tullius SG, Tsokos GC, Bromberg JS, Abdi R. Delivery of costimulatory blockade to lymph nodes promotes transplant acceptance in mice. J Clin Invest 2022; 132:e159672. [PMID: 36519543 PMCID: PMC9754003 DOI: 10.1172/jci159672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The lymph node (LN) is the primary site of alloimmunity activation and regulation during transplantation. Here, we investigated how fibroblastic reticular cells (FRCs) facilitate the tolerance induced by anti-CD40L in a murine model of heart transplantation. We found that both the absence of LNs and FRC depletion abrogated the effect of anti-CD40L in prolonging murine heart allograft survival. Depletion of FRCs impaired homing of T cells across the high endothelial venules (HEVs) and promoted formation of alloreactive T cells in the LNs in heart-transplanted mice treated with anti-CD40L. Single-cell RNA sequencing of the LNs showed that anti-CD40L promotes a Madcam1+ FRC subset. FRCs also promoted the formation of regulatory T cells (Tregs) in vitro. Nanoparticles (NPs) containing anti-CD40L were selectively delivered to the LNs by coating them with MECA-79, which binds to peripheral node addressin (PNAd) glycoproteins expressed exclusively by HEVs. Treatment with these MECA-79-anti-CD40L-NPs markedly delayed the onset of heart allograft rejection and increased the presence of Tregs. Finally, combined MECA-79-anti-CD40L-NPs and rapamycin treatment resulted in markedly longer allograft survival than soluble anti-CD40L and rapamycin. These data demonstrate that FRCs are critical to facilitating costimulatory blockade. LN-targeted nanodelivery of anti-CD40L could effectively promote heart allograft acceptance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhao
- Transplantation Research Center and
- Renal Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sungwook Jung
- Transplantation Research Center and
- Renal Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Xiaofei Li
- Transplantation Research Center and
- Renal Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Lushen Li
- Department of Surgery and
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Vivek Kasinath
- Transplantation Research Center and
- Renal Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Hengcheng Zhang
- Transplantation Research Center and
- Renal Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Said N. Movahedi
- Transplantation Research Center and
- Renal Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ahmad Mardini
- Transplantation Research Center and
- Renal Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Gianmarco Sabiu
- Transplantation Research Center and
- Renal Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yoonha Hwang
- IVIM Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Vikas Saxena
- Department of Surgery and
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Bing Ma
- Institute for Genome Sciences and
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Sophie E. Acton
- Stromal Immunology Group, Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Pilhan Kim
- IVIM Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
- Graduate School of Nanoscience and Technology and
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Joren C. Madsen
- Center for Transplantation Sciences, Department of Surgery
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, and
| | - Peter T. Sage
- Transplantation Research Center and
- Renal Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Stefan G. Tullius
- Division of Transplant Surgery and Transplant Surgery Research Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - George C. Tsokos
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jonathan S. Bromberg
- Department of Surgery and
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Reza Abdi
- Transplantation Research Center and
- Renal Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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5
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Kim S, Shukla RK, Yu H, Baek A, Cressman SG, Golconda S, Lee GE, Choi H, Reneau JC, Wang Z, Huang CA, Liyanage NPM, Kim S. CD3e-immunotoxin spares CD62L lo Tregs and reshapes organ-specific T-cell composition by preferentially depleting CD3e hi T cells. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1011190. [PMID: 36389741 PMCID: PMC9643874 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1011190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
CD3-epsilon(CD3e) immunotoxins (IT), a promising precision reagent for various clinical conditions requiring effective depletion of T cells, often shows limited treatment efficacy for largely unknown reasons. Tissue-resident T cells that persist in peripheral tissues have been shown to play pivotal roles in local and systemic immunity, as well as transplant rejection, autoimmunity and cancers. The impact of CD3e-IT treatment on these local cells, however, remains poorly understood. Here, using a new murine testing model, we demonstrate a substantial enrichment of tissue-resident Foxp3+ Tregs following CD3e-IT treatment. Differential surface expression of CD3e among T-cell subsets appears to be a main driver of Treg enrichment in CD3e-IT treatment. The surviving Tregs in CD3e-IT-treated mice were mostly the CD3edimCD62Llo effector phenotype, but the levels of this phenotype markedly varied among different lymphoid and nonlymphoid organs. We also found notable variations in surface CD3e levels among tissue-resident T cells of different organs, and these variations drive CD3e-IT to uniquely reshape T-cell compositions in local organs. The functions of organs and anatomic locations (lymph nodes) also affected the efficacy of CD3e-IT. The multi-organ pharmacodynamics of CD3e-IT and potential treatment resistance mechanisms identified in this study may generate new opportunities to further improve this promising treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shihyoung Kim
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Rajni Kant Shukla
- Department of Microbial Immunity and Infection, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Hannah Yu
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Alice Baek
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Sophie G. Cressman
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Sarah Golconda
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Ga-Eun Lee
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Hyewon Choi
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - John C. Reneau
- Division of Hematology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Zhirui Wang
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Christene A. Huang
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Namal P. M. Liyanage
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States,Department of Microbial Immunity and Infection, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States,Infectious Disease Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States,*Correspondence: Namal P. M. Liyanage, ; Sanggu Kim,
| | - Sanggu Kim
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States,Infectious Disease Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States,*Correspondence: Namal P. M. Liyanage, ; Sanggu Kim,
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6
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Saxena V, Piao W, Li L, Paluskievicz C, Xiong Y, Simon T, Lakhan R, Brinkman CC, Walden S, Hippen KL, WillsonShirkey M, Lee YS, Wagner C, Blazar BR, Bromberg JS. Treg tissue stability depends on lymphotoxin beta-receptor- and adenosine-receptor-driven lymphatic endothelial cell responses. Cell Rep 2022; 39:110727. [PMID: 35443187 PMCID: PMC9093052 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cell (Treg) lymphatic migration is required for resolving inflammation and prolonging allograft survival. Focusing on Treg interactions with lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs), we dissect mechanisms and functional consequences of Treg transendothelial migration (TEM). Using three genetic mouse models of pancreatic islet transplantation, we show that Treg lymphotoxin (LT) αβ and LEC LTβ receptor (LTβR) signaling are required for efficient Treg migration and suppressive function to prolong allograft survival. Inhibition of LT signaling increases Treg conversion to Foxp3loCD25lo exTregs. In a transwell-based model of TEM across polarized LECs, non-migrated Tregs become exTregs. Such conversion is regulated by LTβR nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) signaling in LECs, which increases interleukin-6 (IL-6) production and drives exTreg conversion. Migrating Tregs are ectonucleotidase CD39hi and resist exTreg conversion in an adenosine-receptor-2A-dependent fashion. Human Tregs migrating across human LECs behave similarly. These molecular interactions can be targeted for therapeutic manipulation of immunity and suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikas Saxena
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Wenji Piao
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Lushen Li
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Christina Paluskievicz
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Yanbao Xiong
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Thomas Simon
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Ram Lakhan
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - C Colin Brinkman
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Sarah Walden
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Cancer Center, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Keli L Hippen
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Cancer Center, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Marina WillsonShirkey
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Young S Lee
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Chelsea Wagner
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Bruce R Blazar
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Cancer Center, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Jonathan S Bromberg
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
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7
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Rosales IA, Yang C, Farkash EA, Ashry T, Ge J, Aljabban I, Ayyar A, Ndishabandi D, White R, Gildner E, Gong J, Liang Y, Lakkis FG, Nickeleit V, Russell PS, Madsen JC, Alessandrini A, Colvin RB. Novel intragraft regulatory lymphoid structures in kidney allograft tolerance. Am J Transplant 2022; 22:705-716. [PMID: 34726836 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.16880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Intragraft events thought to be relevant to the development of tolerance are here subjected to a comprehensive mechanistic study during long-term spontaneous tolerance that occurs in C57BL/6 mice that receive life sustaining DBA/2 kidneys. These allografts rapidly develop periarterial Treg-rich organized lymphoid structures (TOLS) that form in response to class II but not to class I MHC disparity and form independently of lymphotoxin α and lymphotoxin β receptor pathways. TOLS form in situ in the absence of lymph nodes, spleen, and thymus. Distinctive transcript patterns are maintained over time in TOLS including transcripts associated with Treg differentiation, T cell checkpoint signaling, and Th2 differentiation. Pathway transcripts related to inflammation are expressed in early stages of accepted grafts but diminish with time, while B cell transcripts increase. Intragraft transcript patterns at one week posttransplant distinguish those from kidneys destined to be rejected, that is, C57BL/6 allografts into DBA/2 recipients, from those that will be accepted. In contrast to inflammatory tertiary lymphoid organs (iTLOs) that form in response to chronic viral infection and transgenic Lta expression, TOLS lack high endothelial venules and germinal centers. TOLS represent a novel, pathogenetically important type of TLO that are in situ markers of regulatory tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivy A Rosales
- Immunopathology Research Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Center for Transplantation Sciences, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Chao Yang
- Center for Transplantation Sciences, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Evan A Farkash
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Tameem Ashry
- Center for Transplantation Sciences, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jifu Ge
- Center for Transplantation Sciences, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Imad Aljabban
- Center for Transplantation Sciences, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Archana Ayyar
- Center for Transplantation Sciences, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Dorothy Ndishabandi
- Immunopathology Research Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Center for Transplantation Sciences, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Rebecca White
- Immunopathology Research Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Elena Gildner
- Immunopathology Research Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jingjing Gong
- NanoString Technologies, Inc., Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Yan Liang
- NanoString Technologies, Inc., Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Fadi G Lakkis
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute and Departments of Surgery and Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Volker Nickeleit
- Division of Nephropathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Paul S Russell
- Center for Transplantation Sciences, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Joren C Madsen
- Center for Transplantation Sciences, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Alessandro Alessandrini
- Center for Transplantation Sciences, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Robert B Colvin
- Immunopathology Research Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Center for Transplantation Sciences, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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8
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Mesenchymal stem cells transfer mitochondria to allogeneic Tregs in an HLA-dependent manner improving their immunosuppressive activity. Nat Commun 2022; 13:856. [PMID: 35165293 PMCID: PMC8844425 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28338-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-based immunotherapies can provide safe and effective treatments for various disorders including autoimmunity, cancer, and excessive proinflammatory events in sepsis or viral infections. However, to achieve this goal there is a need for deeper understanding of mechanisms of the intercellular interactions. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are a lymphocyte subset that maintain peripheral tolerance, whilst mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent nonhematopoietic progenitor cells. Despite coming from different origins, Tregs and MSCs share immunoregulatory properties that have been tested in clinical trials. Here we demonstrate how direct and indirect contact with allogenic MSCs improves Tregs’ potential for accumulation of immunosuppressive adenosine and suppression of conventional T cell proliferation, making them more potent therapeutic tools. Our results also demonstrate that direct communication between Tregs and MSCs is based on transfer of active mitochondria and fragments of plasma membrane from MSCs to Tregs, an event that is HLA-dependent and associates with HLA-C and HLA-DRB1 eplet mismatch load between Treg and MSC donors. Regulatory T (Treg) cells and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are both cell populations capable of immune tolerance induction. Here the authors show that the transfer of mitochondria from mesenchymal stem cells to allogeneic Treg cells in an HLA-dependent manner results in enhanced immunosuppressive functions of Treg cells.
