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Nwaduru C, Ovalle LA, Hoareau GL, Baker E, Buff M, Selim M, Baker TB, Zimmerman MA. Ectonucleotidases in Ischemia Reperfusion Injury: Unravelling the Interplay With Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Liver Transplantation. Transplant Proc 2024; 56:1598-1606. [PMID: 39183080 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2024.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024]
Abstract
Ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) profoundly impacts organ transplantation, especially in orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT). Disruption of the mitochondrial respiratory chain during ischemia leads to ATP loss and ROS production. Reperfusion exacerbates mitochondrial damage, triggering the release of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) and inflammatory responses. Mitochondrial dysfunction, a pivotal aspect of IRI, is explored in the context of the regulatory role of ectonucleotidases in purinergic signaling and immune responses. CD39, by hydrolyzing ATP and ADP; and CD73, by converting AMP to adenosine, emerge as key players in mitigating liver IRI, particularly through ischemic preconditioning and adenosine receptor signaling. Despite established roles in vascular health and immunity, the impact of ectonucleotidases on mitochondrial function during hepatic IRI is unclear. This review aims to elucidate the interplay between CD39/73 and mitochondria, emphasizing their potential as therapeutic targets for liver transplantation. This article explores the role of CD39/73 in tissue hypoxia, emphasizing adenosine production during inflammation. CD39 and CD73 upregulation under hypoxic conditions regulate immune responses, demonstrating protective effects in various organ-specific ischemic models. However, prolonged adenosine activation may have dual effects, beneficial in acute settings but detrimental in chronic hypoxia. Herein, we raise questions about ectonucleotidases influencing mitochondrial function during hepatic IRI, drawing parallels with cancer cell responses to chemotherapy. The review underscores the need for comprehensive research into the intricate interplay between ectonucleotidases, mitochondrial dynamics, and their therapeutic implications in hepatic IRI, providing valuable insights for advancing transplantation outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chinedu Nwaduru
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplantation and Advanced Hepatobiliary Surgery, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah.
| | - Leo Aviles Ovalle
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplantation and Advanced Hepatobiliary Surgery, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Guillaume L Hoareau
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplantation and Advanced Hepatobiliary Surgery, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Emma Baker
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplantation and Advanced Hepatobiliary Surgery, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Michelle Buff
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplantation and Advanced Hepatobiliary Surgery, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Motaz Selim
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplantation and Advanced Hepatobiliary Surgery, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Talia B Baker
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplantation and Advanced Hepatobiliary Surgery, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Michael A Zimmerman
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplantation and Advanced Hepatobiliary Surgery, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah
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Ehlen QT, Mirsky NA, Slavin BV, Parra M, Nayak VV, Cronstein B, Witek L, Coelho PG. Translational Experimental Basis of Indirect Adenosine Receptor Agonist Stimulation for Bone Regeneration: A Review. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6104. [PMID: 38892291 PMCID: PMC11172580 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25116104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Bone regeneration remains a significant clinical challenge, often necessitating surgical approaches when healing bone defects and fracture nonunions. Within this context, the modulation of adenosine signaling pathways has emerged as a promising therapeutic option, encouraging osteoblast activation and tempering osteoclast differentiation. A literature review of the PubMed database with relevant keywords was conducted. The search criteria involved in vitro or in vivo models, with clear methodological descriptions. Only studies that included the use of indirect adenosine agonists, looking at the effects of bone regeneration, were considered relevant according to the eligibility criteria. A total of 29 articles were identified which met the inclusion and exclusion criteria, and they were reviewed to highlight the preclinical translation of adenosine agonists. While preclinical studies demonstrate the therapeutic potential of adenosine signaling in bone regeneration, its clinical application remains unrealized, underscoring the need for further clinical trials. To date, only large, preclinical animal models using indirect adenosine agonists have been successful in stimulating bone regeneration. The adenosine receptors (A1, A2A, A2B, and A3) stimulate various pathways, inducing different cellular responses. Specifically, indirect adenosine agonists act to increase the extracellular concentration of adenosine, subsequently agonizing the respective adenosine receptors. The agonism of each receptor is dependent on its expression on the cell surface, the extracellular concentration of adenosine, and its affinity for adenosine. This comprehensive review analyzed the multitude of indirect agonists currently being studied preclinically for bone regeneration, discussing the mechanisms of each agonist, their cellular responses in vitro, and their effects on bone formation in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quinn T. Ehlen
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | | | - Blaire V. Slavin
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Marcelo Parra
- Center of Excellence in Morphological and Surgical Studies (CEMyQ), Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de la Frontera, Temuco 4811230, Chile
- Department of Comprehensive Adult Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de la Frontera, Temuco 4811230, Chile
| | - Vasudev Vivekanand Nayak
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Bruce Cronstein
- Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Lukasz Witek
- Biomaterials Division, NYU Dentistry, New York, NY 10010, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, New York University Tandon School of Engineering, Brooklyn, NY 11201, USA
- Hansjörg Wyss Department of Plastic Surgery, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Paulo G. Coelho
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
- DeWitt Daughtry Family Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
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Allard B, Jacoberger-Foissac C, Cousineau I, Bareche Y, Buisseret L, Chrobak P, Allard D, Pommey S, Ah-Pine F, Duquenne S, Picard F, Stagg J. Adenosine A2A receptor is a tumor suppressor of NASH-associated hepatocellular carcinoma. Cell Rep Med 2023; 4:101188. [PMID: 37729873 PMCID: PMC10518627 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2023.101188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
Inhibition of adenosine A2A receptor (A2AR) is a promising approach for cancer immunotherapy currently evaluated in several clinical trials. We here report that anti-obesogenic and anti-inflammatory functions of A2AR, however, significantly restrain hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) development. Adora2a deletion in mice triggers obesity, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), and systemic inflammation, leading to spontaneous HCC and promoting dimethylbenzyl-anthracene (DMBA)- or diethylnitrosamine (DEN)-induced HCC. Conditional Adora2a deletion reveals critical roles of myeloid and hepatocyte-derived A2AR signaling in restraining HCC by limiting hepatic inflammation and steatosis. Remarkably, the impact of A2AR pharmacological blockade on HCC development is dependent on pre-existing NASH. In support of our animal studies, low ADORA2A gene expression in human HCC is associated with cirrhosis, hepatic inflammation, and poor survival. Together, our study uncovers a previously unappreciated tumor-suppressive function for A2AR in the liver and suggests caution in the use of A2AR antagonists in patients with NASH and NASH-associated HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bertrand Allard
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal et Institut du Cancer de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada; Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Célia Jacoberger-Foissac
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal et Institut du Cancer de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada; Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Isabelle Cousineau
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal et Institut du Cancer de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada; Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Yacine Bareche
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal et Institut du Cancer de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada; Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Pavel Chrobak
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal et Institut du Cancer de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada; Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - David Allard
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal et Institut du Cancer de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada; Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Sandra Pommey
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal et Institut du Cancer de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada; Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Franck Ah-Pine
- Department of Pathology, CHU Sud Réunion, Saint-Pierre, France
| | | | - Fabien Picard
- Montréal Heart Institute, Cardiology Department, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada; Hopital Cochin, Cardiology Department, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - John Stagg
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal et Institut du Cancer de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada; Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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Skopál A, Kéki T, Tóth PÁ, Csóka B, Koscsó B, Németh ZH, Antonioli L, Ivessa A, Ciruela F, Virág L, Haskó G, Kókai E. Cathepsin D interacts with adenosine A 2A receptors in mouse macrophages to modulate cell surface localization and inflammatory signaling. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:101888. [PMID: 35367412 PMCID: PMC9065627 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.101888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenosine A2A receptor (A2AR)–dependent signaling in macrophages plays a key role in the regulation of inflammation. However, the processes regulating A2AR targeting to the cell surface and degradation in macrophages are incompletely understood. For example, the C-terminal domain of the A2AR and proteins interacting with it are known to regulate receptor recycling, although it is unclear what role potential A2AR-interacting partners have in macrophages. Here, we aimed to identify A2AR-interacting partners in macrophages that may effect receptor trafficking and activity. To this end, we performed a yeast two-hybrid screen using the C-terminal tail of A2AR as the “bait” and a macrophage expression library as the “prey.” We found that the lysosomal protease cathepsin D (CtsD) was a robust hit. The A2AR–CtsD interaction was validated in vitro and in cellular models, including RAW 264.7 and mouse peritoneal macrophage (IPMΦ) cells. We also demonstrated that the A2AR is a substrate of CtsD and that the blockade of CtsD activity increases the density and cell surface targeting of A2AR in macrophages. Conversely, we demonstrate that A2AR activation prompts the maturation and enzymatic activity of CtsD in macrophages. In summary, we conclude that CtsD is a novel A2AR-interacting partner and thus describe molecular and functional interplay that may be crucial for adenosine-mediated macrophage regulation in inflammatory processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrienn Skopál
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary; Doctoral School of Molecular Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Tamás Kéki
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary; Doctoral School of Molecular Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Péter Á Tóth
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Balázs Csóka
- Department of Anesthesiology, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Balázs Koscsó
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Zoltán H Németh
- Department of Anesthesiology, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA; Department of Surgery, Morristown Medical Center, Morristown, New Jersey, USA
| | - Luca Antonioli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Andreas Ivessa
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Francisco Ciruela
- Pharmacology Unit, Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; Neuropharmacology and Pain Group, Neuroscience Program, Bellvitge Institute for Biomedical Research, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - László Virág
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary; MTA-DE Cell Biology and Signaling Research Group, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - György Haskó
- Department of Anesthesiology, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA.
| | - Endre Kókai
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.
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5
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Paganelli F, Mottola G, Fromonot J, Marlinge M, Deharo P, Guieu R, Ruf J. Hyperhomocysteinemia and Cardiovascular Disease: Is the Adenosinergic System the Missing Link? Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:1690. [PMID: 33567540 PMCID: PMC7914561 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The influence of hyperhomocysteinemia (HHCy) on cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains unclear. HHCy is associated with inflammation and atherosclerosis, and it is an independent risk factor for CVD, stroke and myocardial infarction. However, homocysteine (HCy)-lowering therapy does not affect the inflammatory state of CVD patients, and it has little influence on cardiovascular risk. The HCy degradation product hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a cardioprotector. Previous research proposed a positive role of H2S in the cardiovascular system, and we discuss some recent data suggesting that HHCy worsens CVD by increasing the production of H2S, which decreases the expression of adenosine A2A receptors on the surface of immune and cardiovascular cells to cause inflammation and ischemia, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franck Paganelli
- C2VN, INSERM, INRAE, Aix-Marseille University, F-13005 Marseille, France; (F.P.); (G.M.); (J.F.); (M.M.); (P.D.); (R.G.)
