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Pavlou A, Mulenge F, Gern OL, Busker LM, Greimel E, Waltl I, Kalinke U. Orchestration of antiviral responses within the infected central nervous system. Cell Mol Immunol 2024; 21:943-958. [PMID: 38997413 PMCID: PMC11364666 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-024-01181-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Many newly emerging and re-emerging viruses have neuroinvasive potential, underscoring viral encephalitis as a global research priority. Upon entry of the virus into the CNS, severe neurological life-threatening conditions may manifest that are associated with high morbidity and mortality. The currently available therapeutic arsenal against viral encephalitis is rather limited, emphasizing the need to better understand the conditions of local antiviral immunity within the infected CNS. In this review, we discuss new insights into the pathophysiology of viral encephalitis, with a focus on myeloid cells and CD8+ T cells, which critically contribute to protection against viral CNS infection. By illuminating the prerequisites of myeloid and T cell activation, discussing new discoveries regarding their transcriptional signatures, and dissecting the mechanisms of their recruitment to sites of viral replication within the CNS, we aim to further delineate the complexity of antiviral responses within the infected CNS. Moreover, we summarize the current knowledge in the field of virus infection and neurodegeneration and discuss the potential links of some neurotropic viruses with certain pathological hallmarks observed in neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Pavlou
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and the Hannover Medical School, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Felix Mulenge
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and the Hannover Medical School, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Olivia Luise Gern
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and the Hannover Medical School, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Lena Mareike Busker
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and the Hannover Medical School, 30625, Hannover, Germany
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, 30559, Hannover, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Greimel
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and the Hannover Medical School, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Inken Waltl
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and the Hannover Medical School, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ulrich Kalinke
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and the Hannover Medical School, 30625, Hannover, Germany.
- Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, 30625, Hannover, Germany.
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Ahmed Fahmy ME, Abdel-Aal AA, Shalaby MA, Issa R, Badawi M, Fouly MA. Modulation of CXCL10 activity as a therapeutic target of ocular toxoplasmosis in diabetic mice. J Parasit Dis 2024; 48:33-45. [PMID: 38440758 PMCID: PMC10908887 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-023-01635-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Ocular toxoplasmosis is likely the most common cause of infectious posterior uveitis worldwide. CXCL10 chemokine has an important role in the maintenance of the T-cell response and the control of Toxoplasma gondii in the eye during chronic infection. Drugs that can modulate the chemokine activity could be effective against the parasite. In this work, CXCL10 local retinal expression was investigated in a diabetic mouse model with ocular toxoplasmosis for the first time. In addition, the efficacy of naphthoquinones and quinolones was compared to spiramycin (SP) in treating the infection and modulating the chemokine expression. Our results revealed that chloroquine (CQ) achieved the best results regarding the reduction of cerebral cyst burden (84.36%), improving the retinal histopathological changes, cellular infiltrates, and vasculitis significantly (P < 0.005), and balancing the strong CXCL10 expression caused by the infection. Buparvaquone-treated mice showed a significant percentage of reduction of brain cysts (76.25%), moderate improvement of histopathology, and mild to moderate CXCL10 expression. While SP showed the least efficacy against the parasite in the eye in the form of mild improvement of histopathological changes and downregulation of retinal chemokine expression with the least reduction rate of cerebral parasitic burden (57%). In conclusion, Optimal control of pathogens probably needs a balanced immune response with an optimum expression of chemokines. So, targeting the modulation of retinal CXCL10 may eventually be beneficial in the management of ocular toxoplasmosis plus its potential to act as a marker for predictive local immunological response during the infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amany Ahmed Abdel-Aal
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
- Department of Postgraduate Studies & Scientific Research, Armed Forces College of Medicine (AFCM), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Maisa Ahmed Shalaby
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute (TBRI), Giza, Egypt
| | - Ragaa Issa
- Departement of Parasitology, Research Institute of Ophthalmology, Giza, Egypt
| | - Manal Badawi
- Departement of Pathology, National Research Center, Giza, Egypt
| | - Marwa A. Fouly
- Departement of Retina, Research Institute of Ophthalmology, Giza, Egypt
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Rashidi AS, Tran DN, Peelen CR, van Gent M, Ouwendijk WJD, Verjans GMGM. Herpes simplex virus infection induces necroptosis of neurons and astrocytes in human fetal organotypic brain slice cultures. J Neuroinflammation 2024; 21:38. [PMID: 38302975 PMCID: PMC10832279 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-024-03027-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Herpes simplex virus (HSV) encephalitis (HSE) is a serious and potentially life-threatening disease, affecting both adults and newborns. Progress in understanding the virus and host factors involved in neonatal HSE has been hampered by the limitations of current brain models that do not fully recapitulate the tissue structure and cell composition of the developing human brain in health and disease. Here, we developed a human fetal organotypic brain slice culture (hfOBSC) model and determined its value in mimicking the HSE neuropathology in vitro. METHODS Cell viability and tissues integrity were determined by lactate dehydrogenase release in supernatant and immunohistological (IHC) analyses. Brain slices were infected with green fluorescent protein (GFP-) expressing HSV-1 and HSV-2. Virus replication and spread were determined by confocal microscopy, PCR and virus culture. Expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines were detected by PCR. Cell tropism and HSV-induced neuropathology were determined by IHC analysis. Finally, the in situ data of HSV-infected hfOBSC were compared to the neuropathology detected in human HSE brain sections. RESULTS Slicing and serum-free culture conditions were optimized to maintain the viability and tissue architecture of ex vivo human fetal brain slices for at least 14 days at 37 °C in a CO2 incubator. The hfOBSC supported productive HSV-1 and HSV-2 infection, involving predominantly infection of neurons and astrocytes, leading to expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Both viruses induced programmed cell death-especially necroptosis-in infected brain slices at later time points after infection. The virus spread, cell tropism and role of programmed cell death in HSV-induced cell death resembled the neuropathology of HSE. CONCLUSIONS We developed a novel human brain culture model in which the viability of the major brain-resident cells-including neurons, microglia, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes-and the tissue architecture is maintained for at least 2 weeks in vitro under serum-free culture conditions. The close resemblance of cell tropism, spread and neurovirulence of HSV-1 and HSV-2 in the hfOBSC model with the neuropathological features of human HSE cases underscores its potential to detail the pathophysiology of other neurotropic viruses and as preclinical model to test novel therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad S Rashidi
- HerpesLabNL of the Department of Viroscience (Room Ee1720a), Erasmus Medical Center, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Diana N Tran
- HerpesLabNL of the Department of Viroscience (Room Ee1720a), Erasmus Medical Center, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Caithlin R Peelen
- HerpesLabNL of the Department of Viroscience (Room Ee1720a), Erasmus Medical Center, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Michiel van Gent
- HerpesLabNL of the Department of Viroscience (Room Ee1720a), Erasmus Medical Center, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Werner J D Ouwendijk
- HerpesLabNL of the Department of Viroscience (Room Ee1720a), Erasmus Medical Center, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Georges M G M Verjans
- HerpesLabNL of the Department of Viroscience (Room Ee1720a), Erasmus Medical Center, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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Chu YT, Liao MT, Tsai KW, Lu KC, Hu WC. Interplay of Chemokines Receptors, Toll-like Receptors, and Host Immunological Pathways. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2384. [PMID: 37760825 PMCID: PMC10525553 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11092384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
A comprehensive framework has been established for understanding immunological pathways, which can be categorized into eradicated and tolerable immune responses. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are associated with specific immune responses. TH1 immunity is related to TLR7, TLR8, and TLR9, while TH2 immunity is associated with TLR1, TLR2, and TLR6. TH22 immunity is linked to TLR2, TLR4, and TLR5, and THαβ (Tr1) immunity is related to TLR3, TLR7, and TLR9. The chemokine receptor CXCR5 is a marker of follicular helper T cells, and other chemokine receptors can also be classified within a framework based on host immunological pathways. On the basis of a literature review on chemokines and immunological pathways, the following associations were identified: CCR5 with TH1 responses, CCR1 with TH1-like responses, CCR4 (basophils) and CCR3 (eosinophils) with TH2 and TH9 responses, CCR10 with TH22 responses, CCR6 with TH17 responses, CXCR3 with THαβ responses, CCR8 with regulatory T cells (Treg), and CCR2 with TH3 responses. These findings contribute to the identification of biomarkers for immune cells and provide insights into host immunological pathways. Understanding the chemokine and Toll-like receptor system is crucial for comprehending the function of the innate immune system, as well as adaptive immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Tung Chu
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei City 231, Taiwan;
| | - Min-Tser Liao
- Department of Pediatrics, Taoyuan Armed Forces General Hospital Hsinchu Branch, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan;
- Department of Pediatrics, Taoyuan Armed Forces General Hospital, Taoyuan 325, Taiwan
- Department of Pediatrics, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Wang Tsai
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei City 231, Taiwan; (K.-W.T.); (K.-C.L.)
