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Bispecific T-Cell Engagers Targeting Membrane-Bound IgE. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9111568. [PMID: 34829798 PMCID: PMC8615095 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9111568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The increased incidence of allergies and asthma has sparked interest in IgE, the central player in the allergic response. Interaction with its high-affinity receptor FcεRI leads to sensitization and allergen presentation, extracellular membrane-proximal domain in membrane IgE can act as an antigen receptor on B cells, and the interaction with low-affinity IgE receptor CD23 additionally influences its homeostatic range. Therapeutic anti-IgE antibodies act by the inhibition of IgE functions by interfering with its receptor binding or by the obliteration of IgE-B cells, causing a reduction of serum IgE levels. Fusion proteins of antibody fragments that can act as bispecific T-cell engagers have proven very potent in eliciting cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-mediated killing. We have tested five anti-IgE Fc antibodies, recognizing different epitopes on the membrane-expressed IgE, for the ability to elicit specific T-cell activation when expressed as single-chain Fv fragments fused with anti-CD3ε single-chain antibody. All candidates could specifically stain the cell line, expressing the membrane-bound IgE-Fc and bind to CD3-positive Jurkat cells, and the specific activation of engineered CD3-overexpressing Jurkat cells and non-stimulated CD8-positive cells was demonstrated for 8D6- and ligelizumab-based bispecific antibodies. Thus, such anti-IgE antibodies have the potential to be developed into agents that reduce the serum IgE concentration by lowering the numbers of IgE-secreting cells.
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2
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Laffleur B, Debeaupuis O, Dalloul Z, Cogné M. B Cell Intrinsic Mechanisms Constraining IgE Memory. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1277. [PMID: 29180995 PMCID: PMC5694035 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Memory B cells and long-lived plasma cells are key elements of adaptive humoral immunity. Regardless of the immunoglobulin class produced, these cells can ensure long-lasting protection but also long-lasting immunopathology, thus requiring tight regulation of their generation and survival. Among all antibody classes, this is especially true for IgE, which stands as the most potent, and can trigger dramatic inflammatory reactions even when present in minute amounts. IgE responses and memory crucially protect against parasites and toxic components of venoms, conferring selective advantages and explaining their conservation in all mammalian species despite a parallel broad spectrum of IgE-mediated immunopathology. Long-term memory of sensitization and anaphylactic responses to allergens constitute the dark side of IgE responses, which can trigger multiple acute or chronic pathologic manifestations, some punctuated with life-threatening events. This Janus face of the IgE response and memory, both necessary and potentially dangerous, thus obviously deserves the most elaborated self-control schemes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brice Laffleur
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | | | - Zeinab Dalloul
- UMR 7276 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique: Contrôle de la Réponse Immune B et des Lymphoproliférations, Université de Limoges, Limoges, France
| | - Michel Cogné
- UMR 7276 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique: Contrôle de la Réponse Immune B et des Lymphoproliférations, Université de Limoges, Limoges, France.,Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
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3
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Lin C, Lee IT, Sampath V, Dinakar C, DeKruyff RH, Schneider LC, Nadeau KC. Combining anti-IgE with oral immunotherapy. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2017; 28:619-627. [PMID: 28782296 DOI: 10.1111/pai.12767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Food allergy is a significant medical problem that affects up to 8% of children in developed countries. At present, there are no curative therapies available in routine practice and management of food allergy involves strict allergen avoidance, education, and prompt treatment upon accidental exposure. Oral immunotherapy (OIT) is an efficacious experimental approach to food allergy and has been shown to provide a substantial benefit in terms of allergen desensitization. However, OIT is associated with high rates of allergic reactions, and the period of protection offered by OIT appears to be limited and highly variable. Recurrence of allergen sensitivity after a period of treatment discontinuation is commonly observed. With the aim of overcoming these limitations of OIT, several trials have studied omalizumab (anti-IgE monoclonal antibody) as an adjuvant treatment for patients undergoing OIT. Results from these trials have shown that the addition of omalizumab to OIT leads to a significant decrease in the frequency and severity of reactions, which allows for an increase in the threshold of tolerance to food allergens. This review provides a summary of the current literature and addresses some of the key questions that remain regarding the use of omalizumab in conjunction with OIT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunrong Lin
- Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research at Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.,Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Ivan T Lee
- Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research at Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.,Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Vanitha Sampath
- Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research at Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.,Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Chitra Dinakar
- Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research at Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.,Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Rosemarie H DeKruyff
- Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research at Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.,Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Kari Christine Nadeau
- Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research at Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.,Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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4
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Vigl B, Salhat N, Parth M, Pankevych H, Mairhofer A, Bartl S, Smrzka OW. Quantitative in vitro and in vivo models to assess human IgE B cell receptor crosslinking by IgE and EMPD IgE targeting antibodies. J Immunol Methods 2017. [PMID: 28647457 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2017.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Targeting plasma IgE by therapeutic mABs like Omalizumab (Xolair®) is current clinical practice for severe allergic conditions or other IgE related diseases like chronic urticaria. As an alternative to soluble IgE targeting, IgE supply can be lowered by targeting the Extracellular Membrane Proximal Domain (EMPD) of the IgE B cell receptor (BCR) present on IgE switched B cells. This ultimately leads to apoptosis of these cells upon IgE BCR crosslinking. Since tools to selectively assess the efficacy of IgE BCR crosslinking by IgE targeting antibodies are limited, a readily quantifiable cell model was developed that allows to specifically address IgE BCR crosslinking activity in vitro. The new cell model allowed for a direct quantitative comparison of anti-EMPD IgE therapeutic prototype antibody 47H4 with anti-IgE(Ce3) directed therapeutic antibody Omalizumab and with a newly selected anti-human EMPD IgE monoclonal antibody, designated mAB 15cl12. Furthermore, a complementing mouse model was developed that allows for in vivo validation of antibodies addressing human EMPD IgE. It carries a targetable humanized EMPD IgE sequence that has been introduced by seamless genomic replacement of the endogenous EMPD encoding sequence. The model allowed to directly compare IgE lowering activity of two anti-human EMPD IgE therapeutic antibodies in vivo. Our tools provide the means for quantitative assessment of IgE BCR crosslinking activity which is increasingly gaining attention with respect to forthcoming second generation anti-IgE clinical candidates such as Ligelizumab or other clinical candidates featuring additional effector functions such as IgE BCR crosslinking activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Vigl
- AFFiRiS AG, Karl-Farkas-Gasse 22, 1030 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Nina Salhat
- AFFiRiS AG, Karl-Farkas-Gasse 22, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Michela Parth
- AFFiRiS AG, Karl-Farkas-Gasse 22, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | - Stefan Bartl
- AFFiRiS AG, Karl-Farkas-Gasse 22, 1030 Vienna, Austria
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5
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Ramadani F, Bowen H, Upton N, Hobson PS, Chan YC, Chen JB, Chang TW, McDonnell JM, Sutton BJ, Fear DJ, Gould HJ. Ontogeny of human IgE-expressing B cells and plasma cells. Allergy 2017; 72:66-76. [PMID: 27061189 PMCID: PMC5107308 DOI: 10.1111/all.12911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Background IgE‐expressing (IgE+) plasma cells (PCs) provide a continuous source of allergen‐specific IgE that is central to allergic responses. The extreme sparsity of IgE+ cells in vivo has confined their study almost entirely to mouse models. Objective To characterize the development pathway of human IgE+PCs and to determine the ontogeny of human IgE+PCs. Methods To generate human IgE+ cells, we cultured tonsil B cells with IL‐4 and anti‐CD40. Using FACS and RT‐PCR, we examined the phenotype of generated IgE+ cells, the capacity of tonsil B‐cell subsets to generate IgE+PCs and the class switching pathways involved. Results We have identified three phenotypic stages of IgE+PC development pathway, namely (i) IgE+germinal centre (GC)‐like B cells, (ii) IgE+PC‐like ‘plasmablasts’ and (iii) IgE+PCs. The same phenotypic stages were also observed for IgG1+ cells. Total tonsil B cells give rise to IgE+PCs by direct and sequential switching, whereas the isolated GC B‐cell fraction, the main source of IgE+PCs, generates IgE+PCs by sequential switching. PC differentiation of IgE+ cells is accompanied by the down‐regulation of surface expression of the short form of membrane IgE (mIgES), which is homologous to mouse mIgE, and the up‐regulation of the long form of mIgE (mIgEL), which is associated with an enhanced B‐cell survival and expressed in humans, but not in mice. Conclusion Generation of IgE+PCs from tonsil GC B cells occurs mainly via sequential switching from IgG. The mIgEL/mIgES ratio may be implicated in survival of IgE+ B cells during PC differentiation and allergic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Ramadani
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biohphysics; King's College; London UK
- Medical Research Council and Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms in Asthma; London UK
| | - H. Bowen
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biohphysics; King's College; London UK
- Medical Research Council and Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms in Asthma; London UK
| | - N. Upton
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biohphysics; King's College; London UK
- Medical Research Council and Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms in Asthma; London UK
| | - P. S. Hobson
- Division of Asthma; Allergy and Lung Biology; King's College; London UK
- Medical Research Council and Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms in Asthma; London UK
| | - Y.-C. Chan
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biohphysics; King's College; London UK
- Medical Research Council and Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms in Asthma; London UK
| | - J.-B. Chen
- Genomics Research Center; Academia Sinica; Taipei Taiwan
| | - T. W. Chang
- Genomics Research Center; Academia Sinica; Taipei Taiwan
| | - J. M. McDonnell
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biohphysics; King's College; London UK
- Medical Research Council and Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms in Asthma; London UK
| | - B. J. Sutton
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biohphysics; King's College; London UK
- Medical Research Council and Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms in Asthma; London UK
| | - D. J. Fear
- Division of Asthma; Allergy and Lung Biology; King's College; London UK
- Medical Research Council and Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms in Asthma; London UK
| | - H. J. Gould
