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Bezemer RE, Faas MM, van Goor H, Gordijn SJ, Prins JR. Decidual macrophages and Hofbauer cells in fetal growth restriction. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1379537. [PMID: 39007150 PMCID: PMC11239338 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1379537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Placental macrophages, which include maternal decidual macrophages and fetal Hofbauer cells, display a high degree of phenotypical and functional plasticity. This provides these macrophages with a key role in immunologically driven events in pregnancy like host defense, establishing and maintaining maternal-fetal tolerance. Moreover, placental macrophages have an important role in placental development, including implantation of the conceptus and remodeling of the intrauterine vasculature. To facilitate these processes, it is crucial that placental macrophages adapt accordingly to the needs of each phase of pregnancy. Dysregulated functionalities of placental macrophages are related to placental malfunctioning and have been associated with several adverse pregnancy outcomes. Although fetal growth restriction is specifically associated with placental insufficiency, knowledge on the role of macrophages in fetal growth restriction remains limited. This review provides an overview of the distinct functionalities of decidual macrophages and Hofbauer cells in each trimester of a healthy pregnancy and aims to elucidate the mechanisms by which placental macrophages could be involved in the pathogenesis of fetal growth restriction. Additionally, potential immune targeted therapies for fetal growth restriction are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romy Elisa Bezemer
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Marijke M Faas
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Harry van Goor
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Sanne Jehanne Gordijn
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Jelmer R Prins
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
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2
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Chen Y, Ye Z, Lin M, Zhu L, Xu L, Wang X. Deciphering the Epigenetic Landscape: Placental Development and Its Role in Pregnancy Outcomes. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2024; 20:996-1014. [PMID: 38457061 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-024-10699-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
The placenta stands out as a unique, transitory, and multifaceted organ, essential to the optimal growth and maturation of the fetus. Functioning as a vital nexus between the maternal and fetal circulatory systems, it oversees the critical exchange of nutrients and waste. This exchange is facilitated by placental cells, known as trophoblasts, which adeptly invade and remodel uterine blood vessels. Deviations in placental development underpin a slew of pregnancy complications, notably fetal growth restriction (FGR), preeclampsia (PE), recurrent spontaneous abortions (RSA), and preterm birth. Central to placental function and development is epigenetic regulation. Despite its importance, the intricate mechanisms by which epigenetics influence the placenta are not entirely elucidated. Recently, the scientific community has turned its focus to parsing out the epigenetic alterations during placental development, such as variations in promoter DNA methylation, genomic imprints, and shifts in non-coding RNA expression. By establishing correlations between epigenetic shifts in the placenta and pregnancy complications, researchers are unearthing invaluable insights into the biology and pathophysiology of these conditions. This review seeks to synthesize the latest findings on placental epigenetic regulation, spotlighting its crucial role in shaping fetal growth trajectories and development. Through this lens, we underscore the overarching significance of the placenta in the larger narrative of gestational health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujia Chen
- Medical Research Center, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine for Obstetrics & Gynecology and Pediatrics, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
- National Health Commission (NHC), Key Laboratory of Technical Evaluation of Fertility Regulation for Non-Human Primate, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zhoujie Ye
- Medical Research Center, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine for Obstetrics & Gynecology and Pediatrics, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
- National Health Commission (NHC), Key Laboratory of Technical Evaluation of Fertility Regulation for Non-Human Primate, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Meijia Lin
- Department of Pathology, Fujian Medical University Cancer Hospital, Fujian Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Liping Zhu
- Medical Research Center, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine for Obstetrics & Gynecology and Pediatrics, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
- National Health Commission (NHC), Key Laboratory of Technical Evaluation of Fertility Regulation for Non-Human Primate, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Liangpu Xu
- Medical Genetic Diagnosis and Therapy Center of Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine for Obstetrics and Gynecology and Pediatrics, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Prenatal Diagnosis and Birth Defect, Fuzhou, China.
| | - Xinrui Wang
- Medical Research Center, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine for Obstetrics & Gynecology and Pediatrics, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.
- National Health Commission (NHC), Key Laboratory of Technical Evaluation of Fertility Regulation for Non-Human Primate, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Fuzhou, China.
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Ravelojaona M, Girouard J, Kana Tsapi ES, Chambers M, Vaillancourt C, Van Themsche C, Thornton CA, Reyes-Moreno C. Oncostatin M and STAT3 Signaling Pathways Support Human Trophoblast Differentiation by Inhibiting Inflammatory Stress in Response to IFNγ and GM-CSF. Cells 2024; 13:229. [PMID: 38334621 PMCID: PMC10854549 DOI: 10.3390/cells13030229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-6 (IL-6) superfamily cytokines play critical roles during human pregnancy by promoting trophoblast differentiation, invasion, and endocrine function, and maintaining embryo immunotolerance and protection. In contrast, the unbalanced activity of pro-inflammatory factors such as interferon gamma (IFNγ) and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) at the maternal-fetal interface have detrimental effects on trophoblast function and differentiation. This study demonstrates how the IL-6 cytokine family member oncostatin M (OSM) and STAT3 activation regulate trophoblast fusion and endocrine function in response to pro-inflammatory stress induced by IFNγ and GM-CSF. Using human cytotrophoblast-like BeWo (CT/BW) cells, differentiated in villous syncytiotrophoblast (VST/BW) cells, we show that beta-human chorionic gonadotrophin (βhCG) production and cell fusion process are affected in response to IFNγ or GM-CSF. However, those effects are abrogated with OSM by modulating the activation of IFNγ-STAT1 and GM-CSF-STAT5 signaling pathways. OSM stimulation enhances the expression of STAT3, the phosphorylation of STAT3 and SMAD2, and the induction of negative regulators of inflammation (e.g., IL-10 and TGFβ1) and cytokine signaling (e.g., SOCS1 and SOCS3). Using STAT3-deficient VST/BW cells, we show that STAT3 expression is required for OSM to regulate the effects of IFNγ in βhCG and E-cadherin expression. In contrast, OSM retains its modulatory effect on GM-CSF-STAT5 pathway activation even in STAT3-deficient VST/BW cells, suggesting that OSM uses STAT3-dependent and -independent mechanisms to modulate the activation of pro-inflammatory pathways IFNγ-STAT1 and GM-CSF-STAT5. Moreover, STAT3 deficiency in VST/BW cells leads to the production of both a large amount of βhCG and an enhanced expression of activated STAT5 induced by GM-CSF, independently of OSM, suggesting a key role for STAT3 in βhCG production and trophoblast differentiation through STAT5 modulation. In conclusion, our study describes for the first time the critical role played by OSM and STAT3 signaling pathways to preserve and regulate trophoblast biological functions during inflammatory stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Ravelojaona
- Groupe de Recherche en Signalisation Cellulaire (GRSC), Département de Biologie Médicale, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 3351 Boul. des Forges, Trois-Rivières, QC G8Z 4M3, Canada
- Centre de Recherche Interuniversitaire en Reproduction et Développement-Réseau Québécois en Reproduction (CIRD-RQR), Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada;
- Regroupement Intersectoriel de Recherche en Santé de l’Université du Québec (RISUQ), Université du Québec, Québec, QC G1K 9H7, Canada
| | - Julie Girouard
- Groupe de Recherche en Signalisation Cellulaire (GRSC), Département de Biologie Médicale, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 3351 Boul. des Forges, Trois-Rivières, QC G8Z 4M3, Canada
- Centre de Recherche Interuniversitaire en Reproduction et Développement-Réseau Québécois en Reproduction (CIRD-RQR), Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada;
- Regroupement Intersectoriel de Recherche en Santé de l’Université du Québec (RISUQ), Université du Québec, Québec, QC G1K 9H7, Canada
| | - Emmanuelle Stella Kana Tsapi
- Groupe de Recherche en Signalisation Cellulaire (GRSC), Département de Biologie Médicale, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 3351 Boul. des Forges, Trois-Rivières, QC G8Z 4M3, Canada
| | | | - Cathy Vaillancourt
- Centre de Recherche Interuniversitaire en Reproduction et Développement-Réseau Québécois en Reproduction (CIRD-RQR), Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada;
- Regroupement Intersectoriel de Recherche en Santé de l’Université du Québec (RISUQ), Université du Québec, Québec, QC G1K 9H7, Canada
- Centre Armand Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS), Laval, QC H7V 1B7, Canada
| | - Céline Van Themsche
- Groupe de Recherche en Signalisation Cellulaire (GRSC), Département de Biologie Médicale, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 3351 Boul. des Forges, Trois-Rivières, QC G8Z 4M3, Canada
- Centre de Recherche Interuniversitaire en Reproduction et Développement-Réseau Québécois en Reproduction (CIRD-RQR), Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada;
- Regroupement Intersectoriel de Recherche en Santé de l’Université du Québec (RISUQ), Université du Québec, Québec, QC G1K 9H7, Canada
| | | | - Carlos Reyes-Moreno
- Groupe de Recherche en Signalisation Cellulaire (GRSC), Département de Biologie Médicale, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 3351 Boul. des Forges, Trois-Rivières, QC G8Z 4M3, Canada
- Centre de Recherche Interuniversitaire en Reproduction et Développement-Réseau Québécois en Reproduction (CIRD-RQR), Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada;
- Regroupement Intersectoriel de Recherche en Santé de l’Université du Québec (RISUQ), Université du Québec, Québec, QC G1K 9H7, Canada
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Kolac UK, Donmez Yalcin G, Karayel R, Yalcin A. The role of protein kinase R in placental inflammation, mtUPR and apoptosis. Placenta 2023; 139:200-211. [PMID: 37463546 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2023.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Placental inflammation is implicated in the pathophysiology of many pregnancy complications, including fetal growth restriction, preeclampsia, gestational diabetes, and choriocarcinoma. Mitochondrial dysfunction, one of the outcomes of placental inflammation, is characterized by loss of membrane potential, accumulation of oxygen radicals, mitochondrial protein folding defects, and disturbances in mitochondrial dynamics. Protein kinase R (PKR) is stimulated by double-stranded RNA and bacterial endotoxins in the presence of pathogens and is a critical immune response enzyme. PKR is also correlated with the cell death response during endoplasmic reticulum stress. In this study, we aim to investigate the effects of PKR activity stimulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and double-stranded RNA analog (Poly I:C) on mitochondrial unfolded protein response (mtUPR), mitochondrial membrane potential, apoptosis, and oxidative stress in placental trophoblasts. METHODS We applied LPS and Poly I:C to BeWo cells to induce PKR activation. In addition, cells were treated with 2-aminopurine (2-AP) to inhibit the kinase activity of PKR. Protein levels of ATP-dependent Clp protease proteolytic subunit (CLPP) and heat shock protein 60 (HSP60) were determined after treatments. Apoptotic markers were detected by real-time PCR and flow cytometry. PKR-induced reactive oxygen radicals (ROS) accumulation and mitochondrial membrane potential change were assessed by flow cytometry. RESULTS It was determined that PKR activation-induced apoptosis in BeWo cells by reducing the levels of mtUPR proteins (CLPP and HSP60) and caused a decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential. PKR inhibition was sufficient for decreases in apoptotic markers and caused a reduction in the ratio of depolarized and ROS (+) cells. DISCUSSION Our results showed that LPS and Poly I:C administration stimulated PKR in BeWo cells in vitro. Furthermore, PKR activation is correlated with the levels of proteins involved in mitochondrial homeostasis and apoptosis. Our findings will contribute to understanding the role of PKR activation in placental inflammation and related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umut Kerem Kolac
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Aydin Adnan Menderes University, Aydin, Turkey
| | - Gizem Donmez Yalcin
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Aydin Adnan Menderes University, Aydin, Turkey
| | - Ramazan Karayel
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Aydin Adnan Menderes University, Aydin, Turkey
| | - Abdullah Yalcin
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Aydin Adnan Menderes University, Aydin, Turkey.