- Department of Cardiology, North Hospital, F-13015 Marseille, France
| | - Giovanna Mottola
- C2VN, INSERM, INRAE, Aix-Marseille University, F-13005 Marseille, France; (F.P.); (G.M.); (J.F.); (M.M.); (P.D.); (R.G.)
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Timone Hospital, F-13005 Marseille, France
| | - Julien Fromonot
- C2VN, INSERM, INRAE, Aix-Marseille University, F-13005 Marseille, France; (F.P.); (G.M.); (J.F.); (M.M.); (P.D.); (R.G.)
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Timone Hospital, F-13005 Marseille, France
| | - Marion Marlinge
- C2VN, INSERM, INRAE, Aix-Marseille University, F-13005 Marseille, France; (F.P.); (G.M.); (J.F.); (M.M.); (P.D.); (R.G.)
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Timone Hospital, F-13005 Marseille, France
| | - Pierre Deharo
- C2VN, INSERM, INRAE, Aix-Marseille University, F-13005 Marseille, France; (F.P.); (G.M.); (J.F.); (M.M.); (P.D.); (R.G.)
- Department of Cardiology, Timone Hospital, F-13005 Marseille, France
| | - Régis Guieu
- C2VN, INSERM, INRAE, Aix-Marseille University, F-13005 Marseille, France; (F.P.); (G.M.); (J.F.); (M.M.); (P.D.); (R.G.)
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Timone Hospital, F-13005 Marseille, France
| | - Jean Ruf
- C2VN, INSERM, INRAE, Aix-Marseille University, F-13005 Marseille, France; (F.P.); (G.M.); (J.F.); (M.M.); (P.D.); (R.G.)
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Colangelo MT, Galli C, Guizzardi S. Polydeoxyribonucleotide Regulation of Inflammation. Adv Wound Care (New Rochelle) 2020. [DOI: 10.1089/wound.2019.1031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Teresa Colangelo
- Histology and Embryology Laboratory, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Carlo Galli
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Stefano Guizzardi
- Histology and Embryology Laboratory, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
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Han H, Desert R, Das S, Song Z, Athavale D, Ge X, Nieto N. Danger signals in liver injury and restoration of homeostasis. J Hepatol 2020; 73:933-951. [PMID: 32371195 PMCID: PMC7502511 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2020.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Damage-associated molecular patterns are signalling molecules involved in inflammatory responses and restoration of homeostasis. Chronic release of these molecules can also promote inflammation in the context of liver disease. Herein, we provide a comprehensive summary of the role of damage-associated molecular patterns as danger signals in liver injury. We consider the role of reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species as inducers of damage-associated molecular patterns, as well as how specific damage-associated molecular patterns participate in the pathogenesis of chronic liver diseases such as alcohol-related liver disease, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, liver fibrosis and liver cancer. In addition, we discuss the role of damage-associated molecular patterns in ischaemia reperfusion injury and liver transplantation and highlight current studies in which blockade of specific damage-associated molecular patterns has proven beneficial in humans and mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Han
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 840 S. Wood St., Suite 130 CSN, MC 847, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Romain Desert
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 840 S. Wood St., Suite 130 CSN, MC 847, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Sukanta Das
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 840 S. Wood St., Suite 130 CSN, MC 847, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Zhuolun Song
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 840 S. Wood St., Suite 130 CSN, MC 847, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Dipti Athavale
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 840 S. Wood St., Suite 130 CSN, MC 847, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Xiaodong Ge
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 840 S. Wood St., Suite 130 CSN, MC 847, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Natalia Nieto
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 840 S. Wood St., Suite 130 CSN, MC 847, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, 840 S. Wood St., Suite 1020N, MC 787, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
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Lau CL, Beller JP, Boys JA, Zhao Y, Phillips J, Cosner M, Conaway MR, Petroni G, Charles EJ, Mehaffey JH, Mannem HC, Kron IL, Krupnick AS, Linden J. Adenosine A2A receptor agonist (regadenoson) in human lung transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant 2020; 39:563-570. [PMID: 32503727 DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2020.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Currently, there are no clinically approved treatments for ischemia-reperfusion injury after lung transplantation. Pre-clinical animal models have demonstrated a promising efficacy of adenosine 2A receptor (A2AR) agonists as a treatment option for reducing ischemia-reperfusion injury. The purpose of this human study, is to conduct a Phase I clinical trial for evaluating the safety of continuous infusion of an A2AR agonist in lung transplant recipients. METHODS An adaptive, two-stage continual reassessment trial was designed to evaluate the safety of regadenoson (A2AR agonist) in the setting of lung transplantation. Continuous infusion of regadenoson was administered to lung transplant recipients that was started at the time of skin incision. Adverse events and dose-limiting toxicities, as pre-determined by a study team and assessed by a clinical team and an independent safety monitor, were the primary end-points for safety in this trial. RESULTS Between January 2018 and March 2019, 14 recipients were enrolled in the trial. Of these, 10 received the maximum infused dose of 1.44 µg/kg/min for 12 hours. No dose-limiting toxicities were observed. The steady-state plasma regadenoson levels sampled before the reperfusion of the first lung were 0.98 ± 0.46 ng/ml. There were no mortalities within 30 days. CONCLUSIONS Regadenoson, an A2AR agonist, can be safely infused in the setting of lung transplantation with no dose-limiting toxicities or drug-related mortality. Although not powered for the evaluation of secondary end-points, the results of this trial and the outcome of pre-clinical studies warrant further investigation with a Phase II randomized controlled trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine L Lau
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland.
| | - Jared P Beller
- Department of Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Joshua A Boys
- Division of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, California
| | - Yunge Zhao
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jennifer Phillips
- Department of Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Michael Cosner
- Department of Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Mark R Conaway
- Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Gina Petroni
- Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Eric J Charles
- Department of Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - J H Mehaffey
- Department of Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Hannah C Mannem
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Irving L Kron
- Department of Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia; Department of Surgery, University of Arizona Health Sciences, Tucson, Arizona
| | | | - Joel Linden
- Division of Developmental Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Immunology and Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, California
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9
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Minor M, Alcedo KP, Battaglia RA, Snider NT. Cell type- and tissue-specific functions of ecto-5'-nucleotidase (CD73). Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2019; 317:C1079-C1092. [PMID: 31461341 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00285.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Ecto-5'-nucleotidase [cluster of differentiation 73 (CD73)] is a ubiquitously expressed glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored glycoprotein that converts extracellular adenosine 5'-monophosphate to adenosine. Anti-CD73 inhibitory antibodies are currently undergoing clinical testing for cancer immunotherapy. However, many protective physiological functions of CD73 need to be taken into account for new targeted therapies. This review examines CD73 functions in multiple organ systems and cell types, with a particular focus on novel findings from the last 5 years. Missense loss-of-function mutations in the CD73-encoding gene NT5E cause the rare disease "arterial calcifications due to deficiency of CD73." Aside from direct human disease involvement, cellular and animal model studies have revealed key functions of CD73 in tissue homeostasis and pathology across multiple organ systems. In the context of the central nervous system, CD73 is antinociceptive and protects against inflammatory damage, while also contributing to age-dependent decline in cortical plasticity. CD73 preserves barrier function in multiple tissues, a role that is most evident in the respiratory system, where it inhibits endothelial permeability in an adenosine-dependent manner. CD73 has important cardioprotective functions during myocardial infarction and heart failure. Under ischemia-reperfusion injury conditions, rapid and sustained induction of CD73 confers protection in the liver and kidney. In some cases, the mechanism by which CD73 mediates tissue injury is less clear. For example, CD73 has a promoting role in liver fibrosis but is protective in lung fibrosis. Future studies that integrate CD73 regulation and function at the cellular level with physiological responses will improve its utility as a disease target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marquet Minor
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Karel P Alcedo
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Rachel A Battaglia
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Natasha T Snider
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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10
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Mehaffey JH, Money D, Charles EJ, Schubert S, Piñeros AF, Wu D, Bontha SV, Hawkins R, Teman NR, Laubach VE, Mas VR, Tribble CG, Maluf DG, Sharma AK, Yang Z, Kron IL, Roeser ME. Adenosine 2A Receptor Activation Attenuates Ischemia Reperfusion Injury During Extracorporeal Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation. Ann Surg 2019; 269:1176-1183. [PMID: 31082918 PMCID: PMC6757347 DOI: 10.1097/sla.0000000000002685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We tested the hypothesis that systemic administration of an A2AR agonist will reduce multiorgan IRI in a porcine model of ECPR. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA Advances in ECPR have decreased mortality after cardiac arrest; however, subsequent IRI contributes to late multisystem organ failure. Attenuation of IRI has been reported with the use of an A2AR agonist. METHODS Adult swine underwent 20 minutes of circulatory arrest, induced by ventricular fibrillation, followed by 6 hours of reperfusion with ECPR. Animals were randomized to vehicle control, low-dose A2AR agonist, or high-dose A2AR agonist. A perfusion specialist using a goal-directed resuscitation protocol managed all the animals during the reperfusion period. Hourly blood, urine, and tissue samples were collected. Biochemical and microarray analyses were performed to identify differential inflammatory markers and gene expression between groups. RESULTS Both the treatment groups demonstrated significantly higher percent reduction from peak lactate after reperfusion compared with vehicle controls. Control animals required significantly more fluid, epinephrine, and higher final pump flow while having lower urine output than both the treatment groups. The treatment groups had lower urine NGAL, an early marker of kidney injury (P = 0.01), lower plasma aspartate aminotransferase, and reduced rate of troponin rise (P = 0.01). Pro-inflammatory cytokines were lower while anti-inflammatory cytokines were significantly higher in the treatment groups. CONCLUSIONS Using a novel and clinically relevant porcine model of circulatory arrest and ECPR, we demonstrated that a selective A2AR agonist significantly attenuated systemic IRI and warrants clinical investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- James H Mehaffey
- Department of Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA
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11
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Purine nucleosides and nucleotides are released in the extracellular space following cell injury and act as paracrine mediators through a number of dedicated membrane receptors. In particular, extracellular ATP (eATP) significantly influences T-lymphocyte activation and phenotype. The purpose of this review is to discuss the role of ATP signaling in the T-cell-mediated alloimmune response. RECENT FINDINGS In various animal models of solid transplantation, the purinergic axis has been targeted to prevent acute rejection and to promote long-term graft tolerance. The inhibition of ATP-gated P2X receptors has been shown to halt lymphocyte activation, to downregulate both Th1 and Th17 responses and to promote T-regulatory (Treg) cell differentiation. Similarly, the inhibition of ATP signaling attenuated graft-versus-host disease in mice undergoing hematopoietic cell transplantation. Significantly, different drugs targeting the purinergic system have been recently approved for human use and may be a viable therapeutic option for transplant patients. SUMMARY The inhibition of eATP signaling downregulates the alloimmune response, expands Treg cells and promotes graft survival. This robust preclinical evidence and the recent advances in pharmacological research may lead to intriguing clinical applications.