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9
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Saxena V, Lakhan R, Iyyathurai J, Bromberg JS. Mechanisms of exTreg induction. Eur J Immunol 2021; 51:1956-1967. [PMID: 33975379 PMCID: PMC8338747 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202049123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
CD4+ CD25+ Foxp3+ Tregs play an important role in the maintenance of the immune system by regulating immune responses and resolving inflammation. Tregs exert their function by suppressing other immune cells and mediating peripheral self-tolerance. Under homeostatic conditions, Tregs are stable T-cell populations. However, under inflammatory environments, Tregs are converted to CD4+ CD25low Foxp3low cells. These cells are termed "exTreg" or "exFoxp3" cells. The molecular mechanism of Treg transition to exTregs remains incompletely understood. Uncertainties might be explained by a lack of consensus of biological markers to define Treg subsets in general and exTregs in particular. In this review, we summarize known markers of Tregs and factors responsible for exTreg generation including cytokines, signaling pathways, transcription factors, and epigenetic mechanisms. We also identify studies demonstrating the presence of exTregs in various diseases and sources of exTregs. Understanding the biology of Treg transition to exTregs will help in designing Treg-based therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikas Saxena
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Ram Lakhan
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Jegan Iyyathurai
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Jonathan S. Bromberg
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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10
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Kawai K, Uchiyama M, Hester J, Issa F. IL-33 drives the production of mouse regulatory T cells with enhanced in vivo suppressive activity in skin transplantation. Am J Transplant 2021; 21:978-992. [PMID: 33314772 PMCID: PMC7613121 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.16266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are crucial mediators of immune homeostasis with the ability to modulate allogeneic response and control transplant rejection. Although Treg-based cell therapies have shown immense promise, methods to optimize current strategies are critical for successful implementation within the clinic. IL-33 is a cytokine with pleiotropic properties and effects on Treg function and development. In this study, we explored the unique properties of Treg populations activated through the IL-33/ST2 pathway, aiming to exploit their tolerogenic properties for cell therapy. We show that treatment with exogenous IL-33 results in a generalized downregulation of genes critical to T cell biology together with an upregulation of Treg-associated genes. Tregs that develop in response to IL-33 upregulate critical Treg-associated markers, yet without developing enhanced in vitro suppressive capacity. Conversely, these Tregs display potent regulatory activity in vivo, promoting long-term skin allograft survival in a stringent transplantation model. Detailed transcriptomic and immunophenotypic analyses of IL-33-expanded Tregs reveal an enhancement in graft-homing chemokine receptors, which may be partly responsible for their superior in vivo activity that is not reflected in vitro. IL-33 treatment is therefore an attractive adjunctive strategy for patients receiving Treg cell therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kento Kawai
- Transplantation Research Immunology Group, Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Masateru Uchiyama
- Transplantation Research Immunology Group, Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK,Department of Surgery, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Joanna Hester
- Transplantation Research Immunology Group, Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Fadi Issa
- Transplantation Research Immunology Group, Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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11
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Martínez-Rey D, Carmona-Rodríguez L, Fernández-Aceñero MJ, Mira E, Mañes S. Extracellular Superoxide Dismutase, the Endothelial Basement Membrane, and the WNT Pathway: New Players in Vascular Normalization and Tumor Infiltration by T-Cells. Front Immunol 2020; 11:579552. [PMID: 33250894 PMCID: PMC7673374 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.579552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) are major players in the immune-mediated control of cancer and the response to immunotherapy. In primary cancers, however, TILs are commonly absent, suggesting T-cell entry into the tumor microenvironment (TME) to be selectively restricted. Blood and lymph vessels are the first barriers that circulating T-cells must cross to reach the tumor parenchyma. Certainly, the crossing of the endothelial cell (EC) basement membrane (EC-BM)—an extracellular matrix underlying EC—is a limiting step in T-cell diapedesis. This review highlights new data suggesting the antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase-3 (SOD3) to be a regulator of EC-BM composition in the tumor vasculature. In the EC, SOD3 induces vascular normalization and endows the EC-BM with the capacity for the extravasation of effector T-cells into the TME, which it achieves via the WNT signaling pathway. However, when activated in tumor cells, this same pathway is reported to exclude TILs. SOD3 also regulates TIL density in primary human colorectal cancers (CRC), thus affecting the relapse rate and patient survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Martínez-Rey
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB/CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - María Jesús Fernández-Aceñero
- Department of Surgical Pathology, Fundación de Investigación Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Emilia Mira
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB/CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Santos Mañes
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB/CSIC), Madrid, Spain
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12
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Janssens I, Cools N. Regulating the regulators: Is introduction of an antigen-specific approach in regulatory T cells the next step to treat autoimmunity? Cell Immunol 2020; 358:104236. [PMID: 33137651 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2020.104236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In autoimmunity, the important and fragile balance between immunity and tolerance is disturbed, resulting in abnormal immune responses to the body's own tissues and cells. CD4+CD25hiFoxP3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) induce peripheral tolerance in vivo by means of direct cell-cell contact and release of soluble factors, or indirectly through antigen-presenting cells (APC), thereby controlling auto-reactive effector T cells. Based on these unique capacities of Tregs, preclinical studies delivered proof-of-principle for the clinical use of Tregs for the treatment of autoimmune diseases. To date, the first clinical trials using ex vivo expanded polyclonal Tregs have been completed. These pioneering studies demonstrate the feasibility of generating large numbers of polyclonal Tregs in a good manufacturing practices (GMP)-compliant manner, and that infusion of Tregs is well tolerated by patients with no evidence of general immunosuppression. Nonetheless, only modest clinical results were observed, arguing that a more antigen-specific approach might be needed to foster a durable patient-specific clinical cell therapy without the risk for general immunosuppression. In this review, we discuss current knowledge, applications and future goals of adoptive immune-modulatory Treg therapy for the treatment of autoimmune disease and transplant rejection. We describe the key advances and prospects of the potential use of T cell receptor (TCR)- and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-engineered Tregs in future clinical applications. These approaches could deliver the long-awaited breakthrough in stopping undesired autoimmune responses and transplant rejections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibo Janssens
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Nathalie Cools
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
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13
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Rana J, Biswas M. Regulatory T cell therapy: Current and future design perspectives. Cell Immunol 2020; 356:104193. [PMID: 32823038 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2020.104193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) maintain immune equilibrium by suppressing immune responses through various multistep contact dependent and independent mechanisms. Cellular therapy using polyclonal Tregs in transplantation and autoimmune diseases has shown promise in preclinical models and clinical trials. Although novel approaches have been developed to improve specificity and efficacy of antigen specific Treg based therapies, widespread application is currently restricted. To date, design-based approaches to improve the potency and persistence of engineered chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) Tregs are limited. Here, we describe currently available Treg based therapies, their advantages and limitations for implementation in clinical studies. We also examine various strategies for improving CAR T cell design that can potentially be applied to CAR Tregs, such as identifying co-stimulatory signalling domains that enhance suppressive ability, determining optimal scFv affinity/avidity, and co-expression of accessory molecules. Finally, we discuss the importance of tailoring CAR Treg design to suit the individual disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Rana
- Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Moanaro Biswas
- Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
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14
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Raffin C, Vo LT, Bluestone JA. T reg cell-based therapies: challenges and perspectives. Nat Rev Immunol 2020; 20:158-172. [PMID: 31811270 PMCID: PMC7814338 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-019-0232-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 388] [Impact Index Per Article: 97.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Cellular therapies using regulatory T (Treg) cells are currently undergoing clinical trials for the treatment of autoimmune diseases, transplant rejection and graft-versus-host disease. In this Review, we discuss the biology of Treg cells and describe new efforts in Treg cell engineering to enhance specificity, stability, functional activity and delivery. Finally, we envision that the success of Treg cell therapy in autoimmunity and transplantation will encourage the clinical use of adoptive Treg cell therapy for non-immune diseases, such as neurological disorders and tissue repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Raffin
- Sean N. Parker Autoimmune Research Laboratory, Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Linda T Vo
- Sean N. Parker Autoimmune Research Laboratory, Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Bluestone
- Sean N. Parker Autoimmune Research Laboratory, Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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15
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Cortés-Hernández A, Alvarez-Salazar E, Arteaga-Cruz S, Alberu-Gómez J, Soldevila G. Ex vivo expansion of regulatory T cells from long-term Belatacept-treated kidney transplant patients restores their phenotype and suppressive function but not their FOXP3 TSDR demethylation status. Cell Immunol 2020; 348:104044. [PMID: 32005344 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2020.104044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
We recently reported that Tregs from long-term Belatacept-treated kidney transplant patients displayed an altered phenotype and impaired suppressive function compared to Tregs from healthy controls. However, it remains unknown whether ex vivo expansion of Tregs from patients who underwent long-term immunosuppression may be feasible to be used in their treatment. In this work, Tregs from Belatacept-treated patients were polyclonally expanded in vitro in the presence of rapamycin and IL-2. After four weeks of expansion, Tregs from patients expressed high levels of FOXP3, CD25, CTLA-4, Helios and CCR7, and showed strong suppressive activity, even in the presence of pro-inflammatory cytokines. However, FOXP3 TSDR demethylation remained lower in expanded Tregs from Belatacept-treated patients compared to healthy control Tregs. These data suggest that ex vivo expansion of Tregs from patients undergoing long-term immunosuppression may require the use of epigenetic modifying agents to stabilize FOXP3 expression to be considered as treatment in kidney transplant patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Cortés-Hernández
- Department of Immunology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - E Alvarez-Salazar
- Department of Immunology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - S Arteaga-Cruz
- Department of Immunology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - J Alberu-Gómez
- Tecnológico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Ave. Morones Prieto 3000, Monterrey, N.L., México 64710, Mexico
| | - G Soldevila
- Department of Immunology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico.