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5
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Zhang Y, Liu Z, Sun H. Fetal-maternal interactions during pregnancy: a 'three-in-one' perspective. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1198430. [PMID: 37350956 PMCID: PMC10282753 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1198430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
A successful human pregnancy requires the maternal immune system to recognize and tolerate the semi-allogeneic fetus, allowing for appropriate trophoblasts invasion and protecting the fetus from invading pathogens. Therefore, maternal immunity is critical for the establishment and maintenance of pregnancy, especially at the maternal-fetal interface. Anatomically, the maternal-fetal interface has both maternally- and fetally- derived cells, including fetal originated trophoblasts and maternal derived immune cells and stromal cells. Besides, a commensal microbiota in the uterus was supposed to aid the unique immunity in pregnancy. The appropriate crosstalk between fetal derived and maternal originated cells and uterine microbiota are critical for normal pregnancy. Dysfunctional maternal-fetal interactions might be associated with the development of pregnancy complications. This review elaborates the latest knowledge on the interactions between trophoblasts and decidual immune cells, highlighting their critical roles in maternal-fetal tolerance and pregnancy development. We also characterize the role of commensal bacteria in promoting pregnancy progression. Furthermore, this review may provide new thought on future basic research and the development of clinical applications for pregnancy complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghong Zhang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine and Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhaozhao Liu
- Reproduction Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of ZhengZhou University, ZhengZhou, China
| | - Haixiang Sun
- Center for Reproductive Medicine and Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
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Maxwell A, Adzibolosu N, Hu A, You Y, Stemmer PM, Ruden DM, Petriello MC, Sadagurski M, Debarba LK, Koshko L, Ramadoss J, Nguyen AT, Richards D, Liao A, Mor G, Ding J. Intrinsic sexual dimorphism in the placenta determines the differential response to benzene exposure. iScience 2023; 26:106287. [PMID: 37153445 PMCID: PMC10156617 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Maternal immune activation (MIA) by environmental challenges is linked to severe developmental complications, such as neurocognitive disorders, autism, and even fetal/maternal death. Benzene is a major toxic compound in air pollution that affects the mother as well as the fetus and has been associated with reproductive complications. Our objective was to elucidate whether benzene exposure during gestation triggers MIA and its impact on fetal development. We report that benzene exposure during pregnancy leads MIA associated with increased fetal resorptions, fetal growth, and abnormal placenta development. Furthermore, we demonstrate the existence of a sexual dimorphic response to benzene exposure in male and female placentas. The sexual dimorphic response is a consequence of inherent differences between male and female placenta. These data provide crucial information on the origins or sexual dimorphism and how exposure to environmental factors can have a differential impact on the development of male and female offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Maxwell
- C.S Mott Center for Human Growth and Development, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Nicholas Adzibolosu
- C.S Mott Center for Human Growth and Development, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Anna Hu
- C.S Mott Center for Human Growth and Development, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Yuan You
- C.S Mott Center for Human Growth and Development, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Paul M. Stemmer
- Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Douglas M. Ruden
- C.S Mott Center for Human Growth and Development, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Michael C. Petriello
- Institute of Environmental Health Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Marianna Sadagurski
- Department of Biological Sciences, Integrative Biosciences Center, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Lucas K. Debarba
- Department of Biological Sciences, Integrative Biosciences Center, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Lisa Koshko
- Department of Biological Sciences, Integrative Biosciences Center, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Jayanth Ramadoss
- C.S Mott Center for Human Growth and Development, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | | | - Darby Richards
- School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Aihua Liao
- Institute of Reproductive Health, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, PR China
| | - Gil Mor
- C.S Mott Center for Human Growth and Development, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Jiahui Ding
- C.S Mott Center for Human Growth and Development, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
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Motomura K, Hara M, Ito I, Morita H, Matsumoto K. Roles of human trophoblasts' pattern recognition receptors in host defense and pregnancy complications. J Reprod Immunol 2023; 156:103811. [PMID: 36669386 DOI: 10.1016/j.jri.2023.103811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The immune system in pregnancy is able to protect pregnant mothers and fetuses from pathogenic microorganisms even while permitting the mother to tolerate the semi-allogenic fetus. Trophoblasts, which are fetal-derived placental cells, play a central role on both sides of this duality at the maternal-fetal interface. In brief, the trophoblasts express pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and are involved in the local innate immune response in the placenta. That response eliminates pathogenic microbes but also causes tissue damage. In this review, we summarize the research findings to date regarding the roles of those human trophoblast PRRs. Multiple types of PRRs (Toll-like receptors, Nod-like receptors, and RIG-I-like receptors) are expressed in the placenta and on trophoblasts. Trophoblasts' PRRs participate in protecting the fetus against viruses, bacteria, and parasites by triggering production of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines in the placenta. On the negative side, PRR signaling in trophoblasts can also initiate inflammation and trophoblast cell death, which can lead to placental inflammation-associated pregnancy complications such as preeclampsia, anti-phospholipid antibody syndrome, and miscarriage. Further elucidation of these dual roles of trophoblasts' PRRs may shed light on the mechanisms by which fetuses are protected against congenital infections and also give us a better understanding of the etiologies of pregnancy complications, which can help us prevent/reduce adverse prenatal/neonatal outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichiro Motomura
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan; Center for Maternal-Fetal, Neonatal and Reproductive Medicine, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan.
| | - Mariko Hara
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan; Department of Otorhinolaryngology, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
| | - Ikuyo Ito
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan; Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Kanagawa 236-0004, Japan
| | - Hideaki Morita
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan; Allergy Center, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
| | - Kenji Matsumoto
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan.
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8
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Rosini AM, Teixeira SC, Milian ICB, Silva RJ, de Souza G, Luz LC, Gomes AO, Mineo JR, Mineo TWP, Ferro EAV, Barbosa BF. LPS-mediated activation of TLR4 controls Toxoplasma gondii growth in human trophoblast cell (BeWo) and human villous explants in a dependent-manner of TRIF, MyD88, NF-κB and cytokines. Tissue Cell 2022; 78:101907. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2022.101907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Endowing universal CAR T-cell with immune-evasive properties using TALEN-gene editing. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3453. [PMID: 35773273 PMCID: PMC9247096 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30896-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Universal CAR T-cell therapies are poised to revolutionize cancer treatment and to improve patient outcomes. However, realizing these advantages in an allogeneic setting requires universal CAR T-cells that can kill target tumor cells, avoid depletion by the host immune system, and proliferate without attacking host tissues. Here, we describe the development of a novel immune-evasive universal CAR T-cells scaffold using precise TALEN-mediated gene editing and DNA matrices vectorized by recombinant adeno-associated virus 6. We simultaneously disrupt and repurpose the endogenous TRAC and B2M loci to generate TCRαβ- and HLA-ABC-deficient T-cells expressing the CAR construct and the NK-inhibitor named HLA-E. This highly efficient gene editing process enables the engineered T-cells to evade NK cell and alloresponsive T-cell attacks and extend their persistence and antitumor activity in the presence of cytotoxic levels of NK cell in vivo and in vitro, respectively. This scaffold could enable the broad use of universal CAR T-cells in allogeneic settings and holds great promise for clinical applications.
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10
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Understanding the Immune System in Fetal Protection and Maternal Infections during Pregnancy. J Immunol Res 2022; 2022:7567708. [PMID: 35785037 PMCID: PMC9249541 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7567708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The fetal-maternal immune system determines the fate of pregnancy. The trophoblast cells not only give an active response against external stimuli but are also involved in secreting most of the cytokines. These cells have an essential function in fetal acceptance or fetal rejection. Other immune cells also play a pivotal role in carrying out a successful pregnancy. The disruption in this mechanism may lead to harmful effects on pregnancy. The placenta serves as an immune barrier in fetus protection against invading pathogens. Once the infections prevail, they may localize in placental and fetal tissues, and the presence of inflammation due to cytokines may have detrimental effects on pregnancy. Moreover, some pathogens are responsible for congenital fetal anomalies and affect almost all organs of the developing fetus. This review article is designed to address the bacterial and viral infections that threaten pregnancy and their possible outcomes. Moreover, training of the fetal immune system against the exposure of infections and the role of CD49a + NK cells in embryonic development will also be highlighted.
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11
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Fendereski M, Neupane B, Nazneen F, Bai F, Guo YL. Mouse Trophoblast Cells Can Provide IFN-Based Antiviral Protection to Embryonic Stem Cells via Paracrine Signaling. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2022; 208:2761-2770. [PMID: 35649628 PMCID: PMC9308691 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The blastocyst is the preimplantation stage embryo that consists of two major components: the inner cell mass (ICM) and the trophectoderm (TE). The ICM gives rise to the fetus and some extraembryonic tissues whereas the TE contributes to development of the placenta. Previous studies have demonstrated that both human and mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs) derived from the ICM are deficient in expressing type I IFNs in response to viral infection. In this study, we investigated the IFN response in mouse trophoblast stem cells (TSCs) and their in vitro differentiated trophoblasts (TSC-TBs). In this study, we report that, unlike ESCs, TSCs have a functional IFN system. They can express type I IFNs in response to viral stimuli and express IFN-stimulated genes in response to type I IFNs. TSC-TBs have a further developed IFN system and acquired the ability to express specialized type III IFN-λ. Furthermore, TSCs and TSC-TBs can provide ESCs with antiviral activity against Chikungunya, West Nile, and Zika virus infection, as demonstrated with a novel coculture model that simulates the temporal and spatial relationship between the ICM and the TE in a blastocyst. Taken together, our data demonstrate that mouse ESCs can respond to type I IFNs and gain IFN-based antiviral protection from TSCs and TSC-TBs via paracrine signaling mechanisms even though they themselves are unable to express type I IFNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Fendereski
- Cell and Molecular Biology Program, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS
| | - Biswas Neupane
- Cell and Molecular Biology Program, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS
| | - Farzana Nazneen
- Cell and Molecular Biology Program, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS
| | - Fengwei Bai
- Cell and Molecular Biology Program, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS
| | - Yan-Lin Guo
- Cell and Molecular Biology Program, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS
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12
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Ding J, Maxwell A, Adzibolosu N, Hu A, You Y, Liao A, Mor G. Mechanisms of immune regulation by the placenta: Role of type I interferon and interferon‐stimulated genes signaling during pregnancy*. Immunol Rev 2022; 308:9-24. [DOI: 10.1111/imr.13077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Ding
- C.S Mott Center for Human Growth and Development Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Wayne State University Detroit Michigan USA
| | - Anthony Maxwell
- C.S Mott Center for Human Growth and Development Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Wayne State University Detroit Michigan USA
- Department of Physiology Wayne State University Detroit Michigan USA
| | - Nicholas Adzibolosu
- C.S Mott Center for Human Growth and Development Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Wayne State University Detroit Michigan USA
- Department of Physiology Wayne State University Detroit Michigan USA
| | - Anna Hu
- C.S Mott Center for Human Growth and Development Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Wayne State University Detroit Michigan USA
| | - Yuan You
- C.S Mott Center for Human Growth and Development Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Wayne State University Detroit Michigan USA
| | - Aihua Liao
- Institute of Reproductive Health Center for Reproductive Medicine Tongji Medical College Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China
| | - Gil Mor
- C.S Mott Center for Human Growth and Development Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Wayne State University Detroit Michigan USA
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13
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Atli MO, Hitit M, Özbek M, Köse M, Bozkaya F. Cell-Specific Expression Pattern of Toll-Like Receptors and Their Roles in Animal Reproduction. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2022; 276:65-93. [PMID: 35434748 DOI: 10.1007/164_2022_584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs), a part of the innate immune system, have critical roles in protection against infections and involve in basic pathology and physiology. Secreted molecules from the body or pathogens could be a ligand for induction of the TLR system. There are many immune and non-immune types of cells that express at a least single TLR on their surface or cytoplasm. Those cells may be a player in a defense system or in the physiological regulation mechanisms. Reproductive tract and organs contain different types of cells that have essential functions such as hormone production, providing an environment for embryo/fetus, germ cell production, etc. Although lower parts of reproductive organs are in a relationship with outsider contaminants (bacteria, viruses, etc.), upper parts should be sterile to provide a healthy pregnancy and germ cell production. In those areas, TLRs bear controller or regulator roles. In this chapter, we will provide current information about physiological functions of TLR in the cells of the reproductive organs and tract, and especially about their roles in follicle selection, maturation, follicular atresia, ovulation, corpus luteum (CL) formation and regression, establishment and maintenance of pregnancy, sperm production, maturation, capacitation as well as the relationship between TLR polymorphism and reproduction in domestic animals. We will also discuss pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)-induced TLRs that involve in reproductive inflammation/pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Osman Atli
- Department of Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Harran University, Şanlıurfa, Turkey.
