1
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Srinivasan S, Zhu C, McShan AC. Structure, function, and immunomodulation of the CD8 co-receptor. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1412513. [PMID: 39253084 PMCID: PMC11381289 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1412513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 09/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Expressed on the surface of CD8+ T cells, the CD8 co-receptor is a key component of the T cells that contributes to antigen recognition, immune cell maturation, and immune cell signaling. While CD8 is widely recognized as a co-stimulatory molecule for conventional CD8+ αβ T cells, recent reports highlight its multifaceted role in both adaptive and innate immune responses. In this review, we discuss the utility of CD8 in relation to its immunomodulatory properties. We outline the unique structure and function of different CD8 domains (ectodomain, hinge, transmembrane, cytoplasmic tail) in the context of the distinct properties of CD8αα homodimers and CD8αβ heterodimers. We discuss CD8 features commonly used to construct chimeric antigen receptors for immunotherapy. We describe the molecular interactions of CD8 with classical MHC-I, non-classical MHCs, and Lck partners involved in T cell signaling. Engineered and naturally occurring CD8 mutations that alter immune responses are discussed. The applications of anti-CD8 monoclonal antibodies (mABs) that target CD8 are summarized. Finally, we examine the unique structure and function of several CD8/mAB complexes. Collectively, these findings reveal the promising immunomodulatory properties of CD8 and CD8 binding partners, not only to uncover basic immune system function, but to advance efforts towards translational research for targeted immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shreyaa Srinivasan
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Cheng Zhu
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Andrew C McShan
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, United States
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2
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Nath PR, Maclean M, Nagarajan V, Lee JW, Yakin M, Kumar A, Nadali H, Schmidt B, Kaya KD, Kodati S, Young A, Caspi RR, Kuiper JJW, Sen HN. Single-cell profiling identifies a CD8 bright CD244 bright Natural Killer cell subset that reflects disease activity in HLA-A29-positive birdshot chorioretinopathy. Nat Commun 2024; 15:6443. [PMID: 39085199 PMCID: PMC11291632 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-50472-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Birdshot chorioretinopathy is an inflammatory eye condition strongly associated with MHC-I allele HLA-A29. The striking association with MHC-I suggests involvement of T cells, whereas natural killer (NK) cell involvement remains largely unstudied. Here we show that HLA-A29-positive birdshot chorioretinopathy patients have a skewed NK cell pool containing expanded CD16 positive NK cells which produce more proinflammatory cytokines. These NK cells contain populations that express CD8A which is involved in MHC-I recognition on target cells, display gene signatures indicative of high cytotoxic activity (GZMB, PRF1 and ISG15), and signaling through NK cell receptor CD244 (SH2D1B). Long-term monitoring of a cohort of birdshot chorioretinopathy patients with active disease identifies a population of CD8bright CD244bright NK cells, which rapidly declines to normal levels upon clinical remission following successful treatment. Collectively, these studies implicate CD8bright CD244bright NK cells in birdshot chorioretinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pulak R Nath
- Clinical and Translational Immunology Unit, Laboratory of Immunology, NEI, NIH, Bethesda, USA.
- Lentigen Technology Inc., A Miltenyi Biotec Company, 910 Clopper Road, Gaithersburg, MD, 20878, USA.
| | - Mary Maclean
- Clinical and Translational Immunology Unit, Laboratory of Immunology, NEI, NIH, Bethesda, USA
- Translational Immunology Section, Office of Science and Technology, NIAMS, Bethesda, NIH, USA
| | - Vijay Nagarajan
- Clinical and Translational Immunology Unit, Laboratory of Immunology, NEI, NIH, Bethesda, USA
- Immunoregulation Section, Laboratory of Immunology, NEI, NIH, Bethesda, USA
| | - Jung Wha Lee
- Clinical and Translational Immunology Unit, Laboratory of Immunology, NEI, NIH, Bethesda, USA
| | - Mehmet Yakin
- Clinical and Translational Immunology Unit, Laboratory of Immunology, NEI, NIH, Bethesda, USA
| | - Aman Kumar
- Clinical and Translational Immunology Unit, Laboratory of Immunology, NEI, NIH, Bethesda, USA
| | - Hadi Nadali
- Clinical and Translational Immunology Unit, Laboratory of Immunology, NEI, NIH, Bethesda, USA
| | - Brian Schmidt
- NIH Intramural Sequencing Center, NIH, Rockville, USA
| | - Koray D Kaya
- Medical Genetics and Ophthalmic Genomics Unit, NEI, NIH, Bethesda, USA
| | - Shilpa Kodati
- Clinical and Translational Immunology Unit, Laboratory of Immunology, NEI, NIH, Bethesda, USA
| | - Alice Young
- NIH Intramural Sequencing Center, NIH, Rockville, USA
| | - Rachel R Caspi
- Immunoregulation Section, Laboratory of Immunology, NEI, NIH, Bethesda, USA
| | - Jonas J W Kuiper
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Utrecht, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands.
| | - H Nida Sen
- Clinical and Translational Immunology Unit, Laboratory of Immunology, NEI, NIH, Bethesda, USA
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3
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Shi J, Yin W, Chen W. Mathematical models of TCR initial triggering. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1411614. [PMID: 39091495 PMCID: PMC11291225 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1411614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024] Open
Abstract
T cell receptors (TCRs) play crucial roles in regulating T cell response by rapidly and accurately recognizing foreign and non-self antigens. The process involves multiple molecules and regulatory mechanisms, forming a complex network to achieve effective antigen recognition. Mathematical modeling techniques can help unravel the intricate network of TCR signaling and identify key regulators that govern it. In this review, we introduce and briefly discuss relevant mathematical models of TCR initial triggering, with a focus on kinetic proofreading (KPR) models with different modified structures. We compare the topology structures, biological hypotheses, parameter choices, and simulation performance of each model, and summarize the advantages and limitations of them. Further studies on TCR modeling design, aiming for an optimized balance of specificity and sensitivity, are expected to contribute to the development of new therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Shi
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of the Ministry of Education, College of Biomedical Engineering and Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Weiwei Yin
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardio-Cerebral Vascular Detection Technology and Medicinal Effectiveness Appraisal, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of the Ministry of Education, College of Biomedical Engineering and Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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4
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Liu S, Liu ZC, Zhang MY, Wang SJ, Pan M, Ji P, Zhu C, Lin P, Wang Y. ICAM-1 mediated cell-cell adhesion exerts dual roles on human B cell differentiation and IgG production. iScience 2023; 26:108505. [PMID: 38162034 PMCID: PMC10755720 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.108505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) plays prominent roles in mediating cell-cell adhesion which also facilitates B cell activation and differentiation with the help from CD4+ T cells. Here, we have reported a unique phenomenon that increased ICAM-1 on purified human CD4+ T cells upon anti-CD3/CD28 stimulation enhanced CD4+ T-B cell adhesion whereas induced less B cell differentiation and IgG production. This was largely due to increased PD-1 expression on CD19hi B cells after coculturing with hyperactivated CD4+ T cells. Consequently, ICAM-1 blockade during CD4+ T cell-B cell coculture promoted IgG production with the activation of ERK1/2 and Blimp-1/IRF4 upregulation. Consistently, CD4+ T cells from moderate-to-severe SLE patients with high ICAM-1 expression mediated less IgG production after T-B coculture. Therefore, ICAM-1-mediated human CD4+ T-B cell adhesion provides dual roles on B cell differentiation and IgG production partially depending on expression levels of PD-1 on B cells, supporting cell adhesion and subsequent PD-1 induction as an alternative intrinsic checkpoint for B cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Liu
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Department of Diagnostic Laboratory, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Zhi-cui Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Mei-yu Zhang
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Shu-jun Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Meng Pan
- Department of Dermatology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Ping Ji
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Cheng Zhu
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Ping Lin
- Department of Diagnostic Laboratory, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
- Shanghai Institute of Virology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Emergency Prevention, Diagnosis and Treatment of Respiratory Infectious Diseases, Shanghai 200025, China
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5
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Moldovan L, Song CH, Chen YC, Wang HJ, Ju LA. Biomembrane force probe (BFP): Design, advancements, and recent applications to live-cell mechanobiology. EXPLORATION (BEIJING, CHINA) 2023; 3:20230004. [PMID: 37933233 PMCID: PMC10624387 DOI: 10.1002/exp.20230004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
Mechanical forces play a vital role in biological processes at molecular and cellular levels, significantly impacting various diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular disease, and COVID-19. Recent advancements in dynamic force spectroscopy (DFS) techniques have enabled the application and measurement of forces and displacements with high resolutions, providing crucial insights into the mechanical pathways underlying these diseases. Among DFS techniques, the biomembrane force probe (BFP) stands out for its ability to measure bond kinetics and cellular mechanosensing with pico-newton and nano-meter resolutions. Here, a comprehensive overview of the classical BFP-DFS setup is presented and key advancements are emphasized, including the development of dual biomembrane force probe (dBFP) and fluorescence biomembrane force probe (fBFP). BFP-DFS allows us to investigate dynamic bond behaviors on living cells and significantly enhances the understanding of specific ligand-receptor axes mediated cell mechanosensing. The contributions of BFP-DFS to the fields of cancer biology, thrombosis, and inflammation are delved into, exploring its potential to elucidate novel therapeutic discoveries. Furthermore, future BFP upgrades aimed at improving output and feasibility are anticipated, emphasizing its growing importance in the field of cell mechanobiology. Although BFP-DFS remains a niche research modality, its impact on the expanding field of cell mechanobiology is immense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Moldovan
- School of Biomedical EngineeringThe University of SydneyDarlingtonNew South WalesAustralia
- Charles Perkins CentreThe University of SydneyCamperdownNew South WalesAustralia
- Heart Research InstituteNewtownNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Caroline Haoran Song
- School of Biomedical EngineeringThe University of SydneyDarlingtonNew South WalesAustralia
- Charles Perkins CentreThe University of SydneyCamperdownNew South WalesAustralia
- Heart Research InstituteNewtownNew South WalesAustralia
- Sydney Nano Institute (Sydney Nano)The University of SydneyCamperdownNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Yiyao Catherine Chen
- School of Biomedical EngineeringThe University of SydneyDarlingtonNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Haoqing Jerry Wang
- School of Biomedical EngineeringThe University of SydneyDarlingtonNew South WalesAustralia
- Heart Research InstituteNewtownNew South WalesAustralia
- Sydney Nano Institute (Sydney Nano)The University of SydneyCamperdownNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Lining Arnold Ju
- School of Biomedical EngineeringThe University of SydneyDarlingtonNew South WalesAustralia
- Charles Perkins CentreThe University of SydneyCamperdownNew South WalesAustralia
- Heart Research InstituteNewtownNew South WalesAustralia
- Sydney Nano Institute (Sydney Nano)The University of SydneyCamperdownNew South WalesAustralia
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6
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Faust MA, Rasé VJ, Lamb TJ, Evavold BD. What's the Catch? The Significance of Catch Bonds in T Cell Activation. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2023; 211:333-342. [PMID: 37459191 PMCID: PMC10732538 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2300141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