| | - Kuo-Cheng Lu
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei City 231, Taiwan; (K.-W.T.); (K.-C.L.)
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Fu-Jen Catholic University Hospital, School of Medicine, Fu-Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 242, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Chung Hu
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei City 231, Taiwan; (K.-W.T.); (K.-C.L.)
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei City 231, Taiwan
- Department of Biotechnology, Ming Chuan University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
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Li M, Wang D, Liu Z, Huang Y, Zhang Q, Pan C, Lin Y, Sun L, Zheng Y. Assessing the effects of aging on the renal endothelial cell landscape using single-cell RNA sequencing. Front Genet 2023; 14:1175716. [PMID: 37214419 PMCID: PMC10196692 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1175716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cells (ECs) with senescence-associated secretory phenotypes (SASP) have been identified as a key mechanism of aging that contributes to various age-related kidney diseases. In this study, we used single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) to create a transcriptome atlas of murine renal ECs and identify transcriptomic changes that occur during aging. We identified seven different subtypes of renal ECs, with glomerular ECs and angiogenic ECs being the most affected by senescence. We confirmed our scRNA-seq findings by using double immunostaining for an EC marker (CD31) and markers of specialized EC phenotypes. Our analysis of the dynamics of capillary lineage development revealed a chronic state of inflammation and compromised glomerular function as prominent aging features. Additionally, we observed an elevated pro-inflammatory and pro-coagulant microenvironment in aged glomerular ECs, which may contribute to age-related glomerulosclerosis and renal fibrosis. Through intercellular communication analysis, we also identified changes in signaling involved in immune regulation that may contribute to a hostile microenvironment for renal homeostasis and function. Overall, our findings provide new insights into the mechanisms of aging in the renal endothelium and may pave the way for the discovery of diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic interventions against age-related kidney diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengke Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
- Research Unit of Ocular Development and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dongliang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanjing Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qikai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Caineng Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuheng Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yingfeng Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China
- Research Unit of Ocular Development and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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Arianfar E, Khandoozi SR, Mohammadi S, Memarian A. Suppression of CD56 bright NK cells in breast cancer patients is associated with the PD-1 and TGF-βRII expression. Clin Transl Oncol 2023; 25:841-851. [PMID: 36414921 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-022-02997-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Natural killer (NK) cells, as professional cytotoxic cells, play a key role against cancer in the early and metastatic stages. Their functional defects are highly associated with the initiation or progression of breast cancer (BC). Here, we investigated the phenotypic characterization of NK cells in 26 newly diagnosed BC patients in comparison to 12 healthy counterparts. METHODS Expression of CXCR3 and PD-1, and also NKG2D, and TGF-βRII were studied on CD56dim and CD56bright NK cells from fresh peripheral blood (PB) samples using flow cytometry. The plasma levels of IFN-γ and soluble MIC-A levels were also assessed by ELISA. RESULTS Both CD56dim and CD56bright NK subtypes showed lower CXCR3 and NKG2D expression in BC patients than healthy subjects. Furthermore, patients' CD56bright NK cells significantly showed higher expression levels of TGF-βRII and PD-1. Interestingly, increased concentration of MIC-A level in plasma of BC patients was associated with the higher TGF-βRII and PD-1 expression in all NK cells, while the plasma level of IFN-γ was associated with the lower TGF-βRII expression on CD56bright NK cells in these patients. CONCLUSION Our results demonstrated phenotypically suppressed-NK cells, especially in the CD56bright subset of BC patients. It specifies their potential incompetence and outlines decrement of their anti-tumor activity, which could be interrelated with the tumor pathogenesis, TME immunosuppression, and so disease progression. The induction of compensatory mechanisms revives NK cells function and could be used in combination with the conventional treatments as a putative therapeutic approach for targeted immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaheh Arianfar
- Student Research Committee, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran.,Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | | | - Saeed Mohammadi
- Stem Cell Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Ali Memarian
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran. .,Golestan Research Center of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran.
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Li S, Shi S, Xia F, Luo B, Ha Y, Luisi J, Gupta PK, Merkley KH, Motamedi M, Liu H, Zhang W. CXCR3 deletion aggravates corneal neovascularization in a corneal alkali-burn model. Exp Eye Res 2022; 225:109265. [PMID: 36206861 PMCID: PMC10191246 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2022.109265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Corneal neovascularization can cause devastating consequences including vision impairment and even blindness. Corneal inflammation is a crucial factor for the induction of corneal neovascularization. Current anti-inflammatory approaches are of limited value with poor therapeutic effects. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop new therapies that specifically modulate inflammatory pathways and inhibit neovascularization in the cornea. The interaction of chemokines and their receptors plays a key role in regulating leukocyte migration during inflammatory response. CXCR3 is essential for mediating the recruitment of activated T cells and microglia/macrophages, but the role of CXCR3 in the initiation and promotion of corneal neovascularization remains unclear. Here, we showed that the expression of CXCL10 and CXCR3 was significantly increased in the cornea after alkali burn. Compared with WT mice, CXCR3-/- mice exhibited significantly increased corneal hemangiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis after alkali burn. In addition, exaggerated leukocyte infiltration and leukostasis, and elevated expression of inflammatory cytokines and angiogenic factor were also found in the corneas of CXCR3-/- mice subjected to alkali burn. With bone marrow (BM) transplantation, we further demonstrated that the deletion of CXCR3 in BM-derived leukocytes plays a key role in the acceleration of alkali burn-induced corneal neovascularization. Taken together, our results suggest that upregulation of CXCR3 does not exhibit its conventional action as a proinflammatory cytokine but instead serves as a self-protective mechanism for the modulation of inflammation and maintenance of corneal avascularity after corneal alkali burn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengguo Li
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Shuizhen Shi
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Fan Xia
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Ban Luo
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Yonju Ha
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Jonathan Luisi
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Praveena K Gupta
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Kevin H Merkley
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Massoud Motamedi
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Hua Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.
| | - Wenbo Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; Departments of Neuroscience, Cell Biology & Anatomy, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.
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CXCL10 Chemokine: A Critical Player in RNA and DNA Viral Infections. Viruses 2022; 14:v14112445. [PMID: 36366543 PMCID: PMC9696077 DOI: 10.3390/v14112445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokines constitute a group of small, secreted proteins that regulate leukocyte migration and contribute to their activation. Chemokines are crucial inflammatory mediators that play a key role in managing viral infections, during which the profile of chemokine expression helps shape the immune response and regulate viral clearance, improving clinical outcome. In particular, the chemokine ligand CXCL10 and its receptor CXCR3 were explored in a plethora of RNA and DNA viral infections. In this review, we highlight the expression profile and role of the CXCL10/CXCR3 axis in the host defense against a variety of RNA and DNA viral infections. We also discuss the interactions among viruses and host cells that trigger CXCL10 expression, as well as the signaling cascades induced in CXCR3 positive cells.