| | - Mustafa Hitit
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kastamonu University, Kastamonu, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Özbek
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mehmet Akif Ersoy University, Burdur, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Köse
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Dicle University, Diyarbakır, Turkey
| | - Faruk Bozkaya
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Harran University, Sanlıurfa, Turkey
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14
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DeSpenza RA, Jones DM, Chamley LW, Abrahams VM. Antiphospholipid antibody-induced trophoblast responses are differentially modulated by viral dsRNA and viral ssRNA. Am J Reprod Immunol 2021; 87:e13516. [PMID: 34904767 DOI: 10.1111/aji.13516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM Women with antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL) are at increased risk for pregnancy loss and preeclampsia. aPL target the trophoblast and induce a pro-inflammatory, anti-angiogenic and anti-migratory profile. Since infection during pregnancy can increase the risk for preeclampsia, a viral infection could further increase this in women with aPL. The goal of this study was to characterize the effect of viral components on trophoblast responses to aPL. METHOD OF STUDY A human first trimester trophoblast cell line was treated with or without aPL or control IgG in the presence of media, viral dsRNA or viral ssRNA. Supernatants were measured for inflammatory IL-1β and IL-8; inflammasome-associated uric acid and caspase-1 activity; and anti-angiogenic sFlt-1. Trophoblast migration was measured using a two-chamber assay. RESULTS Viral dsRNA augmented aPL-induced trophoblast caspase-1 activity, and IL-1β and IL-8 secretion in an additive manner. Viral ssRNA inhibited aPL-induced uric acid, IL-1β and sFlt-1 secretion, and further exacerbated aPL-inhibition of trophoblast migration. CONCLUSION While viral ssRNA may have some protective effects on aPL-induced inflammation and anti-angiogenic responses, viral dsRNA exacerbated aPL-mediated inflammation and viral ssRNA further limited cell migration, which could prove detrimental to placentation. Thus, viral infections may contribute to adverse pregnancy outcomes in women with aPL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A DeSpenza
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Deidre M Jones
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Lawrence W Chamley
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Vikki M Abrahams
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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15
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Chua CLL, Khoo SKM, Ong JLE, Ramireddi GK, Yeo TW, Teo A. Malaria in Pregnancy: From Placental Infection to Its Abnormal Development and Damage. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:777343. [PMID: 34867919 PMCID: PMC8636035 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.777343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria remains a global health burden with Plasmodium falciparum accounting for the highest mortality and morbidity. Malaria in pregnancy can lead to the development of placental malaria, where P. falciparum-infected erythrocytes adhere to placental receptors, triggering placental inflammation and subsequent damage, causing harm to both mother and her infant. Histopathological studies of P. falciparum-infected placentas revealed various placental abnormalities such as excessive perivillous fibrinoid deposits, breakdown of syncytiotrophoblast integrity, trophoblast basal lamina thickening, increased syncytial knotting, and accumulation of mononuclear immune cells within intervillous spaces. These events in turn, are likely to impair placental development and function, ultimately causing placental insufficiency, intrauterine growth restriction, preterm delivery and low birth weight. Hence, a better understanding of the mechanisms behind placental alterations and damage during placental malaria is needed for the design of effective interventions. In this review, using evidence from human studies and murine models, an integrated view on the potential mechanisms underlying placental pathologies in malaria in pregnancy is provided. The molecular, immunological and metabolic changes in infected placentas that reflect their responses to the parasitic infection and injury are discussed. Finally, potential models that can be used by researchers to improve our understanding on the pathogenesis of malaria in pregnancy and placental pathologies are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jun Long Ernest Ong
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Tsin Wen Yeo
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- National Center for Infectious Diseases, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Andrew Teo
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Medicine at Royal Melbourne Hospital, Peter Doherty Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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16
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Ding J, Zhang Y, Cai X, Diao L, Yang C, Yang J. Crosstalk Between Trophoblast and Macrophage at the Maternal-Fetal Interface: Current Status and Future Perspectives. Front Immunol 2021; 12:758281. [PMID: 34745133 PMCID: PMC8566971 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.758281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune tolerance microenvironment is crucial for the establishment and maintenance of pregnancy at the maternal-fetal interface. The maternal-fetal interface is a complex system containing various cells, including lymphocytes, decidual stromal cells, and trophoblasts. Macrophages are the second-largest leukocytes at the maternal-fetal interface, which has been demonstrated to play essential roles in remodeling spiral arteries, maintaining maternal-fetal immune tolerance, and regulating trophoblast's biological behaviors. Many researchers, including us, have conducted a series of studies on the crosstalk between macrophages and trophoblasts at the maternal-fetal interface: on the one hand, macrophages can affect the invasion and migration of trophoblasts; on the other hand, trophoblasts can regulate macrophage polarization and influence the state of the maternal-fetal immune microenvironment. In this review, we systemically introduce the functions of macrophages and trophoblasts and the cell-cell interaction between them for the establishment and maintenance of pregnancy. Advances in this area will further accelerate the basic research and clinical translation of reproductive medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinli Ding
- Reproductive Medical Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Hubei Clinic Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Embryonic Development, Wuhan, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaopeng Cai
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Clinical Medical Research Center of Peritoneal Cancer of Wuhan, Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors, Hubei Cancer Clinical Study Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lianghui Diao
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Reproductive Immunology for Periimplantation, Shenzhen Zhongshan Institute for Reproduction and Genetics, Shenzhen Zhongshan Urology Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Chaogang Yang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Clinical Medical Research Center of Peritoneal Cancer of Wuhan, Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors, Hubei Cancer Clinical Study Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Reproductive Medical Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Hubei Clinic Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Embryonic Development, Wuhan, China
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17
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Ikeda R, Ushio N, Abdou AM, Furuoka H, Nishikawa Y. Toll-Like Receptor 2 is Involved in Abnormal Pregnancy in Mice Infected with Toxoplasma gondii During Late Pregnancy. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:741104. [PMID: 34675905 PMCID: PMC8524087 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.741104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection with Toxoplasma gondii during pregnancy causes failure of pregnancy maintenance, resulting in fetal death, abortion, stillbirth, or premature birth, but the mechanism of disease onset remains unclear. Although Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) is expressed on antigen-presenting cells and trophoblasts, the role of TLR2 in T. gondii infection during pregnancy is unknown. In this study, we investigated the role of TLR2 in congenital toxoplasmosis using TLR2-deficient (TLR2−/−) mice. T. gondii infection on gestational day 12.5 (Gd12.5) induced more abnormal pregnancy, including premature birth and stillbirth, in wild-type mice than in TLR2−/− mice. Multiple calcifications were observed in the placentas of the infected wild-type mice. At Gd18.5 (6days postinfection), the parasite numbers in the placenta and uterus and the histological changes did not differ significantly between the wild-type and TLR2−/− mice. However, T. gondii infection reduced the mRNA expression of interleukin-12p40 (IL-12p40) and increased IL-4 and IL-10 mRNAs in the placentas of the wild-type mice. In contrast, the placentas of the TLR2−/− mice showed no changes in the expression of these cytokines, including IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor α, in response to T. gondii infection. Serum interferon-γ levels were significantly lower in the infected TLR2−/− mice than in the infected wild-type mice on Gd18.5. Thus, the TLR2−/− mice were less susceptible to the induction of immune responses by T. gondii infection during late pregnancy. Therefore, TLR2 signaling may play a role in the development of disease states during pregnancy, specifically placental hypofunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rina Ikeda
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Japan
| | - Nanako Ushio
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Japan
| | - Ahmed M Abdou
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Japan.,Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
| | - Hidefumi Furuoka
- Division of Pathobiological Science, Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Japan
| | - Yoshifumi Nishikawa
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Japan
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18
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Banerjee S, Huang Z, Wang Z, Nakashima A, Saito S, Sharma S, Cheng S. Etiological Value of Sterile Inflammation in Preeclampsia: Is It a Non-Infectious Pregnancy Complication? Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:694298. [PMID: 34485175 PMCID: PMC8415471 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.694298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding of sterile inflammation and its associated biological triggers and diseases is still at the elementary stage. This becomes more warranted in cases where infections are not associated with the pathology. Detrimental effects of bacterial and viral infections on the immune responses at the maternal-fetal interface as well as pregnancy outcomes have been well documented. However, an infection-induced etiology is not thought to be a major contributing component to severe pregnancy complications such as preeclampsia (PE) and gestational diabetes. How is then an inflammatory signal thought to be associated with these pregnancy complications? It is not clear what type of inflammation is involved in the onset of PE-like features. We opine that sterile inflammation regulated by the inflammasome-gasdermins-caspase-1 axis is a contributory factor to the onset of PE. We hypothesize that increased production and release of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) or Alarmins such as high-mobility group box1 (HMGB1), cell-free fetal DNA, uric acid, the NOD-like receptor pyrin-containing receptor 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome, IL-1β and IL-18 occur in the PE placenta. Some of these molecules have already been observed in the placenta from women with PE. Mechanistically, emerging evidence has demonstrated that excessive placental endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, impaired autophagy and gasdermine D (GSDMD)-mediated intrinsic pyroptosis are key events that contribute to systemic sterile inflammation in patients with PE, especially early-onset PE (e-PE). In this review, we highlight the advances on the roles of sterile inflammation and inflammatory signaling cascades involving ER stress, autophagy deficiency and pyroptosis in PE pathophysiology. Deciphering the mechanisms underlying these inflammatory pathways may provide potential diagnostic biomarkers and facilitate the development of therapeutic strategies to treat this devastating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayani Banerjee
- Department of Pediatrics, Women and Infants Hospital-Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Zheping Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, Women and Infants Hospital-Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Zhengke Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Women and Infants Hospital-Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Akitoshi Nakashima
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Shigeru Saito
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Surendra Sharma
- Department of Pediatrics, Women and Infants Hospital-Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Shibin Cheng
- Department of Pediatrics, Women and Infants Hospital-Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
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19
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Johnson EL, Swieboda D, Olivier A, Enninga EAL, Chakraborty R. Robust innate immune responses at the placenta during early gestation may limit in utero HIV transmission. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009860. [PMID: 34432853 PMCID: PMC8437274 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2019, >90% of new HIV infections in infants globally occurred vertically. Studies suggest intrauterine transmission most often occurs in the third trimester; however, there are no mechanistic studies to support these observations. We therefore obtained early/mid-gestation and term placentae from 20 HIV/Hepatitis B/CMV negative women. Isolated primary placental macrophages (Hofbauer cells [HCs]) were exposed to HIV-1BaL and/or interferon (IFN)-α, IFN-β, IFN-λ1, and RIG-I-like receptor (RLR) agonists. qRT-PCR, FACS, ELISA, Luminex, and Western blot analyses determined expression of activation markers, co-receptors, viral antigen, cytokines, antiviral genes, and host proteins. Early gestation HCs express higher levels of CCR5 and exhibit a more activated phenotype. Despite downregulation of CCR5, term HCs were more susceptible to HIV replication. Early gestation HCs displayed a more activated phenotype than term HCs and HIV exposure lead to the further up-regulation of T-cell co-stimulatory and MHC molecules. Limited HIV replication in early/mid gestation HCs was associated with increased secretion of anti-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and a more robust antiviral immune response. In contrast, term HCs were more susceptible to HIV replication, associated with dampening of IFN-induced STAT1 and STAT2 protein activation. Treatment of early/mid gestation and term HCs, with type I IFNs or RLR agonists reduced HIV replication, underscoring the importance of IFN and RLR signaling in inducing an antiviral state. Viral recognition and antiviral immunity in early gestation HCs may prevent in utero HIV infection, whereas diminished antiviral responses at term can facilitate transmission. Defining mechanisms and specific timing of vertical transmission are critical for the development of specific vaccines and antiviral therapeutics to prevent new HIV infections in children globally. Mother-to-child transmission is the main source of HIV infection in children globally. Studies suggest vertical transmission most often occurs late in the third trimester; however, there are no studies to support these observations. Our study shows that gestational age plays a significant role in the ability of placental macrophages to generate robust antiviral responses, which are necessary to prevent or reduce viral burden. Specifically, we show that viral recognition by RIG-I-like receptors and robust antiviral immune responses in placental cells during early gestation may prevent in utero HIV infection. We also demonstrate that term placental macrophages are limited in their antiviral capacity due to restricted type I IFN signaling. Understanding the mechanisms and timing of vertical transmission are important to understand for the development of specific vaccines and antiviral therapeutics to prevent new HIV infections in children globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica L Johnson
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry, and Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Dominika Swieboda
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Amanda Olivier
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry, and Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth Ann L Enninga
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Rana Chakraborty
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