One of the main goals in T cell biology has been to investigate how TCR recognition of peptide:MHC (pMHC) determines T cell phenotype and fate. Ag recognition is required to facilitate survival, expansion, and effector function of T cells. Historically, TCR affinity for pMHC has been used as a predictor for T cell fate and responsiveness, but there have now been several examples of nonfunctional high-affinity clones and low-affinity highly functional clones. Recently, more attention has been paid to the TCR being a mechanoreceptor where the key biophysical determinant is TCR bond lifetime under force. As outlined in this review, the fundamental parameters between the TCR and pMHC that control Ag recognition and T cell triggering are affinity, bond lifetime, and the amount of force at which the peak lifetime occurs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Faust
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Viva J Rasé
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Tracey J Lamb
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Brian D Evavold
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
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7
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Rushdi MN, Pan V, Li K, Choi HK, Travaglino S, Hong J, Griffitts F, Agnihotri P, Mariuzza RA, Ke Y, Zhu C. Cooperative binding of T cell receptor and CD4 to peptide-MHC enhances antigen sensitivity. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7055. [PMID: 36396644 PMCID: PMC9671906 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34587-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Antigen recognition by the T cell receptor (TCR) of CD4+ T cells can be greatly enhanced by the coreceptor CD4. Yet, understanding of the molecular mechanism is hindered by the ultra-low affinity of CD4 binding to class-II peptide-major histocompatibility complexes (pMHC). Here we show, using two-dimensional (2D) mechanical-based assays, that the affinity of CD4-pMHC interaction is 3-4 logs lower than that of cognate TCR-pMHC interactions, and it is more susceptible to increased dissociation by forces (slip bond). In contrast, CD4 binds TCR-pre-bound pMHC at 3-6 logs higher affinity, forming TCR-pMHC-CD4 tri-molecular bonds that are prolonged by force (catch bond), and modulated by protein mobility on the cell membrane, indicating profound TCR-CD4 cooperativity. Consistent with a tri-crystal structure, using DNA origami as a molecular ruler to titrate spacing between TCR and CD4 we show that 7-nm proximity optimizes TCR-pMHC-CD4 tri-molecular bond formation with pMHC. Our results thus provide deep mechanistic insight into CD4 enhancement of TCR antigen recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muaz Nik Rushdi
- grid.213917.f0000 0001 2097 4943Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA USA ,grid.213917.f0000 0001 2097 4943Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA USA ,grid.419673.e0000 0000 9545 2456Present Address: Medtronic CO., Minneapolis, MN USA
| | - Victor Pan
- grid.213917.f0000 0001 2097 4943Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA USA ,grid.213917.f0000 0001 2097 4943Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA USA ,grid.510306.10000 0004 5907 6472Present Address: Intellia Therapeutics, Cambridge, MA USA
| | - Kaitao Li
- grid.213917.f0000 0001 2097 4943Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA USA ,grid.213917.f0000 0001 2097 4943Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Hyun-Kyu Choi
- grid.213917.f0000 0001 2097 4943Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA USA ,grid.213917.f0000 0001 2097 4943Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Stefano Travaglino
- grid.213917.f0000 0001 2097 4943Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA USA ,grid.213917.f0000 0001 2097 4943Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Jinsung Hong
- grid.213917.f0000 0001 2097 4943Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA USA ,grid.213917.f0000 0001 2097 4943Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA USA ,grid.417587.80000 0001 2243 3366Present Address: Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD USA
| | - Fletcher Griffitts
- grid.213917.f0000 0001 2097 4943Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA USA ,grid.213917.f0000 0001 2097 4943Georgia W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Pragati Agnihotri
- grid.440664.40000 0001 0313 4029W. M. Keck Laboratory for Structural Biology, Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, MD USA ,grid.164295.d0000 0001 0941 7177Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD USA ,grid.281126.e0000 0004 0612 4549Present Address: Advanced Bioscience Laboratories, Rockville, MD USA
| | - Roy A. Mariuzza
- grid.440664.40000 0001 0313 4029W. M. Keck Laboratory for Structural Biology, Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, Rockville, MD USA ,grid.164295.d0000 0001 0941 7177Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD USA
| | - Yonggang Ke
- grid.213917.f0000 0001 2097 4943Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA USA ,grid.189967.80000 0001 0941 6502Medical Scientist Training Program, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Cheng Zhu
- grid.213917.f0000 0001 2097 4943Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA USA ,grid.213917.f0000 0001 2097 4943Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA USA ,grid.213917.f0000 0001 2097 4943Georgia W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA USA
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8
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Souter MN, Awad W, Li S, Pediongco TJ, Meehan BS, Meehan LJ, Tian Z, Zhao Z, Wang H, Nelson A, Le Nours J, Khandokar Y, Praveena T, Wubben J, Lin J, Sullivan LC, Lovrecz GO, Mak JY, Liu L, Kostenko L, Kedzierska K, Corbett AJ, Fairlie DP, Brooks AG, Gherardin NA, Uldrich AP, Chen Z, Rossjohn J, Godfrey DI, McCluskey J, Pellicci DG, Eckle SB. CD8 coreceptor engagement of MR1 enhances antigen responsiveness by human MAIT and other MR1-reactive T cells. J Exp Med 2022; 219:213423. [PMID: 36018322 PMCID: PMC9424912 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20210828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells detect microbial infection via recognition of riboflavin-based antigens presented by the major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I)-related protein 1 (MR1). Most MAIT cells in human peripheral blood express CD8αα or CD8αβ coreceptors, and the binding site for CD8 on MHC-I molecules is relatively conserved in MR1. Yet, there is no direct evidence of CD8 interacting with MR1 or the functional consequences thereof. Similarly, the role of CD8αα in lymphocyte function remains ill-defined. Here, using newly developed MR1 tetramers, mutated at the CD8 binding site, and by determining the crystal structure of MR1-CD8αα, we show that CD8 engaged MR1, analogous to how it engages MHC-I molecules. CD8αα and CD8αβ enhanced MR1 binding and cytokine production by MAIT cells. Moreover, the CD8-MR1 interaction was critical for the recognition of folate-derived antigens by other MR1-reactive T cells. Together, our findings suggest that both CD8αα and CD8αβ act as functional coreceptors for MAIT and other MR1-reactive T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael N.T. Souter
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Wael Awad
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Shihan Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Troi J. Pediongco
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Bronwyn S. Meehan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Lucy J. Meehan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Zehua Tian
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Zhe Zhao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Huimeng Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia,State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Adam Nelson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jérôme Le Nours
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Yogesh Khandokar
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - T. Praveena
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jacinta Wubben
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jie Lin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Lucy C. Sullivan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - George O. Lovrecz
- Biomedical Manufacturing, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jeffrey Y.W. Mak
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Ligong Liu
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Lyudmila Kostenko
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Katherine Kedzierska
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Alexandra J. Corbett
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - David P. Fairlie
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Andrew G. Brooks
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Nicholas A. Gherardin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Adam P. Uldrich
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Zhenjun Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jamie Rossjohn
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia,Institute of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Dale I. Godfrey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - James McCluskey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Daniel G. Pellicci
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia,Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Parkville, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Sidonia B.G. Eckle
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
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9
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Gillson J, Abd El-Aziz YS, Leck LYW, Jansson PJ, Pavlakis N, Samra JS, Mittal A, Sahni S. Autophagy: A Key Player in Pancreatic Cancer Progression and a Potential Drug Target. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:3528. [PMID: 35884592 PMCID: PMC9315706 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14143528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is known to have the lowest survival outcomes among all major cancers, and unfortunately, this has only been marginally improved over last four decades. The innate characteristics of pancreatic cancer include an aggressive and fast-growing nature from powerful driver mutations, a highly defensive tumor microenvironment and the upregulation of advantageous survival pathways such as autophagy. Autophagy involves targeted degradation of proteins and organelles to provide a secondary source of cellular supplies to maintain cell growth. Elevated autophagic activity in pancreatic cancer is recognized as a major survival pathway as it provides a plethora of support for tumors by supplying vital resources, maintaining tumour survival under the stressful microenvironment and promoting other pathways involved in tumour progression and metastasis. The combination of these features is unique to pancreatic cancer and present significant resistance to chemotherapeutic strategies, thus, indicating a need for further investigation into therapies targeting this crucial pathway. This review will outline the autophagy pathway and its regulation, in addition to the genetic landscape and tumor microenvironment that contribute to pancreatic cancer severity. Moreover, this review will also discuss the mechanisms of novel therapeutic strategies that inhibit autophagy and how they could be used to suppress tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josef Gillson
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia; (J.G.); (Y.S.A.E.-A.); (L.Y.W.L.); (P.J.J.); (N.P.); (J.S.S.); (A.M.)
- Bill Walsh Translational Cancer Research Laboratory, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, St Leonards, Sydney, NSW 2065, Australia
| | - Yomna S. Abd El-Aziz
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia; (J.G.); (Y.S.A.E.-A.); (L.Y.W.L.); (P.J.J.); (N.P.); (J.S.S.); (A.M.)
- Bill Walsh Translational Cancer Research Laboratory, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, St Leonards, Sydney, NSW 2065, Australia
- Oral Pathology Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt
| | - Lionel Y. W. Leck
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia; (J.G.); (Y.S.A.E.-A.); (L.Y.W.L.); (P.J.J.); (N.P.); (J.S.S.); (A.M.)
- Bill Walsh Translational Cancer Research Laboratory, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, St Leonards, Sydney, NSW 2065, Australia
- Cancer Drug Resistance and Stem Cell Program, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Patric J. Jansson
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia; (J.G.); (Y.S.A.E.-A.); (L.Y.W.L.); (P.J.J.); (N.P.); (J.S.S.); (A.M.)
- Bill Walsh Translational Cancer Research Laboratory, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, St Leonards, Sydney, NSW 2065, Australia
- Cancer Drug Resistance and Stem Cell Program, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Nick Pavlakis
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia; (J.G.); (Y.S.A.E.-A.); (L.Y.W.L.); (P.J.J.); (N.P.); (J.S.S.); (A.M.)
- Bill Walsh Translational Cancer Research Laboratory, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, St Leonards, Sydney, NSW 2065, Australia
| | - Jaswinder S. Samra
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia; (J.G.); (Y.S.A.E.-A.); (L.Y.W.L.); (P.J.J.); (N.P.); (J.S.S.); (A.M.)
- Upper GI Surgical Unit, Royal North Shore Hospital and North Shore Private Hospital, St Leonards, Sydney, NSW 2065, Australia
- Australian Pancreatic Centre, St Leonards, Sydney, NSW 2065, Australia
| | - Anubhav Mittal
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia; (J.G.); (Y.S.A.E.-A.); (L.Y.W.L.); (P.J.J.); (N.P.); (J.S.S.); (A.M.)
- Upper GI Surgical Unit, Royal North Shore Hospital and North Shore Private Hospital, St Leonards, Sydney, NSW 2065, Australia
- Australian Pancreatic Centre, St Leonards, Sydney, NSW 2065, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Notre Dame, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Sumit Sahni
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia; (J.G.); (Y.S.A.E.-A.); (L.Y.W.L.); (P.J.J.); (N.P.); (J.S.S.); (A.M.)