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12
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Babich V, Vadnagara K, Di Sole F. Adenosine A 2A receptor blocks the A 1 receptor inhibition of renal Na + transport and oxygen consumption. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:13917-13930. [PMID: 30633335 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A high renal oxygen (O2 ) need is primarily associated with the renal tubular O2 consumption (VO2 ) necessary for a high rate of sodium (Na+ ) transport. Limited O2 availability leads to increased levels of adenosine, which regulates the kidney via activation of both A1 and A2A adenosine receptors (A1R and A2AR, respectively). The relative contributions of A1R and A2AR to the regulation of renal Na+ transport and VO2 have not been determined. We demonstrated that A1R activation has a dose-dependent biphasic effect on both renal Na+ /H+ exchanger-3 (NHE3), a major player in Na+ transport, and VO2 . Here, we report concentration-dependent effects of adenosine: less than 5 × 10-7 M adenosine-stimulated NHE3 activity; between 5 × 10-7 M and 10-5 M adenosine-inhibited NHE3 activity; and greater than 10-5 M adenosine reversed the change in NHE3 activity (returned to baseline). A1R activation mediated the activation and inhibition of NHE3 activity, whereas 10-4 M adenosine had no effect on the NHE3 activity due to A2AR activation. The following occurred when A1R and A2AR were activated: (a) Blockade of the A2AR receptor restored the NHE3 inhibition mediated by A1R activation, (b) the NHE-dependent effect on VO2 mediated by A1R activation became NHE independent, and (c) A2AR bound to A1R. In summary, A1R affects VO2 via NHE-dependent mechanisms, whereas A2AR acts via NHE-independent mechanisms. When both A1R and A2AR are activated, the A2AR effect on NHE3 and VO2 predominates, possibly via an A1R-A2AR protein interaction. A2AR-A1R heterodimerization is proposed as the molecular mechanism enabling the NHE-independent control of renal VO2 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Babich
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Des Moines University, Des Moines, Iowa.,School of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Mercy College of Health Sciences, Des Moines, Iowa.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas.,Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Komal Vadnagara
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Francesca Di Sole
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Des Moines University, Des Moines, Iowa.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas.,Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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13
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Lowe PT, Dall'Angelo S, Mulder-Krieger T, IJzerman AP, Zanda M, O'Hagan D. A New Class of Fluorinated A 2A Adenosine Receptor Agonist with Application to Last-Step Enzymatic [ 18 F]Fluorination for PET Imaging. Chembiochem 2017; 18:2156-2164. [PMID: 28851015 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201700382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The A2A adenosine receptor belongs to a family of G-coupled protein receptors that have been subjected to extensive investigation over the last few decades. Due to their prominent role in the biological functions of the heart, lungs, CNS and brain, they have become a target for the treatment of illnesses ranging from cancer immunotherapy to Parkinson's disease. The imaging of such receptors by using positron emission tomography (PET) has also been of interest, potentially providing a valuable tool for analysing and diagnosing various myocardial and neurodegenerative disorders, as well as offering support to drug discovery trials. Reported herein are the design, synthesis and evaluation of two new 5'-fluorodeoxy-adenosine (FDA)-based receptor agonists (FDA-PP1 and FDA-PP2), each substituted at the C-2 position with a terminally functionalised ethynyl unit. The structures enable a synthesis of 18 F-labelled analogues by direct, last-step radiosynthesis from chlorinated precursors using the fluorinase enzyme (5'-fluoro-5'-deoxyadenosine synthase), which catalyses a transhalogenation reaction. This delivers a new class of A2A adenosine receptor agonist that can be directly radiolabelled for exploration in PET studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip T Lowe
- School of Chemistry and Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, University of St. Andrews, North Haugh, St. Andrews, Fife, KY16 9ST, UK
| | - Sergio Dall'Angelo
- John Mallard Scottish PET Centre, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Thea Mulder-Krieger
- Leiden University, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Medicinal Chemistry, Gorlaeus Laboratories, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Adriaan P IJzerman
- Leiden University, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Medicinal Chemistry, Gorlaeus Laboratories, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Matteo Zanda
- John Mallard Scottish PET Centre, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - David O'Hagan
- School of Chemistry and Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, University of St. Andrews, North Haugh, St. Andrews, Fife, KY16 9ST, UK
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14
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Sharma AK, LaPar DJ, Stone ML, Zhao Y, Mehta CK, Kron IL, Laubach VE. NOX2 Activation of Natural Killer T Cells Is Blocked by the Adenosine A2A Receptor to Inhibit Lung Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2017; 193:988-99. [PMID: 26757359 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201506-1253oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury after lung transplantation, which affects both short- and long-term allograft survival, involves activation of NADPH oxidase 2 (NOX2) and activation of invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells to produce IL-17. Adenosine A2A receptor (A2AR) agonists are known to potently attenuate lung IR injury and IL-17 production. However, mechanisms for iNKT cell activation after IR and A2AR agonist-mediated protection remain unclear. OBJECTIVES We tested the hypothesis that NOX2 mediates IL-17 production by iNKT cells after IR and that A2AR agonism prevents IR injury by blocking NOX2 activation in iNKT cells. METHODS An in vivo murine hilar ligation model of IR injury was used, in which left lungs underwent 1 hour of ischemia and 2 hours of reperfusion. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Adoptive transfer of iNKT cells from p47(phox-/-) or NOX2(-/-) mice to Jα18(-/-) (iNKT cell-deficient) mice significantly attenuated lung IR injury and IL-17 production. Treatment with an A2AR agonist attenuated IR injury and IL-17 production in wild-type (WT) mice and in Jα18(-/-) mice reconstituted with WT, but not A2AR(-/-), iNKT cells. Furthermore, the A2AR agonist prevented IL-17 production by murine and human iNKT cells after acute hypoxia-reoxygenation by blocking p47(phox) phosphorylation, a critical step for NOX2 activation. CONCLUSIONS NOX2 plays a key role in inducing iNKT cell-mediated IL-17 production and subsequent lung injury after IR. A primary mechanism for A2AR agonist-mediated protection entails inhibition of NOX2 in iNKT cells. Therefore, agonism of A2ARs on iNKT cells may be a novel therapeutic strategy to prevent primary graft dysfunction after lung transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish K Sharma
- Department of Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Damien J LaPar
- Department of Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Matthew L Stone
- Department of Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Yunge Zhao
- Department of Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | | | - Irving L Kron
- Department of Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Victor E Laubach
- Department of Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
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15
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Lee CM, Peng HH, Yang P, Liou JT, Liao CC, Day YJ. C-C Chemokine Ligand-5 is critical for facilitating macrophage infiltration in the early phase of liver ischemia/reperfusion injury. Sci Rep 2017. [PMID: 28623253 PMCID: PMC5473895 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-03956-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
CCL5/RANTES, a chemoattractant for myeloid cells, is induced by hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI). The roles of CCL5 in hepatic IRI were carried out by means of CCL5 immunodepletion, antagonistic competition by Met-CCL5, and treatment with recombinant murine CCL5 (rmCCL5). Depletion or inhibition of CCL5 reduced severity of hepatic IRI, whereas rmCCL5 treatment aggravated liver IRI as manifested in elevated serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and tissue myeloperoxidase (MPO) levels. Moreover, IRI severity was reduced in CCL5-knockout (CCL5-KO) mice versus wildtype (WT) mice, with drops in serum ALT level, intrahepatic MPO activity, and histological pathology. Bone marrow transplantion (BMT) studies show that myeloid cells and tissue cells are both required for CCL5-aggravated hepatic IRI. The profile of liver-infiltrating leukocyte subsets after hepatic reperfusion identified CD11b+ cells as the only compartment significantly reduced in CCL5-KO mice versus WT controls at early reperfusion phase. The role of CCL5 recruiting CD11b+ cells in early reperfusion was validated by in vitro transwell migration assay of murine primary macrophages (broadly characterized by their CD11b expression) in response to liver lysates after early reperfusion. Taken together, our results demonstrate a sequence of early events elicited by CCL5 chemoattracting macrophage that result in inflammatory aggravation of hepatic IRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiou-Mei Lee
- Laboratory Animal Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Hsin Peng
- Center for Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Chang Gung University, Chang Gung, Taiwan.,Department of Anesthesiology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan
| | - Polung Yang
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Chang Gung University, Chang Gung, Taiwan
| | - Jiin-Tarng Liou
- Department of Anesthesiology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Chih Liao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Ji Day
- Department of Anesthesiology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan. .,Department of Anesthesiology, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Tzu Chi University, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan.
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16
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Abstract
Liver ischemia reperfusion activates innate immune system to drive the full development of inflammatory hepatocellular injury. Damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) stimulate myeloid and dendritic cells via pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) to initiate the immune response. Complex intracellular signaling network transduces inflammatory signaling to regulate both innate immune cell activation and parenchymal cell death. Recent studies have revealed that DAMPs may trigger not only proinflammatory but also immune regulatory responses by activating different PRRs or distinctive intracellular signaling pathways or in special cell populations. Additionally, tissue injury milieu activates PRR-independent receptors which also regulate inflammatory disease processes. Thus, the innate immune mechanism of liver ischemia-reperfusion injury involves diverse molecular and cellular interactions, subjected to both endogenous and exogenous regulation in different cells. A better understanding of these complicated regulatory pathways/network is imperative for us in designing safe and effective therapeutic strategy to ameliorate liver ischemia-reperfusion injury in patients.
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17
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Topical Application of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Ameliorated Liver Parenchyma Damage After Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury in an Animal Model. Transplant Direct 2017; 3:e160. [PMID: 28620644 PMCID: PMC5464779 DOI: 10.1097/txd.0000000000000675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Supplemental digital content is available in the text. Background Ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) is commonly encountered after liver surgery. This study evaluated the hepatoprotective effects of topically applied adipose-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (ADMSCs) on hepatic IRI in a rat model. Methods ADMSCs from transgenic green fluorescent protein Sprague-Dawley rats were topically applied to the liver surface of Sprague-Dawley rats after hepatic IRI and fixed in position by fibrin glue (group A, n = 24). An equivalent amount of ADMSCs were administered through the portal (group B, n = 24) or tail vein (group C, n = 24). In the control group (group D, n = 20), no treatment was given to the IRI liver. Results All the rats in group A and group D survived. Within 2 days after hepatic IRI, only 50% of rats survived in group B, and ADMSCs were detected in thromboemboli within large vessels. 62.5% of the rats died in group C because most of the ADMSCs were trapped in the lungs. ADMSCs migrated across the liver capsule and homed to the injured liver parenchyma 3 days after topical application in group A. The homed ADMSCs expressed hepatocyte nuclear factor-4α and hepatocyte nuclear factor-1. Compared with group D, the rate of hepatic regeneration in group A was enhanced with less inflammation, smaller necrotic areas, and improved liver function. Proinflammatory cytokines IL-6, IL-21, and CD70 were significantly downregulated in group A by 6.3-, 2.7-, and 12.7-fold, respectively (P < 0.05). The neurogenic locus NOTCH homolog protein pathway was activated in the topical ADMSCs. Conclusions Topically applied adipose-derived mesenchymal stromal cells demonstrated hepatoprotective effects on hepatic IRI in an animal model.