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biohphysics; King's College; London UK
- Medical Research Council and Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms in Asthma; London UK
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Welt RS, Welt JA, Kostyal D, Gangadharan YD, Raymond V, Welt S. Specificity and biologic activities of novel anti-membrane IgM antibodies. Oncotarget 2016; 7:74701-74723. [PMID: 27732950 PMCID: PMC5342696 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The concept that the B-cell Receptor (BCR) initiates a driver pathway in lymphoma-leukemia has been clinically validated. Previously described unique BCR Ig-class-specific sequences (proximal domains (PDs)), are not expressed in serum Ig (sIg). As a consequence of sequence and structural differences in the membrane IgM (mIgM) µ-Constant Domain 4, additional epitopes distinguish mIgM from sIgM. mAbs generated to linear and conformational epitopes, restricted to mIgM and not reacting with sIgM, were generated despite the relative hydrophobicity of the PDm sequence. Anti-PD mAbs (mAb1, mAb2, and mAb3) internalize mIgM. Anti-mIgM mAb4, which recognizes a distinct non-ligand binding site epitope, mediates mIgM internalization, and in low-density cultures, growth inhibition, anti-clonogenic activity, and apoptosis. We show that mAb-mediated mIgM internalization generally does not interrupt BCR-directed cell growth, however, mAb4 binding to a non-ligand binding site in the mIgM PDm-μC4 domain induces both mIgM internalization and anti-tumor effects. BCR micro-clustering in many B-cell leukemia and lymphoma lines is demonstrated by SEM micrographs using these new mAb reagents. mAb4 is a clinical candidate as a mediator of inhibition of the BCR signaling pathway. As these agents do not bind to non-mIgM B-cells, nor cross-react to non-lymphatic tissues, they may spare B-cell/normal tissue destruction as mAb-drug conjugates.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Anti-Idiotypic/immunology
- Antibodies, Anti-Idiotypic/pharmacology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- Antibody Specificity/immunology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- Epitope Mapping
- Epitopes/chemistry
- Epitopes/immunology
- Epitopes/metabolism
- Humans
- Hybridomas/immunology
- Leukemia, B-Cell/immunology
- Leukemia, B-Cell/metabolism
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/immunology
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/metabolism
- Mice
- Peptides/immunology
- Protein Binding
- Protein Transport
- Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell/chemistry
- Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Virginia Raymond
- Welt Bio-Molecular Pharmaceutical, LLC., Armonk, NY, USA
- Biogent, LLC., Armonk, NY, USA
| | - Sydney Welt
- Welt Bio-Molecular Pharmaceutical, LLC., Armonk, NY, USA
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7
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Weeratna RD, Chikh G, Zhang L, Fraser JD, Thorn JM, Merson JR, McCluskie MJ, Champion BR, Davis HL. Immunogenicity of a peptide-based anti-IgE conjugate vaccine in non-human primates. Immun Inflamm Dis 2016; 4:135-147. [PMID: 27957325 PMCID: PMC4879460 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.98] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Revised: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The anti-human immunoglobulin E (IgE) monoclonal antibody, omalizumab (Xolair®, Genentech, South San Fransisco, CA), is effective in the treatment of poorly controlled moderate to severe allergic asthma and chronic idiopathic urticaria. It acts by specifically binding to the constant domain (Cϵ3) of free human IgE in the blood and interstitial fluid. Although efficacious, use of omalizumab is limited due to restrictions on patient weight and pre-existing IgE levels, and frequent dosing (q2-4 weeks). A vaccine inducing anti-IgE antibodies has the potential for similar clinical benefits with less frequent dosing and relatively lower cost of goods. We developed a vaccine containing two IgE peptide-conjugates targeting the Cϵ3 domain of human IgE. As part of preclinical evaluation of the vaccine to optimize formulation and dose prior to initiating clinical studies, we evaluated the vaccine in non-human primates, and demonstrate the induction of anti-peptide antibodies that can bind to conformationally intact human IgE and are capable, at least in some animals, of substantial lowering circulating IgE levels.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ghania Chikh
- Pfizer Vaccine ImmunotherapeuticsOttawa LaboratoriesOttawaOntarioCanada
| | - Lu Zhang
- Pfizer Vaccine ImmunotherapeuticsOttawa LaboratoriesOttawaOntarioCanada
| | | | | | - James R. Merson
- Pfizer Biotherapeutics Pharmaceutical SciencesSt. LouisMissouriUSA
| | | | | | - Heather L. Davis
- Pfizer Vaccine ImmunotherapeuticsOttawa LaboratoriesOttawaOntarioCanada
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8
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IgE als Zielstruktur für therapeutische Intervention. ALLERGOLOGIE 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-37203-2_58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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9
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A novel, nonanaphylactogenic, bispecific IgE-CD3 antibody eliminates IgE(+) B cells. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2015; 136:800-802.e3. [PMID: 25825213 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2015.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Revised: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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10