- Bill Walsh Translational Cancer Research Laboratory, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, St Leonards, Sydney, NSW 2065, Australia
- Australian Pancreatic Centre, St Leonards, Sydney, NSW 2065, Australia
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10
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Chouliara M, Junghans V, Dam T, Santos AM, Davis SJ, Jönsson P. Single-cell measurements of two-dimensional binding affinity across cell contacts. Biophys J 2021; 120:5032-5040. [PMID: 34653390 PMCID: PMC8633712 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2021.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The two-dimensional (2D) affinity between protein molecules across contacting cells is a key parameter regulating and initiating several cellular processes. However, measuring 2D affinity can be challenging, and experimental data are limited. In addition, the obtained 2D affinities are typically averaged over the cell population. We here present a method to measure 2D affinity on single cells binding to polyhistidine-tagged fluorescent ligands anchored to a supported lipid bilayer (SLB). By decreasing the density of ligands in the SLB using imidazole, a new steady-state accumulation in the contact is obtained, and from this change, both the 2D affinity and the number of receptors on the cell can be determined. The method was validated on an SLB containing rat CD2 binding to the rat CD48 mutant T92A expressed on Jurkat T cells. The addition of imidazole did not influence the average 2D affinity (1/Kd), and the spread in affinities within the cell population was low, Kd = 4.9 ± 0.9 molecules/μm2 (mean ± SD), despite an order of magnitude spread in ligand accumulation because of differences in receptor density. It was also found that cell contact size increased both with ligand density and with the number of receptors per cell but that the contact size stayed approximately constant when lowering the ligand density, above a density of around 10 rat CD2 molecules/μm2, after the contact first had formed, indicative of a heterogeneous process. In summary, this method not only allows for single-cell affinities to be measured, but it can also reduce measurement and analysis time and improve measurement accuracy. Because of the low spread in 2D Kd within the cell population, the analysis can further be restricted to the cells showing the strongest binding, paving the way for using this method to study weak binding events.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Victoria Junghans
- Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Lund, Sweden; Radcliffe Department of Medicine and Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Tommy Dam
- Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Ana Mafalda Santos
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine and Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Simon J Davis
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine and Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Jönsson
- Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
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11
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Johanna I, Hernández-López P, Heijhuurs S, Scheper W, Bongiovanni L, de Bruin A, Beringer DX, Oostvogels R, Straetemans T, Sebestyen Z, Kuball J. Adding Help to an HLA-A*24:02 Tumor-Reactive γδTCR Increases Tumor Control. Front Immunol 2021; 12:752699. [PMID: 34759930 PMCID: PMC8573335 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.752699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
γδT cell receptors (γδTCRs) recognize a broad range of malignantly transformed cells in mainly a major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-independent manner, making them valuable additions to the engineered immune effector cell therapy that currently focuses primarily on αβTCRs and chimeric antigen receptors (CARs). As an exception to the rule, we have previously identified a γδTCR, which exerts antitumor reactivity against HLA-A*24:02-expressing malignant cells, however without the need for defined HLA-restricted peptides, and without exhibiting any sign of off-target toxicity in humanized HLA-A*24:02 transgenic NSG (NSG-A24:02) mouse models. This particular tumor-HLA-A*24:02-specific Vγ5Vδ1TCR required CD8αα co-receptor for its tumor reactive capacity when introduced into αβT cells engineered to express a defined γδTCR (TEG), referred to as TEG011; thus, it was only active in CD8+ TEG011. We subsequently explored the concept of additional redirection of CD4+ T cells through co-expression of the human CD8α gene into CD4+ and CD8+ TEG011 cells, later referred as TEG011_CD8α. Adoptive transfer of TEG011_CD8α cells in humanized HLA-A*24:02 transgenic NSG (NSG-A24:02) mice injected with tumor HLA-A*24:02+ cells showed superior tumor control in comparison to TEG011, and to mock control groups. The total percentage of mice with persisting TEG011_CD8α cells, as well as the total number of TEG011_CD8α cells per mice, was significantly improved over time, mainly due to a dominance of CD4+CD8+ double-positive TEG011_CD8α, which resulted in higher total counts of functional T cells in spleen and bone marrow. We observed that tumor clearance in the bone marrow of TEG011_CD8α-treated mice associated with better human T cell infiltration, which was not observed in the TEG011-treated group. Overall, introduction of transgenic human CD8α receptor on TEG011 improves antitumor reactivity against HLA-A*24:02+ tumor cells and further enhances in vivo tumor control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inez Johanna
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | | | - Sabine Heijhuurs
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Wouter Scheper
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Laura Bongiovanni
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Dutch Molecular Pathology Center, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Alain de Bruin
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Dutch Molecular Pathology Center, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Dennis X Beringer
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Rimke Oostvogels
- Department of Hematology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Trudy Straetemans
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Department of Hematology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Zsolt Sebestyen
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Jürgen Kuball
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Department of Hematology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
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12
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Zhao R, Zhou X, Khan ES, Alansary D, Friedmann KS, Yang W, Schwarz EC, del Campo A, Hoth M, Qu B. Targeting the Microtubule-Network Rescues CTL Killing Efficiency in Dense 3D Matrices. Front Immunol 2021; 12:729820. [PMID: 34484240 PMCID: PMC8416057 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.729820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Efficacy of cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL)-based immunotherapy is still unsatisfactory against solid tumors, which are frequently characterized by condensed extracellular matrix. Here, using a unique 3D killing assay, we identify that the killing efficiency of primary human CTLs is substantially impaired in dense collagen matrices. Although the expression of cytotoxic proteins in CTLs remained intact in dense collagen, CTL motility was largely compromised. Using light-sheet microscopy, we found that persistence and velocity of CTL migration was influenced by the stiffness and porosity of the 3D matrix. Notably, 3D CTL velocity was strongly correlated with their nuclear deformability, which was enhanced by disruption of the microtubule network especially in dense matrices. Concomitantly, CTL migration, search efficiency, and killing efficiency in dense collagen were significantly increased in microtubule-perturbed CTLs. In addition, the chemotherapeutically used microtubule inhibitor vinblastine drastically enhanced CTL killing efficiency in dense collagen. Together, our findings suggest targeting the microtubule network as a promising strategy to enhance efficacy of CTL-based immunotherapy against solid tumors, especially stiff solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renping Zhao
- Biophysics, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine (CIPMM), School of Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Xiangda Zhou
- Biophysics, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine (CIPMM), School of Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Essak S. Khan
- INM-Leibniz Institute for New Materials, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Dalia Alansary
- Molecular Biophysics, CIPMM, School of Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Kim S. Friedmann
- Biophysics, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine (CIPMM), School of Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Wenjuan Yang
- Biophysics, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine (CIPMM), School of Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Eva C. Schwarz
- Biophysics, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine (CIPMM), School of Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | | | - Markus Hoth
- Biophysics, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine (CIPMM), School of Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Bin Qu
- Biophysics, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine (CIPMM), School of Medicine, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
- INM-Leibniz Institute for New Materials, Saarbrücken, Germany
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13
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Chen M, Rosenberg J, Cai X, Lee ACH, Shi J, Nguyen M, Wignakumar T, Mirle V, Edobor AJ, Fung J, Donington JS, Shanmugarajah K, Lin Y, Chang E, Randall G, Penaloza-MacMaster P, Tian B, Madariaga ML, Huang J. Nanotraps for the containment and clearance of SARS-CoV-2. MATTER 2021; 4:2059-2082. [PMID: 33907732 PMCID: PMC8062026 DOI: 10.1016/j.matt.2021.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 enters host cells through its viral spike protein binding to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptors on the host cells. Here, we show that functionalized nanoparticles, termed "Nanotraps," completely inhibited SARS-CoV-2 infection by blocking the interaction between the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 and the ACE2 of host cells. The liposomal-based Nanotrap surfaces were functionalized with either recombinant ACE2 proteins or anti-SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies and phagocytosis-specific phosphatidylserines. The Nanotraps effectively captured SARS-CoV-2 and completely blocked SARS-CoV-2 infection to ACE2-expressing human cell lines and primary lung cells; the phosphatidylserine triggered subsequent phagocytosis of the virus-bound, biodegradable Nanotraps by macrophages, leading to the clearance of pseudotyped and authentic virus in vitro. Furthermore, the Nanotraps demonstrated an excellent biosafety profile in vitro and in vivo. Finally, the Nanotraps inhibited pseudotyped SARS-CoV-2 infection in live human lungs in an ex vivo lung perfusion system. In summary, Nanotraps represent a new nanomedicine for the inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Chen
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Jillian Rosenberg
- Committee on Cancer Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Xiaolei Cai
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | | | - Jiuyun Shi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Mindy Nguyen
- Chicago Immunoengineering Innovation Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | | | - Vikranth Mirle
- Department of Surgery, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | | | - John Fung
- Department of Surgery, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | | | | | - Yiliang Lin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Eugene Chang
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Glenn Randall
- Department of Microbiology, Ricketts Laboratory, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Bozhi Tian
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | | | - Jun Huang
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Committee on Cancer Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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14
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Ma J, Ayres CM, Hellman LM, Devlin JR, Baker BM. Dynamic allostery controls the peptide sensitivity of the Ly49C natural killer receptor. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100686. [PMID: 33891944 PMCID: PMC8138769 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Using a variety of activating and inhibitory receptors, natural killer (NK) cells protect against disease by eliminating cells that have downregulated class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins, such as in response to cell transformation or viral infection. The inhibitory murine NK receptor Ly49C specifically recognizes the class I MHC protein H-2Kb. Unusual among NK receptors, Ly49C exhibits a peptide-dependent sensitivity to H-2Kb recognition, which has not been explained despite detailed structural studies. To gain further insight into Ly49C peptide sensitivity, we examined Ly49C recognition biochemically and through the lens of dynamic allostery. We found that the peptide sensitivity of Ly49C arises through small differences in H-2Kb-binding affinity. Although molecular dynamics simulations supported a role for peptide-dependent protein dynamics in producing these differences in binding affinity, calorimetric measurements indicated an enthalpically as opposed to entropically driven process. A quantitative linkage analysis showed that this emerges from peptide-dependent dynamic tuning of electrostatic interactions across the Ly49C–H-2Kb interface. We propose a model whereby different peptides alter the flexibility of H-2Kb, which in turn changes the strength of electrostatic interactions across the protein–protein interface. Our results provide a quantitative assessment of how peptides alter Ly49C-binding affinity, suggest the underlying mechanism, and demonstrate peptide-driven allostery at work in class I MHC proteins. Lastly, our model provides a solution for how dynamic allostery could impact binding of some, but not all, class I MHC partners depending on the structural and chemical composition of the interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Ma
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and the Harper Cancer Research Institute, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA
| | - Cory M Ayres
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and the Harper Cancer Research Institute, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA
| | - Lance M Hellman
- Department of Physical and Life Sciences, Nevada State College, Henderson, Nevada, USA
| | - Jason R Devlin
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and the Harper Cancer Research Institute, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA
| | - Brian M Baker
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and the Harper Cancer Research Institute, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, USA.