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20
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Awoyemi T, Motta-Mejia C, Zhang W, Kouser L, White K, Kandzija N, Alhamlan FS, Cribbs AP, Tannetta D, Mazey E, Redman C, Kishore U, Vatish M. Syncytiotrophoblast Extracellular Vesicles From Late-Onset Preeclampsia Placentae Suppress Pro-Inflammatory Immune Response in THP-1 Macrophages. Front Immunol 2021; 12:676056. [PMID: 34163477 PMCID: PMC8215361 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.676056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Syncytiotrophoblast derived Extracellular Vesicles (STBEV) from normal pregnancy (NP) have previously been shown to interact with circulating monocytes and B cells and induce pro-inflammatory cytokine release. Early-onset preeclampsia (EOPE) is associated with an exacerbated inflammatory response, yet there is little data regarding late-onset PE (LOPE) and immune function. Here, using a macrophage/monocyte cell line THP-1, we investigated the inflammatory potential of STBEV, comprising medium/large-STBEV (>200nm) and small-STBEV (<200nm), isolated from LOPE (n=6) and normal (NP) (n=6) placentae via dual-lobe ex-vivo placental perfusion and differential centrifugation. THP-1 cells bound and internalised STBEV isolated from NP and LOPE placentae, as revealed by flow cytometry, confocal microscopy, and ELISA. STBEV-treated THP-1 cells were examined for cytokine gene expression by RT-qPCR and the cell culture media examined for secreted cytokines/chemokines. As expected, NP medium/large-STBEV significantly upregulated the transcriptional expression of TNF-α, IL-10, IL-6, IL-12, IL-8 and TGF-β compared to PE medium/large-STBEV. However, there was no significant difference in the small STBEV population between the two groups, although in general, NP small STBEVs slightly upregulated the same cytokines. In contrast, LOPE STBEV (medium and large) did not induce pro-inflammatory responses by differentiated THP-1 macrophages. This decreased effect of LOPE STBEV was echoed in cytokine/chemokine release. Our results appear to suggest that STBEV from LOPE placentae do not have a major immune-modulatory effect on macrophages. In contrast, NP STBEV caused THP-1 cells to release pro-inflammatory cytokines. Thus, syncytiotrophoblast extracellular vesicles from LOPE dampen immune functions of THP-1 macrophages, suggesting an alternative mechanism leading to the pro-inflammatory environment observed in LOPE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toluwalase Awoyemi
- Nuffield Department of Women's and Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Carolina Motta-Mejia
- Nuffield Department of Women's and Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Biosciences, College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, United Kingdom
| | - Wei Zhang
- Nuffield Department of Women's and Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Lubna Kouser
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kirsten White
- Nuffield Department of Women's and Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Neva Kandzija
- Nuffield Department of Women's and Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Fatimah S Alhamlan
- Department of Infection and Immunity, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Adam P Cribbs
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Dionne Tannetta
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
| | - Emily Mazey
- Nuffield Department of Women's and Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher Redman
- Nuffield Department of Women's and Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Uday Kishore
- Biosciences, College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, United Kingdom
| | - Manu Vatish
- Nuffield Department of Women's and Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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21
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Bukowska-Ośko I, Popiel M, Kowalczyk P. The Immunological Role of the Placenta in SARS-CoV-2 Infection-Viral Transmission, Immune Regulation, and Lactoferrin Activity. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:5799. [PMID: 34071527 PMCID: PMC8198160 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A pandemic of acute respiratory infections, due to a new type of coronavirus, can cause Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and has created the need for a better understanding of the clinical, epidemiological, and pathological features of COVID-19, especially in high-risk groups, such as pregnant women. Viral infections in pregnant women may have a much more severe course, and result in an increase in the rate of complications, including spontaneous abortion, stillbirth, and premature birth-which may cause long-term consequences in the offspring. In this review, we focus on the mother-fetal-placenta interface and its role in the potential transmission of SARS-CoV-2, including expression of viral receptors and proteases, placental pathology, and the presence of the virus in neonatal tissues and fluids. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the anti-viral activity of lactoferrin during viral infection in pregnant women, analyzes its role in the pathogenicity of pandemic virus particles, and describes the potential evidence for placental blocking/limiting of the transmission of the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iwona Bukowska-Ośko
- Department of Immunopathology of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Marta Popiel
- Department of Animal Nutrition, The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, Instytucka 3, 05-110 Jabłonna, Poland;
| | - Paweł Kowalczyk
- Department of Animal Nutrition, The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, Instytucka 3, 05-110 Jabłonna, Poland;
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22
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Brünnert D, Kumar V, Kaushik V, Ehrhardt J, Chahar KR, Sharma PK, Zygmunt M, Goyal P. Thrombin impairs the angiogenic activity of extravillous trophoblast cells via monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1): A possible link with preeclampsia. Reprod Biol 2021; 21:100516. [PMID: 34058707 DOI: 10.1016/j.repbio.2021.100516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Cytokines' secretion from the decidua and trophoblast cells has been known to regulate trophoblast cell functions, such as Extravillous trophoblasts (EVTs) cell migration and invasion and remodeling of spiral arteries. Defective angiogenesis and spiral arteries transformation are mainly caused by proinflammatory cytokines and excessive thrombin generation during preeclampsia. Monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1), a crucial cytokine, has a role in maintaining normal pregnancy. In this study, we explored whether thrombin regulates the secretion of MCP-1 in HTR-8/SVneo cells; if yes, what is its function? We used HTR-8/SVneo cells, developed from first trimester villous explants of early pregnancy, as the model of EVTs. MCP-1 gene silencing was performed using gene-specific siRNA. qPCR and ELISA were performed to estimate the expression and secretion of MCP-1. Here, we found that thrombin enhanced the secretion of MCP-1 in HTR-8/SVneo cells. Proteinase-activated receptor-1 (PAR-1) was found as the primary receptor, regulating MCP-1 secretion in these cells. Furthermore, MCP-1 secretion is modulated via protein kinase C (PKC) α, β, and Rho/Rho-kinase-dependent pathways. Thrombin negatively regulates HTR-8/SVneo cells' ability to mimic tube formation in an MCP-1 dependent manner. In conclusion, we propose that thrombin-controlled MCP-1 secretion may play an essential role in normal placental development and successful pregnancy maintenance. Improper thrombin production and MCP-1 secretion during pregnancy might cause inadequate vascular formation and transformation of spiral arteries, which may contribute to pregnancy disorders, such as preeclampsia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Brünnert
- Experimental Tumor Immunology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Würzburg Medical School, D-97080, Würzburg, Germany; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Greifswald, Ferdinand-Sauerbruchstrasse, D-17489, Greifswald, Germany.
| | - Vijay Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, Bandarsindri, Kishangarh, Rajasthan, 305817, India
| | - Vibha Kaushik
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, Bandarsindri, Kishangarh, Rajasthan, 305817, India
| | - Jens Ehrhardt
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Greifswald, Ferdinand-Sauerbruchstrasse, D-17489, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Kirti Raj Chahar
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, Bandarsindri, Kishangarh, Rajasthan, 305817, India
| | - Phulwanti Kumari Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, Bandarsindri, Kishangarh, Rajasthan, 305817, India
| | - Marek Zygmunt
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Greifswald, Ferdinand-Sauerbruchstrasse, D-17489, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Pankaj Goyal
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, Bandarsindri, Kishangarh, Rajasthan, 305817, India.
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Ding J, Zhang Y, Cai X, Zhang Y, Yan S, Wang J, Zhang S, Yin T, Yang C, Yang J. Extracellular vesicles derived from M1 macrophages deliver miR-146a-5p and miR-146b-5p to suppress trophoblast migration and invasion by targeting TRAF6 in recurrent spontaneous abortion. Theranostics 2021; 11:5813-5830. [PMID: 33897883 PMCID: PMC8058722 DOI: 10.7150/thno.58731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Emerging evidence demonstrates that insufficient migration and invasion of trophoblasts play critical roles in the pathogenesis of recurrent spontaneous abortion (RSA). Cell-to-cell communication at the maternal-fetal interface is essential to maintain the invasion and migration of trophoblasts. M1 macrophages, important immune cellular components at the maternal-fetal interface, have been reported to be elevated in decidua tissues from patients with RSA. Recent studies indicate that M1 macrophages modulate trophoblast biological behaviors; however, the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. Methods: Extracellular vesicles (EVs) were isolated from the supernatant of M1 macrophages inducted from THP-1 cells (M1-EVs) by ultracentrifugation, identified by transmission electron microscopy, nanoparticle tracking analysis, and western blotting, and their miRNA profile was characterized by miRNA sequencing. Scratch wound healing and transwell assays were used to investigate the effect of M1-EVs on trophoblast migration and invasion. RT-PCR, western blotting, and luciferase reporter assays were conducted to uncover the underlying mechanism. Finally, animal experiments were employed to explore the effect of M1-EVs on embryo absorption in mice. Results: M1 macrophages suppressed trophoblast EMT to reduce their migration and invasion abilities in vitro by secreting EVs. Through miRNA sequencing, miR-146a-5p and miR-146b-5p were identified as the most upregulated miRNAs in trophoblasts treated with M1-EVs. Further functional experiments showed that M1-EVs inhibited trophoblast migration and invasion by transferring miR-146a-5p and miR-146b-5p. Mechanistically, EV miR-146a-5p and miR-146b-5p inhibited EMT of trophoblasts by directly suppressing TNF receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6) expression at the post-transcriptional level. Furthermore, M1-EVs aggravated embryo absorption in mice. Clinically, expression of miR-146a-5p, miR-146b-5p, and TRAF6 were aberrant in placental villous tissues from patients with RSA, and negative correlations were found between miR-146a-5p/miR-146b-5p and TRAF6 expression levels. Conclusions: Our findings indicate that miR-146a-5p and miR-146b-5p derived from EVs play important roles in intercellular communication between M1 macrophages and trophoblasts, illuminating a novel mechanism in M1 macrophage regulation of trophoblasts and their role in RSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinli Ding
- Reproductive Medical Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University & Hubei Clinic Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Embryonic Development, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Xiaopeng Cai
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Reproductive Medical Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University & Hubei Clinic Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Embryonic Development, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Sisi Yan
- Reproductive Medical Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University & Hubei Clinic Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Embryonic Development, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Jiayu Wang
- Reproductive Medical Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University & Hubei Clinic Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Embryonic Development, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Sainan Zhang
- Reproductive Medical Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University & Hubei Clinic Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Embryonic Development, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Tailang Yin
- Reproductive Medical Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University & Hubei Clinic Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Embryonic Development, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Chaogang Yang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Reproductive Medical Center, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University & Hubei Clinic Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Embryonic Development, Wuhan 430060, China
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24
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Murrieta-Coxca JM, Gutiérrez-Samudio RN, El-Shorafa HM, Groten T, Rodríguez-Martínez S, Cancino-Diaz ME, Cancino-Diaz JC, Favaro RR, Markert UR, Morales-Prieto DM. Role of IL-36 Cytokines in the Regulation of Angiogenesis Potential of Trophoblast Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 22:ijms22010285. [PMID: 33396613 PMCID: PMC7794747 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
IL-36 cytokines (the agonists IL-36α, IL-36β, IL-36γ, and the antagonist IL-36Ra) are expressed in the mouse uterus and associated with maternal immune response during pregnancy. Here, we characterize the expression of IL-36 members in human primary trophoblast cells (PTC) and trophoblastic cell lines (HTR-8/SVneo and JEG-3) and upon treatment with bacterial and viral components. Effects of recombinant IL-36 on the migration capacity of trophoblastic cells, their ability to interact with endothelial cells and the induction of angiogenic factors and miRNAs (angiomiRNAs) were examined. Constitutive protein expression of IL-36 (α, β, and γ) and their receptor (IL-36R) was found in all cell types. In PTC, transcripts for all IL-36 subtypes were found, whereas in trophoblastic cell lines only for IL36G and IL36RN. A synthetic analog of double-stranded RNA (poly I:C) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced the expression of IL-36 members in a cell-specific and time-dependent manner. In HTR-8/SVneo cells, IL-36 cytokines increased cell migration and their capacity to interact with endothelial cells. VEGFA and PGF mRNA and protein, as well as the angiomiRNAs miR-146a-3p and miR-141-5p were upregulated as IL-36 response in PTC and HTR-8/SVneo cells. In conclusion, IL-36 cytokines are modulated by microbial components and regulate trophoblast migration and interaction with endothelial cells. Therefore, a fundamental role of these cytokines in the placentation process and in response to infections may be expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- José M. Murrieta-Coxca
- Placenta Lab, Department of Obstetrics, University Hospital Jena, 07740 Jena, Germany; (J.M.M.-C.); (R.N.G.-S.); (H.M.E.-S.); (T.G.); (R.R.F.)
- Departamento de Inmunología y Microbiología, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Mexico City 11340, Mexico; (S.R.-M.); (M.E.C.-D.); (J.C.C.-D.)
| | - Ruby N. Gutiérrez-Samudio
- Placenta Lab, Department of Obstetrics, University Hospital Jena, 07740 Jena, Germany; (J.M.M.-C.); (R.N.G.-S.); (H.M.E.-S.); (T.G.); (R.R.F.)
| | - Heba M. El-Shorafa
- Placenta Lab, Department of Obstetrics, University Hospital Jena, 07740 Jena, Germany; (J.M.M.-C.); (R.N.G.-S.); (H.M.E.-S.); (T.G.); (R.R.F.)
| | - Tanja Groten
- Placenta Lab, Department of Obstetrics, University Hospital Jena, 07740 Jena, Germany; (J.M.M.-C.); (R.N.G.-S.); (H.M.E.-S.); (T.G.); (R.R.F.)
| | - Sandra Rodríguez-Martínez
- Departamento de Inmunología y Microbiología, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Mexico City 11340, Mexico; (S.R.-M.); (M.E.C.-D.); (J.C.C.-D.)
| | - Mario E. Cancino-Diaz
- Departamento de Inmunología y Microbiología, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Mexico City 11340, Mexico; (S.R.-M.); (M.E.C.-D.); (J.C.C.-D.)
| | - Juan C. Cancino-Diaz
- Departamento de Inmunología y Microbiología, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Mexico City 11340, Mexico; (S.R.-M.); (M.E.C.-D.); (J.C.C.-D.)
| | - Rodolfo R. Favaro
- Placenta Lab, Department of Obstetrics, University Hospital Jena, 07740 Jena, Germany; (J.M.M.-C.); (R.N.G.-S.); (H.M.E.-S.); (T.G.); (R.R.F.)
| | - Udo R. Markert
- Placenta Lab, Department of Obstetrics, University Hospital Jena, 07740 Jena, Germany; (J.M.M.-C.); (R.N.G.-S.); (H.M.E.-S.); (T.G.); (R.R.F.)