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18
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Chen JF, Zhang S, Zhou R, Lin Z, Cai X, Lin J, Huo Y, Liu X. Adenosine receptors and caffeine in retinopathy of prematurity. Mol Aspects Med 2017; 55:118-125. [PMID: 28088487 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2017.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2016] [Revised: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is a major cause of childhood blindness in the world and is caused by oxygen-induced damage to the developing retinal vasculature, resulting in hyperoxia-induced vaso-obliteration and subsequent delayed retinal vascularization and hypoxia-induced pathological neovascularization driven by vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signaling pathway in retina. Current anti-VEGF therapy has shown some effective in a clinical trial, but is associated with the unintended effects on delayed eye growth and retinal vasculature development of preterm infants. Notably, cellular responses to hypoxia are characterized by robust increases in extracellular adenosine production and the markedly induced adenosine receptors, which provide a novel target for preferential control of pathological angiogenesis without affecting normal vascular development. Here, we review the experimental evidence in support of adenosine receptor-based therapeutic strategy for ROP, including the aberrant adenosine signaling in oxygen-induced retinopathy and the role of three adenosine receptor subtypes (A1R, A2AR, A2BR) in development and treatment of ROP using oxygen-induced retinopathy models. The clinical and initial animal evidence that implicate the therapeutic effect of caffeine (a non-selective adenosine receptor antagonist) in treatment of ROP are highlighted. Lastly, we discussed the translational potential as well therapeutic advantage of adenosine receptor- and caffeine-based therapy for ROR and possibly other proliferative retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang-Fan Chen
- Molecular Neuropharmacology Laboratory, School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China; State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base and Key Laboratory of Vision Science, Ministry of Health of China, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Shuya Zhang
- Molecular Neuropharmacology Laboratory, School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China; State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base and Key Laboratory of Vision Science, Ministry of Health of China, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Rong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base and Key Laboratory of Vision Science, Ministry of Health of China, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhenlang Lin
- Department of Neonatology, Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaohong Cai
- Department of Neonatology, Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jing Lin
- Department of Neonatology, Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China; Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yuqing Huo
- Vascular Biology Center, Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; Drug Discovery Center, Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xiaoling Liu
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base and Key Laboratory of Vision Science, Ministry of Health of China, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
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19
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Donegan RK, Lieberman RL. Discovery of Molecular Therapeutics for Glaucoma: Challenges, Successes, and Promising Directions. J Med Chem 2016; 59:788-809. [PMID: 26356532 PMCID: PMC5547565 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b00828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Glaucoma, a heterogeneous ocular disorder affecting ∼60 million people worldwide, is characterized by painless neurodegeneration of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), resulting in irreversible vision loss. Available therapies, which decrease the common causal risk factor of elevated intraocular pressure, delay, but cannot prevent, RGC death and blindness. Notably, it is changes in the anterior segment of the eye, particularly in the drainage of aqueous humor fluid, which are believed to bring about changes in pressure. Thus, it is primarily this region whose properties are manipulated in current and emerging therapies for glaucoma. Here, we focus on the challenges associated with developing treatments, review the available experimental methods to evaluate the therapeutic potential of new drugs, describe the development and evaluation of emerging Rho-kinase inhibitors and adenosine receptor ligands that offer the potential to improve aqueous humor outflow and protect RGCs simultaneously, and present new targets and approaches on the horizon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca K Donegan
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology , 901 Atlantic Drive NW, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, United States
| | - Raquel L Lieberman
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology , 901 Atlantic Drive NW, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, United States
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20
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Pharmacological Preconditioning by Adenosine A2a Receptor Stimulation: Features of the Protected Liver Cell Phenotype. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:286746. [PMID: 26539478 PMCID: PMC4619783 DOI: 10.1155/2015/286746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Ischemic preconditioning (IP) of the liver by a brief interruption of the blood flow protects the damage induced by a subsequent ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) preventing parenchymal and nonparenchymal liver cell damage. The discovery of IP has shown the existence of intrinsic systems of cytoprotection whose activation can stave off the progression of irreversible tissue damage. Deciphering the molecular mediators that underlie the cytoprotective effects of preconditioning can pave the way to important therapeutic possibilities. Pharmacological activation of critical mediators of IP would be expected to emulate or even to intensify its salubrious effects. In vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated the role of the adenosine A2a receptor (A2aR) as a trigger of liver IP. This review will provide insight into the phenotypic changes that underline the resistance to death of liver cells preconditioned by pharmacological activation of A2aR and their implications to develop innovative strategies against liver IR damage.
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21
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Yago T, Tsukamoto H, Liu Z, Wang Y, Thompson LF, McEver RP. Multi-Inhibitory Effects of A2A Adenosine Receptor Signaling on Neutrophil Adhesion Under Flow. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:3880-9. [PMID: 26355151 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1500775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
A2A adenosine receptor (A2AAR) signaling negatively regulates inflammatory responses in many disease models, but the detailed mechanisms remain unclear. We used the selective A2AAR agonist, ATL313, to examine how A2AAR signaling affects human and murine neutrophil adhesion under flow. Treating neutrophils with ATL313 inhibited selectin-induced, β2 integrin-dependent slow rolling and chemokine-induced, β2 integrin-dependent arrest on ICAM-1. ATL313 inhibited selectin-induced β2 integrin extension, which supports slow rolling, and chemokine-induced hybrid domain "swing-out," which supports arrest. Furthermore, ATL313 inhibited integrin outside-in signaling as revealed by reduced neutrophil superoxide production and spreading on immobilized anti-β2 integrin Ab. ATL313 suppressed selectin-triggered activation of Src family kinases (SFKs) and p38 MAPK, chemokine-triggered activation of Ras-related protein 1, and β2 integrin-triggered activation of SFKs and Vav cytoskeletal regulatory proteins. ATL313 activated protein kinase A and its substrate C-terminal Src kinase, an inhibitor of SFKs. Treating neutrophils with a protein kinase A inhibitor blocked the actions of ATL313. In vivo, ATL313-treated neutrophils rolled faster and arrested much less frequently in postcapillary venules of the murine cremaster muscle after TNF-α challenge. Furthermore, ATL313 markedly suppressed neutrophil migration into the peritoneum challenged with thioglycollate. ATL313 did not affect A2AAR-deficient neutrophils, confirming its specificity. Our findings provide new insights into the anti-inflammatory mechanisms of A2AAR signaling and the potential utility of A2AAR agonists in inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadayuki Yago
- Cardiovascular Biology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104
| | - Hiroki Tsukamoto
- Immunobiology and Cancer Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104; Laboratory of Oncology, Pharmacy Practice and Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Zhenghui Liu
- Cardiovascular Biology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104
| | - Ying Wang
- Cardiovascular Biology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104; and
| | - Linda F Thompson
- Immunobiology and Cancer Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104
| | - Rodger P McEver
- Cardiovascular Biology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104; and
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22
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Boros D, Thompson J, Larson DF. Adenosine regulation of the immune response initiated by ischemia reperfusion injury. Perfusion 2015; 31:103-10. [PMID: 25987550 DOI: 10.1177/0267659115586579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
It is clinically established that adenosine has negative chronotropic, antiarrhythmic effects and reduces arterial blood pressure. Adenosine addition to cardioplegic solutions used in cardiac operations is clinically well tolerated and has been shown to improve myocardial protection in several studies. However, the mechanism of action remains unclear. Therefore, it is important to define the effect of adenosine on the inflammatory cascade as immune cell activation occurs early during ischemia reperfusion injury. Adenosine appears to mediate the initial steps of the inflammatory cascade via its four G-coupled protein receptors: A1, A2A, A2B, and A3, expressed on neutrophils, lymphocytes and macrophages. The adenosine receptor isotype dictates the immune response. More specifically, the A1 and A3 receptors stimulate a pro-inflammatory immune response whereas the A2A and A2B are immunosuppressive. As the adenosine receptors are important for cardiac pre-conditioning and post-conditioning, adenosine may regulate the inflammatory responses initiated during ischemia-mediated immune injury related to myocardial protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Boros
- Sarver Heart Center, College of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - J Thompson
- Sarver Heart Center, College of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - D F Larson
- Sarver Heart Center, College of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
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23
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Abstract
Understanding innate immune responses and their correlation to alloimmunity after solid organ transplantation is key to optimizing long term graft outcome. While Ischemia/Reperfusion injury (IRI) has been well studied, new insight into central mechanisms of innate immune activation, i.e. chemokine mediated cell trafficking and the role of Toll-like receptors have evolved recently. The mechanistic implications of Neutrophils, Macrophages/Monocytes, NK-cells, Dendritic cells in renal IRI has been proven by selective depletion of these cell types, thereby offering novel therapeutic interventions. At the same time, the multi-faceted role of different T-cell subsets in IRI has gained interest, highlighting the dichotomous effects of differentiated T-cells and suggesting more selective therapeutic approaches. Targeting innate immune cells and their activation and migration pathways, respectively, has been promising in experimental models holding translational potential. This review will summarize the effects of innate immune activation and potential strategies to interfere with the immunological cascade following renal IRI.