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16
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Yang F, Zhang Y, Liu B, Cao M, Yang J, Tian F, Yang P, Qin K, Zhao D. Basic fibroblast growth factor and agarose gel promote the ability of immune privilege of allogeneic cartilage transplantation in rats. J Orthop Translat 2019; 22:73-80. [PMID: 32440502 PMCID: PMC7231919 DOI: 10.1016/j.jot.2019.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Allogeneic cartilage transplantation is used to treat severe osteochondral defects or cartilaginous injury. However, acute immune rejection has been a key problem interfering with graft healing. Methods Full-thickness osteochondral defects were performed in Sprague Dawley rats. The allograft implants were set into the defect region. Blood and spleen samples from Postoperative Day 3 onward were collected for inflammatory cell analysis, including analysis of monocytes, natural killer cells, CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells, CD4+ T cells, and CD8+ T cells. Gross observation and histologic staining (hematoxylin and eosin, toluidine blue) were carried out at the same time point to assess the repair effect of the cartilage graft and the degree of immune rejection. Results Treatment with basic fibroblast growth factor, agarose gel, and allogeneic cartilage was similar to that of the autologous group. The percentage of monocytes in allografts was at a higher level in the spleen and blood; the frequency of CD4+ T cells in the allogeneic group was higher than in the autologous group and the other agarose groups at 6 weeks after transplantation. The number of regulatory T cells in the autograft was increased from Postoperative Week 1; similar results were observed in groups containing basic fibroblast growth factor beginning at Postoperative Week 3. Conclusions Allogeneic cartilage transplantation induces acute immune rejection, which compromises the validity of the implant. The combination of basic fibroblast growth factor and agarose gel facilitates the goal of immune privilege and promotes the success of the allograft tissues. The translational potential of this article This study investigated the combination of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and agarose gel facilitates promotes the success of the allograft tissues transplantation. This work may help clinicians find a new way to repair articular cartilage damage. This will affect the treatment of articular cartilage movement injuries and arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Yang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road, Dalian, Liaoning, China.,Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, No 6 Jiefang Street, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, No 6 Jiefang Street, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Baoyi Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, No 6 Jiefang Street, Dalian, Liaoning, China.,Postdoctoral Workstation, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, No 6 Jiefang Street, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Meng Cao
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, No 6 Jiefang Street, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Jiahui Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, No 6 Jiefang Street, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Fengde Tian
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road, Dalian, Liaoning, China.,Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, No 6 Jiefang Street, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Pei Yang
- The First Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shanxi, 710000, China
| | - Kairong Qin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Dewei Zhao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Linggong Road, Dalian, Liaoning, China.,Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, No 6 Jiefang Street, Dalian, Liaoning, China
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17
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Lu C, Zanker D, Lock P, Jiang X, Deng J, Duan M, Liu C, Faou P, Hickey MJ, Chen W. Memory regulatory T cells home to the lung and control influenza A virus infection. Immunol Cell Biol 2019; 97:774-786. [DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 05/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chunni Lu
- La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science School of Molecular Science La Trobe University Bundoora VIC Australia
| | - Damien Zanker
- La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science School of Molecular Science La Trobe University Bundoora VIC Australia
| | - Peter Lock
- La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science School of Molecular Science La Trobe University Bundoora VIC Australia
| | - Xiangrui Jiang
- La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science School of Molecular Science La Trobe University Bundoora VIC Australia
| | - Jieru Deng
- La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science School of Molecular Science La Trobe University Bundoora VIC Australia
| | - Mubing Duan
- La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science School of Molecular Science La Trobe University Bundoora VIC Australia
| | - Chuanxin Liu
- La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science School of Molecular Science La Trobe University Bundoora VIC Australia
| | - Pierre Faou
- La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science School of Molecular Science La Trobe University Bundoora VIC Australia
| | - Michael J Hickey
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases Department of Medicine Monash Medical Centre Monash University Clayton VIC Australia
| | - Weisan Chen
- La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science School of Molecular Science La Trobe University Bundoora VIC Australia
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18
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Horwitz DA, Bickerton S, Koss M, Fahmy TM, La Cava A. Suppression of Murine Lupus by CD4+ and CD8+ Treg Cells Induced by T Cell-Targeted Nanoparticles Loaded With Interleukin-2 and Transforming Growth Factor β. Arthritis Rheumatol 2019; 71:632-640. [PMID: 30407752 DOI: 10.1002/art.40773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To develop a nanoparticle (NP) platform that can expand both CD4+ and CD8+ Treg cells in vivo for the suppression of autoimmune responses in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). METHODS Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) NPs encapsulating interleukin-2 (IL-2) and transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) were coated with anti-CD2/CD4 antibodies and administered to mice with lupus-like disease induced by the transfer of DBA/2 T cells into (C57BL/6 × DBA/2)F1 (BDF1) mice. The peripheral frequency of Treg cells was monitored ex vivo by flow cytometry. Disease progression was assessed by measuring serum anti-double-stranded DNA antibody levels by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Kidney disease was defined as the presence of proteinuria or renal histopathologic features. RESULTS Anti-CD2/CD4 antibody-coated, but not noncoated, NPs encapsulating IL-2 and TGFβ induced CD4+ and CD8+ FoxP3+ Treg cells in vitro. The optimal dosing regimen of NPs for expansion of CD4+ and CD8+ Treg cells was determined in in vivo studies in mice without lupus and then tested in BDF1 mice with lupus. The administration of anti-CD2/CD4 antibody-coated NPs encapsulating IL-2 and TGFβ resulted in the expansion of CD4+ and CD8+ Treg cells, a marked suppression of anti-DNA antibody production, and reduced renal disease. CONCLUSION This study shows for the first time that T cell-targeted PLGA NPs encapsulating IL-2 and TGFβ can expand both CD4+ and CD8+ Treg cells in vivo and suppress murine lupus. This approach, which enables the expansion of Treg cells in vivo and inhibits pathogenic immune responses in SLE, could represent a potential new therapeutic modality in autoimmune conditions characterized by impaired Treg cell function associated with IL-2 deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Michael Koss
- Keck School of Medicine at the University of Southern California, Los Angeles
| | | | - Antonio La Cava
- David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles
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19
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To evaluate role of the lymph node in immune regulation and tolerance in transplantation and recent advances in the delivery of antigen and immune modulatory signals to the lymph node. RECENT FINDINGS Lymph nodes are a primary site of immune cell priming, activation, and modulation, and changes within the lymph node microenvironment have the potential to induce specific regulation, suppression, and potentially tolerance. Antigen enters the lymph node either from tissues via lymphatics, from blood via high endothelial venules, or directly via injection. Here we review different techniques and materials to deliver antigen to the lymph node including microparticles or nanoparticles, ex-vivo antigen presenting cell manipulation, and use of receptor conjugation for specific intralymph node targeting locations. SUMMARY The promising results point to powerful techniques to harness the lymph node microenvironment and direct systemic immune regulation. The materials, techniques, and approaches suggest that translational and clinical trials in nonhuman primate and patients may soon be possible.
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20
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Bromberg JS, Hittle L, Xiong Y, Saxena V, Smyth EM, Li L, Zhang T, Wagner C, Fricke WF, Simon T, Brinkman CC, Mongodin EF. Gut microbiota-dependent modulation of innate immunity and lymph node remodeling affects cardiac allograft outcomes. JCI Insight 2018; 3:121045. [PMID: 30282817 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.121045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
We hypothesized that the gut microbiota influences survival of murine cardiac allografts through modulation of immunity. Antibiotic pretreated mice received vascularized cardiac allografts and fecal microbiota transfer (FMT), along with tacrolimus immunosuppression. FMT source samples were from normal, pregnant (immune suppressed), or spontaneously colitic (inflammation) mice. Bifidobacterium pseudolongum (B. pseudolongum) in pregnant FMT recipients was associated with prolonged allograft survival and lower inflammation and fibrosis, while normal or colitic FMT resulted in inferior survival and worse histology. Transfer of B. pseudolongum alone resulted in reduced inflammation and fibrosis. Stimulation of DC and macrophage lines with B. pseudolongum induced the antiinflammatory cytokine IL-10 and homeostatic chemokine CCL19 but induced lesser amounts of the proinflammatory cytokines TNFα and IL-6. In contrast, LPS and Desulfovibrio desulfuricans (D. desulfuricans), more abundant in colitic FMT, induced a more inflammatory cytokine response. Analysis of mesenteric and peripheral lymph node structure showed that B. pseudolongum gavage resulted in a higher laminin α4/α5 ratio in the lymph node cortical ridge, indicative of a suppressive environment, while D. desulfuricans resulted in a lower laminin α4/α5 ratio, supportive of inflammation. Discrete gut bacterial species alter immunity and may predict graft outcomes through stimulation of myeloid cells and shifts in lymph node structure and permissiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan S Bromberg
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, Departments of Surgery, Microbiology and Immunology, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Lauren Hittle
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Institute for Genome Sciences, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Yanbao Xiong
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, Departments of Surgery, Microbiology and Immunology, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Vikas Saxena
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, Departments of Surgery, Microbiology and Immunology, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Eoghan M Smyth
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Institute for Genome Sciences, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Lushen Li
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, Departments of Surgery, Microbiology and Immunology, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Tianshu Zhang
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Department of Surgery, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Chelsea Wagner
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, Departments of Surgery, Microbiology and Immunology, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - W Florian Fricke
- Institute of Biological Chemistry and Nutrition, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Thomas Simon
- CNRS, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Université Côte d'Azur, Valbonne, France
| | - Colin C Brinkman
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, Departments of Surgery, Microbiology and Immunology, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Emmanuel F Mongodin
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Institute for Genome Sciences, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Mitkin NA, Muratova AM, Korneev KV, Pavshintsev VV, Rumyantsev KA, Vagida MS, Uvarova AN, Afanasyeva MA, Schwartz AM, Kuprash DV. Protective C allele of the single-nucleotide polymorphism rs1335532 is associated with strong binding of Ascl2 transcription factor and elevated CD58 expression in B-cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2018; 1864:3211-3220. [PMID: 30006149 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2018.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 06/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
CD58 is expressed on the surface of antigen-presenting cells, including B-cells, and provides co-stimulation to regulatory T-cells (Treg) through CD2 receptor binding. Tregs appear to be essential suppressors of tissue-specific autoimmune responses. Thereby, CD58 plays protective role in multiple sclerosis (MS) and CD58 was identified among several loci associated with MS susceptibility. Minor (C) variant of the single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs1335532 is associated with lower MS risk according to genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and its presence correlates with higher CD58 mRNA levels in MS patients. We found that genomic region containing rs1335532 has enhancer properties and can significantly boost the CD58 promoter activity in lymphoblast cells. Using bioinformatics and pull-down assay we found that the protective (C) rs1335532 allele created functional binding site for ASCL2 transcription factor, a target of the Wnt signaling pathway. Both in B-lymphoblastoid cell lines and in primary B-cells, as well as in a monocytic cell line, activation of Wnt signaling resulted in an increased CD58 promoter activity in the presence of the protective but not the risk allele of rs1335532, whereas ASCL2 knockdown abrogated this effect. In summary, our results suggest that ASCL2 mediates the protective function of rs1335532 minor (C) allele in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikita A Mitkin
- Laboratory of Intracellular Signaling in Health and Disease, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alisa M Muratova
- Laboratory of Intracellular Signaling in Health and Disease, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia; Biological Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Kirill V Korneev
- Laboratory of Intracellular Signaling in Health and Disease, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia; Biological Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | | | | | | | - Aksinya N Uvarova
- Laboratory of Intracellular Signaling in Health and Disease, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia; Biological Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Marina A Afanasyeva
- Laboratory of Intracellular Signaling in Health and Disease, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anton M Schwartz
- Laboratory of Intracellular Signaling in Health and Disease, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitry V Kuprash
- Laboratory of Intracellular Signaling in Health and Disease, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia; Biological Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.