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Nyborg AC, Zacco A, Ettinger R, Jack Borrok M, Zhu J, Martin T, Woods R, Kiefer C, Bowen MA, Suzanne Cohen E, Herbst R, Wu H, Coats S. Development of an antibody that neutralizes soluble IgE and eliminates IgE expressing B cells. Cell Mol Immunol 2015; 13:391-400. [PMID: 25942513 PMCID: PMC4856805 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2015.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Revised: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunoglobulin E (IgE) plays a key role in allergic asthma and is a clinically validated target for monoclonal antibodies. Therapeutic anti-IgE antibodies block the interaction between IgE and the Fc epsilon (Fcε) receptor, which eliminates or minimizes the allergic phenotype but does not typically curtail the ongoing production of IgE by B cells. We generated high-affinity anti-IgE antibodies (MEDI4212) that have the potential to both neutralize soluble IgE and eliminate IgE-expressing B-cells through antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity. MEDI4212 variants were generated that contain mutations in the Fc region of the antibody or alterations in fucosylation in order to enhance the antibody's affinity for FcγRIIIa. All MEDI4212 variants bound to human IgE with affinities comparable to the wild-type (WT) antibody. Each variant was shown to inhibit the interaction between IgE and FcεRI, which translated into potent inhibition of FcγRI-mediated function responses. Importantly, all variants bound similarly to IgE at the surface of membrane IgE expressing cells. However, MEDI4212 variants demonstrated enhanced affinity for FcγRIIIa including the polymorphic variants at position 158. The improvement in FcγRIIIa binding led to increased effector function in cell based assays using both engineered cell lines and class switched human IgE B cells. Through its superior suppression of IgE, we anticipate that effector function enhanced MEDI4212 may be able to neutralize high levels of soluble IgE and provide increased long-term benefit by eliminating the IgE expressing B cells before they differentiate and become IgE secreting plasma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Jie Zhu
- MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | | | - Rob Woods
- MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | | | | | - E Suzanne Cohen
- MedImmune Ltd, Milstein Building, Granta Park, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Herren Wu
- MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
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11
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Gauvreau GM, Harris JM, Boulet LP, Scheerens H, Fitzgerald JM, Putnam WS, Cockcroft DW, Davis BE, Leigh R, Zheng Y, Dahlén B, Wang Y, Maciuca R, Mayers I, Liao XC, Wu LC, Matthews JG, O'Byrne PM. Targeting membrane-expressed IgE B cell receptor with an antibody to the M1 prime epitope reduces IgE production. Sci Transl Med 2015; 6:243ra85. [PMID: 24990880 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3008961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Elevated serum levels of both total and allergen-specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) correlate with atopic diseases such as allergic rhinitis and allergic asthma. Neutralization of IgE by anti-IgE antibodies can effectively treat allergic asthma. Preclinical studies indicate that targeting membrane IgE-positive cells with antibodies against M1 prime can inhibit the production of new IgE and significantly reduce the levels of serum IgE. We report results from two trials that investigated the safety, pharmacokinetics, and activity of quilizumab, a humanized monoclonal antibody targeting specifically the M1 prime epitope of membrane IgE, in subjects with allergic rhinitis (NCT01160861) or mild allergic asthma (NCT01196039). In both studies, quilizumab treatment was well tolerated and led to reductions in total and allergen-specific serum IgE that lasted for at least 6 months after the cessation of dosing. In subjects with allergic asthma who were subjected to an allergen challenge, quilizumab treatment blocked the generation of new IgE, reduced allergen-induced early and late asthmatic airway responses by 26 and 36%, respectively, and reduced allergen-induced increases in sputum eosinophils by ~50% compared with placebo. These studies indicate that targeting of membrane IgE-expressing cells with anti-M1 prime antibodies can prevent IgE production in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Louis-Philippe Boulet
- Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Québec, Québec G1V 4G5, Canada
| | | | - J Mark Fitzgerald
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1M9, Canada
| | | | | | - Beth E Davis
- University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 0W8, Canada
| | - Richard Leigh
- University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4Z6, Canada
| | - Yanan Zheng
- Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Barbro Dahlén
- Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm S-141 86, Sweden
| | - Yehong Wang
- Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | | | - Irvin Mayers
- University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G3, Canada
| | | | - Lawren C Wu
- Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
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12
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Wu LC, Scheerens H. Targeting IgE production in mice and humans. Curr Opin Immunol 2014; 31:8-15. [PMID: 25156315 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2014.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Revised: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Immunoglobulin E (IgE) is pathogenic in allergic diseases such as asthma, allergic rhinitis, atopic dermatitis, and food allergy. Recent studies using genetically modified IgE reporter mice indicate that the majority of serum IgE in mice is produced by short-lived IgE plasma cells, with minor contributions from long-lived IgE plasma cells, and implicate IgG1 and IgE memory B cells as potential sources of IgE memory. Clinical studies using antibodies against IL-13 or the IL-4 and IL-13 receptor subunit IL-4Rα, as well as an antibody against the M1 prime domain of human membrane IgE, indicate that, similar to mice, a proportion of IgE in humans is derived from ongoing IgE immune responses and short-lived plasma cells. Targeting IgE production may lead to new therapies for the treatment of allergic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawren C Wu
- Department of Immunology, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
| | - Heleen Scheerens
- Department of Pharmacodynamic Biomarkers, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
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13