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Burnstock G, Vaughn B, Robson SC. Purinergic signalling in the liver in health and disease. Purinergic Signal 2014; 10:51-70. [PMID: 24271096 PMCID: PMC3944046 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-013-9398-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Purinergic signalling is involved in both the physiology and pathophysiology of the liver. Hepatocytes, Kupffer cells, vascular endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells, stellate cells and cholangiocytes all express purinoceptor subtypes activated by adenosine, adenosine 5'-triphosphate, adenosine diphosphate, uridine 5'-triphosphate or UDP. Purinoceptors mediate bile secretion, glycogen and lipid metabolism and indirectly release of insulin. Mechanical stress results in release of ATP from hepatocytes and Kupffer cells and ATP is also released as a cotransmitter with noradrenaline from sympathetic nerves supplying the liver. Ecto-nucleotidases play important roles in the signalling process. Changes in purinergic signalling occur in vascular injury, inflammation, insulin resistance, hepatic fibrosis, cirrhosis, diabetes, hepatitis, liver regeneration following injury or transplantation and cancer. Purinergic therapeutic strategies for the treatment of these pathologies are being explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey Burnstock
- Autonomic Neuroscience Centre, University College Medical School, Rowland Hill Street, London, NW3 2PF, UK,
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Roberts V, Stagg J, Dwyer KM. The Role of Ectonucleotidases CD39 and CD73 and Adenosine Signaling in Solid Organ Transplantation. Front Immunol 2014; 5:64. [PMID: 24600452 PMCID: PMC3927137 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular adenosine is a potent immunomodulatory molecule that accumulates in states of inflammation. Nucleotides such as adenosine triphosphate and adenosine diphosphate are release from injured and necrotic cells and hydrolyzed to adenosine monophosphate and adenosine by the concerted action of the ectonucleotidases CD39 and CD73. Accumulating evidence suggest that purinergic signaling is involved in the inflammatory response that accompanies acute rejection and chronic allograft dysfunction. Modification of the purinergic pathway has been shown to alter graft survival in a number of solid organ transplant models and the response to ischemia–reperfusion injury (IRI). Furthermore, the purinergic pathway is intrinsically involved in B and T cell biology and function. Although T cells have traditionally been considered the orchestrators of acute allograft rejection, a role for B cells in chronic allograft loss is being increasingly appreciated. This review focuses on the role of the ectonucleotidases CD39 and CD73 and adenosine signaling in solid organ transplantation including the effects on IRI and T and B cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veena Roberts
- Immunology Research Centre, St. Vincent's Hospital Melbourne and Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne , Melbourne, VIC , Australia
| | - John Stagg
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Faculté de Pharmacie et Institut du Cancer de Montréal , Montréal, QC , Canada
| | - Karen M Dwyer
- Immunology Research Centre, St. Vincent's Hospital Melbourne and Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne , Melbourne, VIC , Australia
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Burnstock G, Ralevic V. Purinergic signaling and blood vessels in health and disease. Pharmacol Rev 2013; 66:102-92. [PMID: 24335194 DOI: 10.1124/pr.113.008029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Purinergic signaling plays important roles in control of vascular tone and remodeling. There is dual control of vascular tone by ATP released as a cotransmitter with noradrenaline from perivascular sympathetic nerves to cause vasoconstriction via P2X1 receptors, whereas ATP released from endothelial cells in response to changes in blood flow (producing shear stress) or hypoxia acts on P2X and P2Y receptors on endothelial cells to produce nitric oxide and endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor, which dilates vessels. ATP is also released from sensory-motor nerves during antidromic reflex activity to produce relaxation of some blood vessels. In this review, we stress the differences in neural and endothelial factors in purinergic control of different blood vessels. The long-term (trophic) actions of purine and pyrimidine nucleosides and nucleotides in promoting migration and proliferation of both vascular smooth muscle and endothelial cells via P1 and P2Y receptors during angiogenesis and vessel remodeling during restenosis after angioplasty are described. The pathophysiology of blood vessels and therapeutic potential of purinergic agents in diseases, including hypertension, atherosclerosis, ischemia, thrombosis and stroke, diabetes, and migraine, is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey Burnstock
- Autonomic Neuroscience Centre, University College Medical School, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PF, UK; and Department of Pharmacology, The University of Melbourne, Australia.
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Zimmerman MA, Kam I, Eltzschig H, Grenz A. Biological implications of extracellular adenosine in hepatic ischemia and reperfusion injury. Am J Transplant 2013; 13:2524-9. [PMID: 23924168 PMCID: PMC3805691 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.12398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2013] [Revised: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The purine nucleoside adenosine is clinically employed in the treatment of supraventricular tachycardia. In addition, it has direct coronary vasodilatory effects, and may influence platelet aggregation. Experimental observations mechanistically link extracellular adenosine to cellular adaptation to hypoxia. Adenosine generation has been implicated in several pathophysiologic processes including angiogenesis, tumor defenses and neurodegeneration. In solid organ transplantation, prolonged tissue ischemia and subsequent reperfusion injury may lead to profound graft dysfunction. Importantly, conditions of limited oxygen availability are associated with increased production of extracellular adenosine and subsequent tissue protection. Within the rapidly expanding field of adenosine biology, several enzymatic steps in adenosine production have been characterized and multiple receptor subtypes have been identified. In this review, we briefly examine the biologic steps involved in adenosine generation and chronicle the current state of adenosine signaling in hepatic ischemia and reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Zimmerman
- Division of Transplant Surgery, and the Mucosal Inflammation Program, University of Colorado, Denver, CO
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Lee DJ, Taylor AW. Both MC5r and A2Ar are required for protective regulatory immunity in the spleen of post-experimental autoimmune uveitis in mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 191:4103-11. [PMID: 24043903 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1300182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The ocular microenvironment uses a poorly defined mela5 receptor (MC5r)-dependent pathway to recover immune tolerance following intraocular inflammation. This dependency is seen in experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis (EAU), a mouse model of endogenous human autoimmune uveitis, with the emergence of autoantigen-specific regulatory immunity in the spleen that protects the mice from recurrence of EAU. In this study, we found that the MC5r-dependent regulatory immunity increased CD11b(+)F4/80(+)Ly-6C(low)Ly-6G(+)CD39(+)CD73(+) APCs in the spleen of post-EAU mice. These MC5r-dependent APCs require adenosine 2A receptor expression on T cells to activate EAU-suppressing CD25(+)CD4(+)Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells. Therefore, in the recovery from autoimmune disease, the ocular microenvironment induces tolerance through a melanocortin-mediated expansion of Ly-6G(+) regulatory APCs in the spleen that use the adenosinergic pathway to promote activation of autoantigen-specific regulatory T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren J Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Ischaemic kidney injury occurs during organ procurement and can lead to delayed graft function or nonviable grafts. The innate immune system is a key trigger of inflammation in renal ischaemia. This review discusses the components of innate immunity known to be involved in renal ischaemic reperfusion injury (IRI). Understanding how inflammatory damage is initiated in renal IRI is important for the development of targeted therapies aimed at preserving the donor organ. RECENT FINDINGS Much remains to be determined about the role of innate immune signalling in renal ischaemia/reperfusion injury. Recently, discoveries about complement receptors, Toll-like receptors (TLRs), NOD-like receptors (NLRs) and inflammasomes have opened new avenues of exploration. We are also now learning that macrophages, complement and TLR activation may have additional roles in renal repair following IRI. SUMMARY A greater understanding of the mechanisms that contribute to innate immune-mediated renal ischaemic damage will allow for the development of therapeutics targeted to the donor organ. New data suggest that treatment limited to specific receptors on specific cells, or localized to specific regions within the kidney, may provide novel approaches to maximize our use of donor organs, particularly those that may have been discarded due to prolonged preimplantation ischaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kitty P Cheung
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
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Pommey S, Lu B, McRae J, Stagg J, Hill P, Salvaris E, Robson SC, d'Apice AJF, Cowan PJ, Dwyer KM. Liver grafts from CD39-overexpressing rodents are protected from ischemia reperfusion injury due to reduced numbers of resident CD4+ T cells. Hepatology 2013; 57:1597-606. [PMID: 22829222 DOI: 10.1002/hep.25985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2012] [Accepted: 07/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) is a major limiting event for successful liver transplantation, and CD4+ T cells and invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells have been implicated in promoting IRI. We hypothesized that hepatic overexpression of CD39, an ectonucleotidase with antiinflammatory functions, will protect liver grafts after prolonged cold ischemia. CD39-transgenic (CD39tg) and wildtype (WT) mouse livers were transplanted into WT recipients after 18 hours cold storage and pathological analysis was performed 6 hours after transplantation. Serum levels of alanine aminotransferase and interleukin (IL)-6 were significantly reduced in recipients of CD39tg livers compared to recipients of WT livers. Furthermore, less severe histopathological injury was demonstrated in the CD39tg grafts. Immune analysis revealed that CD4+ T cells and iNKT cells were significantly decreased in number in the livers of untreated CD39tg mice. This was associated with a peripheral CD4+ T cell lymphopenia due to defective thymocyte maturation. To assess the relative importance of liver-resident CD4+ T cells and iNKT cells in mediating liver injury following extended cold preservation and transplantation, WT mice depleted of CD4+ T cells or mice genetically deficient in iNKT cells were used as donors. The absence of CD4+ T cells, but not iNKT cells, protected liver grafts from early IRI. CONCLUSION Hepatic CD4+ T cells, but not iNKT cells, play a critical role in early IRI following extended cold preservation in a liver transplant model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Pommey
- Immunology Research Centre, St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
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Chen JF, Eltzschig HK, Fredholm BB. Adenosine receptors as drug targets--what are the challenges? Nat Rev Drug Discov 2013; 12:265-86. [PMID: 23535933 PMCID: PMC3930074 DOI: 10.1038/nrd3955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 660] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine signalling has long been a target for drug development, with adenosine itself or its derivatives being used clinically since the 1940s. In addition, methylxanthines such as caffeine have profound biological effects as antagonists at adenosine receptors. Moreover, drugs such as dipyridamole and methotrexate act by enhancing the activation of adenosine receptors. There is strong evidence that adenosine has a functional role in many diseases, and several pharmacological compounds specifically targeting individual adenosine receptors--either directly or indirectly--have now entered the clinic. However, only one adenosine receptor-specific agent--the adenosine A2A receptor agonist regadenoson (Lexiscan; Astellas Pharma)--has so far gained approval from the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Here, we focus on the biology of adenosine signalling to identify hurdles in the development of additional pharmacological compounds targeting adenosine receptors and discuss strategies to overcome these challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang-Fan Chen
- Department of Neurology and Pharmacology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
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Li Y, Figler RA, Kolling G, Bracken TC, Rieger J, Stevenson RW, Linden J, Guerrant RL, Warren CA. Adenosine A2A receptor activation reduces recurrence and mortality from Clostridium difficile infection in mice following vancomycin treatment. BMC Infect Dis 2012; 12:342. [PMID: 23217055 PMCID: PMC3523970 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-12-342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2012] [Accepted: 12/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Activation of the A2A adenosine receptor (A2AAR) decreases production of inflammatory cytokines, prevents C. difficile toxin A-induced enteritis and, in combination with antibiotics, increases survival from sepsis in mice. We investigated whether A2AAR activation improves and A2AAR deletion worsens outcomes in a murine model of C. difficile (strain VPI10463) infection (CDI). Methods C57BL/6 mice were pretreated with an antibiotic cocktail prior to infection and then treated with vancomycin with or without an A2AAR agonist. A2AAR-/- and littermate wild-type (WT) mice were similarly infected, and IFNγ and TNFα were measured at peak of and recovery from infection. Results Infected, untreated mice rapidly lost weight, developed diarrhea, and had mortality rates of 50-60%. Infected mice treated with vancomycin had less weight loss and diarrhea during antibiotic treatment but mortality increased to near 100% after discontinuation of antibiotics. Infected mice treated with both vancomycin and an A2AAR agonist, either ATL370 or ATL1222, had minimal weight loss and better long-term survival than mice treated with vancomycin alone. A2AAR KO mice were more susceptible than WT mice to death from CDI. Increases in cecal IFNγ and blood TNFα were pronounced in the absence of A2AARs. Conclusion In a murine model of CDI, vancomycin treatment resulted in reduced weight loss and diarrhea during acute infection, but high recurrence and late-onset death, with overall mortality being worse than untreated infected controls. The administration of vancomycin plus an A2AAR agonist reduced inflammation and improved survival rates, suggesting a possible benefit of A2AAR agonists in the management of CDI to prevent recurrent disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuesheng Li
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Carter Harrison Bldg, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
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Li L, Huang L, Ye H, Song SP, Bajwa A, Lee SJ, Moser EK, Jaworska K, Kinsey GR, Day YJ, Linden J, Lobo PI, Rosin DL, Okusa MD. Dendritic cells tolerized with adenosine A₂AR agonist attenuate acute kidney injury. J Clin Invest 2012; 122:3931-42. [PMID: 23093781 DOI: 10.1172/jci63170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2012] [Accepted: 08/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
DC-mediated NKT cell activation is critical in initiating the immune response following kidney ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI), which mimics human acute kidney injury (AKI). Adenosine is an important antiinflammatory molecule in tissue inflammation, and adenosine 2A receptor (A₂AR) agonists protect kidneys from IRI through their actions on leukocytes. In this study, we showed that mice with A₂AR-deficient DCs are more susceptible to kidney IRI and are not protected from injury by A₂AR agonists. In addition, administration of DCs treated ex vivo with an A₂AR agonist protected the kidneys of WT mice from IRI by suppressing NKT production of IFN-γ and by regulating DC costimulatory molecules that are important for NKT cell activation. A₂AR agonists had no effect on DC antigen presentation or on Tregs. We conclude that ex vivo A₂AR-induced tolerized DCs suppress NKT cell activation in vivo and provide a unique and potent cell-based strategy to attenuate organ IRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Li
- Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.