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22
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Hosseini A, Dolati S, Hashemi V, Abdollahpour‐Alitappeh M, Yousefi M. Regulatory T and T helper 17 cells: Their roles in preeclampsia. J Cell Physiol 2018; 233:6561-6573. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arezoo Hosseini
- Stem Cell Research CenterTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran
- Drug Applied Research CenterTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran
- Department of ImmunologyFaculty of MedicineTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran
- Student's Research CommitteeTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran
| | - Sanam Dolati
- Stem Cell Research CenterTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran
- Drug Applied Research CenterTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran
- Department of ImmunologyFaculty of MedicineTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran
- Student's Research CommitteeTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran
| | - Vida Hashemi
- Department of Basic ScienceFaculty of MedicineMaragheh University of Medical SciencesMaraghehIran
| | - Meghdad Abdollahpour‐Alitappeh
- Basic and Molecular Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver DiseasesShahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Mehdi Yousefi
- Drug Applied Research CenterTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran
- Department of ImmunologyFaculty of MedicineTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran
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23
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Kleinman AJ, Sivanandham R, Pandrea I, Chougnet CA, Apetrei C. Regulatory T Cells As Potential Targets for HIV Cure Research. Front Immunol 2018; 9:734. [PMID: 29706961 PMCID: PMC5908895 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
T regulatory cells (Tregs) are a key component of the immune system, which maintain a delicate balance between overactive responses and immunosuppression. As such, Treg deficiencies are linked to autoimmune disorders and alter the immune control of pathogens. In HIV infection, Tregs play major roles, both beneficial and detrimental. They regulate the immune system such that inflammation and spread of virus through activated T cells is suppressed. However, suppression of immune activation also limits viral clearance and promotes reservoir formation. Tregs can be directly targeted by HIV, thereby harboring a fraction of the viral reservoir. The vital role of Tregs in the pathogenesis and control of HIV makes them a subject of interest for manipulation in the search of an HIV cure. Here, we discuss the origin and generation, homeostasis, and functions of Tregs, particularly their roles and effects in HIV infection. We also present various Treg manipulation strategies, including Treg depletion techniques and interventions that alter Treg function, which may be used in different cure strategies, to simultaneously boost HIV-specific immune responses and induce reactivation of the latent virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J Kleinman
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Ranjit Sivanandham
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Ivona Pandrea
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Claire A Chougnet
- Division of Immunobiology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati University, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Cristian Apetrei
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
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Harnessing Advances in T Regulatory Cell Biology for Cellular Therapy in Transplantation. Transplantation 2017; 101:2277-2287. [PMID: 28376037 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000001757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cellular therapy with CD4FOXP3 T regulatory (Treg) cells is a promising strategy to induce tolerance after solid-organ transplantation or prevent graft-versus-host disease after transfer of hematopoietic stem cells. Treg cells currently used in clinical trials are either polyclonal, donor- or antigen-specific. Aside from variations in isolation and expansion protocols, however, most therapeutic Treg cell-based products are much alike. Ongoing basic science work has provided considerable new insight into multiple facets of Treg cell biology, including their stability, homing, and functional specialization; integrating these basic science discoveries with clinical efforts will support the development of next-generation therapeutic Treg cells with enhanced efficacy. In this review, we summarize recent advances in knowledge of how Treg cells home to lymphoid and peripheral tissues, and control antibody production and tissue repair. We also discuss newly appreciated pathways that modulate context-specific Treg cell function and stability. Strategies to improve and tailor Treg cells for cell therapy to induce transplantation tolerance are highlighted.
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Kim EY, Moudgil KD. Immunomodulation of autoimmune arthritis by pro-inflammatory cytokines. Cytokine 2017; 98:87-96. [PMID: 28438552 PMCID: PMC5581685 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2017.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Revised: 04/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Pro-inflammatory cytokines promote autoimmune inflammation and tissue damage, while anti-inflammatory cytokines help resolve inflammation and facilitate tissue repair. Over the past few decades, this general feature of cytokine-mediated events has offered a broad framework to comprehend the pathogenesis of autoimmune and other immune-mediated diseases, and to successfully develop therapeutic approaches for diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Anti-tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) therapy is a testimony in support of this endeavor. However, many patients with RA fail to respond to this or other biologics, and some patients may suffer unexpected aggravation of arthritic inflammation or other autoimmune effects. These observations combined with rapid advancements in immunology in regard to newer cytokines and T cell subsets have enforced a re-evaluation of the perceived pathogenic attribute of the pro-inflammatory cytokines. Studies conducted by others and us in experimental models of arthritis involving direct administration of IFN-γ or TNF-α; in vivo neutralization of the cytokine; the use of animals deficient in the cytokine or its receptor; and the impact of the cytokine or anti-cytokine therapy on defined T cell subsets have revealed paradoxical anti-inflammatory and immunoregulatory attributes of these two cytokines. Similar studies in other models of autoimmunity as well as limited studies in arthritis patients have also unveiled the disease-protective effects of these pro-inflammatory cytokines. A major mechanism in this regard is the altered balance between the pathogenic T helper 17 (Th17) and protective T regulatory (Treg) cells in favor of the latter. However, it is essential to consider that this aspect of the pro-inflammatory cytokines is context-dependent such that the dose and timing of intervention, the experimental model of the disease under study, and the differences in individual responsiveness can influence the final outcomes. Nevertheless, the realization that pro-inflammatory cytokines can also be immunoregulatory offers a new perspective in fully understanding the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases and in designing better therapies for controlling them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene Y Kim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, USA
| | - Kamal D Moudgil
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
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Aggarwal S, Sharma SC, N Das S. Dynamics of regulatory T cells (T regs ) in patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma. J Surg Oncol 2017; 116:1103-1113. [PMID: 28833201 DOI: 10.1002/jso.24782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The immune dysfunction in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) patients is one of the major factors for growth and dissemination of tumor affecting disease-free survival. METHODS The phenotypic and functional characteristics of Regulatory T (Treg ) CD4+ CD25+ FoxP3+ subsets in OSCC patients were assessed by multicolor flow cytometry and its effector component (TGF-β) by Western blot and qRT-PCR. RESULTS An increased (P < 0.05) prevalence of Treg phenotypes (CD4+ CD25+ , CD4+ FoxP3+ , CD8+ FoxP3+ , CD4+ CD25+ FoxP3+ ) was observed in the peripheral circulation of OSCC patients that positively correlated with clinicopathological features. The increased frequency of CD4+ CD8+ CD25+ FoxP3+ , a unique T cell subset, CTLA-4+ , GITR+ , NrP1+ , HLA-DR+ , CD127+ , Tbet+ , TGF-β+ , and granzyme B+ (GzmB) Tregs also showed a significantly higher prevalence in OSCC patients. Functionally, CD4+ FoxP3+ Tregs showed skewed expression of IL-2, IL-10, and IL-35 in patients as compared with the normal controls. Further, enhanced expression of CCR5 and CCR7 on Tregs with up regulation of their ligands (CCL5, CCL19, and CCL21) in tumor cells indicates efficient recruitment and trafficking of Tregs to the tumor site. CONCLUSION It seems reasonable to assume that modulation of functional dynamics of selective Treg subsets may be useful in developing immunotherapeutic strategy for OSCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadhna Aggarwal
- Department of Biotechnology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Suresh C Sharma
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Satya N Das
- Department of Biotechnology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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Kean LS, Turka LA, Blazar BR. Advances in targeting co-inhibitory and co-stimulatory pathways in transplantation settings: the Yin to the Yang of cancer immunotherapy. Immunol Rev 2017; 276:192-212. [PMID: 28258702 PMCID: PMC5338458 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In the past decade, the power of harnessing T-cell co-signaling pathways has become increasingly understood to have significant clinical importance. In cancer immunotherapy, the field has concentrated on two related modalities: First, targeting cancer antigens through highly activated chimeric antigen T cells (CAR-Ts) and second, re-animating endogenous quiescent T cells through checkpoint blockade. In each of these strategies, the therapeutic goal is to re-ignite T-cell immunity, in order to eradicate tumors. In transplantation, there is also great interest in targeting T-cell co-signaling, but with the opposite goal: in this field, we seek the Yin to cancer immunotherapy's Yang, and focus on manipulating T-cell co-signaling to induce tolerance rather than activation. In this review, we discuss the major T-cell signaling pathways that are being investigated for tolerance induction, detailing preclinical studies and the path to the clinic for many of these molecules. These include blockade of co-stimulation pathways and agonism of coinhibitory pathways, in order to achieve the delicate state of balance that is transplant tolerance: a state which guarantees lifelong transplant acceptance without ongoing immunosuppression, and with preservation of protective immune responses. In the context of the clinical translation of immune tolerance strategies, we discuss the significant challenge that is embodied by the fact that targeted pathway modulators may have opposing effects on tolerance based on their impact on effector vs regulatory T-cell biology. Achieving this delicate balance holds the key to the major challenge of transplantation: lifelong control of alloreactivity while maintaining an otherwise intact immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie S Kean