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Guo H, Koehler HS, Mocarski ES, Dix RD. RIPK3 and caspase 8 collaborate to limit herpes simplex encephalitis. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010857. [PMID: 36121858 PMCID: PMC9521923 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Invasion of the brain by herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV1) can lead to the development of herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE) that is often associated with significant morbidity and mortality regardless of therapeutic intervention. Both virus and host immune factors dictate HSE onset and progression. Because programmed cell death pathways including necroptosis are important antiviral defense mechanisms in HSV1-associated peripheral diseases, they might also play critical roles in HSV1 neuropathogenesis. HSV1-encoded ICP6 prevents receptor-interacting protein kinase 3 (RIPK3)-mediated necroptosis during infection of human cells, but it also acts as a species-dependent inducer of necroptosis in murine cells and thereby restricts virus replication. We therefore used an established mouse model of HSE to investigate RIPK3-mediated necroptosis impact on HSV1 neuropathogenesis. Following corneal HSV1 inoculation, RIPK3 knockout mice showed increased susceptibility to HSE when compared with wildtype mice indicating RIPK3 helps to limit HSE progression. RIPK3-mediated defense against HSE was found to be independent of the kinase domain necessary to drive necroptosis implicating that a death independent function of RIPK3 protects against HSE. Conversely the pro-necroptotic kinase function RIPK3 served to limit viral replication in corneal tissue implicating a tissue-specific RIPK3 function in limiting HSV1. Further evaluation of the kinase-independent mechanism to restrict HSE revealed that the RIPK3 signaling partner, caspase 8, contributes to limiting HSE neuropathogenesis. Increased HSE susceptibility from loss of caspase 8 and RIPK3 correlated with decreased levels of chemokines, cytokines, and antiviral lymphocytes recruitment to the brain. We conclude that RIPK3 contributes toward host control of HSV1 replication in a tissue-specific fashion. Whereas RIPK3-mediated necroptosis restricts virus replication within the cornea, kinase-independent induction of inflammation by RIPK3 in collaboration with caspase 8 restricts virus replication within the brain during HSE neuropathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Guo
- Viral Immunology Center, Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Heather S. Koehler
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Edward S. Mocarski
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Richard D. Dix
- Viral Immunology Center, Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Department of Ophthalmology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
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Suppression of annexin A1 and its receptor reduces herpes simplex virus 1 lethality in mice. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010692. [PMID: 35939498 PMCID: PMC9359538 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1)-induced encephalitis is the most common cause of sporadic, fatal encephalitis in humans. HSV-1 has at least 10 different envelope glycoproteins, which can promote virus infection. The ligands for most of the envelope glycoproteins and the significance of these ligands in virus-induced encephalitis remain elusive. Here, we show that glycoprotein E (gE) binds to the cellular protein, annexin A1 (Anx-A1) to enhance infection. Anx-A1 can be detected on the surface of cells permissive for HSV-1 before infection and on virions. Suppression of Anx-A1 or its receptor, formyl peptide receptor 2 (FPR2), on the cell surface and gE or Anx-A1 on HSV-1 envelopes reduced virus binding to cells. Importantly, Anx-A1 knockout, Anx-A1 knockdown, or treatments with the FPR2 antagonist reduced the mortality and tissue viral loads of infected mice. Our results show that Anx-A1 is a novel enhancing factor of HSV-1 infection. Anx-A1-deficient mice displayed no evident physiology and behavior changes. Hence, targeting Anx-A1 and FPR2 could be a promising prophylaxis or adjuvant therapy to decrease HSV-1 lethality. Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1)-induced encephalitis is the most devastating consequence of HSV-1 infection, even in patients treated with anti-HSV-1 drugs. Moreover, encephalitis induced by drug-resistant HSV-1 has been reported in immunocompromised patients. Identifying the cellular factors in promoting HSV-1 replication, especially those increasing virus attachment and entry, could facilitate the development of alternative or adjuvant therapy. Here, we identified annexin A1 (Anx-A1) and its receptor, formyl peptide receptor 2 (FPR2), facilitating HSV-1 attachment to the cell surface. Suppression of Anx-A1 or blockage of FPR2 impaired HSV-1 attachment to cells, viral yields in cells, and HSV-1 lethality in mice. Moreover, blocking FPR2 decreased the replication of drug-resistant HSV-1 in BABL/c nude mice. Hence, targeting Anx-A1 and FPR2 could be alternative or adjuvant therapy for HSV-1 infection.
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Krzyzowska M, Jarneborn A, Thorn K, Eriksson K, Jin T. Tofacitinib Treatment in Primary Herpes Simplex Encephalitis Interferes With Antiviral Response. J Infect Dis 2022; 225:1545-1553. [PMID: 35217873 PMCID: PMC9635063 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiac040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Tofacitinib, a Janus kinase inhibitor, is a novel immunosuppressive drug for treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) may cause encephalitis during primary infection or following reactivation from a latent state. Long-term tofacitinib treatment may increase the risk of this life-threatening condition. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of tofacitinib on HSV-1 primary infection using a mouse model. Mice pretreated with tofacitinib were intranasally infected with a clinical strain of HSV-1 and monitored for infection severity and antiviral response. Tofacitinib treatment of HSV-1 primary infection resulted in increased viral loads and worsened clinical outcome. Furthermore, tofacitinib promoted M2 anti-inflammatory phenotype of microglia and infiltrating monocytes, as well as inhibited production of inflammatory and antiviral cytokines by macrophages in vitro. Our findings show that treatment with tofacitinib increases severity of herpes simplex encephalitis in mice, by impairing antiviral response induced by monocytes and microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malgorzata Krzyzowska
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anders Jarneborn
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Rheumatology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Karolina Thorn
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kristina Eriksson
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Tao Jin
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Rheumatology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
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12
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Wu L, Hou Z, Zheng L, Gu Z. Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells (BMSCs) Transplantation Ameliorates Joint Severity and Inflammation in Rats with Arthritis. J BIOMATER TISS ENG 2022. [DOI: 10.1166/jbt.2022.2995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This study analyzed the action of Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) transplantation on arthritis rat model. Arthritis rat model was established using bovine type II collagen and CFA. BMSCs phenotype was assessed by flow cytometry and pathological changes was analyzed by H&E
staining along with analysis of joint severity by AI score, inflammation by ELISA as well as level of NPY, MMP-2, and MMP-9. The form of passaged BMSCs was spindle shaped with positive expression of CD29 and CD44. The structure of articular cavity in arthritis rats was disordered with infiltration
of inflammatory cells which were ameliorated by BMSCs transplantation. In addition, BMSCs treatment also significantly reduced AI value, the level of VEGF, IL-17 and TNF-α as well as decreased RANK/RANKL expression and increased OPG level. In conclusion, BMSCs transplantation
ameliorates inflammation and severity in arthritis rats possibly through regulation of RANK/OPG, indicating that it might be used for the treatment of arthritis patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangbang Wu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The 903 Hospital of the Chinese People’s Liberation Army, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, 310004, China
| | - Zhenhai Hou
- Department of Orthopaedics, The 903 Hospital of the Chinese People’s Liberation Army, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, 310004, China