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Interplay of hypoxia and A2B adenosine receptors in tissue protection. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY 2011; 61:145-86. [PMID: 21586359 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-385526-8.00006-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
That adenosine signaling can elicit adaptive tissue responses during conditions of limited oxygen availability (hypoxia) is a long-suspected notion that recently gained general acceptance from genetic and pharmacologic studies of the adenosine signaling pathway. As hypoxia and inflammation share an interdependent relationship, these studies have demonstrated that adenosine signaling events can be targeted to dampen hypoxia-induced inflammation. Here, we build on the hypothesis that particularly the A(2B) adenosine receptor (ADORA(2B)) plays a central role in tissue adaptation to hypoxia. In fact, the ADORA(2B) requires higher adenosine concentrations than any of the other adenosine receptors. However, during conditions of hypoxia or ischemia, the hypoxia-elicited rise in extracellular adenosine is sufficient to activate the ADORA(2B). Moreover, several studies have demonstrated very robust induction of the ADORA(2B) elicited by transcriptional mechanisms involving hypoxia-dependent signaling pathways and the transcription factor "hypoxia-induced factor" 1. In the present chapter, genetic and pharmacologic evidence is presented to support our hypothesis of a tissue protective role of ADORA(2B) signaling during hypoxic conditions, including hypoxia-elicited vascular leakage, organ ischemia, or acute lung injury. All these disease models are characterized by hypoxia-elicited tissue inflammation. As such, the ADORA(2B) has emerged as a therapeutic target for dampening hypoxia-induced inflammation and tissue adaptation to limited oxygen availability.
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Liver damage and systemic inflammatory responses are exacerbated by the genetic deletion of CD39 in total hepatic ischemia. Purinergic Signal 2011; 7:427-34. [PMID: 21656186 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-011-9239-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2011] [Accepted: 05/17/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver ischemia reperfusion injury is associated with both local damage to the hepatic vasculature and systemic inflammatory responses. CD39 is the dominant vascular endothelial cell ectonucleotidase and rapidly hydrolyses both adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and adenosine diphosphate to adenosine monophosphate. These biochemical properties, in tandem with 5'-nucleotidases, generate adenosine and potentially illicit inflammatory vascular responses and thrombosis. We have evaluated the role of CD39 in total hepatic ischemia reperfusion injury (IRI). Wildtype mice, Cd39-hemizygous mice (+/-) and matched Cd39-null mice (-/-); (n = 25 per group) underwent 45 min of total warm ischemia with full inflow occlusion necessitating partial hepatectomy. Soluble nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase (NTPDases) or adenosine/amrinone were administered to wildtype (n = 6) and Cd39-null mice (n = 6) in order to study protective effects in vivo. Parameters of liver injury, systemic inflammation, hepatic ATP determinations by P(31)-NMR and parameters of lung injury were obtained. All wildtype mice survived up to 7 days with minimal biochemical disturbances and minor evidence for injury. In contrast, 64% of Cd39+/- and 84% of Cd39-null mice required euthanasia or died within 4 h post-reperfusion with liver damage and systemic inflammation associated with hypercytokinemia. Hepatic ATP depletion was pronounced in Cd39-null mice posthepatic IRI. Soluble NTPDase or adenosine administration protected Cd39-deficient mice from acute reperfusion injury. We conclude that CD39 is protective in hepatic IRI preventing local injury and systemic inflammation in an adenosine dependent manner. Our data indicate that vascular CD39 expression has an essential protective role in hepatic IRI.
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Field JJ, Nathan DG, Linden J. Targeting iNKT cells for the treatment of sickle cell disease. Clin Immunol 2011; 140:177-83. [PMID: 21429807 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2011.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2010] [Revised: 02/23/2011] [Accepted: 03/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Sickle cell disease (SCD) causes widely disseminated vaso-occlusive episodes. Building on evidence implicating invariant NKT (iNKT) cells in the pathogenesis of ischemia/reperfusion injury, recent studies demonstrate that blockade of iNKT cell activation in mice with SCD reduces pulmonary inflammation and injury. In patients with SCD, iNKT cells in blood are increased in absolute number and activated in comparison to healthy controls. iNKT cell activation is reduced by agonists of adenosine 2A receptors (A(2A)Rs) such as the clinically approved coronary vasodilator, regadenoson. An ongoing multi-center, dose-finding and safety trial of infused regadenoson, has been initiated and is providing preliminary data about its safety and efficacy to treat SCD. Very high accumulation of adenosine may have deleterious effects in SCD through activation of adenosine 2B receptors that are insensitive to regadenoson. Future possible therapeutic approaches for treating SCD include selective A(2B)R antagonists and antibodies that deplete iNKT cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua J Field
- Blood Research Institute, BloodCenter of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
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Belikoff BG, Hatfield S, Georgiev P, Ohta A, Lukashev D, Buras JA, Remick DG, Sitkovsky M. A2B adenosine receptor blockade enhances macrophage-mediated bacterial phagocytosis and improves polymicrobial sepsis survival in mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 186:2444-53. [PMID: 21242513 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1001567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial treatment strategies must improve to reduce the high mortality rates in septic patients. In noninfectious models of acute inflammation, activation of A2B adenosine receptors (A2BR) in extracellular adenosine-rich microenvironments causes immunosuppression. We examined A2BR in antibacterial responses in the cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) model of sepsis. Antagonism of A2BR significantly increased survival, enhanced bacterial phagocytosis, and decreased IL-6 and MIP-2 (a CXC chemokine) levels after CLP in outbred (ICR/CD-1) mice. During the CLP-induced septic response in A2BR knockout mice, hemodynamic parameters were improved compared with wild-type mice in addition to better survival and decreased plasma IL-6 levels. A2BR deficiency resulted in a dramatic 4-log reduction in peritoneal bacteria. The mechanism of these improvements was due to enhanced macrophage phagocytic activity without augmenting neutrophil phagocytosis of bacteria. Following ex vivo LPS stimulation, septic macrophages from A2BR knockout mice had increased IL-6 and TNF-α secretion compared with wild-type mice. A therapeutic intervention with A2BR blockade was studied by using a plasma biomarker to direct therapy to those mice predicted to die. Pharmacological blockade of A2BR even 32 h after the onset of sepsis increased survival by 65% in those mice predicted to die. Thus, even the late treatment with an A2BR antagonist significantly improved survival of mice (ICR/CD-1) that were otherwise determined to die according to plasma IL-6 levels. Our findings of enhanced bacterial clearance and host survival suggest that antagonism of A2BRs offers a therapeutic target to improve macrophage function in a late treatment protocol that improves sepsis survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan G Belikoff
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
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Linden J. Regulation of leukocyte function by adenosine receptors. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2011; 61:95-114. [PMID: 21586357 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-385526-8.00004-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The immune system responds to cues in the microenvironment to make acute and chronic adaptations in response to inflammation and injury. Locally produced purine nucleotides and adenosine provide receptor-mediated signaling to all bone-marrow derived cells of the immune system to modulate their responses. This review summarizes recent advances in our understanding of the effects of adenosine signaling through G protein-coupled adenosine receptors on cells of the immune system. Adenosine A(2A) receptors (A(2A)Rs) have a generally suppressive effect on the activation of immune cells. Moreover, their transcription is strongly induced by signals that activate macrophages or dendritic cells through toll-like receptors, or T cells through T cell receptors. A(2A)R induction is responsible for producing a gradual dissipation of inflammatory responses. A(2A)R activation is particularly effective in limiting the activation of invariant NKT (iNKT) cells that play a central role in acute reperfusion injury. A(2A) agonists have clinical promise for the treatment of vaso-occlusive tissue injury. Blockade of A(2A) receptors may be useful to enhance immune-mediated killing of cancer cells. A(2B)R expression also is transcriptionally regulated by hypoxia, cytokines, and oxygen radicals. Acute A(2B)R activation attenuates the production of proinflammatory cytokines from macrophages, but sustained activation facilitates macrophage and dendritic cell remodeling and the production of acute phase proteins and angiogenic factors that may participate in evoking insulin resistance and tissue fibrosis. A(2B)R activation also influences macrophage and neutrophil function by influencing expression of the anti-inflammatory netrin receptor, UNC5B. The therapeutic significance of adenosine-mediated effects on the immune system is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Linden
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute of Allergy and Immunology, California, USA
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39
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Crikis S, Lu B, Murray-Segal LM, Selan C, Robson SC, d’Apice AJF, Nandurkar HH, Cowan PJ, Dwyer KM. Transgenic overexpression of CD39 protects against renal ischemia-reperfusion and transplant vascular injury. Am J Transplant 2010; 10:2586-95. [PMID: 20840479 PMCID: PMC5472986 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2010.03257.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The vascular ectonucleotidases CD39[ENTPD1 (ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase-1), EC 3.6.1.5] and CD73[EC 3.1.3.5] generate adenosine from extracellular nucleotides. CD39 activity is critical in determining the response to ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI), and CD39 null mice exhibit heightened sensitivity to renal IRI. Adenosine has multiple mechanisms of action in the vasculature including direct endothelial protection, antiinflammatory and antithrombotic effects and is protective in several models of IRI. Mice transgenic for human CD39 (hCD39) have increased capacity to generate adenosine. We therefore hypothesized that hCD39 transgenic mice would be protected from renal IRI. The overexpression of hCD39 conferred protection in a model of warm renal IRI, with reduced histological injury, less apoptosis and preserved serum creatinine and urea levels. Benefit was abrogated by pretreatment with an adenosine A2A receptor antagonist. Adoptive transfer experiments showed that expression of hCD39 on either the vasculature or circulating cells mitigated IRI. Furthermore, hCD39 transgenic kidneys transplanted into syngeneic recipients after prolonged cold storage performed significantly better and exhibited less histological injury than wild-type control grafts. Thus, systemic or local strategies to promote adenosine generation and signaling may have beneficial effects on warm and cold renal IRI, with implications for therapeutic application in clinical renal transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Crikis
- Immunology Research Centre, The University of Melbourne, St. Vincent’s Hospital, Fitzroy, Victoria, 3065, Australia,Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, St. Vincent’s Hospital, Fitzroy, Victoria, 3065, Australia
| | - B. Lu