- Ben Towne Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
- The Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Laurence A Turka
- Center for Transplantation Sciences, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Immune Tolerance Network, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Bruce R Blazar
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics and the Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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Hsiao HM, Scozzi D, Gauthier JM, Kreisel D. Mechanisms of graft rejection after lung transplantation. Curr Opin Organ Transplant 2017; 22:29-35. [PMID: 27861263 PMCID: PMC5443682 DOI: 10.1097/mot.0000000000000371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To date, outcomes after lung transplantation are far worse than after transplantation of other solid organs. New insights into mechanisms that contribute to graft rejection and tolerance after lung transplantation remain of great interest. This review examines the recent literature on the role of innate and adaptive immunity in shaping the fate of lung grafts. RECENT FINDINGS Innate and adaptive immune cells orchestrate allograft rejection after transplantation. Innate immune cells such as neutrophils are recruited to the lung graft early after reperfusion and subsequently promote allograft rejection. Although it is widely recognized that CD4 T lymphocytes in concert with CD8 T cells promote graft rejection, regulatory Foxp3 CD4 T, central memory CD8 T cells, and natural killer cells can facilitate tolerance. SUMMARY This review highlights interactions between innate and adaptive immune pathways and how they contribute to lung allograft rejection. These findings lay a foundation for the design of new therapeutic strategies that target both innate and adaptive immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsi-Min Hsiao
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO
| | - Davide Scozzi
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Jason M. Gauthier
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO
| | - Daniel Kreisel
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO
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Nakamura T, Nakao T, Ashihara E, Yoshimura N. Myeloid-derived Suppressor Cells Recruit CD4(+)/Foxp3(+) Regulatory T Cells in a Murine Cardiac Allograft. Transplant Proc 2017; 48:1275-8. [PMID: 27320602 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2015.10.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) play an important role in regulating allograft rejection in organ transplantation. On the other hand, CD3(+)/CD4(+)/FOXP3(+) regulatory T cells (Tregs) also are of vital importance in immunological tolerance. We previously revealed that adoptive transfer of MDSCs recruited Tregs in the spleen. However, it is still uncertain whether MDSCs are capable of recruiting Tregs to an allograft in vivo. OBJECTIVES We conducted adoptive transfer experiments of MDSCs to clarify the effects of MDSCs on Tregs in vivo. METHODS Gr-1(+)/CD11b(+) MDSCs were isolated from rapamycin-treated cardiac transplant (CTx) recipients (3 mg/kg, intraperitoneally on postoperative days [POD] 0, 2, 4, and 6) on POD 7 by magnetic-activated cell sorting (purity >95%). In murine heterotopic cardiac transplantation, 2 × 10(6) MDSCs were transferred into the graft aorta 5 minutes before reperfusion. RESULTS Flow cytometric analyses of a cardiac allograft on POD 7 showed that MDSCs derived from rapamycin-treated CTx mice (MDSCs-Rap) transfer led to significant recruitment of Tregs compared with a PBS-injected allograft. The level of programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) on MDSCs-Rap was higher than those from non-treated recipients. Furthermore, pathological findings also confirmed accumulation of Foxp3(+) Tregs in an allograft. CONCLUSION Induced PD-L1 on MDSCs might result in recruitment of Tregs. These results suggested that functional MDSCs possessed an ability to induce Tregs in a cardiac allograft and developed a tendency to immunological tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Nakamura
- Department of Organ Transplantation and General Surgery, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kajii-cho 465, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto-prefecture, Japan.
| | - T Nakao
- Department of Organ Transplantation and General Surgery, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kajii-cho 465, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto-prefecture, Japan
| | - E Ashihara
- Department of Clinical and Translational Physiology, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, 5 Nakauchi, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - N Yoshimura
- Department of Organ Transplantation and General Surgery, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kajii-cho 465, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto-prefecture, Japan
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Safinia N, Vaikunthanathan T, Fraser H, Thirkell S, Lowe K, Blackmore L, Whitehouse G, Martinez-Llordella M, Jassem W, Sanchez-Fueyo A, Lechler RI, Lombardi G. Successful expansion of functional and stable regulatory T cells for immunotherapy in liver transplantation. Oncotarget 2016; 7:7563-77. [PMID: 26788992 PMCID: PMC4884938 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2015] [Accepted: 01/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Strategies to prevent organ transplant rejection whilst minimizing long-term immunosuppression are currently under intense investigation with regulatory T cells (Tregs) nearing clinical application. The clinical trial, ThRIL, recently commenced at King's College London, proposes to use Treg cell therapy to induce tolerance in liver transplant recipients, the success of which has the potential to revolutionize the management of these patients and enable a future of drug-free transplants. This is the first report of the manufacture of clinical grade Tregs from prospective liver transplant recipients via a CliniMACS-based GMP isolation technique and expanded using anti-CD3/CD28 beads, IL-2 and rapamycin. We report the enrichment of a pure, stable population of Tregs (>95% CD4(+)CD25(+)FOXP3(+)), reaching adequate numbers for their clinical application. Our protocol proved successful in, influencing the expansion of superior functional Tregs, as compared to freshly isolated cells, whilst also preventing their conversion to Th17 cells under pro-inflammatory conditions. We conclude with the manufacture of the final Treg product in the clinical research facility (CRF), a prerequisite for the clinical application of these cells. The data presented in this manuscript together with the much-anticipated clinical results from ThRIL, will undoubtedly inform the improved management of the liver transplant recipient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niloufar Safinia
- MRC Centre for Transplantation, Division of Transplantation Immunology and Mucosal Biology, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
| | - Trishan Vaikunthanathan
- MRC Centre for Transplantation, Division of Transplantation Immunology and Mucosal Biology, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
| | - Henrieta Fraser
- MRC Centre for Transplantation, Division of Transplantation Immunology and Mucosal Biology, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
| | - Sarah Thirkell
- MRC Centre for Transplantation, Division of Transplantation Immunology and Mucosal Biology, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
| | - Katie Lowe
- MRC Centre for Transplantation, Division of Transplantation Immunology and Mucosal Biology, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
| | - Laura Blackmore
- Institute of Liver Studies, King's College Hospital, London, UK
| | | | | | - Wayel Jassem
- Institute of Liver Studies, King's College Hospital, London, UK
| | | | - Robert I Lechler
- MRC Centre for Transplantation, Division of Transplantation Immunology and Mucosal Biology, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
| | - Giovanna Lombardi
- MRC Centre for Transplantation, Division of Transplantation Immunology and Mucosal Biology, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
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Ezzelarab MB, Thomson AW. Adoptive Cell Therapy with Tregs to Improve Transplant Outcomes: The Promise and the Stumbling Blocks. CURRENT TRANSPLANTATION REPORTS 2016; 3:265-274. [PMID: 28529840 PMCID: PMC5435383 DOI: 10.1007/s40472-016-0114-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The contribution of regulatory T cells (Treg) to the induction and maintenance of tolerance is well-recognized in rodents and may contribute to long-term human organ allograft survival. The therapeutic efficacy of adoptively-transferred Treg in promoting tolerance to organ allografts is well-recognized in mouse models. Early phase 1/2 clinical studies of Treg therapy have been conducted in patients with type-1 (autoimmune) diabetes and refractory Crohn's disease, and for inhibition of graft-versus-host disease following bone marrow transplantation with proven safety. The feasibility of adoptive Treg therapy in the clinic is subject to various parameters, including optimal cell source, isolation procedure, expansion, target dose, time of infusion, as well as generation of a GMP-cell product. Several phase 1/2 Treg dose-escalation studies are underway in organ transplantation. Recent evidence suggests that additional factors are critical to ensure Treg safety and efficacy in allograft recipients, including Treg characterization, stability, longevity, trafficking, concomitant immunosuppression, and donor antigen specificity. Accordingly, Treg therapy in the context of organ transplantation may prove more challenging in comparison to other prospective clinical settings of Treg immunotherapy, such as type-1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed B. Ezzelarab
- Starzl Transplantation Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Angus W. Thomson