| | - Longbao Zheng
- Department of Orthopaedics, The 903 Hospital of the Chinese People’s Liberation Army, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, 310004, China
| | - Zenghui Gu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The 903 Hospital of the Chinese People’s Liberation Army, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, 310004, China
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13
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Constant O, Maarifi G, Blanchet FP, Van de Perre P, Simonin Y, Salinas S. Role of Dendritic Cells in Viral Brain Infections. Front Immunol 2022; 13:862053. [PMID: 35529884 PMCID: PMC9072653 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.862053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To gain access to the brain, a so-called immune-privileged organ due to its physical separation from the blood stream, pathogens and particularly viruses have been selected throughout evolution for their use of specific mechanisms. They can enter the central nervous system through direct infection of nerves or cerebral barriers or through cell-mediated transport. Indeed, peripheral lymphoid and myeloid immune cells can interact with the blood-brain and the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barriers and allow viral brain access using the "Trojan horse" mechanism. Among immune cells, at the frontier between innate and adaptive immune responses, dendritic cells (DCs) can be pathogen carriers, regulate or exacerbate antiviral responses and neuroinflammation, and therefore be involved in viral transmission and spread. In this review, we highlight an important contribution of DCs in the development and the consequences of viral brain infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orianne Constant
- Pathogenesis and Control of Chronic and Emerging Infections, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (INSERM), University of Montpellier, Etablissement Français du Sang, Montpellier, France
| | - Ghizlane Maarifi
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier, Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS), Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Fabien P. Blanchet
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier, Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS), Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Philippe Van de Perre
- Pathogenesis and Control of Chronic and Emerging Infections, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (INSERM), University of Montpellier, Etablissement Français du Sang, Montpellier, France
| | - Yannick Simonin
- Pathogenesis and Control of Chronic and Emerging Infections, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (INSERM), University of Montpellier, Etablissement Français du Sang, Montpellier, France
| | - Sara Salinas
- Pathogenesis and Control of Chronic and Emerging Infections, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (INSERM), University of Montpellier, Etablissement Français du Sang, Montpellier, France
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14
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Tsai MS, Wang LC, Wu HL, Tzeng SF, Conway EM, Hsu SM, Chen SH. Absence of the lectin-like domain of thrombomodulin reduces HSV-1 lethality of mice with increased microglia responses. J Neuroinflammation 2022; 19:66. [PMID: 35277184 PMCID: PMC8915510 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-022-02426-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) can induce fatal encephalitis. Cellular factors regulate the host immunity to affect the severity of HSV-1 encephalitis. Recent reports focus on the significance of thrombomodulin (TM), especially the domain 1, lectin-like domain (TM-LeD), which modulates the immune responses to bacterial infections and toxins and various diseases in murine models. Few studies have investigated the importance of TM-LeD in viral infections, which are also regulated by the host immunity. Methods In vivo studies comparing wild-type and TM-LeD knockout mice were performed to determine the role of TM-LeD on HSV-1 lethality. In vitro studies using brain microglia cultured from mice or a human microglia cell line to investigate whether and how TM-LeD affects microglia to reduce HSV-1 replication in brain neurons cultured from mice or in a human neuronal cell line. Results Absence of TM-LeD decreased the mortality, tissue viral loads, and brain neuron apoptosis of HSV-1-infected mice with increases in the number, proliferation, and phagocytic activity of brain microglia. Moreover, TM-LeD deficiency enhanced the phagocytic activity of brain microglia cultured from mice or of a human microglia cell line. Co-culture of mouse primary brain microglia and neurons or human microglia and neuronal cell lines revealed that TM-LeD deficiency augmented the capacity of microglia to reduce HSV-1 replication in neurons. Conclusions Overall, TM-LeD suppresses microglia responses to enhance HSV-1 infection. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12974-022-02426-w.
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Microglia activate early anti-viral responses upon HSV-1 entry into the brain to counteract development of encephalitis-like disease in mice. J Virol 2022; 96:e0131121. [PMID: 35045263 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01311-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Spread of herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV1) from the periphery to the central nervous system (CNS) can lead to extensive infection and pathological inflammation in the brain, causing herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE). It has been shown that microglia, the CNS-resident macrophages, are involved in early sensing of HSV1 and an induction of antiviral responses. In addition, infiltration of peripheral immune cells may contribute to control of viral infection. In this study, we tested the effect of microglia depletion in a mouse model of HSE. Increased viral titers and increased disease severity were observed in microglia-depleted mice. The effect of microglia depletion was more pronounced in wild-type than in cGas-/- mice, revealing that this immune sensor contributes to the antiviral activity of microglia. Importantly, microglia depletion led to reduced production of type I interferon (IFN), pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines at early time points after viral entry into the CNS. In line with this, in vitro experiments on murine primary CNS cells demonstrated microglial presence to be essential for IFN RNA induction, and control of HSV1 replication. However, the effect of microglia depletion on expression of IFNs, and inflammatory cytokines was restricted to early time point of HSV1 entry into the CNS. There was no major alteration of infiltration of CD45-positive cells in microglia-depleted mice. Collectively, our data demonstrate a key role for microglia in controlling HSV1 replication early after viral entry into the CNS and highlight the importance of a prompt antiviral innate response to reduce the risk of HSE development. Importance One of the most devastating and acute neurological conditions is encephalitis, i.e. inflammation of brain tissue. Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV1) is a highly prevalent pathogen in humans, and the most frequent cause of viral sporadic encephalitis, called herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE). HSV1 has the ability to infect peripheral neurons and reach the central nervous system (CNS) of humans, where it can be detected by brain resident cells and infiltrating immune cells, leading to protective and damaging immune responses. In this study, we investigated the effects of a depletion of microglia, the main brain-resident immune cell type. For this purpose, we used a mouse model of HSE. We found that viral levels increased and disease symptoms worsened in microglia-depleted mice. In addition, mice lacking a major sensor of viral DNA, cGAS, manifested more pronounced disease than wild-type mice, highlighting the importance of this immune sensor in the activity of microglia. Evidently, microglia depletion led to a reduced production of many known antiviral factors, most notably type I interferon (IFN). The importance of microglia in the early control of HSV1 spread and the generation of antiviral responses is further demonstrated by experiments on murine mixed glial cell cultures. Interestingly, mice with microglia depletion exhibited an unaltered activation of antiviral responses and recruitment of immune cells from the periphery at later time points of infection, but this did not prevent the development of the disease. Overall, the data highlight the importance of a rapid activation of the host defense, with microglia playing a critical role in controlling HSV1 infection, which eventually prevents damage to neurons and brain tissue.