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15
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Liu Y, Chen R, Liang R, Sun B, Wu Y, Zhang L, Kaufman J, Xia C. The Combination of CD8αα and Peptide-MHC-I in a Face-to-Face Mode Promotes Chicken γδT Cells Response. Front Immunol 2020; 11:605085. [PMID: 33329601 PMCID: PMC7719794 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.605085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The CD8αα homodimer is crucial to both thymic T cell selection and the antigen recognition of cytotoxic T cells. The CD8-pMHC-I interaction can enhance CTL immunity via stabilizing the TCR-pMHC-I interaction and optimizing the cross-reactivity and Ag sensitivity of CD8+ T cells at various stages of development. To date, only human and mouse CD8-pMHC-I complexes have been determined. Here, we resolved the pBF2*1501 complex and the cCD8αα/pBF2*1501 and cCD8αα/pBF2*0401 complexes in nonmammals for the first time. Remarkably, cCD8αα/pBF2*1501 and the cCD8αα/pBF2*0401 complex both exhibited two binding modes, including an “antibody-like” mode similar to that of the known mammal CD8/pMHC-I complexes and a “face-to-face” mode that has been observed only in chickens to date. Compared to the “antibody-like” mode, the “face-to-face” binding mode changes the binding orientation of the cCD8αα homodimer to pMHC-I, which might facilitate abundant γδT cells to bind diverse peptides presented by limited BF2 alleles in chicken. Moreover, the forces involving in the interaction of cCD8αα/pBF2*1501 and the cCD8αα/pBF2*0401 are different in this two binding model, which might change the strength of the CD8-pMHC-I interaction, amplifying T cell cross-reactivity in chickens. The coreceptor CD8αα of TCR has evolved two peptide-MHC-I binding patterns in chickens, which might enhance the T cell response to major or emerging pathogens, including chicken-derived pathogens that are relevant to human health, such as high-pathogenicity influenza viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjie Liu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory for Insect-Pollinator Biology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Rong Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Ruiying Liang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Beibei Sun
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yanan Wu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Lijie Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jim Kaufman
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Chun Xia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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16
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Kolawole EM, Lamb TJ, Evavold BD. Relationship of 2D Affinity to T Cell Functional Outcomes. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E7969. [PMID: 33120989 PMCID: PMC7662510 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21217969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
T cells are critical for a functioning adaptive immune response and a strong correlation exists between T cell responses and T cell receptor (TCR): peptide-loaded MHC (pMHC) binding. Studies that utilize pMHC tetramer, multimers, and assays of three-dimensional (3D) affinity have provided advancements in our understanding of T cell responses across different diseases. However, these technologies focus on higher affinity and avidity T cells while missing the lower affinity responders. Lower affinity TCRs in expanded polyclonal populations almost always constitute a significant proportion of the response with cells mediating different effector functions associated with variation in the proportion of high and low affinity T cells. Since lower affinity T cells expand and are functional, a fully inclusive view of T cell responses is required to accurately interpret the role of affinity for adaptive T cell immunity. For example, low affinity T cells are capable of inducing autoimmune disease and T cells with an intermediate affinity have been shown to exhibit an optimal anti-tumor response. Here, we focus on how affinity of the TCR may relate to T cell phenotype and provide examples where 2D affinity influences functional outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Brian D. Evavold
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, 15 N Medical Drive, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; (E.M.K.); (T.J.L.)
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17
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Mørch AM, Bálint Š, Santos AM, Davis SJ, Dustin ML. Coreceptors and TCR Signaling - the Strong and the Weak of It. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:597627. [PMID: 33178706 PMCID: PMC7596257 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.597627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The T-cell coreceptors CD4 and CD8 have well-characterized and essential roles in thymic development, but how they contribute to immune responses in the periphery is unclear. Coreceptors strengthen T-cell responses by many orders of magnitude - beyond a million-fold according to some estimates - but the mechanisms underlying these effects are still debated. T-cell receptor (TCR) triggering is initiated by the binding of the TCR to peptide-loaded major histocompatibility complex (pMHC) molecules on the surfaces of other cells. CD4 and CD8 are the only T-cell proteins that bind to the same pMHC ligand as the TCR, and can directly associate with the TCR-phosphorylating kinase Lck. At least three mechanisms have been proposed to explain how coreceptors so profoundly amplify TCR signaling: (1) the Lck recruitment model and (2) the pseudodimer model, both invoked to explain receptor triggering per se, and (3) two-step coreceptor recruitment to partially triggered TCRs leading to signal amplification. More recently it has been suggested that, in addition to initiating or augmenting TCR signaling, coreceptors effect antigen discrimination. But how can any of this be reconciled with TCR signaling occurring in the absence of CD4 or CD8, and with their interactions with pMHC being among the weakest specific protein-protein interactions ever described? Here, we review each theory of coreceptor function in light of the latest structural, biochemical, and functional data. We conclude that the oldest ideas are probably still the best, i.e., that their weak binding to MHC proteins and efficient association with Lck allow coreceptors to amplify weak incipient triggering of the TCR, without comprising TCR specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander M. Mørch
- The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Štefan Bálint
- The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Ana Mafalda Santos
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Simon J. Davis
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Michael L. Dustin
- The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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18
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Biotechnologies to tackle the challenge of neoantigen identification. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2020; 65:52-59. [DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2019.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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19
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Harari A, Graciotti M, Bassani-Sternberg M, Kandalaft LE. Antitumour dendritic cell vaccination in a priming and boosting approach. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2020; 19:635-652. [PMID: 32764681 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-020-0074-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mobilizing antitumour immunity through vaccination potentially constitutes a powerful anticancer strategy but has not yet provided robust clinical benefits in large patient populations. Although major hurdles still exist, we believe that currently available strategies for vaccines that target dendritic cells or use them to present antitumour antigens could be integrated into existing clinical practice using prime-boost approaches. In the priming phase, these approaches capitalize on either standard treatment modalities to trigger in situ vaccination and release tumour antigens or vaccination with dendritic cells loaded with tumour lysates or patient-specific neoantigens. In a second boost phase, personalized synthetic vaccines specifically boost T cells that were triggered during the priming phase. This immunotherapy approach has been enabled by the substantial recent improvements in dendritic cell vaccines. In this Perspective, we discuss these improvements, highlight how the prime-boost approach can be translated into clinical practice and provide solutions for various anticipated hurdles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Harari
- Center of Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Oncology, University Hospital of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Michele Graciotti
- Center of Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Oncology, University Hospital of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Michal Bassani-Sternberg
- Center of Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Oncology, University Hospital of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Lana E Kandalaft
- Center of Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Oncology, University Hospital of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland. .,Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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20
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Bettini M, Scavuzzo MA, Liu B, Kolawole E, Guo L, Evavold BD, Borowiak M, Bettini ML. A Critical Insulin TCR Contact Residue Selects High-Affinity and Pathogenic Insulin-Specific T Cells. Diabetes 2020; 69:392-400. [PMID: 31836691 PMCID: PMC7034183 DOI: 10.2337/db19-0821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune-mediated disease that culminates in the targeted destruction of insulin-producing β-cells. CD4 responses in NOD mice are dominated by insulin epitope B:9-23 (InsB9-23) specificity, and mutation of the key T-cell receptor (TCR) contact residue within the epitope prevents diabetes development. However, it is not clear how insulin self-antigen controls the selection of autoimmune and regulatory T cells (Tregs). Here we demonstrate that mutation of insulin epitope results in escape of highly pathogenic T cells. We observe an increase in antigen reactivity, clonality, and pathogenicity of insulin-specific T cells that develop in the absence of cognate antigen. Using a single TCR system, we demonstrate that Treg development is greatly diminished in mice with the Y16A mutant epitope. Collectively, these results suggest that the tyrosine residue at position 16 is necessary to constrain TCR reactivity for InsB9-23 by both limiting the development of pathogenic T cells and supporting the selection of Tregs.
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MESH Headings
- Adoptive Transfer
- Animals
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/genetics
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/immunology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/genetics
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/immunology
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/genetics
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Forkhead Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Insulin/genetics
- Insulin/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Mutation
- Peptide Fragments/genetics
- Peptide Fragments/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Bettini
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
- McNair Medical Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Marissa A Scavuzzo
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Baoyu Liu
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Elizabeth Kolawole
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Lin Guo
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Brian D Evavold
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Malgorzata Borowiak
- McNair Medical Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Matthew L Bettini
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
- McNair Medical Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
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21
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Liu Y, Cuendet MA, Goffin L, Šachl R, Cebecauer M, Cariolato L, Guillaume P, Reichenbach P, Irving M, Coukos G, Luescher IF. CD8 Binding of MHC-Peptide Complexes in cis or trans Regulates CD8 + T-cell Responses. J Mol Biol 2019; 431:4941-4958. [PMID: 31704286 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2019.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The coreceptor CD8αβ can greatly promote activation of T cells by strengthening T-cell receptor (TCR) binding to cognate peptide-MHC complexes (pMHC) on antigen presenting cells and by bringing p56Lck to TCR/CD3. Here, we demonstrate that CD8 can also bind to pMHC on the T cell (in cis) and that this inhibits their activation. Using molecular modeling, fluorescence resonance energy transfer experiments on living cells, biochemical and mutational analysis, we show that CD8 binding to pMHC in cis involves a different docking mode and is regulated by posttranslational modifications including a membrane-distal interchain disulfide bond and negatively charged O-linked glycans near positively charged sequences on the CD8β stalk. These modifications distort the stalk, thus favoring CD8 binding to pMHC in cis. Differential binding of CD8 to pMHC in cis or trans is a means to regulate CD8+ T-cell responses and provides new translational opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, and Department of Oncology, University Hospital of Lausanne, 1009, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Michel A Cuendet
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, and Department of Oncology, University Hospital of Lausanne, 1009, Lausanne, Switzerland; Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, USA
| | - Laurence Goffin
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, and Department of Oncology, University Hospital of Lausanne, 1009, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Radek Šachl
- Department of Biophysical Chemistry, J. Heyrovsky Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 18223 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Marek Cebecauer
- Department of Biophysical Chemistry, J. Heyrovsky Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 18223 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Luca Cariolato
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, and Department of Oncology, University Hospital of Lausanne, 1009, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Philippe Guillaume
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, and Department of Oncology, University Hospital of Lausanne, 1009, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Reichenbach
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, and Department of Oncology, University Hospital of Lausanne, 1009, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Melita Irving
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, and Department of Oncology, University Hospital of Lausanne, 1009, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - George Coukos
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, and Department of Oncology, University Hospital of Lausanne, 1009, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Immanuel F Luescher
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, and Department of Oncology, University Hospital of Lausanne, 1009, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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22
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TCR-pMHC bond conformation controls TCR ligand discrimination. Cell Mol Immunol 2019; 17:203-217. [PMID: 31530899 PMCID: PMC7052167 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-019-0273-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A major unanswered question is how a TCR discriminates between foreign and self-peptides presented on the APC surface. Here, we used in situ fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) to measure the distances of single TCR–pMHC bonds and the conformations of individual TCR–CD3ζ receptors at the membranes of live primary T cells. We found that a TCR discriminates between closely related peptides by forming single TCR–pMHC bonds with different conformations, and the most potent pMHC forms the shortest bond. The bond conformation is an intrinsic property that is independent of the binding affinity and kinetics, TCR microcluster formation, and CD4 binding. The bond conformation dictates the degree of CD3ζ dissociation from the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane via a positive calcium signaling feedback loop to precisely control the accessibility of CD3ζ ITAMs for phosphorylation. Our data revealed the mechanism by which a TCR deciphers the structural differences among peptides via the TCR–pMHC bond conformation.