- Starzl Transplantation Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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García-González PA, Schinnerling K, Sepúlveda-Gutiérrez A, Maggi J, Hoyos L, Morales RA, Mehdi AM, Nel HJ, Soto L, Pesce B, Molina MC, Cuchacovich M, Larrondo ML, Neira Ó, Catalán DF, Hilkens CM, Thomas R, Verdugo RA, Aguillón JC. Treatment with Dexamethasone and Monophosphoryl Lipid A Removes Disease-Associated Transcriptional Signatures in Monocyte-Derived Dendritic Cells from Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients and Confers Tolerogenic Features. Front Immunol 2016; 7:458. [PMID: 27826300 PMCID: PMC5078319 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Tolerogenic dendritic cells (TolDCs) are promising tools for therapy of autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Here, we characterize monocyte-derived TolDCs from RA patients modulated with dexamethasone and activated with monophosphoryl lipid A (MPLA), referred to as MPLA-tDCs, in terms of gene expression, phenotype, cytokine profile, migratory properties, and T cell-stimulatory capacity in order to explore their suitability for cellular therapy. MPLA-tDCs derived from RA patients displayed an anti-inflammatory profile with reduced expression of co-stimulatory molecules and high IL-10/IL-12 ratio, but were capable of migrating toward the lymphoid chemokines CXCL12 and CCL19. These MPLA-tDCs induced hyporesponsiveness of autologous CD4+ T cells specific for synovial antigens in vitro. Global transcriptome analysis confirmed a unique transcriptional profile of MPLA-tDCs and revealed that RA-associated genes, which were upregulated in untreated DCs from RA patients, returned to expression levels of healthy donor-derived DCs after treatment with dexamethasone and MPLA. Thus, monocyte-derived DCs from RA patients have the capacity to develop tolerogenic features at transcriptional as well as at translational level, when modulated with dexamethasone and MPLA, overcoming disease-related effects. Furthermore, the ability of MPLA-tDCs to impair T cell responses to synovial antigens validates their potential as cellular treatment for RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina A García-González
- Programa Disciplinario de Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile
| | - Katina Schinnerling
- Programa Disciplinario de Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Jaxaira Maggi
- Programa Disciplinario de Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile
| | - Lorena Hoyos
- Programa Disciplinario de Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rodrigo A Morales
- Programa Disciplinario de Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ahmed M Mehdi
- Translational Research Institute, University of Queensland Diamantina Institute , Woolloongabba, QLD , Australia
| | - Hendrik J Nel
- Translational Research Institute, University of Queensland Diamantina Institute , Woolloongabba, QLD , Australia
| | - Lilian Soto
- Programa Disciplinario de Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Unidad de Dolor, Hospital Clínico de la Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Bárbara Pesce
- Programa Disciplinario de Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile
| | - María Carmen Molina
- Programa Disciplinario de Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Universidad de Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - Miguel Cuchacovich
- Departamento de Medicina, Hospital Clínico de la Universidad de Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - Milton L Larrondo
- Banco de Sangre, Hospital Clínico de la Universidad de Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - Óscar Neira
- Sección de Reumatología, Hospital del Salvador , Santiago , Chile
| | - Diego Francisco Catalán
- Programa Disciplinario de Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile
| | - Catharien M Hilkens
- Musculoskeletal Research Group, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University , Newcastle upon Tyne , UK
| | - Ranjeny Thomas
- Translational Research Institute, University of Queensland Diamantina Institute , Woolloongabba, QLD , Australia
| | - Ricardo A Verdugo
- Programa de Genética Humana, ICBM, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - Juan C Aguillón
- Programa Disciplinario de Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile
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Fu H, Ward EJ, Marelli-Berg FM. Mechanisms of T cell organotropism. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:3009-33. [PMID: 27038487 PMCID: PMC4951510 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2211-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Revised: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Protective immunity relies upon T cell differentiation and subsequent migration to target tissues. Similarly, immune homeostasis requires the localization of regulatory T cells (Tregs) to the sites where immunity takes place. While naïve T lymphocytes recirculate predominantly in secondary lymphoid tissue, primed T cells and activated Tregs must traffic to the antigen rich non-lymphoid tissue to exert effector and regulatory responses, respectively. Following priming in draining lymph nodes, T cells acquire the 'homing receptors' to facilitate their access to specific tissues and organs. An additional level of topographic specificity is provided by T cells receptor recognition of antigen displayed by the endothelium. Furthermore, co-stimulatory signals (such as those induced by CD28) have been shown not only to regulate T cell activation and differentiation, but also to orchestrate the anatomy of the ensuing T cell response. We here review the molecular mechanisms supporting trafficking of both effector and regulatory T cells to specific antigen-rich tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongmei Fu
- William Harvey Research Institute, Heart Centre, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Eleanor Jayne Ward
- William Harvey Research Institute, Heart Centre, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Federica M Marelli-Berg
- William Harvey Research Institute, Heart Centre, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK.
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Treg engage lymphotoxin beta receptor for afferent lymphatic transendothelial migration. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12021. [PMID: 27323847 PMCID: PMC4919545 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are essential to suppress unwanted immunity or inflammation. After islet allo-transplant Tregs must migrate from blood to allograft, then via afferent lymphatics to draining LN to protect allografts. Here we show that Tregs but not non-Treg T cells use lymphotoxin (LT) during migration from allograft to draining LN, and that LT deficiency or blockade prevents normal migration and allograft protection. Treg LTαβ rapidly modulates cytoskeletal and membrane structure of lymphatic endothelial cells; dependent on VCAM-1 and non-canonical NFκB signalling via LTβR. These results demonstrate a form of T-cell migration used only by Treg in tissues that serves an important role in their suppressive function and is a unique therapeutic focus for modulating suppression.
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Hu M, Wang YM, Wang Y, Zhang GY, Zheng G, Yi S, O'Connell PJ, Harris DCH, Alexander SI. Regulatory T cells in kidney disease and transplantation. Kidney Int 2016; 90:502-14. [PMID: 27263492 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2016.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Revised: 03/06/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) have been shown to be important in maintaining immune homeostasis and preventing autoimmune disease, including autoimmune kidney disease. It is also likely that they play a role in limiting kidney transplant rejection and potentially in promoting transplant tolerance. Although other subsets of Tregs exist, the most potent and well-defined Tregs are the Foxp3 expressing CD4(+) Tregs derived from the thymus or generated peripherally. These CD4(+)Foxp3(+) Tregs limit autoimmune renal disease in animal models, especially chronic kidney disease, and kidney transplantation. Furthermore, other subsets of Tregs, including CD8 Tregs, may play a role in immunosuppression in kidney disease. The development and protective mechanisms of Tregs in kidney disease and kidney transplantation involve multiple mechanisms of suppression. Here we review the development and function of CD4(+)Foxp3(+) Tregs. We discuss the specific application of Tregs as a therapeutic strategy to prevent kidney disease and to limit kidney transplant rejection and detail clinical trials in this area of transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Hu
- Centre for Transplantation and Renal Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia; Centre for Kidney Research, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Yuan Min Wang
- Centre for Kidney Research, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Yiping Wang
- Centre for Transplantation and Renal Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Geoff Y Zhang
- Centre for Kidney Research, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Guoping Zheng
- Centre for Transplantation and Renal Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Shounan Yi
- Centre for Transplantation and Renal Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Philip J O'Connell
- Centre for Transplantation and Renal Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - David C H Harris
- Centre for Transplantation and Renal Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Stephen I Alexander
- Centre for Kidney Research, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia.
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Azzi J, Yin Q, Uehara M, Ohori S, Tang L, Cai K, Ichimura T, McGrath M, Maarouf O, Kefaloyianni E, Loughhead S, Petr J, Sun Q, Kwon M, Tullius S, von Andrian UH, Cheng J, Abdi R. Targeted Delivery of Immunomodulators to Lymph Nodes. Cell Rep 2016; 15:1202-13. [PMID: 27134176 PMCID: PMC4973867 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Revised: 02/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Active-targeted delivery to lymph nodes represents a major advance toward more effective treatment of immune-mediated disease. The MECA79 antibody recognizes peripheral node addressin molecules expressed by high endothelial venules of lymph nodes. By mimicking lymphocyte trafficking to the lymph nodes, we have engineered MECA79-coated microparticles containing an immunosuppressive medication, tacrolimus. Following intravenous administration, MECA79-bearing particles showed marked accumulation in the draining lymph nodes of transplanted animals. Using an allograft heart transplant model, we show that targeted lymph node delivery of microparticles containing tacrolimus can prolong heart allograft survival with negligible changes in tacrolimus serum level. Using MECA79 conjugation, we have demonstrated targeted delivery of tacrolimus to the lymph nodes following systemic administration, with the capacity for immune modulation in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamil Azzi
- Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Qian Yin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61820, USA
| | - Mayuko Uehara
- Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Shunsuke Ohori
- Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Li Tang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61820, USA
| | - Kaimin Cai
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61820, USA
| | - Takaharu Ichimura
- Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Martina McGrath
- Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Omar Maarouf
- Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Eirini Kefaloyianni
- Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Scott Loughhead
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jarolim Petr
- Department of Pathology, Clinical Laboratories Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Qidi Sun
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61820, USA
| | - Mincheol Kwon
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61820, USA
| | - Stefan Tullius
- Division of Transplant Surgery and Transplant Surgery Research Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ulrich H von Andrian
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; The Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Jianjun Cheng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61820, USA.