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16
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Karin N. Chemokines in the Landscape of Cancer Immunotherapy: How They and Their Receptors Can Be Used to Turn Cold Tumors into Hot Ones? Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:6317. [PMID: 34944943 PMCID: PMC8699256 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13246317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the last decade, monoclonal antibodies to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI), also known as immune checkpoint blockers (ICB), have been the most successful approach for cancer therapy. Starting with mAb to cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4) inhibitors in metastatic melanoma and continuing with blockers of the interactions between program cell death 1 (PD-1) and its ligand program cell death ligand 1 (PDL-1) or program cell death ligand 2 (PDL-2), that have been approved for about 20 different indications. Yet for many cancers, ICI shows limited success. Several lines of evidence imply that the limited success in cancer immunotherapy is associated with attempts to treat patients with "cold tumors" that either lack effector T cells, or in which these cells are markedly suppressed by regulatory T cells (Tregs). Chemokines are a well-defined group of proteins that were so named due to their chemotactic properties. The current review focuses on key chemokines that not only attract leukocytes but also shape their biological properties. CXCR3 is a chemokine receptor with 3 ligands. We suggest using Ig-based fusion proteins of two of them: CXL9 and CXCL10, to enhance anti-tumor immunity and perhaps transform cold tumors into hot tumors. Potential differences between CXCL9 and CXCL10 regarding ICI are discussed. We also discuss the possibility of targeting the function or deleting a key subset of Tregs that are CCR8+ by monoclonal antibodies to CCR8. These cells are preferentially abundant in several tumors and are likely to be the key drivers in suppressing anti-cancer immune reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Karin
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Technion, P.O. Box 9697, Haifa 31096, Israel
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17
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Sehl-Ewert J, Schwaiger T, Schäfer A, Hölper JE, Klupp BG, Teifke JP, Blohm U, Mettenleiter TC. Clinical, neuropathological, and immunological short- and long-term feature of a mouse model mimicking human herpes virus encephalitis. Brain Pathol 2021; 32:e13031. [PMID: 34709694 PMCID: PMC9048517 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.13031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE) is one of the most serious diseases of the nervous system in humans. However, its pathogenesis is still only poorly understood. Although several mouse models of predominantly herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) infections mimic different crucial aspects of HSE, central questions remain unanswered. They comprise the specific temporofrontal tropism, viral spread within the central nervous system (CNS), as well as potential molecular and immunological barriers that drive virus into latency while only rarely resulting in severe HSE. We have recently proposed an alternative mouse model by using a pseudorabies virus (PrV) mutant that more faithfully represents the striking features of human HSE: temporofrontal meningoencephalitis with few severely, but generally only moderately to subclinically affected mice as well as characteristic behavioral abnormalities. Here, we characterized this animal model using 6- to 8-week-old female CD-1 mice in more detail. Long-term investigation over 6 months consistently revealed a biphasic course of infection accompanied by recurring clinical signs including behavioral alterations and mainly mild meningoencephalitis restricted to the temporal and frontal lobes. By histopathological and immunological analyses, we followed the kinetics and spatial distribution of inflammatory lesions as well as the underlying cytokine expression in the CNS over 21 days within the acute phase of infection. Affecting the temporal lobes, the inflammatory infiltrate was composed of lymphocytes and macrophages showing a predominantly lymphocytic shift 15 days after infection. A strong increase was observed in cytokines CXCL10, CCL2, CCL5, and CXCL1 recruiting inflammatory cells to the CNS. Unlike the majority of infected mice, strongly affected animals demonstrated extensive temporal lobe edema, which is typically present in severe human HSE cases. In summary, these results support the validity of our animal model for in-depth investigation of HSE pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Sehl-Ewert
- Department of Experimental Animal Facilities and Biorisk Management, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Theresa Schwaiger
- Institute of Immunology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.,ViraTherapeutics GmbH, Rum, Austria
| | - Alexander Schäfer
- Institute of Immunology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Julia E Hölper
- Institute of Immunology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.,Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Barbara G Klupp
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Jens P Teifke
- Department of Experimental Animal Facilities and Biorisk Management, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Ulrike Blohm
- Institute of Immunology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Thomas C Mettenleiter
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
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18
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The c-Rel transcription factor limits early interferon and neuroinflammatory responses to prevent herpes simplex encephalitis onset in mice. Sci Rep 2021; 11:21171. [PMID: 34707143 PMCID: PMC8551191 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-00391-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is the predominant cause of herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE), a condition characterized by acute inflammation and viral replication in the brain. Host genetics contribute to HSE onset, including monogenic defects in type I interferon signaling in cases of childhood HSE. Mouse models suggest a further contribution of immune cell-mediated inflammation to HSE pathogenesis. We have previously described a truncating mutation in the c-Rel transcription factor (RelC307X) that drives lethal HSE in 60% of HSV-1-infected RelC307X mice. In this study, we combined dual host-virus RNA sequencing with flow cytometry to explore cell populations and mechanisms involved in RelC307X-driven HSE. At day 5 postinfection, prior to HSE clinical symptom onset, elevated HSV-1 transcription was detected together with augmented host interferon-stimulated and inflammatory gene expression in the brainstems of high-responding RelC307X mice, predictive of HSE development. This early induction of host gene expression preceded pathological infiltration of myeloid and T cells in RelC307X mice at HSE onset by day 7. Thus, we establish c-Rel as an early regulator of viral and host responses during mouse HSE. These data further highlight the importance of achieving a balanced immune response and avoiding excess interferon-driven inflammation to promote HSE resistance.
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Abstract
Two of the most prevalent human viruses worldwide, herpes simplex virus type 1 and type 2 (HSV-1 and HSV-2, respectively), cause a variety of diseases, including cold sores, genital herpes, herpes stromal keratitis, meningitis and encephalitis. The intrinsic, innate and adaptive immune responses are key to control HSV, and the virus has developed mechanisms to evade them. The immune response can also contribute to pathogenesis, as observed in stromal keratitis and encephalitis. The fact that certain individuals are more prone than others to suffer severe disease upon HSV infection can be partially explained by the existence of genetic polymorphisms in humans. Like all herpesviruses, HSV has two replication cycles: lytic and latent. During lytic replication HSV produces infectious viral particles to infect other cells and organisms, while during latency there is limited gene expression and lack of infectious virus particles. HSV establishes latency in neurons and can cause disease both during primary infection and upon reactivation. The mechanisms leading to latency and reactivation and which are the viral and host factors controlling these processes are not completely understood. Here we review the HSV life cycle, the interaction of HSV with the immune system and three of the best-studied pathologies: Herpes stromal keratitis, herpes simplex encephalitis and genital herpes. We also discuss the potential association between HSV-1 infection and Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyong Zhu
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Cluster of Excellence RESIST (Exc 2155), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Abel Viejo-Borbolla
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Cluster of Excellence RESIST (Exc 2155), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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20
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Cytokine expression patterns in hospitalized children with Bordetella pertussis, Rhinovirus or co-infection. Sci Rep 2021; 11:10948. [PMID: 34040002 PMCID: PMC8154898 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-89538-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanisms of interaction between Bordetella pertussis and other viral agents are yet to be fully explored. We studied the inflammatory cytokine expression patterns among children with both viral-bacterial infections. Nasopharyngeal aspirate (NPA) samples were taken from children, aged < 1 year, positive for Rhinovirus, Bordetella pertussis and for Rhinovirus and Bordetella pertussis. Forty cytokines were evaluated in NPA by using human cytokine protein arrays and a quantitative analysis was performed on significantly altered cytokines. Forty cytokines were evaluated in NPA by using human cytokine protein arrays and a quantitative analysis was performed on significantly altered cytokines. Our results show that co-infections display a different inflammatory pattern compared to single infections, suggesting that a chronic inflammation caused by one of the two pathogens could be the trigger for exacerbation in co-infections.