- Immunology Research Centre, The University of Melbourne, St. Vincent’s Hospital, Fitzroy, Victoria, 3065, Australia
| | - L. M. Murray-Segal
- Immunology Research Centre, The University of Melbourne, St. Vincent’s Hospital, Fitzroy, Victoria, 3065, Australia
| | - C. Selan
- Immunology Research Centre, The University of Melbourne, St. Vincent’s Hospital, Fitzroy, Victoria, 3065, Australia
| | - S. C. Robson
- Liver Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - A. J. F. d’Apice
- Immunology Research Centre, The University of Melbourne, St. Vincent’s Hospital, Fitzroy, Victoria, 3065, Australia,Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, St. Vincent’s Hospital, Fitzroy, Victoria, 3065, Australia,Corresponding author: Anthony JF d’Apice,
| | - H. H. Nandurkar
- Immunology Research Centre, The University of Melbourne, St. Vincent’s Hospital, Fitzroy, Victoria, 3065, Australia,Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, St. Vincent’s Hospital, Fitzroy, Victoria, 3065, Australia
| | - P. J. Cowan
- Immunology Research Centre, The University of Melbourne, St. Vincent’s Hospital, Fitzroy, Victoria, 3065, Australia,Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, St. Vincent’s Hospital, Fitzroy, Victoria, 3065, Australia
| | - K. M. Dwyer
- Immunology Research Centre, The University of Melbourne, St. Vincent’s Hospital, Fitzroy, Victoria, 3065, Australia,Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, St. Vincent’s Hospital, Fitzroy, Victoria, 3065, Australia
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Liu XL, Zhou R, Pan QQ, Jia XL, Gao WN, Wu J, Lin J, Chen JF. Genetic inactivation of the adenosine A2A receptor attenuates pathologic but not developmental angiogenesis in the mouse retina. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2010; 51:6625-32. [PMID: 20610844 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.09-4900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The adenosine A(2A) receptor (A(2A)R) modulates normal vascularization and pathologic angiogenesis in many tissues and may contribute to the pathogenesis of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) characterized by abnormal retinal vascularization in surviving premature infants. Here, the authors studied the effects of the genetic inactivation of A(2A)R on normal retinal vascularization and the development of pathologic angiogenesis in oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR), an animal model of ROP. METHODS After exposure to 75% oxygen for 5 days (postnatal day [P] 7-P12) and subsequently to room air for the next 9 days (P13-P21), we evaluated retinal vascular morphology by ADPase staining in retinal whole mounts, retinal neovascularization response by histochemistry in serial retinal sections, and retinal VEGF gene expression by real-time PCR analysis in A(2A)R knockout (KO) mice and their wild-type (WT) littermates. RESULTS At P17, A(2A)R KO mice displayed attenuated OIR compared with WT littermates, as evidenced by reduced vaso-obliteration and areas of nonperfusion in the center of the retina, reduced pathologic angiogenesis as evident by decreased non-ganglion cells and neovascular nuclei, and inhibited hypoxia-induced retinal VEGF gene expression. Notably, the attenuation of pathologic angiogenesis by A(2A)R inactivation was selective for OIR because it did not affect normal retinal vascularization during postnatal development. CONCLUSIONS These findings provide the first evidence that A(2A)R is critical for the development of OIR and suggest a novel therapeutic approach of A(2A)R inactivation for ROP by selectively targeting pathologic but not developmental angiogenesis in the retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ling Liu
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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Tang LM, Zhu JF, Wang F, Qian J, Zhu J, Mo Q, Lu HH, Li GQ, Wang XH. Activation of Adenosine A2A Receptor Attenuates Inflammatory Response in a Rat Model of Small-for-Size Liver Transplantation. Transplant Proc 2010; 42:1915-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2010.02.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2009] [Accepted: 02/02/2010] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Beldi G, Banz Y, Kroemer A, Sun X, Wu Y, Graubardt N, Rellstab A, Nowak M, Enjyoji K, Li X, Junger WG, Candinas D, Robson SC. Deletion of CD39 on natural killer cells attenuates hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury in mice. Hepatology 2010; 51:1702-11. [PMID: 20146261 PMCID: PMC2903010 DOI: 10.1002/hep.23510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Natural killer (NK) cells play crucial roles in innate immunity and express CD39 (Ecto-nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase 1 [E-NTPD1]), a rate-limiting ectonucleotidase in the phosphohydrolysis of extracellular nucleotides to adenosine. We have studied the effects of CD39 gene deletion on NK cells in dictating outcomes after partial hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI). We show in mice that gene deletion of CD39 is associated with marked decreases in phosphohydrolysis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and adenosine diphosphate to adenosine monophosphate on NK cells, thereby modulating the type-2 purinergic (P2) receptors demonstrated on these cells. We note that CD39-null mice are protected from acute vascular injury after single-lobe warm IRI, and, relative to control wild-type mice, display significantly less elevation of aminotransferases with less pronounced histopathological changes associated with IRI. Selective adoptive transfers of immune cells into Rag2/common gamma null mice (deficient in T cells, B cells, and NK/NKT cells) suggest that it is CD39 deletion on NK cells that provides end-organ protection, which is comparable to that seen in the absence of interferon gamma. Indeed, NK effector mechanisms such as interferon gamma secretion are inhibited by P2 receptor activation in vitro. Specifically, ATPgammaS (a nonhydrolyzable ATP analog) inhibits secretion of interferon gamma by NK cells in response to interleukin-12 and interleukin-18, providing a mechanistic link between CD39 deletion and altered cytokine secretion. CONCLUSION We propose that CD39 deficiency and changes in P2 receptor activation abrogate secretion of interferon gamma by NK cells in response to inflammatory mediators, thereby limiting tissue damage mediated by these innate immune cells during IRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido Beldi
- Liver Center and Transplantation Institute, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA,Department of Visceral and Transplant Surgery, Inselspital, University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Yara Banz
- Liver Center and Transplantation Institute, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA,Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Kroemer
- Liver Center and Transplantation Institute, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Xiaofeng Sun
- Liver Center and Transplantation Institute, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Yan Wu
- Liver Center and Transplantation Institute, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Nadine Graubardt
- Department of Visceral and Transplant Surgery, Inselspital, University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Alyssa Rellstab
- Department of Visceral and Transplant Surgery, Inselspital, University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Martina Nowak
- Liver Center and Transplantation Institute, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Keiichi Enjyoji
- Liver Center and Transplantation Institute, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Xian Li
- Liver Center and Transplantation Institute, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Wolfgang G. Junger
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Daniel Candinas
- Department of Visceral and Transplant Surgery, Inselspital, University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Simon C. Robson
- Liver Center and Transplantation Institute, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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Gazoni LM, Walters DM, Unger EB, Linden J, Kron IL, Laubach VE. Activation of A1, A2A, or A3 adenosine receptors attenuates lung ischemia-reperfusion injury. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2010; 140:440-6. [PMID: 20398911 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2010.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2009] [Revised: 12/08/2009] [Accepted: 03/01/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Adenosine and the activation of specific adenosine receptors are implicated in the attenuation of inflammation and organ ischemia-reperfusion injury. We hypothesized that activation of A(1), A(2A), or A(3) adenosine receptors would provide protection against lung ischemia-reperfusion injury. METHODS With the use of an isolated, ventilated, blood-perfused rabbit lung model, lungs underwent 18 hours of cold ischemia followed by 2 hours of reperfusion. Lungs were administered vehicle, adenosine, or selective A(1), A(2A), or A(3) receptor agonists (CCPA, ATL-313, or IB-MECA, respectively) alone or with their respective antagonists (DPCPX, ZM241385, or MRS1191) during reperfusion. RESULTS Compared with the vehicle-treated control group, treatment with A(1), A(2A), or A(3) agonists significantly improved function (increased lung compliance and oxygenation and decreased pulmonary artery pressure), decreased neutrophil infiltration by myeloperoxidase activity, decreased edema, and reduced tumor necrosis factor-alpha production. Adenosine treatment was also protective, but not to the level of the agonists. When each agonist was paired with its respective antagonist, all protective effects were blocked. The A(2A) agonist reduced pulmonary artery pressure and myeloperoxidase activity and increased oxygenation to a greater degree than the A(1) or A(3) agonists. CONCLUSION Selective activation of A(1), A(2A), or A(3) adenosine receptors provides significant protection against lung ischemia-reperfusion injury. The decreased elaboration of the potent proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-alpha and decreased neutrophil sequestration likely contribute to the overall improvement in pulmonary function. These results provide evidence for the therapeutic potential of specific adenosine receptor agonists in lung transplant recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leo M Gazoni
- Department of Surgery, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
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Dai SS, Li W, An JH, Wang H, Yang N, Chen XY, Zhao Y, Li P, Liu P, Chen JF, Zhou YG. Adenosine A2A receptors in both bone marrow cells and non-bone marrow cells contribute to traumatic brain injury. J Neurochem 2010; 113:1536-44. [PMID: 20367749 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2010.06716.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine A2A receptors (A(2A)Rs) in bone marrow-derived cells (BMDCs) are involved in regulation of inflammation and outcome in several CNS injuries; however their relative contribution to traumatic brain injury (TBI) is unknown. In this study, we created a mouse cortical impact model, and BMDC A(2A)Rs were selectively inactivated in wild-type (WT) mice or reconstituted in global A(2A)R knockout (KO) mice (i.e. inactivation of non-BMDC A(2A)Rs) by bone marrow transplantation. When compared with WT mice, selective inactivation of BMDC A(2A)Rs significantly attenuated the neurological deficits, brain water content and cell apoptosis at 24 h post-TBI as global A(2A)R KO did. However, compared with the A(2A)R KO mice, selective reconstitution of BMDC A(2A)Rs failed to reinstate brain injury, indicating the contribution of the non-BMDC A(2A)R to TBI. Furthermore, the protective outcome by selective inactivation of BMDC A(2A)R or broad inactivation of non-BMDC A(2A)Rs was accompanied with reduced CSF glutamate level and suppression of the inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1, or interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha. These findings demonstrate that inactivation of A(2A)Rs in either BMDCs or non-BMDCs is sufficient to confer the protective effect as global A(2A)R KO against TBI, indicating the A(2A)R involvement in TBI by multiple cellular mechanisms of A(2A)R involvement including inhibition of glutamate release and inflammatory cytokine expressions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang-Shuang Dai