| | - Reza Abdi
- Transplantation Research Center, Renal Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Wolf KJ, Emerson RO, Pingel J, Buller RM, DiPaolo RJ. Conventional and Regulatory CD4+ T Cells That Share Identical TCRs Are Derived from Common Clones. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0153705. [PMID: 27100298 PMCID: PMC4839724 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0153705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 04/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Results from studies comparing the diversity and specificity of the TCR repertoires expressed by conventional (Tconv) and regulatory (Treg) CD4+ T cell have varied depending on the experimental system employed. We developed a new model in which T cells express a single fixed TCRα chain, randomly rearranged endogenous TCRβ chains, and a Foxp3-GFP reporter. We purified CD4+Foxp3- and CD4+Foxp3+ cells, then performed biased controlled multiplex PCR and high throughput sequencing of endogenous TCRβ chains. We identified >7,000 different TCRβ sequences in the periphery of 5 individual mice. On average, ~12% of TCR sequences were expressed by both conventional and regulatory populations within individual mice. The CD4+ T cells that expressed shared TCR sequences were present at higher frequencies compared to T cells expressing non-shared TCRs. Furthermore, nearly all (>90%) of the TCR sequences that were shared within mice were identical at the DNA sequence level, indicating that conventional and regulatory T cells that express shared TCRs are derived from common clones. Analysis of TCR repertoire overlap in the thymus reveals that a large proportion of Tconv and Treg sharing observed in the periphery is due to clonal expansion in the thymus. Together these data show that there are a limited number of TCR sequences shared between Tconv and Tregs. Also, Tconv and Tregs sharing identical TCRs are found at relatively high frequencies and are derived from common progenitors, of which a large portion are generated in the thymus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle J. Wolf
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University, School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Ryan O. Emerson
- Adaptive Biotechnologies Corporation, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Jeanette Pingel
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University, School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - R. Mark Buller
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University, School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Richard J. DiPaolo
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University, School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Florek M, Schneidawind D, Pierini A, Baker J, Armstrong R, Pan Y, Leveson-Gower D, Negrin R, Meyer E. Freeze and Thaw of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ Regulatory T Cells Results in Loss of CD62L Expression and a Reduced Capacity to Protect against Graft-versus-Host Disease. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0145763. [PMID: 26693907 PMCID: PMC4691201 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The adoptive transfer of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) in murine models of allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) has been shown to protect recipient mice from lethal acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) and this approach is being actively investigated in human clinical trials. Here, we examined the effects of cryopreservation on Tregs. We found that freeze and thaw of murine and human Tregs is associated with reduced expression of L-selectin (CD62L), which was previously established to be an important factor that contributes to the in vivo protective effects of Tregs. Frozen and thawed murine Tregs showed a reduced capacity to bind to the CD62L binding partner MADCAM1 in vitro as well as an impaired homing to secondary lymphoid organs in vivo. Upon adoptive transfer frozen and thawed Tregs failed to protect against lethal GVHD compared with fresh Tregs in a murine model of allogeneic HCT across major histocompatibility barriers. In summary, the direct administration of adoptively transferred frozen and thawed Tregs adversely affects their immunosuppressive potential which is an important factor to consider in the clinical implementation of Treg immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mareike Florek
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States of America
| | - Dominik Schneidawind
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States of America
- Department of Medicine II, Eberhard Karls University, Tübingen, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Antonio Pierini
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States of America
- Hematology and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Jeanette Baker
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States of America
| | - Randall Armstrong
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States of America
| | - Yuqiong Pan
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States of America
| | - Dennis Leveson-Gower
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States of America
| | - Robert Negrin
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States of America
| | - Everett Meyer
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States of America
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Huang MT, Lin BR, Liu WL, Lu CW, Chiang BL. Lymph node trafficking of regulatory T cells is prerequisite for immune suppression. J Leukoc Biol 2015; 99:561-8. [PMID: 26543091 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1a0715-296r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells have a crucial role in health and disease because of their immune regulation function. However, the anatomic sites where regulatory T cells exert optimal immune regulation are open to debate. In our current study with the use of a shear-stress flow assay, we found that regulatory T cells exhibited significantly decreased adhesion to either activated endothelial monolayer or intercellular adhesion molecule 1 or E-selectin-coated surfaces compared with activated effector T cells. The less transmigration capacity of the regulatory T cells prompted our speculation of preferential lymph node localization for the regulatory T cells that endowed these cells with immune regulation function in the most efficient manner. To test this hypothesis, the role of lymph node localization in regulatory T cell-mediated immune suppression was evaluated with a footpad inflammation model. We found that adoptively transferred regulatory T cells inhibited the development of footpad inflammation. In addition, although blockage of CCR7 or CD62L had no effect on the immune suppressive function of the regulatory T cells per se, pretreatment of the regulatory T cells with either CCR7 or CD62L blocking antibodies prevented their recruitment into draining lymph nodes and concomitantly abrogated the immune suppressive effects of adoptively transferred regulatory T cells during footpad inflammation. Our data demonstrate the crucial role of lymph node localization in regulatory T cell-mediated immune suppression and suggest a probable hierarchy in the anatomic sites for optimal immune regulation. Elucidating the relationships between the transmigration characteristics of the regulatory T cells and their immune regulation function will provide insightful information for regulatory T cell-based cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao-Tzu Huang
- Departments of *Medical Research, Pediatrics, Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, and Department of General Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Been-Ren Lin
- Departments of *Medical Research, Pediatrics, Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, and Department of General Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Liang Liu
- Departments of *Medical Research, Pediatrics, Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, and Department of General Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Wei Lu
- Departments of *Medical Research, Pediatrics, Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, and Department of General Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Bor-Luen Chiang
- Departments of *Medical Research, Pediatrics, Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, and Department of General Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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40
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Lymph Node Stromal Fiber ER-TR7 Modulates CD4+ T Cell Lymph Node Trafficking and Transplant Tolerance. Transplantation 2015; 99:1119-25. [PMID: 25769074 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000000664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trafficking and differentiation of naive CD4+ and regulatory T cells (Treg) within the lymph node (LN) are integral for tolerance induction. The LN is comprised of stromal fibers that dictate lymphocyte migration and LN structure, organization, and microanatomic domains. Distribution of the stromal fiber ER-TR7 changes within the LN after antigenic challenge, but the contributions of ER-TR7 to the resulting immune response remain undefined. We hypothesized that these stromal fiber structural changes affect T cell fate and subsequently allograft survival. METHODS C57BL/6 mice were left naive (untreated) or made immune or tolerant (donor-specific BALB/c splenocyte transfusion -/+ anti-CD40L monoclonal antibody), or made tolerant and received anti-ER-TR7 monoclonal antibody. Donor-specific T-cell migration was visualized by adoptive transfer of carboxyfluorescein diacetate, succinimidyl ester-labeled TEa T cell receptor transgenic CD4+ cells. Immunohistochemistry was performed on LNs to detect stromal fiber distribution, structure, CCL21 presence, and Treg and donor-specific cell location relative to high endothelial venules (HEV). Naive, tolerant, and tolerant + anti-ER-TR7 mice received BALB/c heterotopic cardiac allografts and graft survival was monitored. RESULTS The ER-TR7 distribution changed after the induction of tolerance vs. immunity. Treating tolerant mice with anti-ER-TR7 altered HEV basement membrane structure and the distribution of CCL21 within the LN. These differences were mirrored by changes in the migration of naive and Treg cells within and surrounding the HEV. Anti-ER-TR7 prevented tolerance induction and resulted in allograft inflammation and rejection. CONCLUSIONS These results identify ER-TR7 as an important component of LN structure in tolerance and a direct target for immune modulation.
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Abstract
Generation of an effective immune response against foreign antigens requires two distinct molecular signals: a primary signal provided by the binding of antigen-specific T-cell receptor to peptide-MHC on antigen-presenting cells and a secondary signal delivered via the engagement of costimulatory molecules. Among various costimulatory signaling pathways, the interactions between CD40 and its ligand CD154 have been extensively investigated given their essential roles in the modulation of adaptive immunity. Here, we review current understanding of the role CD40/CD154 costimulation pathway has in alloimmunity, and summarize recent mechanistic and preclinical advances in the evaluation of candidate therapeutic approaches to target this receptor-ligand pair in transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianshu Zhang
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Richard N Pierson
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Baltimore VA Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Agnes M Azimzadeh
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Skorska A, von Haehling S, Ludwig M, Lux CA, Gaebel R, Kleiner G, Klopsch C, Dong J, Curato C, Altarche-Xifró W, Slavic S, Unger T, Steinhoff G, Li J, David R. The CD4(+) AT2R(+) T cell subpopulation improves post-infarction remodelling and restores cardiac function. J Cell Mol Med 2015; 19:1975-85. [PMID: 25991381 PMCID: PMC4549048 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Myocardial infarction (MI) is a major condition causing heart failure (HF). After MI, the renin angiotensin system (RAS) and its signalling octapeptide angiotensin II (Ang II) interferes with cardiac injury/repair via the AT1 and AT2 receptors (AT1R, AT2R). Our study aimed at deciphering the mechanisms underlying the link between RAS and cellular components of the immune response relying on a rodent model of HF as well as HF patients. Flow cytometric analyses showed an increase in the expression of CD4(+) AT2R(+) cells in the rat heart and spleen post-infarction, but a reduction in the peripheral blood. The latter was also observed in HF patients. The frequency of rat CD4(+) AT2R(+) T cells in circulating blood, post-infarcted heart and spleen represented 3.8 ± 0.4%, 23.2 ± 2.7% and 22.6 ± 2.6% of the CD4(+) cells. CD4(+) AT2R(+) T cells within blood CD4(+) T cells were reduced from 2.6 ± 0.2% in healthy controls to 1.7 ± 0.4% in patients. Moreover, we characterized CD4(+) AT2R(+) T cells which expressed regulatory FoxP3, secreted interleukin-10 and other inflammatory-related cytokines. Furthermore, intramyocardial injection of MI-induced splenic CD4(+) AT2R(+) T cells into recipient rats with MI led to reduced infarct size and improved cardiac performance. We defined CD4(+) AT2R(+) cells as a T cell subset improving heart function post-MI corresponding with reduced infarction size in a rat MI-model. Our results indicate CD4(+) AT2R(+) cells as a promising population for regenerative therapy, via myocardial transplantation, pharmacological AT2R activation or a combination thereof.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Skorska
- Reference and Translation Centre for Cardiac Stem Cell Therapy (RTC)/Department of Cardiac Surgery, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Stephan von Haehling
- Center for Cardiovascular Research and Department of Cardiology, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,University of Göttingen Medical School, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Marion Ludwig
- Reference and Translation Centre for Cardiac Stem Cell Therapy (RTC)/Department of Cardiac Surgery, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Cornelia A Lux
- Reference and Translation Centre for Cardiac Stem Cell Therapy (RTC)/Department of Cardiac Surgery, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Ralf Gaebel
- Reference and Translation Centre for Cardiac Stem Cell Therapy (RTC)/Department of Cardiac Surgery, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Gabriela Kleiner
- Reference and Translation Centre for Cardiac Stem Cell Therapy (RTC)/Department of Cardiac Surgery, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Christian Klopsch