- Correspondence: (U.R.M.); (D.M.M.-P.); Tel.: +49-3641-939-0850 (U.R.M.); +49-3641-939-0859 (D.M.M.-P.); Fax: +49-3641-939-0851 (D.M.M.-P.)
| | - Diana M. Morales-Prieto
- Placenta Lab, Department of Obstetrics, University Hospital Jena, 07740 Jena, Germany; (J.M.M.-C.); (R.N.G.-S.); (H.M.E.-S.); (T.G.); (R.R.F.)
- Correspondence: (U.R.M.); (D.M.M.-P.); Tel.: +49-3641-939-0850 (U.R.M.); +49-3641-939-0859 (D.M.M.-P.); Fax: +49-3641-939-0851 (D.M.M.-P.)
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25
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Functional regulation of decidual macrophages during pregnancy. J Reprod Immunol 2020; 143:103264. [PMID: 33360717 DOI: 10.1016/j.jri.2020.103264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A successful pregnancy requires that the maternal immune system recognizes and tolerates the semi-allogeneic fetus without compromising the capability of protecting both mother and fetus from various pathogens. Decidual macrophages present unique phenotypes to play a key role in the establishment of the immunological aspects of maternal-fetal interaction. Dysfunction of decidual macrophages gives rise to pregnancy complications such as preeclampsia, recurrent spontaneous miscarriage, preterm labor and fetal growth restriction. Here, we reviewed the latest knowledge on the origin, differentiation, unique phenotype and function of macrophages in normal pregnancy and in pregnancy complications. We mainly focused on the significant roles of decidual macrophages in the process of extravillous trophoblast invasion, spiral arterial remodeling, decidual stromal cells cultivation and immune tolerance maintenance in normal pregnancy, and their pathological roles in pregnancy-related complications, offering more integrated information in maternal-fetal immunity.
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26
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Chen M, Zeng J, Liu X, Sun G, Gao Y, Liao J, Yu J, Luo X, Qi H. Changes in physiology and immune system during pregnancy and coronavirus infection: A review. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2020; 255:124-128. [PMID: 33125977 PMCID: PMC7566677 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2020.10.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the 3rd epidemic coronavirus after severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). Since December 2019, the outbreak of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by SARS-CoV-2 has aroused great attention around the world. Pregnant women and their fetuses have been concerned as a high-risk population. We explained why pregnant women are susceptible to coronavirus in terms of their adaptive changes in physiology and immune system during pregnancy, and described the associations between maternal clinical symptoms, perinatal outcomes and coronavirus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaomiao Chen
- Department of Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No. 1 Youyi Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, China; Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Hubei Province, No. 745 Wuluo Road, Hongshan District, Wuhan City, Hubei Province, 430070, China
| | - Jing Zeng
- Department of Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No. 1 Youyi Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Xiyao Liu
- Department of Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No. 1 Youyi Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Guoqiang Sun
- Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Hubei Province, No. 745 Wuluo Road, Hongshan District, Wuhan City, Hubei Province, 430070, China
| | - Ying Gao
- Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Hubei Province, No. 745 Wuluo Road, Hongshan District, Wuhan City, Hubei Province, 430070, China
| | - Jiujiang Liao
- Department of Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No. 1 Youyi Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Jiaxiao Yu
- Department of Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No. 1 Youyi Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Xin Luo
- Department of Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No. 1 Youyi Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, China.
| | - Hongbo Qi
- Department of Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, No. 1 Youyi Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, China.
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27
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Sun T, Gonzalez TL, Deng N, DiPentino R, Clark EL, Lee B, Tang J, Wang Y, Stripp BR, Yao C, Tseng HR, Karumanchi SA, Koeppel AF, Turner SD, Farber CR, Rich SS, Wang ET, Williams J, Pisarska MD. Sexually Dimorphic Crosstalk at the Maternal-Fetal Interface. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2020; 105:dgaa503. [PMID: 32772088 PMCID: PMC7571453 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgaa503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Crosstalk through receptor ligand interactions at the maternal-fetal interface is impacted by fetal sex. This affects placentation in the first trimester and differences in outcomes. Sexually dimorphic signaling at early stages of placentation are not defined. OBJECTIVE Investigate the impact of fetal sex on maternal-fetal crosstalk. DESIGN Receptors/ligands at the maternal-fetal surface were identified from sexually dimorphic genes between fetal sexes in the first trimester placenta and defined in each cell type using single-cell RNA-Sequencing (scRNA-Seq). SETTING Academic institution. SAMPLES Late first trimester (~10-13 weeks) placenta (fetal) and decidua (maternal) from uncomplicated ongoing pregnancies. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Transcriptomic profiling at tissue and single-cell level; immunohistochemistry of select proteins. RESULTS We identified 91 sexually dimorphic receptor-ligand pairs across the maternal-fetal interface. We examined fetal sex differences in 5 major cell types (trophoblasts, stromal cells, Hofbauer cells, antigen-presenting cells, and endothelial cells). Ligands from the CC family chemokine ligand (CCL) family were most highly representative in females, with their receptors present on the maternal surface. Sexually dimorphic trophoblast transcripts, Mucin-15 (MUC15) and notum, palmitoleoyl-protein carboxylesterase (NOTUM) were also most highly expressed in syncytiotrophoblasts and extra-villous trophoblasts respectively. Gene Ontology (GO) analysis using sexually dimorphic genes in individual cell types identified cytokine mediated signaling pathways to be most representative in female trophoblasts. Upstream analysis demonstrated TGFB1 and estradiol to affect all cell types, but dihydrotestosterone, produced by the male fetus, was an upstream regulator most significant for the trophoblast population. CONCLUSIONS Maternal-fetal crosstalk exhibits sexual dimorphism during placentation early in gestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyanxin Sun
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Tania L Gonzalez
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Nan Deng
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Research Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Rosemarie DiPentino
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | | | - Bora Lee
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Jie Tang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Yizhou Wang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Barry R Stripp
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Changfu Yao
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Hsian-Rong Tseng
- California NanoSystems Institute, Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - S Ananth Karumanchi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Alexander F Koeppel
- Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Stephen D Turner
- Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Charles R Farber
- Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Stephen S Rich
- Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Erica T Wang
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
- University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - John Williams
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
- University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
- Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Margareta D Pisarska
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
- University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
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28
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Rasheed ZBM, Lee YS, Kim SH, Rai RK, Ruano CSM, Anucha E, Sullivan MHF, MacIntyre DA, Bennett PR, Sykes L. Differential Response of Gestational Tissues to TLR3 Viral Priming Prior to Exposure to Bacterial TLR2 and TLR2/6 Agonists. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1899. [PMID: 32983111 PMCID: PMC7477080 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Infection/inflammation is an important causal factor in spontaneous preterm birth (sPTB). Most mechanistic studies have concentrated on the role of bacteria, with limited focus on the role of viruses in sPTB. Murine studies support a potential multi-pathogen aetiology in which a double or sequential hit of both viral and bacterial pathogens leads to a higher risk preterm labour. This study aimed to determine the effect of viral priming on bacterial induced inflammation in human in vitro models of ascending and haematogenous infection. Methods: Vaginal epithelial cells, and primary amnion epithelial cells and myocytes were used to represent cell targets of ascending infection while interactions between peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and placental explants were used to model systemic infection. To model the effect of viral priming upon the subsequent response to bacterial stimuli, each cell type was stimulated first with a TLR3 viral agonist, and then with either a TLR2 or TLR2/6 agonist, and responses compared to those of each agonist alone. Immunoblotting was used to detect cellular NF-κB, AP-1, and IRF-3 activation. Cellular TLR3, TLR2, and TLR6 mRNA was quantified by RT-qPCR. Immunoassays were used to measure supernatant cytokine, chemokine and PGE2 concentrations. Results: TLR3 (“viral”) priming prior to TLR2/6 agonist (“bacterial”) exposure augmented the pro-inflammatory, pro-labour response in VECs, AECs, myocytes and PBMCs when compared to the effects of agonists alone. In contrast, enhanced anti-inflammatory cytokine production (IL-10) was observed in placental explants. Culturing placental explants in conditioned media derived from PBMCs primed with a TLR3 agonist enhanced TLR2/6 agonist stimulated production of IL-6 and IL-8, suggesting a differential response by the placenta to systemic inflammation compared to direct infection as a result of haematogenous spread. TLR3 agonism generally caused increased mRNA expression of TLR3 and TLR2 but not TLR6. Conclusion: This study provides human in vitro evidence that viral infection may increase the susceptibility of women to bacterial-induced sPTB. Improved understanding of interactions between viral and bacterial components of the maternal microbiome and host immune response may offer new therapeutic options, such as antivirals for the prevention of PTB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahirrah B M Rasheed
- Imperial College Parturition Research Group, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Yun S Lee
- Imperial College Parturition Research Group, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.,March of Dimes European Preterm Birth Research Centre, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sung H Kim
- Imperial College Parturition Research Group, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.,March of Dimes European Preterm Birth Research Centre, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ranjit K Rai
- Imperial College Parturition Research Group, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Camino S M Ruano
- Imperial College Parturition Research Group, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.,INSERM U1016 Institut Cochin, Paris, France
| | - Eberechi Anucha
- Imperial College Parturition Research Group, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mark H F Sullivan
- Imperial College Parturition Research Group, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - David A MacIntyre
- Imperial College Parturition Research Group, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.,March of Dimes European Preterm Birth Research Centre, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Phillip R Bennett
- Imperial College Parturition Research Group, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.,March of Dimes European Preterm Birth Research Centre, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lynne Sykes
- Imperial College Parturition Research Group, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.,March of Dimes European Preterm Birth Research Centre, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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29
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Aneman I, Pienaar D, Suvakov S, Simic TP, Garovic VD, McClements L. Mechanisms of Key Innate Immune Cells in Early- and Late-Onset Preeclampsia. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1864. [PMID: 33013837 PMCID: PMC7462000 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Preeclampsia is a complex cardiovascular disorder of pregnancy with underlying multifactorial pathogeneses; however, its etiology is not fully understood. It is characterized by the new onset of maternal hypertension after 20 weeks of gestation, accompanied by proteinuria, maternal organ damage, and/or uteroplacental dysfunction. Preeclampsia can be subdivided into early- and late-onset phenotypes (EOPE and LOPE), diagnosed before 34 weeks or from 34 weeks of gestation, respectively. Impaired placental development in early pregnancy and subsequent growth restriction is often associated with EOPE, while LOPE is associated with maternal endothelial dysfunction. The innate immune system plays an essential role in normal progression of physiological pregnancy and fetal development. However, inappropriate or excessive activation of this system can lead to placental dysfunction or poor maternal vascular adaptation and contribute to the development of preeclampsia. This review aims to comprehensively outline the mechanisms of key innate immune cells including macrophages, neutrophils, natural killer (NK) cells, and innate B1 cells, in normal physiological pregnancy, EOPE and LOPE. The roles of the complement system, syncytiotrophoblast extracellular vesicles and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are also discussed in the context of innate immune system regulation and preeclampsia. The outlined molecular mechanisms, which represent potential therapeutic targets, and associated emerging treatments, are evaluated as treatments for preeclampsia. Therefore, by addressing the current understanding of innate immunity in the pathogenesis of EOPE and LOPE, this review will contribute to the body of research that could lead to the development of better diagnosis, prevention, and treatment strategies. Importantly, it will delineate the differences in the mechanisms of the innate immune system in two different types of preeclampsia, which is necessary for a more personalized approach to the monitoring and treatment of affected women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Aneman
- Faculty of Science, School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Dillan Pienaar
- Faculty of Science, School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Sonja Suvakov
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Tatjana P. Simic
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Medical and Clinical Biochemistry, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
- Department of Medical Sciences, Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Vesna D. Garovic
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Lana McClements
- Faculty of Science, School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Abstract
Fetal neurodevelopment in utero is profoundly shaped by both systemic maternal immunity and local processes at the maternal-fetal interface. Immune pathways are a critical participant in the normal physiology of pregnancy and perturbations of maternal immunity due to infections during this period have been increasingly linked to a diverse array of poor neurological outcomes, including diseases that manifest much later in postnatal life. While experimental models of maternal immune activation (MIA) have provided groundbreaking characterizations of the maternal pathways underlying pathogenesis, less commonly examined are the immune factors that serve pathogen-independent developmental functions in the embryo and fetus. In this review, we explore what is known about the in vivo role of immune factors in fetal neurodevelopment during normal pregnancy and provide an overview of how MIA perturbs the proper orchestration of this sequence of events. Finally, we discuss how the dysregulation of immune factors may contribute to the manifestation of a variety of neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Lu-Culligan
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06519, USA
| | - Akiko Iwasaki
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06519, USA.,Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06519, USA; .,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06519, USA
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31
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Alberca RW, Pereira NZ, Oliveira LMDS, Gozzi-Silva SC, Sato MN. Pregnancy, Viral Infection, and COVID-19. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1672. [PMID: 32733490 PMCID: PMC7358375 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Pregnancy comprises a unique immunological condition, to allow fetal development and to protect the host from pathogenic infections. Viral infections during pregnancy can disrupt immunological tolerance and may generate deleterious effects on the fetus. Despite these possible links between pregnancy and infection-induced morbidity, it is unclear how pregnancy interferes with maternal response to some viral pathogens. In this context, the novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) can induce the coronavirus diseases-2019 (COVID-19) in pregnant women. The potential risk of vertical transmission is unclear, babies born from COVID-19-positive mothers seems to have no serious clinical symptoms, the possible mechanisms are discussed, which highlights that checking the children's outcome and more research is warranted. In this review, we investigate the reports concerning viral infections and COVID-19 during pregnancy, to establish a correlation and possible implications of COVID-19 during pregnancy and neonatal's health.