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23
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Abstract
Cluster of differentiation 8 (CD8) is a cell surface glycoprotein, which is expressed as 2 forms, αα homodimer or αβ heterodimer. Peptide-loaded major histocompatibility complex class I (pMHC-I) molecules are major ligands for both forms of CD8. CD8αβ is a coreceptor for the T cell receptor (TCR) and binds to the same cognate pMHC-I as the TCR, thus enabling or augmenting T cell responses. The function of CD8αα homodimers is largely unknown. While CD8αβ heterodimer is expressed exclusively on CD8+ T cells, the CD8αα homodimer is present in subsets of T cells and human natural killer (NK) cells. Here, we report that the CD8αα homodimer functions as a coreceptor for KIR3DL1, an inhibitory receptor of NK cells that is specific for certain MHC-I allotypes. CD8αα enhances binding of pMHC-I to KIR3DL1, increases KIR3DL1 clustering at the immunological synapse, and augments KIR3DL1-mediated inhibition of NK cell activation. Additionally, interactions between pMHC-I and CD8αα homodimers regulate KIR3DL1+ NK cell education. Together, these findings reveal another dimension to the modulation of NK cell activity.
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24
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Harrison DL, Fang Y, Huang J. T-Cell Mechanobiology: Force Sensation, Potentiation, and Translation. FRONTIERS IN PHYSICS 2019; 7:45. [PMID: 32601597 PMCID: PMC7323161 DOI: 10.3389/fphy.2019.00045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A T cell is a sensitive self-referential mechanical sensor. Mechanical forces influence the recognition, activation, differentiation, and function throughout the lifetime of a T cell. T cells constantly perceive and respond to physical stimuli through their surface receptors, cytoskeleton, and subcellular structures. Surface receptors receive physical cues in the form of forces generated through receptor-ligand binding events, which are dynamically regulated by contact tension, shear stress, and substrate rigidity. The resulting mechanotransduction not only influences T-cell recognition and signaling but also possibly modulates cell metabolism and gene expression. Moreover, forces also dynamically regulate the deformation, organization, and translocation of cytoskeleton and subcellular structures, leading to changes in T-cell mobility, migration, and infiltration. However, the roles and mechanisms of how mechanical forces modulate T-cell recognition, signaling, metabolism, and gene expression, are largely unknown and underappreciated. Here, we review recent technological and scientific advances in T-cell mechanobiology, discuss possible roles and mechanisms of T-cell mechanotransduction, and propose new research directions of this emerging field in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devin L. Harrison
- The Graduate Program in Biophysical Sciences, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Yun Fang
- The Graduate Program in Biophysical Sciences, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
- Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Jun Huang
- The Graduate Program in Biophysical Sciences, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
- Institute for Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
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25
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Are rats more human than mice? Immunobiology 2019; 224:172-176. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2018.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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26
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Hong J, Ge C, Jothikumar P, Yuan Z, Liu B, Bai K, Li K, Rittase W, Shinzawa M, Zhang Y, Palin A, Love P, Yu X, Salaita K, Evavold BD, Singer A, Zhu C. A TCR mechanotransduction signaling loop induces negative selection in the thymus. Nat Immunol 2018; 19:1379-1390. [PMID: 30420628 PMCID: PMC6452639 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-018-0259-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The T cell antigen receptor (TCR) expressed on thymocytes interacts with self-peptide major histocompatibility complex (pMHC) ligands to signal apoptosis or survival. Here, we found that negative-selection ligands induced thymocytes to exert forces on the TCR and the co-receptor CD8 and formed cooperative TCR-pMHC-CD8 trimolecular 'catch bonds', whereas positive-selection ligands induced less sustained thymocyte forces on TCR and CD8 and formed shorter-lived, independent TCR-pMHC and pMHC-CD8 bimolecular 'slip bonds'. Catch bonds were not intrinsic to either the TCR-pMHC or the pMHC-CD8 arm of the trans (cross-junctional) heterodimer but resulted from coupling of the extracellular pMHC-CD8 interaction to the intracellular interaction of CD8 with TCR-CD3 via associated kinases to form a cis (lateral) heterodimer capable of inside-out signaling. We suggest that the coupled trans-cis heterodimeric interactions form a mechanotransduction loop that reinforces negative-selection signaling that is distinct from positive-selection signaling in the thymus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinsung Hong
- Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Petit Institute of Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Vaccine Production Program Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Chenghao Ge
- Petit Institute of Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Prithiviraj Jothikumar
- Petit Institute of Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Zhou Yuan
- Petit Institute of Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Baoyu Liu
- Petit Institute of Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Ke Bai
- Petit Institute of Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kaitao Li
- Petit Institute of Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - William Rittase
- Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Petit Institute of Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Miho Shinzawa
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Yun Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Amy Palin
- Section on Hematopoiesis and Lymphocyte Biology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Paul Love
- Section on Hematopoiesis and Lymphocyte Biology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Xinhua Yu
- Division of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Environment Health, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Khalid Salaita
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Brian D Evavold
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Alfred Singer
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Cheng Zhu
- Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA. .,Petit Institute of Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA. .,Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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27
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Kolawole EM, Andargachew R, Liu B, Jacobs JR, Evavold BD. 2D Kinetic Analysis of TCR and CD8 Coreceptor for LCMV GP33 Epitopes. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2348. [PMID: 30374353 PMCID: PMC6197077 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The LCMV GP33 CD8 epitope has long been one of the most widely used antigens in viral immunology. Of note, almost all of the in vitro analyses of CD8 T cell responses to this epitope make use of an altered peptide ligand (APL) in which the cysteine from the original 9-mer peptide (KAVYNFATC) is substituted by a methionine at position 41 (KAVYNFATM). In addition, it is possible that the antigen processed during natural LCMV infection is an 11-mer peptide (KAVYNFATCGI) rather than the widely used 9-mer. Although previous affinity measurements using purified proteins for these antigen variants revealed minimal differences, we applied highly sensitive two dimensional (2D) biophysical based techniques to further dissect TCR interaction with these closely related GP33 variants. The kinetic analyses of affinity provided by the 2D micropipette adhesion frequency assay (2D-MP) and bond lifetime under force analyzed using a biomembrane force probe (BFP) revealed significant differences between 41M, 41C and the 11-mer 41CGI antigen. We found a hierarchy in 2D affinity as 41M peptide displayed augmented TCR 2D affinity compared to 41C and 41CGI. These differences were also maintained in the presence of CD8 coreceptor and when analysis of total TCR:pMHC and CD8:pMHC bonds were considered. Moreover, the three ligands displayed dramatic differences in the bond lifetimes generated under force, in particular the 41CGI variant with the lowest 2D affinity demonstrated a 15-fold synergistic contribution of the CD8 coreceptor to overall bond lifetime. Our analyses emphasize the sensitivity of single cell and single bond 2D kinetic measurements in distinguishing between related agonist peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M Kolawole
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Rakieb Andargachew
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Baoyu Liu
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Jesica R Jacobs
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Brian D Evavold
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
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28
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Cole DK, Fuller A, Dolton G, Zervoudi E, Legut M, Miles K, Blanchfield L, Madura F, Holland CJ, Bulek AM, Bridgeman JS, Miles JJ, Schauenburg AJA, Beck K, Evavold BD, Rizkallah PJ, Sewell AK. Dual Molecular Mechanisms Govern Escape at Immunodominant HLA A2-Restricted HIV Epitope. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1503. [PMID: 29209312 PMCID: PMC5701626 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Serial accumulation of mutations to fixation in the SLYNTVATL (SL9) immunodominant, HIV p17 Gag-derived, HLA A2-restricted cytotoxic T lymphocyte epitope produce the SLFNTIAVL triple mutant “ultimate” escape variant. These mutations in solvent-exposed residues are believed to interfere with TCR recognition, although confirmation has awaited structural verification. Here, we solved a TCR co-complex structure with SL9 and the triple escape mutant to determine the mechanism of immune escape in this eminent system. We show that, in contrast to prevailing hypotheses, the main TCR contact residue is 4N and the dominant mechanism of escape is not via lack of TCR engagement. Instead, mutation of solvent-exposed residues in the peptide destabilise the peptide–HLA and reduce peptide density at the cell surface. These results highlight the extraordinary lengths that HIV employs to evade detection by high-affinity TCRs with a broad peptide-binding footprint and necessitate re-evaluation of this exemplar model of HIV TCR escape.
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Affiliation(s)
- David K Cole
- Cardiff University School of Medicine, University Hospital, Heath Park, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Fuller
- Cardiff University School of Medicine, University Hospital, Heath Park, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Garry Dolton
- Cardiff University School of Medicine, University Hospital, Heath Park, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Efthalia Zervoudi
- Cardiff University School of Medicine, University Hospital, Heath Park, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Mateusz Legut
- Cardiff University School of Medicine, University Hospital, Heath Park, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Kim Miles
- Cardiff University School of Medicine, University Hospital, Heath Park, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Lori Blanchfield
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Florian Madura
- Cardiff University School of Medicine, University Hospital, Heath Park, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher J Holland
- Cardiff University School of Medicine, University Hospital, Heath Park, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Anna M Bulek
- Cardiff University School of Medicine, University Hospital, Heath Park, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - John S Bridgeman
- Cardiff University School of Medicine, University Hospital, Heath Park, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - John J Miles
- Cardiff University School of Medicine, University Hospital, Heath Park, Cardiff, United Kingdom.,James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia
| | - Andrea J A Schauenburg
- Cardiff University School of Medicine, University Hospital, Heath Park, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Konrad Beck
- Cardiff University School of Dentistry, University Hospital, Heath Park, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Brian D Evavold
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Pierre J Rizkallah
- Cardiff University School of Medicine, University Hospital, Heath Park, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew K Sewell
- Cardiff University School of Medicine, University Hospital, Heath Park, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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29
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Williams CM, Schonnesen AA, Zhang SQ, Ma KY, He C, Yamamoto T, Eckhardt SG, Klebanoff CA, Jiang N. Normalized Synergy Predicts That CD8 Co-Receptor Contribution to T Cell Receptor (TCR) and pMHC Binding Decreases As TCR Affinity Increases in Human Viral-Specific T Cells. Front Immunol 2017; 8:894. [PMID: 28804489 PMCID: PMC5532383 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery of naturally occurring T cell receptors (TCRs) that confer specific, high-affinity recognition of pathogen and cancer-associated antigens remains a major goal in cellular immunotherapies. The contribution of the CD8 co-receptor to the interaction between the TCR and peptide-bound major histocompatibility complex (pMHC) has previously been correlated with the activation and responsiveness of CD8+ T cells. However, these studies have been limited to model systems of genetically engineered hybridoma TCRs or transgenic mouse TCRs against either a single epitope or an array of altered peptide ligands. CD8 contribution in a native human antigen-specific T cell response remains elusive. Here, using Hepatitis C Virus-specific precursor CTLs spanning a large range of TCR affinities, we discovered that the functional responsiveness of any given TCR correlated with the contribution of CD8 to TCR/pMHC binding. Furthermore, we found that CD8 contribution to TCR/pMHC binding in the two-dimensional (2D) system was more accurately reflected by normalized synergy (CD8 cooperation normalized by total TCR/pMHC bonds) rather than synergy (total CD8 cooperation) alone. While synergy showed an increasing trend with TCR affinity, normalized synergy was demonstrated to decrease with the increase of TCR affinity. Critically, normalized synergy was shown to correlate with CTL functionality and peptide sensitivity, corroborating three-dimensional (3D) analysis of CD8 contribution with respect to TCR affinity. In addition, we identified TCRs that were independent of CD8 for TCR/pMHC binding. Our results resolve the current discrepancy between 2D and 3D analysis on CD8 contribution to TCR/pMHC binding, and demonstrate that naturally occurring high-affinity TCRs are more capable of CD8-independent interactions that yield greater functional responsiveness even with CD8 blocking. Taken together, our data suggest that addition of the normalized synergy parameter to our previously established TCR discovery platform using 2D TCR affinity and sequence test would allow for selection of TCRs specific to any given antigen with the desirable attributes of high TCR affinity, CD8 co-receptor independence and functional superiority. Utilizing TCRs with less CD8 contribution could be beneficial for adoptive cell transfer immunotherapies using naturally occurring or genetically engineered T cells against viral or cancer-associated antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad M Williams
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Alexandra A Schonnesen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Shu-Qi Zhang
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Ke-Yue Ma
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Chenfeng He
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Tori Yamamoto
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States.,Immunology Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - S Gail Eckhardt
- LIVESTRONG Cancer Institutes, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Christopher A Klebanoff
- Center for Cell Engineering, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC), New York, NY, United States.,Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, MSKCC, New York, NY, United States
| | - Ning Jiang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States.,Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
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30
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Abstract
Upon engagement with a specific ligand, a cell surface receptor transduces intracellular signals to activate various cellular functions. This chapter describes a set of biomechanical methods for analyzing the characteristics of cross-junctional receptor-ligand interactions at the surface of living cells. These methods combine the characterization of kinetics of receptor-ligand binding with real-time imaging of intracellular calcium fluxes, which allow researchers to assess how the signal initiated from single receptor-ligand engagement is transduced across the cell membrane. A major application of these methods is the analysis of antigen recognition by triggering of the T cell receptor (TCR). Three related methods are described in this chapter: (1) the micropipette adhesion assay, (2) the biomembrane force probe (BFP) assay, and (3) combining BFP with fluorescence microscopy (fBFP). In all cases, an ultrasoft human red blood cell (RBC) is used as an ultrasensitive mechanical force probe. The micropipette assay detects binding events visually. The BFP uses a high-speed camera and real-time image tracking techniques to measure mechanical variables on a single molecular bond with up to ~1 pN (10-12 Newton), ~3 nm (10-9 m), and ~0.5 ms (10-3 s) in force, spatial, and temporal resolution, respectively. As an upgrade to the BFP, the fBFP simultaneously images binding-triggered intracellular calcium signals on a single live cell. These technologies can be widely used to study other membrane receptor-ligand interactions and signaling under mechanical regulation.