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Komegae EN, Grund LZ, Lopes-Ferreira M, Lima C. The longevity of Th2 humoral response induced by proteases natterins requires the participation of long-lasting innate-like B cells and plasma cells in spleen. PLoS One 2013; 8:e67135. [PMID: 23840604 PMCID: PMC3696013 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0067135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2012] [Accepted: 05/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The generation of long-lived antibody-secreting cells (ASC) and memory B cells are critical events for an effective vaccine and the choice of adjuvant can influence these processes. Various cellular and molecular mechanism involved in the protease action that determine Th2 responses have been identified. However, direct or indirect actions in the regulation of the induction, survival and longevity of ASC in differential compartments remain largely unknown. We investigated whether the proteolytic activity of proteins are determinant for the modulation of the memory immune response in mice, promoting the differentiation of memory B cells to terminally differentiated end stage cells. Here, we show that the proteolytic activity of Natterins, from the venom of Thalassophryne nattereri Brazilian fish, besides inducing a Th2 response with plasmatic titers of high-affinity antigen-specific IgE over extended periods is sufficient for the generation of signals that contribute to the formation of a survival niche in the spleen, essential for the longevity of the main subtype of ASC with B220neg phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evilin Naname Komegae
- Immunoregulation Unit, Special Laboratory of Applied Toxinology, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Immunology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lidiane Zito Grund
- Immunoregulation Unit, Special Laboratory of Applied Toxinology, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Immunology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Monica Lopes-Ferreira
- Immunoregulation Unit, Special Laboratory of Applied Toxinology, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Immunology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carla Lima
- Immunoregulation Unit, Special Laboratory of Applied Toxinology, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Immunology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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14
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Davies JM, Platts-Mills TA, Aalberse RC. The enigma of IgE+ B-cell memory in human subjects. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2013; 131:972-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2012.12.1569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Revised: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 12/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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15
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Chowdhury PS, Chen Y, Yang C, Cook KE, Nyborg AC, Ettinger R, Herbst R, Kiener PA, Wu H. Targeting the junction of CɛmX and ɛ-migis for the specific depletion of mIgE-expressing B cells. Mol Immunol 2012; 52:279-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2012.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2011] [Revised: 05/16/2012] [Accepted: 06/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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16
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Chen NY, Hung AFH, Lin CJ, Chen JB, Chu HM, Yu HM, Chang HY, Chang TW. Manipulating mIgD-expressing B cells with anti-migis-δ monoclonal antibodies. Mol Immunol 2012; 53:187-97. [PMID: 22944457 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2012.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2012] [Revised: 07/31/2012] [Accepted: 08/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Surface IgD and IgM doubly positive cells comprise the major population of B cells in the human immune system. The heavy chain of membrane-bound IgD (mδ) differs from that of IgD (δ) in that mδ contains a C-terminal membrane-anchor peptide. Our group previously proposed that the N-terminal extracellular segment of 27 aa residues of the membrane-anchor peptide of mδ, referred to as the mIg isotype-specific-δ (migis-δ) segment, may provide a unique antigenic site for isotype-specific targeting of mIgD(+) B cells. Here we report the preparation of mouse mAbs specific for human migis-δ. The mAbs bound to human migis-δ-containing recombinant proteins in an ELISA and to mIgD-expressing transfectants of a CHO cell line as analyzed by flow cytometry. MAb 20E6, which binds to an epitope toward the N-terminal of human migis-δ, could stain human B cell line MC116, which expressed mIgD and mIgM. MC116 cells could be induced to undergo apoptosis by treatment with 20E6 in the presence of a second crosslinking antibody. Chimeric 20E6 caused antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity of MC116 cells in the presence of human PBMCs as the source of effector cells. In cultures of PBMCs, 20E6 down-regulated the population of mIgD(+) B cells. The production of human IgM by transplanted MC116 cells in NOD-SCID (NOD.CB17-Prkdc(scid)/IcrCrlBltw) mice could be suppressed by 20E6. These results encourage further investigation of the potential of anti-migis-δ mAbs to control mIgD(+) B cells, when such a manipulation may alleviate a disease state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nien-Yi Chen
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
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17
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Bax HJ, Keeble AH, Gould HJ. Cytokinergic IgE Action in Mast Cell Activation. Front Immunol 2012; 3:229. [PMID: 22888332 PMCID: PMC3412263 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2012] [Accepted: 07/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Some 10 years ago it emerged that at sufficiently high concentrations certain monoclonal mouse IgEs exert previously unsuspected effects on mast cells. Thus they can both promote survival and induce activation of mast cells without the requirement for antigens. This was a wake up call that appears to have been missed (or dismissed) by the majority of immunologists. The structural attributes responsible for the potency of the so-called “highly cytokinergic” or HC IgEs have not yet been determined, but the events that ensue when such IgEs bind to the high-affinity receptor, FcεRI, on mast cells have been thoroughly studied, and are strikingly similar to those engendered by antigens when they form cross-linked complexes with the receptors. We review the evidence for the cytokinergic activity of IgE, and the structural features and known properties of immunoglobulins, and of IgE in particular, most likely to be implicated in the phenomenon. We suggest that IgEs with cytokinergic activity may be generated by local germinal center reactions in the target organs of allergy. We consider also the important implications that the existence of cytokinergic IgE may have for a fuller understanding of adaptive immunity and of the action of IgE in asthma and other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather J Bax