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MESH Headings
- Betacoronavirus
- COVID-19
- Child, Preschool
- Coronavirus Infections/blood
- Coronavirus Infections/immunology
- Coronavirus Infections/transmission
- Coronavirus Infections/virology
- Cytokines/blood
- Female
- Fetal Development/immunology
- Humans
- Infant
- Infant, Newborn
- Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical
- Mothers
- Pandemics
- Pneumonia, Viral/blood
- Pneumonia, Viral/immunology
- Pneumonia, Viral/transmission
- Pneumonia, Viral/virology
- Pregnancy
- Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/blood
- Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/immunology
- Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/virology
- SARS-CoV-2
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Wesley Alberca
- Laboratory of Dermatology and Immunodeficiencies, LIM-56, Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine and Institute of Tropical Medicine of São Paulo, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Nátalli Zanete Pereira
- Laboratory of Dermatology and Immunodeficiencies, LIM-56, Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine and Institute of Tropical Medicine of São Paulo, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luanda Mara Da Silva Oliveira
- Laboratory of Dermatology and Immunodeficiencies, LIM-56, Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine and Institute of Tropical Medicine of São Paulo, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Maria Notomi Sato
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Firmal P, Shah VK, Chattopadhyay S. Insight Into TLR4-Mediated Immunomodulation in Normal Pregnancy and Related Disorders. Front Immunol 2020; 11:807. [PMID: 32508811 PMCID: PMC7248557 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Unlike organ transplants where an immunosuppressive environment is required, a successful pregnancy involves an extremely robust, dynamic, and responsive maternal immune system to maintain the development of the fetus. A specific set of hormones and cytokines are associated with a particular stage of pregnancy. Any disturbance that alters this fine balance could compromise the development and function of the placenta. Although there are numerous underlying causes of pregnancy-related complications, untimely activation of Toll-like receptors (TLR), primarily TLR4, by intrauterine microbes poses the greatest risk. TLR4 is an important Pattern Recognition Receptor (PRR), which activates both innate and adaptive immune cells. TLR4 activation by LPS or DAMPs leads to the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines via the MyD88 dependent or independent pathway. Immune cells modulate the materno–fetal interface by TLR4-mediated cytokine production, which changes at different stages of pregnancy. In most pregnancy disorders, such as PTB, PE, or placental malaria, the TLR4 expression is upregulated in immune cells or in maternal derived cells, leading to the aberrant production of pro-inflammatory cytokines at the materno–fetal interface. Lack of functional TLR4 in mice has reduced the pro-inflammatory responses, leading to an improved pregnancy, which further strengthens the fact that abnormal TLR4 activation creates a hostile environment for the developing fetus. A recent study proposed that endothelial and perivascular stromal cells should interact with each other in order to maintain a homeostatic balance during TLR4-mediated inflammation. It has been reported that depleting immune cells or supplying anti-inflammatory cytokines can prevent PTB, PE, or fetal death. Blocking TLR4 signaling or its downstream molecule by inhibitors or antagonists has proven to improve pregnancy-related complications to some extent in clinical and animal models. To date, there has been a lack of knowledge regarding whether TLR4 accessories such as CD14 and MD-2 are important in pregnancy and whether these accessory molecules could be promising drug targets for combinatorial treatment of various pregnancy disorders. This review mainly focuses on the activation of TLR4 during pregnancy, its immunomodulatory functions, and the upcoming advancement in this field regarding the improvement of pregnancy-related issues by various therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Firmal
- National Centre for Cell Science, S. P. Pune University Campus, Pune, India
| | - Vibhuti Kumar Shah
- National Centre for Cell Science, S. P. Pune University Campus, Pune, India
| | - Samit Chattopadhyay
- National Centre for Cell Science, S. P. Pune University Campus, Pune, India.,Department of Biological Sciences, BITS Pilani, K. K. Birla Goa Campus, Goa, India.,Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
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Zhang YH, Aldo P, You Y, Ding J, Kaislasuo J, Petersen JF, Lokkegaard E, Peng G, Paidas MJ, Simpson S, Pal L, Guller S, Liu H, Liao AH, Mor G. Trophoblast-secreted soluble-PD-L1 modulates macrophage polarization and function. J Leukoc Biol 2020; 108:983-998. [PMID: 32386458 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.1a0420-012rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Decidual macrophages are in close contact with trophoblast cells during placenta development, and an appropriate crosstalk between these cellular compartments is crucial for the establishment and maintenance of a healthy pregnancy. During different phases of gestation, macrophages undergo dynamic changes to adjust to the different stages of fetal development. Trophoblast-secreted factors are considered the main modulators responsible for macrophage differentiation and function. However, the phenotype of these macrophages induced by trophoblast-secreted factors and the factors responsible for their polarization has not been elucidated. In this study, we characterized the phenotype and function of human trophoblast-induced macrophages. Using in vitro models, we found that human trophoblast-educated macrophages were CD14+ CD206+ CD86- and presented an unusual transcriptional profile in response to TLR4/LPS activation characterized by the expression of type I IFN-β expression. IFN-β further enhances the constitutive production of soluble programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) from trophoblast cells. PD-1 blockage inhibited trophoblast-induced macrophage differentiation. Soluble PD-L1 (sPD-L1) was detected in the blood of pregnant women and increased throughout the gestation. Collectively, our data suggest the existence of a regulatory circuit at the maternal fetal interface wherein IFN-β promotes sPD-L1 expression/secretion by trophoblast cells, which can then initiate a PD-L1/PD-1-mediated macrophage polarization toward an M2 phenotype, consequently decreasing inflammation. Macrophages then maintain the expression of sPD-L1 by the trophoblasts through IFN-β production induced through TLR4 ligation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Hong Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Division of Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Institute of Reproductive Health, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Paulomi Aldo
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Division of Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Yuan You
- C.S. Mott Center for Human Growth and Development, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Jiahui Ding
- C.S. Mott Center for Human Growth and Development, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Janina Kaislasuo
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Division of Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and the Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jesper F Petersen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, North Zealand Hospital, Hilleroed, Denmark
| | - Ellen Lokkegaard
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, North Zealand Hospital, Hilleroed, Denmark
| | - Gang Peng
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Michael J Paidas
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Samantha Simpson
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Division of Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Lubna Pal
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Division of Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Seth Guller
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Division of Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Hong Liu
- Institute of Reproductive Health, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Ai Hua Liao
- Institute of Reproductive Health, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Gil Mor
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Division of Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,C.S. Mott Center for Human Growth and Development, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
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Cappelletti M, Presicce P, Kallapur SG. Immunobiology of Acute Chorioamnionitis. Front Immunol 2020; 11:649. [PMID: 32373122 PMCID: PMC7177011 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute chorioamnionitis is characterized by neutrophilic infiltration and inflammation at the maternal fetal interface. It is a relatively common complication of pregnancy and can have devastating consequences including preterm labor, maternal infections, fetal infection/inflammation, fetal lung, brain, and gastrointestinal tract injury. In this review, we will discuss current understanding of the pathogenesis, immunobiology, and mechanisms of this condition. Most commonly, acute chorioamnionitis is a result of ascending infection with relatively low-virulence organisms such as the Ureaplasma species. Furthermore, recent vaginal microbiome studies suggest that there is a link between vaginal dysbiosis, vaginal inflammation, and ascending infection. Although less common, microorganisms invading the maternal-fetal interface via hematogenous route (e.g., Zika virus, Cytomegalovirus, and Listeria) can cause placental villitis and severe fetal inflammation and injury. We will provide an overview of the knowledge gleaned from different animal models of acute chorioamnionitis and the role of different immune cells in different maternal-fetal compartments. Lastly, we will discuss how infectious agents can break the maternal tolerance of fetal allograft during pregnancy and highlight the novel future therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Cappelletti
- Divisions of Neonatology and Developmental Biology, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Pietro Presicce
- Divisions of Neonatology and Developmental Biology, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Suhas G Kallapur
- Divisions of Neonatology and Developmental Biology, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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Demirer S, Hocaoglu M, Turgut A, Karateke A, Komurcu-Bayrak E. Expression profiles of candidate microRNAs in the peripheral blood leukocytes of patients with early- and late-onset preeclampsia versus normal pregnancies. Pregnancy Hypertens 2020; 19:239-245. [PMID: 31899190 DOI: 10.1016/j.preghy.2019.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 10/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Maternal leucocytes play an important role in the pathogenesis of preeclampsia (PE). Circulating microRNAs (miRNAs) are small, noncoding RNA molecules. The purpose of this study was to investigate miR-518b, miR-155-5p, and miR-21-3p in the peripheral blood leukocytes of patients with PE, compared to controls. STUDY DESIGN Using real-time quantitative PCR method, the selected miRNAs which have been associated with PE were examined from early- onset PE (EOPE) (<34 weeks) (n = 48), late- onset PE (LOPE) (≥34 weeks) (n = 48), total cases of PE (n = 96), and healthy controls (n = 52). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The relative expression of the target miR in patient samples was compared to the calibrator and the results were expressed as relative quantification values. RESULTS Gestational age (GA) was significantly different between PE and controls. Univariate logistic regression analysis adjusted for GA at blood draw were fit to compare miR-518b, miR-155-5p, and miR-21-3p between PE and controls. The expression of miR-518b, miR-155-5p, and miR-21-3p were not significantly different in PE, compared to controls. The expression of miR-518b was upregulated in the EOPE and LOPE group, compared to controls, and the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of miR-518b was 0.65 and 0.62, respectively. miR-518b was positively correlated with WBC count, platelet count, serum levels of AST, ALT, LDH in EOPE. miR-21-3p expression level was negatively correlated with body mass index at blood draw and systolic blood pressure in the LOPE group. CONCLUSIONS Increased miR-518b expression levels were found to be associated with EOPE and LOPE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selin Demirer
- Department of Genetics, Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Meryem Hocaoglu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Goztepe Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul Medeniyet University, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Abdulkadir Turgut
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Goztepe Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul Medeniyet University, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul Medeniyet University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ateş Karateke
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Goztepe Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul Medeniyet University, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul Medeniyet University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Evrim Komurcu-Bayrak
- Department of Genetics, Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey.