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31
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Seo YJ, Jothikumar P, Suthar MS, Zhu C, Grakoui A. Local Cellular and Cytokine Cues in the Spleen Regulate In Situ T Cell Receptor Affinity, Function, and Fate of CD8 + T Cells. Immunity 2016; 45:988-998. [PMID: 27851926 PMCID: PMC5131716 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2016.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Revised: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
T cells rapidly undergo contraction upon viral clearance, but how T cell function and fate are determined during this phase is unclear. During the contraction phase of an acute infection with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, we found that virus-specific CD8+ T cells within the splenic red pulp (RP) had higher two-dimensional (2D) effective affinity than those within the white pulp (WP). This increased antigen recognition of RP-derived CD8+ T cells correlated with more efficient target cell killing and improved control of viremia. FoxP3+ regulatory T cells and cytokine TGF-β limited the 2D-affinity in the WP during the contraction phase. Anatomical location drove gene expression patterns in CD8+ T cells that led to preferential differentiation of memory precursor WP T cells into long-term memory cells. These results highlight that intricate regulation of T cell function and fate is determined by anatomic compartmentalization during the early immune contraction phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Jin Seo
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory Vaccine Center, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Prithiviraj Jothikumar
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Mehul S Suthar
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory Vaccine Center, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; Department of Pediatrics and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Cheng Zhu
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA.
| | - Arash Grakoui
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory Vaccine Center, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA.
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32
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Li K, Xiang X, Sun J, He HT, Wu J, Wang Y, Zhu C. Imaging Spatiotemporal Activities of ZAP-70 in Live T Cells Using a FRET-Based Biosensor. Ann Biomed Eng 2016; 44:3510-3521. [PMID: 27384937 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-016-1683-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The zeta-chain-associated protein kinase 70 kDa (ZAP-70), a member of the spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) family, plays an essential role in early T cell receptor (TCR) signaling. Defects in ZAP-70 lead to impaired thymocyte development and peripheral T cell activation. To better understand its activation dynamics and regulation, we visualized ZAP-70 activities in single live T cells with a Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based biosensor, which was designed for probing kinase activities of the Syk family. We observed in Jurkat E6.1 T cells rapid and specific FRET changes following anti-CD3 stimulation and subsequent piceatannol inhibition. The initiation of ZAP-70 activation was prompt (within 10 s) and correlates with the accompanied intracellular calcium elevation, as revealed by simultaneous imaging of the biosensor and calcium. Different from the previously reported ZAP-70 activation in the immunological synapse and the opposite pole (anti-synapse), we have observed rapid and sustained ZAP-70 activation only at the synapse with superantigen-pulsed Raji B cells. Furthermore, ZAP-70 signaling was impaired by cholesterol depletion, further supporting the importance of membrane organization in TCR signaling. Together our results provide a direct characterization of the spatiotemporal features of ZAP-70 activity in real time at subcellular levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitao Li
- Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Xue Xiang
- Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA.,School of Life Sciences, SUN YAT-SEN University, Guangzhou, China.,UnionPay Smart Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Sun
- Department of Bioengineering and Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.,Center for Cell Engineering, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, USA
| | - Hai-Tao He
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université UM2, Inserm, U1104, CNRS UMR7280, 13288, Marseille, France
| | - Jianhua Wu
- School of Life Sciences, SUN YAT-SEN University, Guangzhou, China.,School of Bioscience, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yingxiao Wang
- Department of Bioengineering and Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Cheng Zhu
- Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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33
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Cole DK, Bulek AM, Dolton G, Schauenberg AJ, Szomolay B, Rittase W, Trimby A, Jothikumar P, Fuller A, Skowera A, Rossjohn J, Zhu C, Miles JJ, Peakman M, Wooldridge L, Rizkallah PJ, Sewell AK. Hotspot autoimmune T cell receptor binding underlies pathogen and insulin peptide cross-reactivity. J Clin Invest 2016; 126:2191-204. [PMID: 27183389 PMCID: PMC4887163 DOI: 10.1172/jci85679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The cross-reactivity of T cells with pathogen- and self-derived peptides has been implicated as a pathway involved in the development of autoimmunity. However, the mechanisms that allow the clonal T cell antigen receptor (TCR) to functionally engage multiple peptide–major histocompatibility complexes (pMHC) are unclear. Here, we studied multiligand discrimination by a human, preproinsulin reactive, MHC class-I–restricted CD8+ T cell clone (1E6) that can recognize over 1 million different peptides. We generated high-resolution structures of the 1E6 TCR bound to 7 altered peptide ligands, including a pathogen-derived peptide that was an order of magnitude more potent than the natural self-peptide. Evaluation of these structures demonstrated that binding was stabilized through a conserved lock-and-key–like minimal binding footprint that enables 1E6 TCR to tolerate vast numbers of substitutions outside of this so-called hotspot. Highly potent antigens of the 1E6 TCR engaged with a strong antipathogen-like binding affinity; this engagement was governed though an energetic switch from an enthalpically to entropically driven interaction compared with the natural autoimmune ligand. Together, these data highlight how T cell cross-reactivity with pathogen-derived antigens might break self-tolerance to induce autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- David K. Cole
- Division of Infection and Immunity and Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Anna M. Bulek
- Division of Infection and Immunity and Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Garry Dolton
- Division of Infection and Immunity and Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Andrea J. Schauenberg
- Division of Infection and Immunity and Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Barbara Szomolay
- Division of Infection and Immunity and Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Mathematics Institute, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - William Rittase
- Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering and Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Andrew Trimby
- Division of Infection and Immunity and Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Prithiviraj Jothikumar
- Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering and Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Anna Fuller
- Division of Infection and Immunity and Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Ania Skowera
- Department of Immunobiology, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust and King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jamie Rossjohn
- Division of Infection and Immunity and Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, and
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Cheng Zhu
- Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering and Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - John J. Miles
- Division of Infection and Immunity and Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Mark Peakman
- Department of Immunobiology, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust and King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Linda Wooldridge
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Pierre J. Rizkallah
- Division of Infection and Immunity and Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew K. Sewell
- Division of Infection and Immunity and Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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34
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Hood JD, Zarnitsyna VI, Zhu C, Evavold BD. Regulatory and T Effector Cells Have Overlapping Low to High Ranges in TCR Affinities for Self during Demyelinating Disease. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:4162-70. [PMID: 26385521 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1501464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Having regulatory T cells (Tregs) with the same Ag specificity as the responding conventional T cells is thought to be important in maintaining peripheral tolerance. It has been demonstrated that during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis there are myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)--specific Tregs that infiltrate into the CNS. However, the affinity of naturally occurring polyclonal Tregs for any self-antigen, let alone MOG, has not been analyzed in the periphery or at the site of autoimmune disease. Utilizing the highly sensitive micropipette adhesion frequency assay, which allows one to determine on a single-cell basis the affinity and frequency of polyclonal Ag-specific T cells directly ex vivo, we demonstrate that at peak disease MOG-specific Tregs were progressively enriched in the draining cervical lymph nodes and CNS as compared with spleen. These frequencies were greater than the frequencies measured by tetramer analysis, indicative of the large fraction of lower affinity T cells that comprise the MOG-specific conventional T cell (Tconv) and Treg response. Of interest, the self-reactive CD4(+) Tconvs and Tregs displayed overlapping affinities for MOG in the periphery, yet in the CNS, the site of neuroinflammation, Tconvs skew toward higher affinities. Most of the MOG-specific Tregs in the CNS possessed the methylation signature associated with thymic-derived Tregs. These findings indicate that thymic-derived Treg affinity range matches that of their Tconvs in the periphery and suggest a change in TCR affinity as a potential mechanism for autoimmune progression and escape from immune regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer D Hood
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | | | - Cheng Zhu
- Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332
| | - Brian D Evavold
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322;
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35
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Hong J, Persaud SP, Horvath S, Allen PM, Evavold BD, Zhu C. Force-Regulated In Situ TCR-Peptide-Bound MHC Class II Kinetics Determine Functions of CD4+ T Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:3557-64. [PMID: 26336148 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1501407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
We have recently shown that two-dimensional (2D) and force-regulated kinetics of TCR-peptide-bound MHC class I (pMHC-I) interactions predict responses of CD8(+) T cells. To test whether these findings are applicable to CD4(+) T cells, we analyzed the in situ 3.L2 TCR-pMHC-II interactions for a well-characterized panel of altered peptide ligands on the T cell surface using the adhesion frequency assay with a micropipette and the thermal fluctuation and force-clamp assays with a biomembrane force probe. We found that the 2D effective TCR-pMHC-II affinity and off-rate correlate with, but better predict the T cell response than, the corresponding measurements with the surface plasmon resonance in three dimensions. The 2D affinity of the CD4 for MHC-II was very low, approaching the detection limit, making it one to two orders of magnitude lower than the affinity of CD8 for MHC-I. In addition, the signal-dependent cooperation between TCR and coreceptor for pMHC binding previously observed for CD8 was not observed for CD4. Interestingly, force elicited TCR-pMHC-II catch-slip bonds for agonists but slip-only bonds for antagonists, thereby amplifying the power of discrimination between altered peptide ligands. These results show that the force-regulated 2D binding kinetics of the 3.L2 TCR for pMHC-II determine functions of CD4(+) T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinsung Hong
- Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332; Petit Institute of Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332
| | - Stephen P Persaud
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Stephen Horvath
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Paul M Allen
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Brian D Evavold
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30332; and
| | - Cheng Zhu
- Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332; Petit Institute of Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332; Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332
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36