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London London, UK
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18
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Chu SY, Horton HM, Pong E, Leung IWL, Chen H, Nguyen DH, Bautista C, Muchhal US, Bernett MJ, Moore GL, Szymkowski DE, Desjarlais JR. Reduction of total IgE by targeted coengagement of IgE B-cell receptor and FcγRIIb with Fc-engineered antibody. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2012; 129:1102-15. [PMID: 22257644 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2011.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2011] [Revised: 11/16/2011] [Accepted: 11/18/2011] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sequestration of IgE to prevent its binding to high-affinity IgE receptor FcεRI on basophils and mast cells is an effective therapy for allergic asthma. IgE production requires differentiation of activated IgE(+) B cells into plasma cells upon allergen sensitization. B-cell receptor signaling is suppressed by the inhibitory IgG Fc receptor FcγRIIb; therefore, we reasoned that a therapeutic antibody that coengages FcγRIIb and IgE B-cell receptor would not only sequester IgE but also suppress its production by blocking IgE(+) B-cell activation and differentiation to IgE-secreting plasma cells. OBJECTIVE To explore the effects of IgE sequestration versus IgE suppression by comparing omalizumab to FcγRIIb-optimized anti-IgE antibodies in humanized mouse models of immunoglobulin production. METHODS By using a murine anti-IgE antibody as a template, we humanized, increased IgE binding, and modified its Fc domain to increase affinity for FcγRIIb. We next compared effects of this antibody (XmAb7195) versus omalizumab on the secretion of IgE and other isotypes in human PBMC cultures and in PBMC-engrafted severe combined immunodeficiency mice. RESULTS Relative to omalizumab, XmAb7195 has a 5-fold higher affinity for human IgE and more than 400-fold higher affinity for FcγRIIb. In addition to sequestering soluble IgE, XmAb7195 inhibited plasma cell differentiation and consequent human IgE production through coengagement of IgE B-cell receptor with FcγRIIb. In PBMC-engrafted mice, XmAb7195 reduced total human IgE (but not IgG or IgM) levels by up to 40-fold relative to omalizumab. CONCLUSION XmAb7195 acts by IgE sequestration coupled with an FcγRIIb-mediated inhibitory mechanism to suppress the formation of IgE-secreting plasma cells and reduce both free and total IgE levels.
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19
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Dullaers M, De Bruyne R, Ramadani F, Gould HJ, Gevaert P, Lambrecht BN. The who, where, and when of IgE in allergic airway disease. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2011; 129:635-45. [PMID: 22168998 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2011.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2011] [Revised: 10/18/2011] [Accepted: 10/19/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Allergic asthma and allergic rhinitis/conjunctivitis are characterized by a T(H)2-dominated immune response associated with increased serum IgE levels in response to inhaled allergens. Because IgE is a key player in the induction and maintenance of allergic inflammation, it represents a prime target for therapeutic intervention. However, our understanding of IgE biology remains fragmentary. This article puts together our current knowledge on IgE in allergic airway diseases with a special focus on the identity of IgE-secreting cells ("who"), their location ("where"), and the circumstances in which they are induced ("when"). We further consider the therapeutic implications of the insights gained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Dullaers
- Laboratorium of Immunoregulation and Mucosal Immunology, Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University Hospital Ghent, Ghent, Belgium.
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20
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Hung AFH, Chen JB, Lu CS, Chen NY, Yu HM, Chang TW. Lipid rafts hinder binding of antibodies to the extracellular segment of the membrane-anchor peptide of mIgA. Mol Immunol 2011; 48:1975-82. [PMID: 21723611 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2011.06.219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2011] [Revised: 06/01/2011] [Accepted: 06/04/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Membrane-bound IgA (mIgA) is associated with Igα/Igβ as the B cell receptor (BCR) complex on mIgA-expressing B cells. The α chain of mIgA (mα) contains a C-terminal membrane-anchor peptide, which encompasses extracellular, transmembrane and intracellular segments. The extracellular segment, referred to as the mIg isotype-specific (migis-α) segment or the extracellular membrane proximal domain of mα, has been proposed to be a specific antigenic site suitable for isotype-specific targeting of mIgA-expressing B cells by antibodies. In this study, we developed several anti-migis-α monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), such as mAb 29C11, specific to a segment towards the N-terminus of the 26 amino acid long migis-α. The mAbs bound strongly to synthetic peptides of migis-α and to various recombinant proteins containing migis-α as revealed by ELISA. On B cells, however, flow cytometric analysis suggested that these mAbs did not bind strongly to mIgA. After lipid rafts of B cells were disrupted by cholesterol extraction, the mAbs were able to bind strongly to the treated B cells. Moreover, immunoprecipitation analysis of these mAbs indicated that mIgA could only be pulled down by the mAbs when mIgA-expressing B cells were solubilized by strong detergents, such as sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), or when lipid rafts were disrupted. Together, these results suggest that the migis-α region of mIgA in the BCR is associated with lipid rafts, which hinder binding of migis-α-specific antibodies to mIgA on the cell surface. Further studies are in progress to evaluate the suitability of 29C11 or its affinity-improved variants for targeting mIgA-expressing B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfur Fu-Hsin Hung
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Structural Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