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Calo G, Sabbione F, Pascuali N, Keitelman I, Vota D, Paparini D, Ramhorst R, Parborell F, Trevani A, Leirós CP. Interplay between neutrophils and trophoblast cells conditions trophoblast function and triggers vascular transformation signals. J Cell Physiol 2019; 235:3592-3603. [PMID: 31559642 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Normal placentation entails highly regulated interactions of maternal leukocytes with vascular and trophoblast cells to favor vascular transformation. Neutrophil activation and neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation associate with poor placentation and severe pregnancy complications. To deepen into the mechanisms of trophoblast-neutrophil interaction, we explored the effects of NETs on trophoblast cell function and, conversely, whether trophoblast cell-derived factors condition neutrophils to favor angiogenesis and anti-inflammatory signals required for fetal growth. NETs isolated from activated neutrophils hindered trophoblast cell migration. Trophoblast conditioned media prevented the effect as well as the vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) known to regulate trophoblast and neutrophil function. On the other hand, factors released by trophoblast cells and VIP shaped neutrophils to a proangiogenic profile with increased vascular endothelial growth factor synthesis and increased capacity to promote vascular transformation. Results presented here provide novel clues to reconstruct the interaction of trophoblast cells and neutrophils in vivo during placentation in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermina Calo
- Immunopharmacology Laboratory, Institute of Biological Chemistry (IQUIBICEN), School of Exact and Natural Sciences, University of Buenos Aires-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Florencia Sabbione
- Laboratory of Innate Immunity, Institute of Experimental Medicine (IMEX), National Academy of Medicine, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Natalia Pascuali
- Laboratory of Ovarian Physiopathology, Institute of Experimental Biology and Medicine (IByME), CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Irene Keitelman
- Laboratory of Innate Immunity, Institute of Experimental Medicine (IMEX), National Academy of Medicine, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Daiana Vota
- Immunopharmacology Laboratory, Institute of Biological Chemistry (IQUIBICEN), School of Exact and Natural Sciences, University of Buenos Aires-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Daniel Paparini
- Immunopharmacology Laboratory, Institute of Biological Chemistry (IQUIBICEN), School of Exact and Natural Sciences, University of Buenos Aires-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Rosanna Ramhorst
- Immunopharmacology Laboratory, Institute of Biological Chemistry (IQUIBICEN), School of Exact and Natural Sciences, University of Buenos Aires-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Fernanda Parborell
- Laboratory of Ovarian Physiopathology, Institute of Experimental Biology and Medicine (IByME), CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Analía Trevani
- Laboratory of Innate Immunity, Institute of Experimental Medicine (IMEX), National Academy of Medicine, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Claudia Pérez Leirós
- Immunopharmacology Laboratory, Institute of Biological Chemistry (IQUIBICEN), School of Exact and Natural Sciences, University of Buenos Aires-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Mohammadpour-Gharehbagh A, Jahantigh D, Eskandari M, Eskandari F, Rezaei M, Zeynali-Moghaddam S, Teimoori B, Salimi S. The role of TNF-α and TLR4 polymorphisms in the placenta of pregnant women complicated by preeclampsia and in silico analysis. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 134:1205-1215. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.05.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 05/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Olmos-Ortiz A, Flores-Espinosa P, Mancilla-Herrera I, Vega-Sánchez R, Díaz L, Zaga-Clavellina V. Innate Immune Cells and Toll-like Receptor-Dependent Responses at the Maternal-Fetal Interface. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20153654. [PMID: 31357391 PMCID: PMC6695670 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20153654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
During pregnancy, the placenta, the mother and the fetus exploit several mechanisms in order to avoid fetal rejection and to maintain an immunotolerant environment throughout nine months. During this time, immune cells from the fetal and maternal compartments interact to provide an adequate defense in case of an infection and to promote a tolerogenic milieu for the fetus to develop peacefully. Trophoblasts and decidual cells, together with resident natural killer cells, dendritic cells, Hofbauer cells and other macrophages, among other cell types, contribute to the modulation of the uterine environment to sustain a successful pregnancy. In this review, the authors outlined some of the various roles that the innate immune system plays at the maternal-fetal interface. First, the cell populations that are recruited into gestational tissues and their immune mechanisms were examined. In the second part, the Toll-like receptor (TLR)-dependent immune responses at the maternal-fetal interface was summarized, in terms of their specific cytokine/chemokine/antimicrobial peptide expression profiles throughout pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Olmos-Ortiz
- Departamento de Inmunobioquímica, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología Isidro Espinosa de los Reyes, Ciudad de México 11000, Mexico
| | - Pilar Flores-Espinosa
- Departamento de Inmunobioquímica, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología Isidro Espinosa de los Reyes, Ciudad de México 11000, Mexico
| | - Ismael Mancilla-Herrera
- Departamento de Infectología e Inmunología, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología Isidro Espinosa de los Reyes, Ciudad de México 11000, Mexico
| | - Rodrigo Vega-Sánchez
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bioprogramación, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología Isidro Espinosa de los Reyes, Ciudad de México 11000, Mexico
| | - Lorenza Díaz
- Departamento de Biología de la Reproducción, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Ciudad de México 14080, Mexico
| | - Verónica Zaga-Clavellina
- Departamento de Fisiología y Desarrollo Celular, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología Isidro Espinosa de los Reyes, Ciudad de México 11000, Mexico.
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Hocaoglu M, Demirer S, Senturk H, Turgut A, Komurcu-Bayrak E. Differential expression of candidate circulating microRNAs in maternal blood leukocytes of the patients with preeclampsia and gestational diabetes mellitus. Pregnancy Hypertens 2019; 17:5-11. [PMID: 31487656 DOI: 10.1016/j.preghy.2019.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Preeclampsia (PE) is diagnosed in women presenting with new onset hypertension accompanied by proteinuria. Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is the carbohydrate intolerance that can occur in pregnancy. Neutrophil activation is related to PE and GDM. Circulating microRNAs (miRs) are small, noncoding RNA molecules. The aim of this study was to verify the expression levels of three candidate miRs in blood leukocytes of the patients with PE, GDM, and PE-GDM compared to healthy controls. STUDY DESIGN We selected miR-21-3p, miR-155-5p, and miR-16-5p which have been associated with GDM and PE. Using real-time quantitative PCR, the expression levels of miR-21-3p, miR-155-5p, miR-16-5p were analyzed in PE (n = 23), GDM (n = 19), PE, and GDM (n = 9) compared to healthy controls (n = 28). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The relative expression of the target miR in patient samples was compared to the calibrator and the results were expressed as relative quantification values. RESULTS There was a significant decrease in the expression levels of miR-21-3p in GDM and PE and miR-155-5p in PE group. No significant differences were observed in the expression levels of miRs in PE-GDM group. On receiving operator characteristic (ROC) analysis, areas under the curve (AUC) of the expression ratio of miR-21-3p in GDM was 0.73, and miR-21-3p, miR-155-5p in PE were 0.69 and 0.81, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicated that decreased miR-21-3p and miR-155-5p expression levels are associated with PE and miR-21-3p levels are associated with GDM. Our study for the first time revealed that miR-21-3p, miR-16-5p and miR155-5p are not related to PE-GDM group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meryem Hocaoglu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Goztepe Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul Medeniyet University, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Selin Demirer
- Department of Genetics, Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Hilal Senturk
- Department of Genetics, Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Abdulkadir Turgut
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Goztepe Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul Medeniyet University, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul Medeniyet University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Evrim Komurcu-Bayrak
- Department of Genetics, Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey.
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IL-36 Cytokines: Regulators of Inflammatory Responses and Their Emerging Role in Immunology of Reproduction. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20071649. [PMID: 30987081 PMCID: PMC6479377 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20071649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The IL-36 subfamily of cytokines has been recently described as part of the IL-1 superfamily. It comprises three pro-inflammatory agonists (IL-36α, IL-36β, and IL-36γ), their receptor (IL-36R), and one antagonist (IL-36Ra). Although expressed in a variety of cells, the biological relevance of IL-36 cytokines is most evident in the communication between epithelial cells, dendritic cells, and neutrophils, which constitute the common triad responsible for the initiation, maintenance, and expansion of inflammation. The immunological role of IL-36 cytokines was initially described in studies of psoriasis, but novel evidence demonstrates their involvement in further immune and inflammatory processes in physiological and pathological situations. Preliminary studies have reported a dynamic expression of IL-36 cytokines in the female reproductive tract throughout the menstrual cycle, as well as their association with the production of immune mediators and cellular recruitment in the vaginal microenvironment contributing to host defense. In pregnancy, alteration of the placental IL-36 axis has been reported upon infection and pre-eclampsia suggesting its pivotal role in the regulation of maternal immune responses. In this review, we summarize current knowledge regarding the regulatory mechanisms and biological actions of IL-36 cytokines, their participation in different inflammatory conditions, and the emerging data on their potential role in normal and complicated pregnancies.
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Terzieva A, Dimitrova V, Djerov L, Dimitrova P, Zapryanova S, Hristova I, Vangelov I, Dimova T. Early Pregnancy Human Decidua is Enriched with Activated, Fully Differentiated and Pro-Inflammatory Gamma/Delta T Cells with Diverse TCR Repertoires. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20030687. [PMID: 30764544 PMCID: PMC6387174 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20030687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pregnancy is a state where high and stage-dependent plasticity of the maternal immune system is necessary in order to equilibrate between immunosuppression of harmful responses towards the fetus and ability to fight infections. TCR γδ cells have been implicated in the responses in infectious diseases, in the regulation of immune responses, and in tissue homeostasis and repair. The variety of functions makes γδ T cells a particularly interesting population during pregnancy. In this study, we investigated the proportion, phenotype and TCR γ and δ repertoires of γδ T cells at the maternal–fetal interface and in the blood of pregnant women using FACS, immunohistochemistry and spectratyping. We found an enrichment of activated and terminally differentiated pro-inflammatory γδ T-cell effectors with specific location in the human decidua during early pregnancy, while no significant changes in their counterparts in the blood of pregnant women were observed. Our spectratyping data revealed polyclonal CDR3 repertoires of the δ1, δ2 and δ3 chains and γ2, γ3, γ4 and γ5 chains and oligoclonal and highly restricted CDR3γ9 repertoire of γδ T cells in the decidua and blood of pregnant women. Early pregnancy induces recruitment of differentiated pro-inflammatory γδ T-cell effectors with diverse TCR repertoires at the maternal–fetal interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Terzieva
- Institute of Biology and Immunology of Reproduction, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria.
| | - Violeta Dimitrova
- Medical University, University Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital "Maichin Dom", 1431 Sofia, Bulgaria.
| | - Lyubomir Djerov
- Medical University, University Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital "Maichin Dom", 1431 Sofia, Bulgaria.
| | - Petya Dimitrova
- Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria.
| | - Silvina Zapryanova
- Institute of Biology and Immunology of Reproduction, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria.
| | - Iana Hristova
- Medical University, University Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital "Maichin Dom", 1431 Sofia, Bulgaria.
| | - Ivaylo Vangelov
- Institute of Biology and Immunology of Reproduction, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria.
| | - Tanya Dimova
- Institute of Biology and Immunology of Reproduction, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria.
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Guo YL. The underdeveloped innate immunity in embryonic stem cells: The molecular basis and biological perspectives from early embryogenesis. Am J Reprod Immunol 2019; 81:e13089. [PMID: 30614149 DOI: 10.1111/aji.13089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2018] [Revised: 12/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) have been intensively studied as a promising cell source for regenerative medicine. The rapid advancements in the field have not only proven the feasibility of ESC-based cell therapy, but also led to a better understanding of pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) as a unique cell population at an early stage of embryogenesis. Recent studies have revealed that both human and mouse ESCs have attenuated innate immune responses to infectious agents and inflammatory cytokines. These findings raise interesting questions about the rationale for ESCs, the PSCs experimentally derived from preimplantation stage embryos, to not have an innate defense mechanism that has been adapted so well in somatic cells. All somatic cells have innate immune systems that can be activated by pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) or cellular damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), leading to production of cytokines. The underdeveloped innate immunity represents a unique property of PSCs that may have important implications. This review discusses the immunological properties of PSCs, the molecular basis underlying their diminished innate immune responses, and the hypothesis that the attenuated innate immune responses could be an adaptive mechanism that allows PSCs to avoid cytotoxicity associated with inflammation and immune responses during early embryogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Lin Guo
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi
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43
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Analysis of stage-specific expression of the toll-like receptor family in the porcine endometrium throughout the estrous cycle and pregnancy. Theriogenology 2018; 125:173-183. [PMID: 30448720 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2018.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play critical roles in innate immunity by regulating antimicrobial responses in mucosal tissues. The expression and function of TLRs in female reproductive tissues have been studied in several species, but the expression and function of TLRs and MYD88, an adaptor molecule in the TLR signaling pathway, at the maternal-conceptus interface are not well understood in pigs. Thus, we determined the expression of TLR1 - TLR10 and MYD88 in the endometrium, conceptus, and chorioallantoic tissues of pigs. TLR1 - TLR10 and MYD88 mRNAs were expressed in the endometrium during the estrous cycle and pregnancy in a stage-dependent manner. TLR and MYD88 mRNAs were also detected in early stage conceptuses and chorioallantoic tissues from Day 30 to term pregnancy. The expression of TLR2, TLR4, TLR5, and TLR7 was localized to epithelial and stromal cells in endometrial and chorioallantoic tissues. Increasing doses of P4, but not E2, induced the expression of TLR4, TLR5, TLR6, TLR7, and TLR8, while interferon-γ increased the expression of TLR2 and TLR7 in endometrial explant tissues. Expression of TLR3, TLR5, TLR6, TLR7, and MYD88 was higher in the endometrium with somatic cell nucleus transfer-derived conceptuses than conceptuses derived from natural mating on Day 12. These results indicate that the expression of TLR1 - TLR10 and MYD88 is dynamically regulated at the maternal-conceptus interface in pigs, suggesting that TLRs expressed in the endometrium and the placenta may play a critical role in regulating mucosal immune responses to support the establishment and maintenance of pregnancy.