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21
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Gurley JM, Gmyrek GB, McClellan ME, Hargis EA, Hauck SM, Dozmorov MG, Wren JD, Carr DJJ, Elliott MH. Neuroretinal-Derived Caveolin-1 Promotes Endotoxin-Induced Inflammation in the Murine Retina. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2021; 61:19. [PMID: 33079993 PMCID: PMC7585394 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.61.12.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The immune-privileged environment and complex organization of retinal tissue support the retina's essential role in visual function, yet confound inquiries into cell-specific inflammatory effects that lead to dysfunction and degeneration. Caveolin-1 (Cav1) is an integral membrane protein expressed in several retinal cell types and is implicated in immune regulation. However, whether Cav1 promotes or inhibits inflammatory processes in the retina (as well as in other tissues) remains unclear. Previously, we showed that global-Cav1 depletion resulted in reduced retinal inflammatory cytokine production but paradoxically elevated retinal immune cell infiltration. We hypothesized that these disparate responses are the result of differential cell-specific Cav1 functions in the retina. Methods We used Cre/lox technology to deplete Cav1 specifically in the neural retinal (NR) compartment to clarify the role NR-specific Cav1 (NR-Cav1) in the retinal immune response to intravitreal inflammatory challenge induced by activation of Toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4). We used multiplex protein suspension array and flow cytometry to evaluate innate immune activation. Additionally, we used bioinformatics assessment of differentially expressed membrane-associated proteins to infer relationships between NR-Cav1 and immune response pathways. Results NR-Cav1 depletion, which primarily affects Müller glia Cav1 expression, significantly altered immune response pathway regulators, decreased retinal inflammatory cytokine production, and reduced retinal immune cell infiltration in response to LPS-stimulated inflammatory induction. Conclusions Cav1 expression in the NR compartment promotes the innate TLR4-mediated retinal tissue immune response. Additionally, we have identified novel potential immune modulators differentially expressed with NR-Cav1 depletion. This study further clarifies the role of NR-Cav1 in retinal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jami M Gurley
- Department of Ophthalmology/Dean McGee Eye Institute, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center (OUHSC), Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States
| | - Grzegorz B Gmyrek
- Department of Ophthalmology/Dean McGee Eye Institute, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center (OUHSC), Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States
| | - Mark E McClellan
- Department of Ophthalmology/Dean McGee Eye Institute, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center (OUHSC), Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States
| | - Elizabeth A Hargis
- Department of Ophthalmology/Dean McGee Eye Institute, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center (OUHSC), Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States
| | - Stefanie M Hauck
- Research Unit Protein Science, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Munich, Germany
| | - Mikhail G Dozmorov
- Department of Biostatistics, Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU), Richmond, Virginia, United States
| | - Jonathan D Wren
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Research Program, Division of Genomics and Data Sciences, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation (OMRF), Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States
| | - Daniel J J Carr
- Department of Ophthalmology/Dean McGee Eye Institute, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center (OUHSC), Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center (OUHSC), Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States
| | - Michael H Elliott
- Department of Ophthalmology/Dean McGee Eye Institute, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center (OUHSC), Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States
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22
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Koujah L, Allaham M, Patil CD, Ames JM, Suryawanshi RK, Yadavalli T, Agelidis A, Mun C, Surenkhuu B, Jain S, Shukla D. Entry receptor bias in evolutionarily distant HSV-1 clinical strains drives divergent ocular and nervous system pathologies. Ocul Surf 2021; 21:238-249. [PMID: 33766740 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2021.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1) infection leads to varying pathologies including the development of ocular lesions, stromal keratitis and encephalitis. While the role for host immunity in disease progression is well understood, the contribution of genetic variances in generating preferential viral entry receptor usage and resulting immunopathogenesis in humans are not known. METHODS Ocular cultures were obtained from patients presenting distinct pathologies of herpes simplex keratitis (HSK). Next-generation sequencing and subsequent analysis characterized genetic variances among the strains and estimated evolutionary divergence. Murine model of ocular infection was used to assess phenotypic contributions of strain variances on damage to the ocular surface and propagation of innate immunity. Flow cytometry of eye tissue identified differential recruitment of immune cell populations, cytokine array probed for programming of local immune response in the draining lymph node and histology was used to assess inflammation of the trigeminal ganglion (TG). Ex-vivo corneal cultures and in-vitro studies elucidated the role of genetic variances in altering host-pathogen interactions, leading to divergent host responses. RESULTS Phylogenetic analysis of the clinical isolates suggests evolutionary divergence among currently circulating HSV-1 strains. Mutations causing alterations in functional host interactions were identified, particularly in viral entry glycoproteins which generated a receptor bias to herpesvirus entry mediator, an immune modulator involved in immunopathogenic diseases like HSK, leading to exacerbated ocular surface pathologies and heightened viral burden in the TG and brainstem. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggests receptor bias resulting from genetic variances in clinical strains may dictate disease severity and treatment outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulia Koujah
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Mowafak Allaham
- Department of Mathematics, Statistics and Computer Science, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Chandrashekhar D Patil
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Joshua M Ames
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Rahul K Suryawanshi
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Tejabhiram Yadavalli
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Alex Agelidis
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Christine Mun
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Bayasgalan Surenkhuu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Sandeep Jain
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Deepak Shukla
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.
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Hayes CK, Wilcox DR, Yang Y, Coleman GK, Brown MA, Longnecker R. ASC-dependent inflammasomes contribute to immunopathology and mortality in herpes simplex encephalitis. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009285. [PMID: 33524073 PMCID: PMC7877773 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus encephalitis (HSE) is the most common cause of sporadic viral encephalitis, and despite targeted antiviral therapy, outcomes remain poor. Although the innate immune system is critical for restricting herpes simplex virus type I (HSV-1) in the brain, there is evidence that prolonged neuroinflammation contributes to HSE pathogenesis. In this study, we investigated the contribution of inflammasomes to disease pathogenesis in a murine model of HSE. Inflammasomes are signaling platforms that activate the pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and IL-18. We found that mice deficient in the inflammasome adaptor protein, apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a caspase activation and recruitment domain (ASC), had significantly improved survival and lower levels of IL-1β and IL-18 in the brain. Importantly, this difference in survival was independent of viral replication in the central nervous system (CNS). We found that microglia, the resident macrophages of the CNS, are the primary mediators of the ASC-dependent inflammasome response during infection. Using in vitro glial infections and a murine HSE model, we demonstrate that inflammasome activation contributes to the expression of chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 6 (CCL6), a leukocyte chemoattractant. The lower concentration of CCL6 in the brains of ASC-/- mice correlated with lower numbers of infiltrating macrophages during infection. Together, these data suggest that inflammasomes contribute to pathogenic inflammation in HSE and provide a mechanistic link between glial inflammasome activation and leukocyte infiltration. The contribution of inflammasomes to survival was independent of viral replication in our study, suggesting a promising new target in combating harmful inflammation in HSE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cooper K. Hayes
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Douglas R. Wilcox
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Yuchen Yang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Grace K. Coleman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Melissa A. Brown
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Richard Longnecker
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Naruse T, Ohta K, Kato H, Ishida Y, Shigeishi H, Sakuma M, Fukui A, Nakagawa T, Tobiume K, Nishi H, Takechi M. Immune response to cytosolic DNA via intercellular receptor modulation in oral keratinocytes and fibroblasts. Oral Dis 2020; 28:150-163. [PMID: 33200485 DOI: 10.1111/odi.13725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Double-strand (ds) DNA-enveloped viruses can cause oral infection. Our aim is to investigate whether oral mucosal cells participate in immune response against cytosolic dsDNA invasion. METHODS We examined the response to transfected herpes simplex virus (HSV) dsDNA via intracellular receptors in oral keratinocytes (RT7) and fibroblasts (GT1), and the effect of TNF-α on those responses. RESULTS Transfected dsDNA increased CXCL10 expression via NF-κB activation in both cell types, while those responses were inhibited by knockdown of RIG-I, an RNA sensor. Although IFI16, a DNA sensor, was expressed in the nuclei of both types, its knockdown decreased transfected dsDNA-induced CXCL10 expression in GT1 but not RT7 cells. IFI16 in GT1 cells was translocated into cytoplasm from nuclei, which was attributed to immune response to cytosolic dsDNA. TNF-α enhanced transfected dsDNA-induced CXCL10, and knockdown of IFI16 decreased TNF-α and dsDNA-driven CXCL10 expression in both RT7 and GT1 cells. Finally, the combination of TNF-α and transfected dsDNA resulted in translocation of IFI16 from nuclei to cytoplasm in RT7 cells. CONCLUSION RIG-I and IFI16 in oral mucosal cells may play important roles in host immune response against DNA viral infection, while TNF-α contributes to development of an antiviral system via those intracellular receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takako Naruse