- The Molecular Biology Center, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Research Institute of Surgery and Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Hart ML, Gorzolla IC, Schittenhelm J, Robson SC, Eltzschig HK. SP1-dependent induction of CD39 facilitates hepatic ischemic preconditioning. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 184:4017-24. [PMID: 20207994 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0901851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI) of the liver is an important cause of hepatic dysfunction. Ischemic preconditioning (IP) is associated with adenosine-mediated tissue protection from subsequent IRI. Extracellular nucleotides (e.g., ATP) represent the main source for extracellular adenosine. Therefore, we hypothesized that phosphohydrolysis of ATP/ADP via the ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase-1 (CD39), conversion of ATP/ADP to AMP, mediates IP-dependent liver protection. We found that hepatic IP was associated with significant induction of CD39 transcript, heightened protein expression, and improved outcomes after IRI. Targeted gene deletion or pharmacological inhibition of CD39 abolished hepatoprotection by IP as measured by serum markers of liver injury or histology. Therapeutic studies to mimic IP with i.p. apyrase (a soluble ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase, NTPDase) in the absence of IP attenuated hepatic injury after IRI. In additional in vivo studies, small interfering RNA treatment was used to achieve repression of the transcription factor Sp1, known to be implicated in CD39 transcriptional regulation. In fact, Sp1 small interfering RNA treatment was associated with attenuated CD39 induction and increased hepatic injury in vivo. Our data suggest a Sp1-dependent regulatory pathway for CD39 during hepatic IP. These studies reveal a novel role of CD39 in hepatic protection and suggest soluble apyrase for the treatment of liver ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie L Hart
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
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Adenosine A2A receptor activation on CD4+ T lymphocytes and neutrophils attenuates lung ischemia-reperfusion injury. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2009; 139:474-82. [PMID: 19909990 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2009.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2009] [Revised: 06/15/2009] [Accepted: 08/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Adenosine A(2A) receptor activation potently attenuates lung ischemia-reperfusion injury. This study tests the hypothesis that adenosine A(2A) receptor activation attenuates ischemia-reperfusion injury by inhibiting CD4+ T cell activation and subsequent neutrophil infiltration. METHODS An in vivo model of lung ischemia-reperfusion injury was used. C57BL/6 mice were assigned to either sham group (left thoracotomy) or 7 study groups that underwent ischemia-reperfusion (1 hour of left hilar occlusion plus 2 hours of reperfusion). ATL313, a selective adenosine A(2A) receptor agonist, was administered 5 minutes before reperfusion with or without antibody depletion of neutrophils or CD4+ T cells. After reperfusion, the following was measured: pulmonary function using an isolated, buffer-perfused lung system, T cell infiltration by immunohistochemistry, myeloperoxidase and proinflammatory cytokine/chemokine levels in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, lung wet/dry weight, and microvascular permeability. RESULTS ATL313 significantly improved pulmonary function and reduced edema and microvascular permeability after ischemia-reperfusion compared with control. Immunohistochemistry and myeloperoxidase content demonstrated significantly reduced infiltration of neutrophils and CD4+ T cells after ischemia-reperfusion in ATL313-treated mice. Although CD4+ T cell-depleted and neutrophil-depleted mice displayed significantly reduced lung injury, no additional protection occurred when ATL313 was administered to these mice. Expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin 17, KC, monocyte chemotactic protein-1, macrophage inflammatory protein-1, and RANTES were significantly reduced in neutrophil- and CD4+ T cell-depleted mice and reduced further by ATL313 only in neutrophil-depleted mice. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate that CD4+ T cells play a key role in mediating lung inflammation after ischemia-reperfusion. ATL313 likely exerts its protective effect largely through activation of adenosine A(2A) receptors on CD4+ T cells and neutrophils.
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Lau CL, Zhao Y, Kron IL, Stoler MH, Laubach VE, Ailawadi G, Linden J. The role of adenosine A2A receptor signaling in bronchiolitis obliterans. Ann Thorac Surg 2009; 88:1071-8. [PMID: 19766783 DOI: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2009.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2009] [Revised: 06/12/2009] [Accepted: 06/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Binding of adenosine to the anti-inflammatory Gs-coupled adenosine 2A receptor (A(2A)R) inhibits the activity of most inflammatory cells. Extensive preclinical evidence exists for the use of A(2A)R agonists in the prevention of acute ischemia-reperfusion injury. Activation of A(2A)Rs on lymphocytes and antigen-presenting cells also attenuates the alloimmune response. Because ischemia-reperfusion injury and alloimmunity are risk factors for the development of bronchiolitis obliterans (BO), the objective of this study was to determine the effect of A(2A)R signaling on tracheal rejection in a mouse model of BO. METHODS A non-revascularized heterotopic tracheal model across a total alloantigenic mismatch was used to study A(2A)R signaling in a mouse model of BO. Tracheal transplants were performed using Balb/c donors into wild-type or A(2A)R knockout C57BL/6 recipient mice. Another group of Balb/c transplants into C57BL/6 recipients were also treated with a selective A(2A)R agonist. Tracheas were assessed at 3, 7, 12, 21, and 28 days after transplantation by hematoxylin and eosin staining, immunohistochemical staining, and collagen staining. RESULTS Compared with allograft tracheas in wild-type recipients, allografts in A(2A)R knockout recipients had increased inflammation and more severe BO development. Recipient wild-type mice treated with a selective A(2A)R agonist were significantly protected from lymphocyte infiltration and luminal occlusion, but fibro-obliteration still developed by 28 days after transplantation. CONCLUSIONS Endogenous adenosine signals through the A(2A)R to attenuate inflammatory and immune factors involved in BO development. Synthetic A(2A)R agonists may provide a novel treatment strategy to prevent BO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine L Lau
- Department of Surgery, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.
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Sharma AK, Linden J, Kron IL, Laubach VE. Protection from pulmonary ischemia-reperfusion injury by adenosine A2A receptor activation. Respir Res 2009; 10:58. [PMID: 19558673 PMCID: PMC2711962 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-10-58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2009] [Accepted: 06/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lung ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury leads to significant morbidity and mortality which remains a major obstacle after lung transplantation. However, the role of various subset(s) of lung cell populations in the pathogenesis of lung IR injury and the mechanisms of cellular protection remain to be elucidated. In the present study, we investigated the effects of adenosine A2A receptor (A2AAR) activation on resident lung cells after IR injury using an isolated, buffer-perfused murine lung model. Methods To assess the protective effects of A2AAR activation, three groups of C57BL/6J mice were studied: a sham group (perfused for 2 hr with no ischemia), an IR group (1 hr ischemia + 1 hr reperfusion) and an IR+ATL313 group where ATL313, a specific A2AAR agonist, was included in the reperfusion buffer after ischemia. Lung injury parameters and pulmonary function studies were also performed after IR injury in A2AAR knockout mice, with or without ATL313 pretreatment. Lung function was assessed using a buffer-perfused isolated lung system. Lung injury was measured by assessing lung edema, vascular permeability, cytokine/chemokine activation and myeloperoxidase levels in the bronchoalveolar fluid. Results After IR, lungs from C57BL/6J wild-type mice displayed significant dysfunction (increased airway resistance, pulmonary artery pressure and decreased pulmonary compliance) and significant injury (increased vascular permeability and edema). Lung injury and dysfunction after IR were significantly attenuated by ATL313 treatment. Significant induction of TNF-α, KC (CXCL1), MIP-2 (CXCL2) and RANTES (CCL5) occurred after IR which was also attenuated by ATL313 treatment. Lungs from A2AAR knockout mice also displayed significant dysfunction, injury and cytokine/chemokine production after IR, but ATL313 had no effect in these mice. Conclusion Specific activation of A2AARs provides potent protection against lung IR injury via attenuation of inflammation. This protection occurs in the absence of circulating blood thereby indicating a protective role of A2AAR activation on resident lung cells such as alveolar macrophages. Specific A2AAR activation may be a promising therapeutic target for the prevention or treatment of pulmonary graft dysfunction in transplant patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish K Sharma
- Department of Surgery, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.
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Haskó G, Linden J, Cronstein B, Pacher P. Adenosine receptors: therapeutic aspects for inflammatory and immune diseases. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2009; 7:759-70. [PMID: 18758473 DOI: 10.1038/nrd2638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 880] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine is a key endogenous molecule that regulates tissue function by activating four G-protein-coupled adenosine receptors: A1, A2A, A2B and A3. Cells of the immune system express these receptors and are responsive to the modulatory effects of adenosine in an inflammatory environment. Animal models of asthma, ischaemia, arthritis, sepsis, inflammatory bowel disease and wound healing have helped to elucidate the regulatory roles of the various adenosine receptors in dictating the development and progression of disease. This recent heightened awareness of the role of adenosine in the control of immune and inflammatory systems has generated excitement regarding the potential use of adenosine-receptor-based therapies in the treatment of infection, autoimmunity, ischaemia and degenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- György Haskó
- Department of Surgery, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey-New Jersey Medical School, 185 South Orange Avenue, Newark, New Jersey 07103, USA.
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Fraser CC. G protein-coupled receptor connectivity to NF-kappaB in inflammation and cancer. Int Rev Immunol 2009; 27:320-50. [PMID: 18853342 DOI: 10.1080/08830180802262765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Complex intracellular network interactions regulate gene expression and cellular behavior. Whether at the site of inflammation or within a tumor, individual cells are exposed to a plethora of signals. The transcription factor nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) regulates genes that control key cellular activities involved in inflammatory diseases and cancer. NF-kappaB is regulated by several distinct signaling pathways that may be activated individually or simultaneously. Multiple ligands and heterologous cell-cell interactions have an impact on NF-kappaB activity. The G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) superfamily makes up the largest class of transmembrane receptors in the human genome and has multiple molecularly distinct natural ligands. GPCRs regulate proliferation, differentiation, and chemotaxis and play a major role in inflammatory diseases and cancer. Both GPCRs and NF-kappaB have been, and continue to be, major targets for drug discovery. A clear understanding of network interactions between GPCR signaling pathways and those that control NF-kB may be valuable for the development of better drugs and drug combinations.
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