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21
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Haim M, Trost A, Maier CJ, Achatz G, Feichtner S, Hintner H, Bauer JW, önder K. Cytokeratin 8 interacts with clumping factor B: a new possible virulence factor target. Microbiology (Reading) 2010; 156:3710-3721. [DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.034413-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a human pathogen of growing clinical significance, owing to its increasing levels of resistance to most antibiotics. Infections range from mild wound infections to severe infections such as endocarditis, osteomyelitis and septic shock. Adherence of S. aureus to human host cells is an important step, leading to colonization and infection. Adherence is mediated by a multiplicity of proteins expressed on the bacterial surface, including clumping factor B. In this study, we aimed to identify new targets of clumping factor B in human keratinocytes by undertaking a genome-wide yeast two-hybrid screen of a human keratinocyte cDNA library. We show that clumping factor B is capable of binding cytokeratin 8 (CK8), a type II cytokeratin. Using a domain-mapping strategy we identified amino acids 437–464 as necessary for this interaction. Recombinantly expressed fragments of both proteins were used in pull-down experiments and confirmed the yeast two-hybrid studies. Analysis with S. aureus strain Newman deficient in clumping factor B showed the clumping factor B-dependence of the interaction with CK8. We postulate that the clumping factor B–CK8 interaction is a novel factor in S. aureus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Haim
- Procomcure Biotech GmbH, Hafenstrasse 47-51, A-4020 Linz, Austria
- Division of Molecular Dermatology, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - A. Trost
- Division of Molecular Dermatology, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - C. J. Maier
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
- Division of Molecular Dermatology, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - G. Achatz
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - S. Feichtner
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - H. Hintner
- Division of Molecular Dermatology, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - J. W. Bauer
- Procomcure Biotech GmbH, Hafenstrasse 47-51, A-4020 Linz, Austria
- Division of Molecular Dermatology, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - K. önder
- Procomcure Biotech GmbH, Hafenstrasse 47-51, A-4020 Linz, Austria
- Division of Molecular Dermatology, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
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22
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Brightbill HD, Jeet S, Lin Z, Yan D, Zhou M, Tan M, Nguyen A, Yeh S, Delarosa D, Leong SR, Wong T, Chen Y, Ultsch M, Luis E, Ramani SR, Jackman J, Gonzalez L, Dennis MS, Chuntharapai A, DeForge L, Meng YG, Xu M, Eigenbrot C, Lee WP, Refino CJ, Balazs M, Wu LC. Antibodies specific for a segment of human membrane IgE deplete IgE-producing B cells in humanized mice. J Clin Invest 2010; 120:2218-29. [PMID: 20458139 DOI: 10.1172/jci40141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2009] [Accepted: 03/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
IgE-mediated hypersensitivity is central to the pathogenesis of asthma and other allergic diseases. Although neutralization of serum IgE with IgE-specific antibodies is in general an efficacious treatment for allergic asthma, one limitation of this approach is its lack of effect on IgE production. Here, we have developed a strategy to disrupt IgE production by generating monoclonal antibodies that target a segment of membrane IgE on human IgE-switched B cells that is not present in serum IgE. This segment is known as the M1' domain, and using genetically modified mice that contain the human M1' domain inserted into the mouse IgE locus, we demonstrated that M1'-specific antibodies reduced serum IgE and IgE-producing plasma cells in vivo, without affecting other immunoglobulin isotypes. M1'-specific antibodies were effective when delivered prophylactically and therapeutically in mouse models of immunization, allergic asthma, and Nippostrongylus brasiliensis infection, likely by inducing apoptosis of IgE-producing B cells. In addition, we generated a humanized M1'-specific antibody that was active on primary human cells in vivo, as determined by its reduction of serum IgE levels and IgE plasma cell numbers in a human PBMC-SCID mouse model. Thus, targeting of human IgE-producing B cells with apoptosis-inducing M1'-specific antibodies may be a novel treatment for asthma and allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans D Brightbill
- Department of Immunology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
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23
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Rogosch T, Kerzel S, Sikula L, Gentil K, Liebetruth M, Schlingmann KP, Maier RF, Zemlin M. Plasma Cells and Nonplasma B Cells Express Differing IgE Repertoires in Allergic Sensitization. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 184:4947-54. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0900859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Rich RL, Myszka DG. Grading the commercial optical biosensor literature-Class of 2008: 'The Mighty Binders'. J Mol Recognit 2010; 23:1-64. [PMID: 20017116 DOI: 10.1002/jmr.1004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Optical biosensor technology continues to be the method of choice for label-free, real-time interaction analysis. But when it comes to improving the quality of the biosensor literature, education should be fundamental. Of the 1413 articles published in 2008, less than 30% would pass the requirements for high-school chemistry. To teach by example, we spotlight 10 papers that illustrate how to implement the technology properly. Then we grade every paper published in 2008 on a scale from A to F and outline what features make a biosensor article fabulous, middling or abysmal. To help improve the quality of published data, we focus on a few experimental, analysis and presentation mistakes that are alarmingly common. With the literature as a guide, we want to ensure that no user is left behind.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Rich
- Center for Biomolecular Interaction Analysis, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
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25