- Reference and Translation Centre for Cardiac Stem Cell Therapy (RTC)/Department of Cardiac Surgery, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Jun Dong
- German Rheumatism Research Centre, Berlin, Germany
| | - Caterina Curato
- Center for Cardiovascular Research (CCR) and Institute of Pharmacology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Wassim Altarche-Xifró
- Center for Cardiovascular Research (CCR) and Institute of Pharmacology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Svetlana Slavic
- Center for Cardiovascular Research (CCR) and Institute of Pharmacology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Unger
- Center for Cardiovascular Research (CCR) and Institute of Pharmacology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gustav Steinhoff
- Reference and Translation Centre for Cardiac Stem Cell Therapy (RTC)/Department of Cardiac Surgery, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Jun Li
- Reference and Translation Centre for Cardiac Stem Cell Therapy (RTC)/Department of Cardiac Surgery, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany.,Clinical Stem Cell Research Center and Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Robert David
- Reference and Translation Centre for Cardiac Stem Cell Therapy (RTC)/Department of Cardiac Surgery, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
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Chow Z, Banerjee A, Hickey MJ. Controlling the fire — tissue‐specific mechanisms of effector regulatory T‐cell homing. Immunol Cell Biol 2015; 93:355-63. [DOI: 10.1038/icb.2014.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Revised: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zachary Chow
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Monash University Department of Medicine, Monash Medical Centre Clayton Victoria Australia
| | - Ashish Banerjee
- Centre for Cancer Research, MIMR‐PHI Institute of Medical Research Clayton Victoria Australia
| | - Michael J Hickey
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Monash University Department of Medicine, Monash Medical Centre Clayton Victoria Australia
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Kant CD, Akiyama Y, Tanaka K, Shea S, Yamada Y, Connolly SE, Marino J, Tocco G, Benichou G. Both rejection and tolerance of allografts can occur in the absence of secondary lymphoid tissues. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 194:1364-71. [PMID: 25535285 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we showed that aly/aly mice, which are devoid of lymph nodes and Peyer's patches, acutely rejected fully allogeneic skin and heart grafts. They mounted potent inflammatory direct alloresponses but failed to develop indirect alloreactivity after transplantation. Remarkably, skin allografts also were rejected acutely by splenectomized aly/aly (aly/aly-spl(-)) mice devoid of all secondary lymphoid organs. In these recipients, the rejection was mediated by alloreactive CD8(+) T cells presumably primed in the bone marrow. In contrast, cardiac transplants were not rejected by aly/aly-spl(-) mice. Actually, aly/aly-spl(-) mice that spontaneously accepted a heart allotransplant and displayed donor-specific tolerance also accepted skin grafts from the same, but not a third-party, donor via a mechanism involving CD4(+) regulatory T cells producing IL-10 cytokine. Therefore, direct priming of alloreactive T cells, as well as rejection and regulatory tolerance of allogeneic transplants, can occur in recipient mice lacking secondary lymphoid organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cavit D Kant
- Transplantation Research Center, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Yoshinobu Akiyama
- Transplantation Research Center, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Katsunori Tanaka
- Transplantation Research Center, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Susan Shea
- Transplantation Research Center, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Yohei Yamada
- Transplantation Research Center, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Sarah E Connolly
- Transplantation Research Center, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Jose Marino
- Transplantation Research Center, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Georges Tocco
- Transplantation Research Center, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Gilles Benichou
- Transplantation Research Center, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114
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Warren KJ, Iwami D, Harris DG, Bromberg JS, Burrell BE. Laminins affect T cell trafficking and allograft fate. J Clin Invest 2014; 124:2204-18. [PMID: 24691446 DOI: 10.1172/jci73683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Lymph nodes (LNs) are integral sites for the generation of immune tolerance, migration of CD4⁺ T cells, and induction of Tregs. Despite the importance of LNs in regulation of inflammatory responses, the LN-specific factors that regulate T cell migration and the precise LN structural domains in which differentiation occurs remain undefined. Using intravital and fluorescent microscopy, we found that alloreactive T cells traffic distinctly into the tolerant LN and colocalize in exclusive regions with alloantigen-presenting cells, a process required for Treg induction. Extracellular matrix proteins, including those of the laminin family, formed regions within the LN that were permissive for colocalization of alloantigen-presenting cells, alloreactive T cells, and Tregs. We identified unique expression patterns of laminin proteins in high endothelial venule basement membranes and the cortical ridge that correlated with alloantigen-specific immunity or immune tolerance. The ratio of laminin α4 to laminin α5 was greater in domains within tolerant LNs, compared with immune LNs, and blocking laminin α4 function or inducing laminin α5 overexpression disrupted T cell and DC localization and transmigration through tolerant LNs. Furthermore, reducing α4 laminin circumvented tolerance induction and induced cardiac allograft inflammation and rejection in murine models. This work identifies laminins as potential targets for immune modulation.
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46
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Chauhan SK, Saban DR, Dohlman TH, Dana R. CCL-21 conditioned regulatory T cells induce allotolerance through enhanced homing to lymphoid tissue. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 192:817-23. [PMID: 24337379 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1203469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are instrumental in the induction and maintenance of tolerance, including in transplantation. Tregs induce allotolerance by interacting with APCs and T cells, interactions that require their proper homing to the lymphoid tissues. Using a well-characterized model of corneal allotransplantation, we demonstrate in this study that Tregs in the draining lymph nodes (LN) of allograft acceptors, but not rejectors, colocalize with APCs in the paracortical areas and express high levels of CCR7. In addition, we show that Treg expression of CCR7 is important not only for Treg homing to the draining LN, but also for optimal Treg suppressive function. Finally, we show that Tregs augmented for CCR7 expression by their ex vivo stimulation with the CCR7 ligand CCL21 show enhanced homing to the draining LN of allograft recipients and promote transplant survival. Together, these findings suggest that CCR7 expression is critical for Treg function and migration and that conditioning of Treg for maximal CCR7 expression may be a viable strategy for promoting allograft survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil K Chauhan
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02144
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47
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Inhibiting cardiac allograft rejection with interleukin-35 therapy combined with decitabine treatment in mice. Transpl Immunol 2013; 29:99-104. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2013.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Revised: 10/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Thomas SN, Vokali E, Lund AW, Hubbell JA, Swartz MA. Targeting the tumor-draining lymph node with adjuvanted nanoparticles reshapes the anti-tumor immune response. Biomaterials 2013; 35:814-24. [PMID: 24144906 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence implicates the tumor-draining lymph node (TDLN) in tumor-induced immune escape, as it drains regulatory molecules and leukocytes from the tumor microenvironment. We asked whether targeted delivery of adjuvant to the TDLN, presumably already bathed in tumor antigens, could promote anti-tumor immunity and hinder tumor growth. To this end, we used 30 nm polymeric nanoparticles (NPs) that effectively target dendritic cells (DCs, CD11c(+)) within the lymph node (LN) after intradermal administration. These NPs accumulated within the TDLN when administered in the limb ipsilateral (i.l.) to the tumor or in the non-TDLN when administered in the contralateral (c.l.) limb. Incorporating the adjuvants CpG or paclitaxel into the NPs (CpG-NP and PXL-NP) induced DC maturation in vitro. When administered daily i.l. and thus targeting the TDLN of a B16-F10 melanoma, adjuvanted NPs induced DC maturation within the TDLN and reshaped the CD4(+) T cell distribution within the tumor towards a Th1 (CXCR3(+)) phenotype. Importantly, this also led to an increase in the frequency of antigen-specific CD8(+) T cells within the tumor. This correlated with slowed tumor growth, in contrast to unhindered tumor growth after c.l. delivery of adjuvanted NPs (targeting a non-TDLN) or i.l. delivery of free adjuvant. CpG-NP treatment in the i.l. limb also was associated with an increase in CD8(+)/CD4(+) T cell ratios and frequencies of activated (CD25(+)) CD8(+) T cells within the TDLN whereas PXL-NP treatment reduced the frequency of regulatory T (FoxP3(+) CD4(+)) cells in the TDLN. Together, these data implicate the TDLN as a delivery target for adjuvant therapy of solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan N Thomas
- Institute of Bioengineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland; Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland
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Hu M, Wu J, Zhang GY, Wang YM, Watson D, Yi S, Hawthorne WJ, O'connell PJ, Alexander SI. Selective Depletion of Alloreactive T Cells Leads to Long-Term Islet Allograft Survival across a Major Histocompatibility Complex Mismatch in Diabetic Mice. Cell Transplant 2013; 22:1929-41. [DOI: 10.3727/096368912x658025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Islet cell transplantation as a therapy for type 1 diabetes has been limited by progressive graft loss. Significant immunosuppression including T-cell ablation has been used in an attempt to limit islet rejection. Here, we show that CD3+ lymphocytes depleted of alloreactive T cells selected from a mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR), where responder BALB/c splenocytes stained with carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester (CFSE) were stimulated with irradiated C57BL/6 splenocytes for 5 days, infused into diabetic immunodeficient mice are capable of restoring a broad T-cell repertoire and specifically do not reject islet transplants from the strain (C57BL/6) used in the original depletion. These mice demonstrate reconstitution with CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, the capacity to reject third-party grafts (CBA), and restoration of interferon-γ (IFN-γ) responses to third-party alloantigens. Over time, both forkhead box P3-positive (Foxp3+) T regulatory cells (Tregs) and γδ T cells expand, suggesting a role for peripheral tolerance, in addition to the initial depletion of alloreactive T cells, in long-term islet graft survival. Our results suggest that immune restoration with CD3+ lymphocytes where alloreactive T cells are removed can restore cognate immunity without islet allograft loss and recurrence of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Hu
- Centre for Kidney Research, the Children's Hospital at Westmead, the University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Centre for Transplant and Renal Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, the University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - J. Wu
- Centre for Transplant and Renal Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, the University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - G. Y. Zhang
- Centre for Kidney Research, the Children's Hospital at Westmead, the University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Y. M. Wang
- Centre for Kidney Research, the Children's Hospital at Westmead, the University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - D. Watson
- Centre for Kidney Research, the Children's Hospital at Westmead, the University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Centre for Medical Bioscience, University of Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - S. Yi
- Centre for Transplant and Renal Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, the University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - W. J. Hawthorne
- Centre for Transplant and Renal Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, the University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - P. J. O'connell
- Centre for Transplant and Renal Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, the University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - S. I. Alexander
- Centre for Kidney Research, the Children's Hospital at Westmead, the University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The mechanisms of tolerance induction and maintenance remain incompletely understood and have yet to be translated to clinical practice. Advances in imaging techniques have allowed precise examination of cell interactions in the lymph node, often in real time. Herein we review evidence that lymph node structure is dynamic and controls the character of the immune response in a multistep, multiplayer dance. T-cell responses in particular can be initiated or influenced in regions beyond the canonical T-cell zone. We propose that the cortical ridge is one such region required for induction and maintenance of tolerance. RECENT FINDINGS Lymph node domains are more complex than T-cell and B-cell zones. Different domains are important for different types of immune responses. These domains are in part defined by dynamic, malleable physical structures that guide cell interactions and influence immune outcomes. SUMMARY Further probing as to how lymph node stromal cells and fibers interact with and determine the character of immune responses should yield fundamental insights into tolerance and immunity. Manipulation of lymph node structure and associated unique cell types and molecules may allow therapeutic interventions in the tolerogenic process.
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