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Shashikanth N, Petrova YI, Park S, Chekan J, Maiden S, Spano M, Ha T, Gumbiner BM, Leckband DE. Allosteric Regulation of E-Cadherin Adhesion. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:21749-61. [PMID: 26175155 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.657098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cadherins are transmembrane adhesion proteins that maintain intercellular cohesion in all tissues, and their rapid regulation is essential for organized tissue remodeling. Despite some evidence that cadherin adhesion might be allosterically regulated, testing of this has been hindered by the difficulty of quantifying altered E-cadherin binding affinity caused by perturbations outside the ectodomain binding site. Here, measured kinetics of cadherin-mediated intercellular adhesion demonstrated quantitatively that treatment with activating, anti-E-cadherin antibodies or the dephosphorylation of a cytoplasmic binding partner, p120(ctn), increased the homophilic binding affinity of E-cadherin. Results obtained with Colo 205 cells, which express inactive E-cadherin and do not aggregate, demonstrated that four treatments, which induced Colo 205 aggregation and p120(ctn) dephosphorylation, triggered quantitatively similar increases in E-cadherin affinity. Several processes can alter cell aggregation, but these results directly demonstrated the allosteric regulation of cell surface E-cadherin by p120(ctn) dephosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yuliya I Petrova
- the Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, and
| | | | - Jillian Chekan
- Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Illinois 61801
| | - Stephanie Maiden
- the Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, and
| | - Martha Spano
- the Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, and
| | - Taekjip Ha
- From the Departments of Biochemistry, Physics, and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Urbana, Illinois 61801
| | - Barry M Gumbiner
- the Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, and
| | - Deborah E Leckband
- From the Departments of Biochemistry, Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Illinois 61801,
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37
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Immobilized IL-8 Triggers Phagocytosis and Dynamic Changes in Membrane Microtopology in Human Neutrophils. Ann Biomed Eng 2015; 43:2207-19. [PMID: 25582838 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-014-1242-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The interaction of leukocytes with surface bound ligands can be limited by the location of the molecules relative to the surface topology of the cell. In this report, we examine the dynamic response of neutrophils to IL-8-fractalkine chimera immobilized on bead surfaces, taking into account changes in receptor occupancy resulting from changes in surface topography. As a readout for receptor signaling, we observe the dynamics of calcium release in neutrophils following contact with the IL-8 coated surface. After a delay that depended on the initial area of contact and the surface density of IL-8, the cell began to phagocytose the IL-8 coated bead. This appeared to be a pre-requisite for release of calcium, which typically followed shortly after the initiation of phagocytosis. In separate experiments, effective kinetic coefficients for the formation of bonds between immobilized IL-8 and receptors on the cell surface were determined. Using these coefficients, we were able to estimate the number of bound receptors in the nascent contact zone. Kinetic modeling of the signaling response predicted that cell spreading and a concomitant increase in the density of occupied receptors would be required for the experimentally observed calcium dynamics. Postulating that there is an increase in receptor occupancy resulting from smoothing of the cell surface as it is stretched over the bead enabled us to obtain model predictions consistent with experimental observations. This study reveals the likely importance of membrane microtopology as a rate-limiting property and potential means of regulation of cell responses stimulated by two-dimensional surface interactions.
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38
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Ligand-engaged TCR is triggered by Lck not associated with CD8 coreceptor. Nat Commun 2014; 5:5624. [PMID: 25427562 PMCID: PMC4248239 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms6624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The earliest molecular events in T cell recognition have not yet been fully described, and the initial T cell receptor (TCR) triggering mechanism remains a subject of controversy. Here, using TIRF/FRET microscopy, we observe a two-stage interaction between TCR, CD8, and MHCp. There is an early (within seconds) interaction between CD3ζ and the coreceptor CD8 that is independent of the binding of CD8 to MHC, but that requires CD8 association with Lck. Later (several minutes) CD3ζ-CD8 interactions require CD8-MHC binding. Lck can be found free or bound to the coreceptor. This work indicates that the initial TCR triggering event is induced by free Lck.
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39
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Kersh AE, Edwards LJ, Evavold BD. Progression of relapsing-remitting demyelinating disease does not require increased TCR affinity or epitope spread. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:4429-38. [PMID: 25267971 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we investigate the basis of T cell recognition of myelin that governs the progression from acute symptoms into disease remission, relapse, and chronic progression in a secondary progressive model of demyelinating disease. Until now, the frequency and affinity of myelin-reactive CD4 T cells that elicit relapsing-remitting disease have not been quantified. The micropipette adhesion frequency assay was used to obtain a sensitive and physiologically relevant two-dimensional measurement of frequency and TCR affinity for myelin, as the inherent low affinity does not allow the use of specific peptide:MHC-II tetramers for this purpose. We found the highest affinity and frequency of polyclonal myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-reactive cells infiltrate the CNS during acute disease, whereas affinities during remission, relapse, and chronic disease are not significantly different from each other. Frequency analysis revealed that the vast majority of CNS-infiltrating CD4 T cells are myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein reactive at all time points, demonstrating epitope spread is not a predominant factor for disease progression. Furthermore, time points at which mice were symptomatic were characterized by an infiltration of Th17 cells in the CNS, whereas symptom remission showed an enrichment of cells producing IFN-γ. Also, the ratio of regulatory T cells to Foxp3(-) CD4 T cells was significantly higher in the CNS at remission than during acute disease. The results of this study indicate that a high frequency of T cells specific for a single myelin Ag, rather than increased TCR affinity or epitope spread, governs the transition from acute symptoms through remission, relapse, and chronic disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna E Kersh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322; and
| | - Lindsay J Edwards
- Division of Rheumatology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Brian D Evavold
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322; and
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40
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Bettini M, Blanchfield L, Castellaw A, Zhang Q, Nakayama M, Smeltzer MP, Zhang H, Hogquist KA, Evavold BD, Vignali DAA. TCR affinity and tolerance mechanisms converge to shape T cell diabetogenic potential. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:571-9. [PMID: 24943217 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Autoreactive T cells infiltrating the target organ can possess a broad TCR affinity range. However, the extent to which such biophysical parameters contribute to T cell pathogenic potential remains unclear. In this study, we selected eight InsB9-23-specific TCRs cloned from CD4(+) islet-infiltrating T cells that possessed a relatively broad range of TCR affinity to generate NOD TCR retrogenic mice. These TCRs exhibited a range of two-dimensional affinities (∼ 10(-4)-10(-3) μm(4)) that correlated with functional readouts and responsiveness to activation in vivo. Surprisingly, both higher and lower affinity TCRs could mediate potent insulitis and autoimmune diabetes, suggesting that TCR affinity does not exclusively dictate or correlate with diabetogenic potential. Both central and peripheral tolerance mechanisms selectively impinge on the diabetogenic potential of high-affinity TCRs, mitigating their pathogenicity. Thus, TCR affinity and multiple tolerance mechanisms converge to shape and broaden the diabetogenic T cell repertoire, potentially complicating efforts to induce broad, long-term tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Bettini
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105
| | - Lori Blanchfield
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Ashley Castellaw
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105
| | - Qianxia Zhang
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105
| | - Maki Nakayama
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Matthew P Smeltzer
- Department of Biostatistics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105; and
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Biostatistics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105; and
| | - Kristin A Hogquist
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55414
| | - Brian D Evavold
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Dario A A Vignali
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105;
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41
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Pryshchep S, Zarnitsyna VI, Hong J, Evavold BD, Zhu C. Accumulation of serial forces on TCR and CD8 frequently applied by agonist antigenic peptides embedded in MHC molecules triggers calcium in T cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:68-76. [PMID: 24890718 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1303436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
T cell activation by Ag is one of the key events in adaptive immunity. It is triggered by interactions of the TCR and coreceptor (CD8 or CD4) with antigenic peptides embedded in MHC (pMHC) molecules expressed on APCs. The mechanism of how signal is initiated remains unclear. In this article, we complement our two-dimensional kinetic analysis of TCR-pMHC-CD8 interaction with concurrent calcium imaging to examine how ligand engagement of TCR with and without the coengagement of CD8 initiates signaling. We found that accumulation of frequently applied forces on the TCR via agonist pMHC triggered calcium, which was further enhanced by CD8 cooperative binding. Prolonging the intermission between sequential force applications impaired calcium signals. Our data support a model where rapid accumulation of serial forces on TCR-pMHC-CD8 bonds triggers calcium in T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey Pryshchep
- Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332
| | - Veronika I Zarnitsyna
- Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332
| | - Jinsung Hong
- Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332; and
| | - Brian D Evavold
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Cheng Zhu
- Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332; Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332; and
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42
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Characterizing CEACAM5 interaction with CD8α and CD1d in intestinal homeostasis. Mucosal Immunol 2014; 7:615-24. [PMID: 24104458 PMCID: PMC3981948 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2013.80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Accepted: 09/06/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Normal intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) could act as non-professional antigen-presenting cells, selectively activating CD8(+)-suppressor T cells. An epithelial cell surface glycoprotein, gp180, recognized by monoclonal antibodies B9 and L12 was determined to be critical in this process. Purification and sequence analysis of mAb B9 reactive material revealed amino-acid sequence homology with CEACAM5. We demonstrate that CEACAM5 has properties attributed to gp180, such as CD8α binding and activation of CD8-associated Lck. CEACAM5 is the only CEACAM member interacting with CD1d through the B3 domain. Its N domain (recognized by B9) is required for CD8α binding. Removal of the N-domain glycosylated residues reduces B9 recognition, CD8α binding affinity, and activation of LcK. Therefore, conformational changes in CEACAM5 glycosylation site are critical for its interaction with CD8α. CEACAM5-activated CD8(+) T cells acquire the ability to suppress the proliferation of CD4(+) T cells in vitro in the presence of interleukin (IL)-15 or IL-7. We provide new insights into the role of CEACAM5 and define its specific immunoregulatory properties among the CEACAMs expressed on IECs. We suggest that unique set of interactions between CEACAM5, CD1d, and CD8 render CD1d more class I-like molecule, facilitating antigen presentation and activation of CD8(+)-suppressor regulatory T cells.