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Luger EO, Wegmann M, Achatz G, Worm M, Renz H, Radbruch A. Allergy for a lifetime? Allergol Int 2010; 59:1-8. [PMID: 20186004 DOI: 10.2332/allergolint.10-rai-0175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
As the key molecule of type-I-hypersensitivity, IgE provides specificity for the allergen and links it to the allergic effector functions. Antibodies are secreted by plasma cells and their precursors, the plasma blasts. The fate of plasma cells is a subject of controversy, with respect to their lifetime and persistence in the absence of allergen. In general, plasma cells were for a long time considered as short-lived end products of B-cell differentiation, and many of them are short-lived, although already for more than 20 years evidence has been provided that IgE-secreting plasma cells can persist over months. Today long-lived, "memory" plasma cells are considered to represent a distinct cellular entity of immunological memory, with considerable therapeutic relevance. Long-lived plasma cells resist current therapeutic and experimental approaches such as immunosuppression, e.g. cyclophosphamide, steroids, X-ray irradiation, anti-CD20 antibodies and anti-inflammatory drugs, while the chronic generation of short-lived plasma cells is sensitive to conventional immunosuppression. The seasonal variation in pollen-specific IgE can be suppressed by immunotherapy, indicating that component of the IgE response, which is stimulated with pollen allergen is susceptible to suppression. Targeting of the remaining long-lived, allergen-specific plasma cells, providing the stable IgE-titers, represents a therapeutic challenge. Here we discuss recent evidence suggesting, why current protocols for the treatment of IgE-mediated allergies fail: Memory plasma cells generated by inhalation of the allergen become long-lived and are maintained preferentially in the bone marrow. They do not proliferate, and are refractory to conventional therapies. Current concepts target plasma cells for depletion, e.g. the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib, BAFF and APRIL antagonists and autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elke O Luger
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum Berlin, Wissenschaftsgemeinschaft Leibniz, Berlin, Germany
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26
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Chen JB, Wu PC, Hung AFH, Chu CY, Tsai TF, Yu HM, Chang HY, Chang TW. Unique epitopes on C epsilon mX in IgE-B cell receptors are potentially applicable for targeting IgE-committed B cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 184:1748-56. [PMID: 20083663 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0902437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Membrane-bound IgE (mIgE) is part of the IgE-BCR and is essential for generating isotype-specific IgE responses. On mIgE(+) B cells, the membrane-bound epsilon-chain (mepsilon) exists predominantly in the long isoform, mepsilon(L), containing an extra 52 aa CepsilonmX domain between CH4 and the C-terminal membrane-anchoring segment; the short isoform of mepsilon, mepsilon(S), exists in minor proportions. CepsilonmX thus provides an attractive site for immunologic targeting of mIgE(+) B cells. In this study, we show that nine newly prepared CepsilonmX-specific mAbs, as well as the previously reported a20, bound to mIgE.Fc(L)-expressing CHO cells, while only 4B12 and 26H2 bound to mIgE.Fc(L)-expressing B cell line Ramos cells. The mAb 4B12 bound to the N-terminal part, 26H2 the middle part, and all others the C-terminal part of CepsilonmX. Expression of Igalpha and Igbeta on the mIgE.Fc(L)-CHO cells reduces the binding of a20 to CepsilonmX as compared with that of 4B12 and 26H2. The chimeric mAbs c4B12 and c26H2, when cross-linked by secondary antibodies, lysed mIgE.Fc(L)-Ramos cells by apoptosis through a BCR-dependent caspase pathway. Using PBMCs as the source of effector cells, c4B12 and c26H2 demonstrated Ab-dependent cellular cytotoxicity toward mIgE.Fc(L)-Ramos cells in a dose-dependent fashion. In cultures of PBMCs from atopic dermatitis patients, c4B12 and c26H2 inhibited the synthesis of IgE driven by anti-CD40 and IL-4. These results suggest that 4B12 and 26H2 and an immunogen using the peptide segments recognized by these mAbs are potentially useful for targeting mIgE(+) B cells to control IgE production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiun-Bo Chen
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
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27
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Ota T, Aoki-Ota M, Duong BH, Nemazee D. Suppression of IgE B cells and IgE binding to Fc(epsilon)RI by gene therapy with single-chain anti-IgE. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 182:8110-7. [PMID: 19494337 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0900300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
IgE plays a pivotal role in allergic reactions and asthma through its ability to bind to the mast cell FcR for IgE (FcepsilonRI). Current therapies to suppress such reactions include passive treatment with neutralizing Abs to IgE that block its binding to FcepsilonRI. In theory, induction of immune tolerance in the B lymphocytes that carry IgE Ag receptors and give rise to IgE-secreting cells should provide longer term efficacy. However, recent data have suggested that such memory cells may lack cell surface IgE. Using a gene therapy approach, we show that a recombinant single-chain neutralizing anti-IgE could not only neutralize circulating IgE, but also reduce IgE(+) B cell numbers and H chain transcripts. Therapeutic anti-IgE stimulated a calcium response in primary B cells or in a B cell line expressing membrane IgE and suppressed IgE secretion in vitro, suggesting that active signaling through membrane IgE likely promoted tolerance. Interestingly, upon subsequent challenge of anti-IgE-treated mice with an IgE cross-linking reagent capable of inducing activation of IgE-decorated mast cells, an anaphylaxis reaction was induced, apparently via a FcgammaRIII pathway involving recognition of anti-IgE Ab itself. These studies have important implications for the optimal design of safe and effective anti-IgE therapies and suggest that the IgE memory B cells may be targeted by such genetic Ab therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Ota
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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