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Afkham A, Eghbal-Fard S, Heydarlou H, Azizi R, Aghebati-Maleki L, Yousefi M. Toll-like receptors signaling network in pre-eclampsia: An updated review. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:2229-2240. [PMID: 30221394 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are innate immune cells receptors. They are expressed on leukocytes, epithelial cells, and more particularly on placental immune cells and chorion trophoblast. Upregulation of innate immune response occurs during normal pregnancy, but its excessive activity is involved in the pathology of pregnancy complications including pregnancy-induced hypertension and pre-eclampsia (PE). The recent studies about the overmuch inflammatory responses and aberrant placentation are associated with increased expression of TLRs in PE patients. This review has tried to focus on the relationship between some activities of TLRs and the risk of preeclampsia development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Afkham
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Shadi Eghbal-Fard
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hanieh Heydarlou
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ramyar Azizi
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Mehdi Yousefi
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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45
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Das UN. Circulating MicroRNAs and Bioactive Lipids in Pre-Eclampsia and Its Cardiovascular Sequelae. Am J Hypertens 2018; 31:1079-1086. [PMID: 30052752 DOI: 10.1093/ajh/hpy117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Undurti N Das
- UND Life Sciences, Battle Ground, Washington, USA
- BioScience Research Centre, GVP College of Engineering Campus, Visakhapatnam, India
- Department of Medicine, GVP Hospital, Visakhapatnam, India
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Chatterjee P, Chiasson VL, Kopriva SE, Bounds KR, Newell-Rogers MK, Mitchell BM. Both maternal and placental toll-like receptor activation are necessary for the full development of proteinuric hypertension in mice. Pregnancy Hypertens 2018; 13:154-160. [PMID: 30177045 DOI: 10.1016/j.preghy.2018.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Innate immune system activation and excessive inflammation contributes to hypertension during pregnancy (HTN-preg). Activation of Toll-like receptors (TLRs), the primary innate immune system sensor, is evident in women with HTN-preg and is sufficient to induce pregnancy-dependent, proteinuric hypertension in animals. However, whether HTN-preg is a maternal disease, a placental disease, or both is unclear. We hypothesized that activation of TLR3, the double-stranded RNA sensor, in both maternal systemic and placental cells would be necessary for the full development of HTN-preg in mice. STUDY DESIGN Various mating schemes generated pregnant mice that lacked TLR3 in maternal cells, paternally-derived placental cells, and both. Mice were then injected with a TLR3 agonist on days 13, 15, and 17 of pregnancy. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Blood pressure, urinary protein excretion, fetal development, maternal vascular endothelial function, and immune system activation were all assessed and compared between groups. RESULTS Pregnant mice lacking TLR3 in maternal cells as well as pregnant mice lacking TLR3 in placental cells had significantly attenuated increases in systolic blood pressure, urinary protein excretion, fetal demise, and endothelial dysfunction compared to wild-type pregnant mice following TLR3 activation. Pregnant mice lacking TLR3 in both maternal systemic and placental cells were completely resistant to the hypertension, proteinuria, fetal demise, endothelial dysfunction, splenomegaly, and increases in pro-inflammatory immune cells induced by TLR3 activation. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that both maternal and placental TLR3 activation are crucial for the full development of HTN-preg and that TLR3 antagonists may be beneficial in some women with HTN-preg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piyali Chatterjee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center/Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple, TX, United States
| | - Valorie L Chiasson
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center/Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple, TX, United States
| | - Shelley E Kopriva
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center/Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple, TX, United States
| | - Kelsey R Bounds
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center/Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple, TX, United States
| | - M Karen Newell-Rogers
- Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M Health Science Center/Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple, TX, United States
| | - Brett M Mitchell
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center/Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple, TX, United States; Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M Health Science Center/Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple, TX, United States.
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47
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Deng Y, Song L, Nie X, Shou W, Li X. Prenatal inflammation exposure-programmed cardiovascular diseases and potential prevention. Pharmacol Ther 2018; 190:159-172. [PMID: 29803628 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2018.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, the rapid development of medical and pharmacological interventions has led to a steady decline in certain noncommunicable chronic diseases (NCDs), such as cancer. However, the overall incidence of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) has not seemed to decline. CVDs have become even more prevalent in many countries and represent a global health threat and financial burden. An increasing number of epidemiological and experimental studies have demonstrated that maternal insults not only can result in birth defects but also can cause developmental functional defects that contribute to adult NCDs. In the current review, we provide an overview of evidence from both epidemiological investigations and experimental animal studies supporting the concept of developmental reprogramming of adult CVDs in offspring that have experienced prenatal inflammation exposure (PIE) during fetal development (PIE-programmed CVDs), a disease-causing event that has not been effectively controlled. This review describes the epidemiological observations, data from animal models, and related mechanisms for the pathogenesis of PIE-programmed CVDs. In addition, the potential therapeutic interventions of PIE-programmed CVDs are discussed. Finally, we also deliberate the need for future mechanistic studies and biomarker screenings in this important field, which creates a great opportunity to combat the global increase in CVDs by managing the adverse effects of inflammation for prepregnant and pregnant individuals who are at risk for PIE-programmed CVDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youcai Deng
- Institute of Materia Medica, College of Pharmacy, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), 30# Gaotanyan Rd., Shapingba District, Chongqing 400038, China; Center of Translational Medicine, College of Pharmacy, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), 30# Gaotanyan Rd., Shapingba District, Chongqing 400038, China.
| | - Liang Song
- Institute of Materia Medica, College of Pharmacy, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), 30# Gaotanyan Rd., Shapingba District, Chongqing 400038, China; Center of Translational Medicine, College of Pharmacy, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), 30# Gaotanyan Rd., Shapingba District, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Xuqiang Nie
- Institute of Materia Medica, College of Pharmacy, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), 30# Gaotanyan Rd., Shapingba District, Chongqing 400038, China; Center of Translational Medicine, College of Pharmacy, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), 30# Gaotanyan Rd., Shapingba District, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Weinian Shou
- Institute of Materia Medica, College of Pharmacy, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), 30# Gaotanyan Rd., Shapingba District, Chongqing 400038, China; Center of Translational Medicine, College of Pharmacy, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), 30# Gaotanyan Rd., Shapingba District, Chongqing 400038, China; Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, 1044 W. Walnut Street, R4 W302D, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Xiaohui Li
- Institute of Materia Medica, College of Pharmacy, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), 30# Gaotanyan Rd., Shapingba District, Chongqing 400038, China; Center of Translational Medicine, College of Pharmacy, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), 30# Gaotanyan Rd., Shapingba District, Chongqing 400038, China.
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48
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Mulla MJ, Weel IC, Potter JA, Gysler SM, Salmon JE, Peraçoli MTS, Rothlin CV, Chamley LW, Abrahams VM. Antiphospholipid Antibodies Inhibit Trophoblast Toll-Like Receptor and Inflammasome Negative Regulators. Arthritis Rheumatol 2018; 70:891-902. [PMID: 29342502 DOI: 10.1002/art.40416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Women with antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL) are at risk for pregnancy complications associated with poor placentation and placental inflammation. Although these antibodies are heterogeneous, some anti-β2 -glycoprotein I (anti-β2 GPI) antibodies can activate Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR-4) and NLRP3 in human first-trimester trophoblasts. The objective of this study was to determine the role of negative regulators of TLR and inflammasome function in aPL-induced trophoblast inflammation. METHODS Human trophoblasts were not treated or were treated with anti-β2 GPI aPL or control IgG in the presence or absence of the common TAM (TYRO3, AXL, and Mer tyrosine kinase [MERTK]) receptor ligand growth arrest-specific protein 6 (GAS6) or the autophagy-inducer rapamycin. The expression and function of the TAM receptor pathway and autophagy were measured by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), Western blotting, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Antiphospholipid antibody-induced trophoblast inflammation was measured by qRT-PCR, activity assays, and ELISA. RESULTS Anti-β2 GPI aPL inhibited trophoblast TAM receptor function by reducing cellular expression of the receptor tyrosine kinases AXL and MERTK and the ligand GAS6. The addition of GAS6 blocked the effects of aPL on the TLR-4-mediated interleukin-8 (IL-8) response. However, the NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated IL-1β response was not affected by GAS6, suggesting that another regulatory pathway was involved. Indeed, anti-β2 GPI aPL inhibited basal trophoblast autophagy, and reversing this with rapamycin inhibited aPL-induced inflammasome function and IL-1β secretion. CONCLUSION Basal TAM receptor function and autophagy may serve to inhibit trophoblast TLR and inflammasome function, respectively. Impairment of TAM receptor signaling and autophagy by anti-β2 GPI aPL may allow subsequent TLR and inflammasome activity, leading to a robust inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ingrid C Weel
- Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, and São Paulo State University, São Paulo, Brazil
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Grasso E, Gori S, Paparini D, Soczewski E, Fernández L, Gallino L, Salamone G, Martinez G, Irigoyen M, Ruhlmann C, Pérez Leirós C, Ramhorst R. VIP induces the decidualization program and conditions the immunoregulation of the implantation process. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2018; 460:63-72. [PMID: 28689770 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2017] [Revised: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The decidualization process involves phenotype and functional changes on endometrial cells and the modulation of mediators with immunoregulatory properties as the vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP). We investigate VIP contribution to the decidualization program and to immunoregulation throughout the human embryo implantation process. The decidualization of Human endometrial stromal cell line (HESC) with Medroxyprogesterone-dibutyryl-cAMP increased VIP/VPAC-receptors system. In fact, VIP could induce decidualization increasing differentiation markers (IGFBP1, PRL, KLF13/KLF9 ratio, CXCL12, CXCL8 and CCL2) and allowing Blastocyst-like spheroids (BLS) invasion in an in vitro model of embryo implantation. Focus on the tolerogenic effects, decidualized cells induced a semi-mature profile on maternal dendritic cells; restrained CD4+ cells recruitment while increased regulatory T-cells recruitment. Interestingly, the human blastocyst conditioned media from developmentally impaired embryos diminished the invasion and T-regulatory cells recruitment in these settings. These evidences suggest that VIP contributes to the implantation process inducing decidualization, allowing BLS invasion and favoring a tolerogenic micro-environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esteban Grasso
- Immunopharmacology Laboratory, School of Sciences, University of Buenos Aires, IQUIBICEN-CONICET, Argentina
| | - Soledad Gori
- Institute of Experimental Medicine IMEX-CONICET, National Academy of Sciences, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Daniel Paparini
- Immunopharmacology Laboratory, School of Sciences, University of Buenos Aires, IQUIBICEN-CONICET, Argentina
| | - Elizabeth Soczewski
- Immunopharmacology Laboratory, School of Sciences, University of Buenos Aires, IQUIBICEN-CONICET, Argentina
| | - Laura Fernández
- Immunopharmacology Laboratory, School of Sciences, University of Buenos Aires, IQUIBICEN-CONICET, Argentina
| | - Lucila Gallino
- Immunopharmacology Laboratory, School of Sciences, University of Buenos Aires, IQUIBICEN-CONICET, Argentina
| | - Gabriela Salamone
- Institute of Experimental Medicine IMEX-CONICET, National Academy of Sciences, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | | | | | - Claudia Pérez Leirós
- Immunopharmacology Laboratory, School of Sciences, University of Buenos Aires, IQUIBICEN-CONICET, Argentina
| | - Rosanna Ramhorst
- Immunopharmacology Laboratory, School of Sciences, University of Buenos Aires, IQUIBICEN-CONICET, Argentina.
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Smith A, Witte E, McGee D, Knott J, Narang K, Racicot K. Cortisol inhibits CSF2 and CSF3 via DNA methylation and inhibits invasion in first-trimester trophoblast cells. Am J Reprod Immunol 2017; 78. [PMID: 28846166 DOI: 10.1111/aji.12741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM Heightened maternal stress affects trophoblast function and increases risk for adverse pregnancy outcomes. METHODS OF STUDY Studies were performed using the first-trimester trophoblast cell line, Sw.71. Cytokines were quantified using qPCR and ELISA. Epigenetic regulation of cytokines was characterized by inhibiting histone deacetylation (1 μmol/L suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid [SAHA]) or methylation (5 μmol/L 5-azacytidine), or with chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) with a pan-acetyl histone-3 antibody. Invasion assays used Matrigel chambers. RESULTS Cortisol inhibited expression of CSF2 (GM-CSF) and CSF3 (G-CSF) in trophoblast cells. Cortisol-associated inhibition was dependent on DNA methylation and was not affected by acetylation. There was also a modest decrease in trophoblast invasion, not dependent on loss of CSFs. CONCLUSION In first-trimester trophoblast cells, the physiological glucocorticoid, cortisol, inhibited two cytokines with roles in placental development and decreased trophoblast invasion. Cortisol-associated changes in trophoblast function could increase the risk for immune-mediated abortion or other adverse pregnancy outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Smith
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Elizabeth Witte
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Devin McGee
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Jason Knott
- Department of Animal Science, College of Natural Resources, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Kavita Narang
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA.,Spectrum Health, Department of obstetrics and Gynecology, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Karen Racicot
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
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