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43
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Liu B, Zhong S, Malecek K, Johnson LA, Rosenberg SA, Zhu C, Krogsgaard M. 2D TCR-pMHC-CD8 kinetics determines T-cell responses in a self-antigen-specific TCR system. Eur J Immunol 2013; 44:239-50. [PMID: 24114747 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201343774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Revised: 08/15/2013] [Accepted: 09/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) kinetic analysis directly measures molecular interactions at cell-cell junctions, thereby incorporating inherent cellular effects. By comparison, three-dimensional (3D) analysis probes the intrinsic physical chemistry of interacting molecules isolated from the cell. To understand how T-cell tumor reactivity relates to 2D and 3D binding parameters and to directly compare them, we performed kinetic analyses of a panel of human T-cell receptors (TCRs) interacting with a melanoma self-antigen peptide (gp100209 -217 ) bound to peptide-major histocompatibility complex in the absence and presence of co-receptor CD8. We found that while 3D parameters are inadequate to predict T-cell function, 2D parameters (that do not correlate with their 3D counterparts) show a far broader dynamic range and significantly improved correlation with T-cell function. Thus, our data support the general notion that 2D parameters of TCR-peptide-major histocompatibility complex-CD8 interactions determine T-cell responsiveness and suggest a potential 2D-based strategy to screen TCRs for tumor immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoyu Liu
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
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44
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Hoerter JAH, Brzostek J, Artyomov MN, Abel SM, Casas J, Rybakin V, Ampudia J, Lotz C, Connolly JM, Chakraborty AK, Gould KG, Gascoigne NRJ. Coreceptor affinity for MHC defines peptide specificity requirements for TCR interaction with coagonist peptide-MHC. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 210:1807-21. [PMID: 23940257 PMCID: PMC3754861 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20122528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The requirement for the TCR to interact with coagonists, endogenous MHC–peptide complexes which do not themselves activate the T cell, decreases as the strength of the CD8–class I interaction increases. Recent work has demonstrated that nonstimulatory endogenous peptides can enhance T cell recognition of antigen, but MHCI- and MHCII-restricted systems have generated very different results. MHCII-restricted TCRs need to interact with the nonstimulatory peptide–MHC (pMHC), showing peptide specificity for activation enhancers or coagonists. In contrast, the MHCI-restricted cells studied to date show no such peptide specificity for coagonists, suggesting that CD8 binding to noncognate MHCI is more important. Here we show how this dichotomy can be resolved by varying CD8 and TCR binding to agonist and coagonists coupled with computer simulations, and we identify two distinct mechanisms by which CD8 influences the peptide specificity of coagonism. Mechanism 1 identifies the requirement of CD8 binding to noncognate ligand and suggests a direct relationship between the magnitude of coagonism and CD8 affinity for coagonist pMHCI. Mechanism 2 describes how the affinity of CD8 for agonist pMHCI changes the requirement for specific coagonist peptides. MHCs that bind CD8 strongly were tolerant of all or most peptides as coagonists, but weaker CD8-binding MHCs required stronger TCR binding to coagonist, limiting the potential coagonist peptides. These findings in MHCI systems also explain peptide-specific coagonism in MHCII-restricted cells, as CD4–MHCII interaction is generally weaker than CD8–MHCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A H Hoerter
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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45
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Li Y, Yin Y, Mariuzza RA. Structural and biophysical insights into the role of CD4 and CD8 in T cell activation. Front Immunol 2013; 4:206. [PMID: 23885256 PMCID: PMC3717711 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
T cell receptors (TCRs) recognize peptides presented by MHC molecules (pMHC) on an antigen-presenting cell (APC) to discriminate foreign from self-antigens and initiate adaptive immune responses. In addition, T cell activation generally requires binding of this same pMHC to a CD4 or CD8 co-receptor, resulting in assembly of a TCR–pMHC–CD4 or TCR–pMHC–CD8 complex and recruitment of Lck via its association with the co-receptor. Here we review structural and biophysical studies of CD4 and CD8 interactions with MHC molecules and TCR–pMHC complexes. Crystal structures have been determined of CD8αα and CD8αβ in complex with MHC class I, of CD4 bound to MHC class II, and of a complete TCR–pMHC–CD4 ternary complex. Additionally, the binding of these co-receptors to pMHC and TCR–pMHC ligands has been investigated both in solution and in situ at the T cell–APC interface. Together, these studies have provided key insights into the role of CD4 and CD8 in T cell activation, and into how these co-receptors focus TCR on MHC to guide TCR docking on pMHC during thymic T cell selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yili Li
- W. M. Keck Laboratory for Structural Biology, Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland , Rockville, MD , USA ; Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland , College Park, MD , USA
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46
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Zhang Y, Jiang N, Zarnitsyna VI, Klopocki AG, McEver RP, Zhu C. P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 forms dimeric interactions with E-selectin but monomeric interactions with L-selectin on cell surfaces. PLoS One 2013; 8:e57202. [PMID: 23451187 PMCID: PMC3581448 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0057202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2012] [Accepted: 01/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Interactions of selectins with cell surface glycoconjugates mediate the first step of the adhesion and signaling cascade that recruits circulating leukocytes to sites of infection or injury. P-selectin dimerizes on the surface of endothelial cells and forms dimeric bonds with P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (PSGL-1), a homodimeric sialomucin on leukocytes. It is not known whether leukocyte L-selectin or endothelial cell E-selectin are monomeric or oligomeric. Here we used the micropipette technique to analyze two-dimensional binding of monomeric or dimeric L- and E-selectin with monomeric or dimeric PSGL-1. Adhesion frequency analysis demonstrated that E-selectin on human aortic endothelial cells supported dimeric interactions with dimeric PSGL-1 and monomeric interactions with monomeric PSGL-1. In contrast, L-selectin on human neutrophils supported monomeric interactions with dimeric or monomeric PSGL-1. Our work provides a new method to analyze oligomeric cross-junctional molecular binding at the interface of two interacting cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
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47
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Zhu C, Jiang N, Huang J, Zarnitsyna VI, Evavold BD. Insights from in situ analysis of TCR-pMHC recognition: response of an interaction network. Immunol Rev 2013; 251:49-64. [PMID: 23278740 PMCID: PMC3539230 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Recognition of peptide presented by the major histocompatibility complex (pMHC) molecule by the T-cell receptor (TCR) determines T-cell selection, development, differentiation, fate, and function. Despite intensive studies on the structures, thermodynamic properties, kinetic rates, and affinities of TCR-pMHC interactions in the past two decades, questions regarding the functional outcome of these interactions, i.e. how binding of the αβ TCR heterodimer with distinct pMHCs triggers different intracellular signals via the adjacent CD3 components to produce different T-cell responses, remain unclear. Most kinetic measurements have used surface plasmon resonance, a three-dimensional (3D) technique in which fluid-phase receptors and ligands are removed from their cellular environment. Recently, several two-dimensional (2D) techniques have been developed to analyze molecular interactions on live T cells with pMHCs presented by surrogate antigen-presenting cells or supported planar lipid bilayers. The insights from these in situ analyses have provided a sharp contrast of the 2D network biology approach to the 3D reductionist approach and prompted rethinking of our current views of T-cell triggering. Based on these insights, we propose a mechanochemical coupled triggering hypothesis to explain why the in situ kinetic parameters differ so much from their 3D counterparts, yet correlate so much better with T-cell functional responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Zhu
- Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332-0363, USA.
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48
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Zarnitsyna V, Zhu C. T cell triggering: insights from 2D kinetics analysis of molecular interactions. Phys Biol 2012; 9:045005. [PMID: 22871794 DOI: 10.1088/1478-3975/9/4/045005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Interaction of the T cell receptor (TCR) with pathogen-derived peptide presented by the major histocompatibility complex (pMHC) molecule is central to adaptive immunity as it initiates intracellular signaling to trigger T cell response to infection. Kinetic parameters of this interaction have been under intensive investigation for more than two decades using soluble pMHCs and/or TCRs with at least one of them in the solution (three-dimensional (3D) methods). Recently, several techniques have been developed to enable kinetic analysis on live T cells with pMHCs presented by surrogate antigen presenting cells (APCs) or supported planar lipid bilayers (two-dimensional (2D) methods). Comparison of 2D versus 3D parameters reveals drastic differences with broader ranges of 2D affinities and on-rates and orders of magnitude faster 2D off-rates for functionally distinct pMHCs. Here we review new 2D data and discuss how it may impact previously developed models of T cell discrimination between pMHCs of different potencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Zarnitsyna
- Wallace H Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA.
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49
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Tabdili H, Barry AK, Langer MD, Chien YH, Shi Q, Lee KJ, Lu S, Leckband DE. Cadherin point mutations alter cell sorting and modulate GTPase signaling. J Cell Sci 2012; 125:3299-309. [PMID: 22505612 PMCID: PMC3516376 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.087395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the impact of cadherin binding differences on both cell sorting and GTPase activation. The use of N-terminal domain point mutants of Xenopus C-cadherin enabled us to quantify binding differences and determine their effects on cadherin-dependent functions without any potential complications arising as a result of differences in cytodomain interactions. Dynamic cell-cell binding measurements carried out with the micropipette manipulation technique quantified the impact of these mutations on the two-dimensional binding affinities and dissociation rates of cadherins in the native context of the cell membrane. Pairwise binding affinities were compared with in vitro cell-sorting specificity and ligation-dependent GTPase signaling. Two-dimensional affinity differences greater than five-fold correlated with cadherin-dependent in vitro cell segregation, but smaller differences failed to induce cell sorting. Comparison of the binding affinities with GTPase signaling amplitudes further demonstrated that differential binding also proportionally modulates intracellular signaling. These results show that differential cadherin affinities have broader functional consequences than merely controlling cell-cell cohesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Tabdili
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL 61801, USA
| | - Adrienne K. Barry
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL 61801, USA
| | - Matthew D. Langer
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL 61801, USA
| | - Yuan-Hung Chien
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL 61801, USA
| | - Quanming Shi
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL 61801, USA
| | - Keng Jin Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL 61801, USA
| | - Shaoying Lu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL 61801, USA
| | - Deborah E. Leckband
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL 61801, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL 61801, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL 61801, USA
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50
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Tabdili H, Langer M, Shi Q, Poh YC, Wang N, Leckband D. Cadherin-dependent mechanotransduction depends on ligand identity but not affinity. J Cell Sci 2012; 125:4362-71. [PMID: 22718345 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.105775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigates the relationship between classical cadherin binding affinities and mechanotransduction through cadherin-mediated adhesions. The mechanical properties of cadherin-dependent intercellular junctions are generally attributed to differences in the binding affinities of classical cadherin subtypes that contribute to cohesive energies between cells. However, cell mechanics and mechanotransduction may also regulate intercellular contacts. We used micropipette measurements to quantify the two-dimensional affinities of cadherins at the cell surface, and two complementary mechanical measurements to assess ligand-dependent mechanotransduction through cadherin adhesions. At the cell surface, the classical cadherins investigated in this study form both homophilic and heterophilic bonds with two-dimensional affinities that differ by less than threefold. In contrast, mechanotransduction through cadherin adhesions is strongly ligand dependent such that homophilic, but not heterophilic ligation mediates mechanotransduction, independent of the cadherin binding affinity. These findings suggest that ligand-selective mechanotransduction may supersede differences in cadherin binding affinities in regulating intercellular contacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Tabdili
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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