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Kouji Ohta
- Department of Public Oral Health, Program of Oral Health Sciences, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hiroki Kato
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yoko Ishida
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hideo Shigeishi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Miyuki Sakuma
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Akiko Fukui
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Takayuki Nakagawa
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Kei Tobiume
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hiromi Nishi
- Department General Dentistry, Hiroshima University Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Masaaki Takechi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
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Giloteaux L, O'Neal A, Castro-Marrero J, Levine SM, Hanson MR. Cytokine profiling of extracellular vesicles isolated from plasma in myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome: a pilot study. J Transl Med 2020; 18:387. [PMID: 33046133 PMCID: PMC7552484 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-020-02560-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS) is a debilitating disease of unknown etiology lasting for a minimum of 6 months but usually for many years, with features including fatigue, cognitive impairment, myalgias, post-exertional malaise, and immune system dysfunction. Dysregulation of cytokine signaling could give rise to many of these symptoms. Cytokines are present in both plasma and extracellular vesicles, but little investigation of EVs in ME/CFS has been reported. Therefore, we aimed to characterize the content of extracellular vesicles (EVs) isolated from plasma (including circulating cytokine/chemokine profiling) from individuals with ME/CFS and healthy controls. METHODS We included 35 ME/CFS patients and 35 controls matched for age, sex and BMI. EVs were enriched from plasma by using a polymer-based precipitation method and characterized by Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis (NTA), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and immunoblotting. A 45-plex immunoassay was used to determine cytokine levels in both plasma and isolated EVs from a subset of 19 patients and controls. Linear regression, principal component analysis and inter-cytokine correlations were analyzed. RESULTS ME/CFS individuals had significantly higher levels of EVs that ranged from 30 to 130 nm in size as compared to controls, but the mean size for total extracellular vesicles did not differ between groups. The enrichment of typical EV markers CD63, CD81, TSG101 and HSP70 was confirmed by Western blot analysis and the morphology assessed by TEM showed a homogeneous population of vesicles in both groups. Comparison of cytokine concentrations in plasma and isolated EVs of cases and controls yielded no significant differences. Cytokine-cytokine correlations in plasma revealed a significant higher number of interactions in ME/CFS cases along with 13 inverse correlations that were mainly driven by the Interferon gamma-induced protein 10 (IP-10), whereas in the plasma of controls, no inverse relationships were found across any of the cytokines. Network analysis in EVs from controls showed 2.5 times more significant inter-cytokine interactions than in the ME/CFS group, and both groups presented a unique negative association. CONCLUSIONS Elevated levels of 30-130 nm EVs were found in plasma from ME/CFS patients and inter-cytokine correlations revealed unusual regulatory relationships among cytokines in the ME/CFS group that were different from the control group in both plasma and EVs. These disturbances in cytokine networks are further evidence of immune dysregulation in ME/CFS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludovic Giloteaux
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, 323 Biotechnology Building, 526 Campus Road, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Adam O'Neal
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, 323 Biotechnology Building, 526 Campus Road, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Jesús Castro-Marrero
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, 323 Biotechnology Building, 526 Campus Road, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
- CFS/ME Unit, Division of Rheumatology, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, 08035, Spain
| | | | - Maureen R Hanson
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, 323 Biotechnology Building, 526 Campus Road, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
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Florova V, Romero R, Tarca AL, Galaz J, Motomura K, Ahmad MM, Hsu CD, Hsu R, Tong A, Ravel J, Theis KR, Gomez-Lopez N. Vaginal host immune-microbiome interactions in a cohort of primarily African-American women who ultimately underwent spontaneous preterm birth or delivered at term. Cytokine 2020; 137:155316. [PMID: 33032107 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2020.155316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies suggest that alterations in the vaginal microbiome allow for the assessment of the risk for spontaneous preterm birth (PTB), the leading cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality worldwide. However, the associations between the local immune response and the vaginal microbiome are still poorly understood. Herein, we characterize the vaginal host immune-microbiome interactions in women who ultimately underwent PTB and in those who delivered at term. METHODS Vaginal fluid samples from 52 pregnant women (of whom 18 underwent PTB and 34 delivered at term) were collected between 10 and 32 weeks of gestation in a case-control study. Concentrations of 33 immune mediators were determined using sensitive and specific immunoassays. The previously published 16S rRNA gene sequence and bacterial phylotype data of these subjects were utilized in this study. Linear mixed effects models were utilized to test associations between vaginal immune mediator concentrations and bacterial phylotype relative abundances. RESULTS 1) In the overall study population, vaginal concentrations of CXCL10, CCL2, CCL3, SLP1 and VEGF negatively correlated with non-Lactobacillus, Community State Type IV (CST IV) members of the vaginal microbiome; 2) CXCL10, in particular, negatively correlated with 15 bacterial phylotypes, most of which are typical members of CST IV, such as Gardnerella vaginalis, Megasphaera spp., and Atopobium vaginae; 3) Gemella spp., also members of CST IV, negatively correlated with vaginal concentrations of VEGF, CCL2, CCL3, SLPI, and CXCL10; 4) when comparing PTB cases to term controls, five soluble immune mediators (CCL26, CCL22, CCL2, CXCL10, and IL-16), especially CCL26, were negatively correlated with five typical members of CST IV: Sneathia sanguinegens, Parvimonas micra, Veillonellaceae, BVAB2, and Gemella spp.; and 5) Sneathia sanguinegens had stronger negative associations with all five soluble immune mediators (CCL26, CCL22, CCL2, CXCL10, and IL-16) in PTB cases than in term controls. CONCLUSIONS The assessment of vaginal host immune-microbiome interactions revealed that specific soluble immune mediators, mainly CXCL10, negatively correlated with typical members of CST IV of the vaginal microbiome. Sneathia sanguinegens, in particular, had stronger negative associations with different immune mediators, including CXCL10 and CCL26, in women who ultimately underwent PTB compared to those who delivered at term. These findings provide insight into the vaginal host immune-microbiome interactions in normal and complicated pregnancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violetta Florova
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, and Detroit, Michigan, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Roberto Romero
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, and Detroit, Michigan, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA; Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA; Detroit Medical Center, Detroit, MI, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA.
| | - Adi L Tarca
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, and Detroit, Michigan, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA; Department of Computer Science, Wayne State University College of Engineering, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Jose Galaz
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, and Detroit, Michigan, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Kenichiro Motomura
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, and Detroit, Michigan, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Madison M Ahmad
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Chaur-Dong Hsu
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, and Detroit, Michigan, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA; Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Richard Hsu
- Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Anna Tong
- Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Jacques Ravel
- Institute for Genome Sciences, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kevin R Theis
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, and Detroit, Michigan, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA.
| | - Nardhy Gomez-Lopez
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, and Detroit, Michigan, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA.
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SNW1 interacts with IKKγ to positively regulate antiviral innate immune responses against influenza A virus infection. Microbes Infect 2020; 22:576-584. [PMID: 32805409 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2020.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The Ski-interacting protein (SNW1) acts as a transcriptional co-regulator associated with mRNA splicing and transcription, cell cycle progression, acute and chronic inflammatory responses, however, its role involved in host antiviral innate immune responses remains to be explored. Here, for the first time, we demonstrated that SNW1 positively regulates the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and interferon (IFN) responses induced by influenza A virus (IAV) infection, and further inhibits virus replication by performing SNW1 depletion or overexpression approaches. Furthermore, we showed that reduced interferon beta (IFN-β) expression caused by interfering SNW1 impairs the activation of JAK-STAT pathway in response to IAV or poly I:C. Importantly, by interacting with IKKγ, the regulatory subunit of IκB kinase (IKK) complex, SNW1 promotes IAV-induced activation of NF-κB and phosphorylation of TBK1 kinase, leading to the increase of antiviral effectors interleukin 6 (IL-6), C-X-C motif chemokine 10 (CXCL10), IFN-β and myxovirus resistance protein 1 (MX1). Taken together, our study revealed that SNW1 is an important mediator of host defenses against IAV through the induction of pro-inflammatory factors and IFN signaling, providing novel insights in modulating innate immune responses to protect host from IAV infection.
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28
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The recruitment of peripheral blood leukocytes to the brain is delayed in susceptible BALB/c compared to resistant C57BL/6 mice during herpes simplex virus encephalitis. J Neurovirol 2019; 25:372-383. [PMID: 30758810 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-019-00730-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The cerebral immune response induced by herpes simplex virus (HSV) encephalitis (HSE) was evaluated in susceptible BALB/c and resistant C57BL/6 mice. BALB/c and C57BL/6 (named C57BL/6-high) mice were respectively infected intranasally with 1 × 103 and 5 × 105 plaque-forming units (PFUs) of HSV-1. C57BL/6 mice (named C57BL/6-low) infected with a low inoculum (1 × 103 PFUs) of HSV-1 were tested in parallel. Mice were monitored for weight loss, sickness signs, and survival for 21 days. The viral load, infectious titers, cytokine/chemokine levels, and peripheral leukocyte infiltration were determined in brain homogenates on days 0 (non-infected), 4, 6, and 8 post-infection (p.i.) by qPCR, plaque assay, ELISA/Luminex™, and flow cytometry, respectively. Our results showed that the mortality of BALB/c mice (67%) was higher compared to those of C57BL/6-low (0%; P ≤ 0.01) and C57BL/6-high (20%; P ≤ 0.05) animals. This higher mortality was associated with increased infectious titers and cytokine/chemokine levels in the brains of BALB/c compared to C57BL/6 mice. Recruitment of inflammatory monocytes, dendritic cells, natural killer, and natural killer T cells to the brain was higher in C57BL/6-high compared to BALB/c animals on day 4 p.i. Infiltration of inflammatory monocytes and T cells in the brain of BALB/c mice was seen on day 6 p.i. Our data suggest that a rapid, sustained, and coordinated recruitment of peripheral leukocytes to the brain of C57BL/6-high mice results in an effective control of viral replication and inflammation whereas the delayed infiltration of immune cells in the brain of BALB/c mice was associated with an exacerbated inflammatory response during HSE.
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Lobo AM, Agelidis AM, Shukla D. Pathogenesis of herpes simplex keratitis: The host cell response and ocular surface sequelae to infection and inflammation. Ocul Surf 2019; 17:40-49. [PMID: 30317007 PMCID: PMC6340725 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2018.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV) keratitis is a leading cause of infectious blindness. Clinical disease occurs variably throughout the cornea from epithelium to endothelium and recurrent HSV stromal keratitis is associated with corneal scarring and neovascularization. HSV keratitis can be associated with ocular pain and subsequent neutrophic keratopathy. Host cell interactions with HSV trigger an inflammatory cascade responsible not only for clearance of virus but also for progressive corneal opacification due to inflammatory cell infiltrate, angiogenesis, and corneal nerve loss. Current antiviral therapies target viral replication to decrease disease duration, severity and recurrence, but there are limitations to these agents. Therapies directed towards viral entry into cells, protein synthesis, inflammatory cytokines and vascular endothelial growth factor pathways in animal models represent promising new approaches to the treatment of recurrent HSV keratitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Marie Lobo
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Alex M Agelidis
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Deepak Shukla
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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Schnabel CL, Babasyan S, Freer H, Wagner B. CXCL10 production in equine monocytes is stimulated by interferon-gamma. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2019; 207:25-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2018.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Saleiro D, Blyth GT, Kosciuczuk EM, Ozark PA, Majchrzak-Kita B, Arslan AD, Fischietti M, Reddy NK, Horvath CM, Davis RJ, Fish EN, Platanias LC. IFN-γ-inducible antiviral responses require ULK1-mediated activation of MLK3 and ERK5. Sci Signal 2018; 11:eaap9921. [PMID: 30459284 PMCID: PMC6684240 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aap9921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
It is well established that activation of the transcription factor signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) is required for the interferon-γ (IFN-γ)-mediated antiviral response. Here, we found that IFN-γ receptor stimulation also activated Unc-51-like kinase 1 (ULK1), an initiator of Beclin-1-mediated autophagy. Furthermore, the interaction between ULK1 and the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase MLK3 (mixed lineage kinase 3) was necessary for MLK3 phosphorylation and downstream activation of the kinase ERK5. This autophagy-independent activity of ULK1 promoted the transcription of key antiviral IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) and was essential for IFN-γ-dependent antiviral effects. These findings define a previously unknown IFN-γ pathway that appears to be a key element of the antiviral response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Saleiro
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center and Division of Hematology-Oncology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Gavin T Blyth
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center and Division of Hematology-Oncology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Ewa M Kosciuczuk
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center and Division of Hematology-Oncology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Patrick A Ozark
- Simpson Querrey Center for Epigenetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Beata Majchrzak-Kita
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2MI, Canada
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 2MI, Canada
| | - Ahmet D Arslan
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center and Division of Hematology-Oncology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Mariafausta Fischietti
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center and Division of Hematology-Oncology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Neha K Reddy
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center and Division of Hematology-Oncology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Curt M Horvath
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Roger J Davis
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Eleanor N Fish
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2MI, Canada
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 2MI, Canada
| | - Leonidas C Platanias
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center and Division of Hematology-Oncology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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32
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Dawes BE, Gao J, Atkins C, Nelson JT, Johnson K, Wu P, Freiberg AN. Human neural stem cell-derived neuron/astrocyte co-cultures respond to La Crosse virus infection with proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines. J Neuroinflammation 2018; 15:315. [PMID: 30442185 PMCID: PMC6236894 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-018-1356-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND La Crosse virus (LACV) causes pediatric encephalitis in the USA. LACV induces severe inflammation in the central nervous system, but the recruitment of inflammatory cells is poorly understood. A deeper understanding of LACV-induced neural pathology is needed in order to develop treatment options. However, there is a severe limitation of relevant human neuronal cell models of LACV infection. METHODS We utilized human neural stem cell (hNSC)-derived neuron/astrocyte co-cultures to study LACV infection in disease-relevant primary cells. hNSCs were differentiated into neurons and astrocytes and infected with LACV. To characterize susceptibility and responses to infection, we measured viral titers and levels of viral RNA, performed immunofluorescence analysis to determine the cell types infected, performed apoptosis and cytotoxicity assays, and evaluated cellular responses to infection using qRT-PCR and Bioplex assays. RESULTS hNSC-derived neuron/astrocyte co-cultures were susceptible to LACV infection and displayed apoptotic responses as reported in previous in vitro and in vivo studies. Neurons and astrocytes are both targets of LACV infection, with neurons becoming the predominant target later in infection possibly due to astrocytic responses to IFN. Additionally, neuron/astrocyte co-cultures responded to LACV infection with strong proinflammatory cytokine, chemokine, as well as MMP-2, MMP-7, and TIMP-1 responses. CONCLUSIONS hNSC-derived neuron/astrocyte co-cultures reproduce key aspects of LACV infection in humans and mice and are useful models to study encephalitic viruses. Specifically, we show astrocytes to be susceptible to LACV infection and that neurons and astrocytes are important drivers of the inflammatory responses seen in LACV infection through the production of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian E. Dawes
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, USA
| | - Junling Gao
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, USA
| | - Colm Atkins
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, 77555-0609 USA
| | - Jacob T. Nelson
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, 77555-0609 USA
| | - Kendra Johnson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, USA
| | - Ping Wu
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, USA
| | - Alexander N. Freiberg
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, 77555-0609 USA
- Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, USA
- Sealy Institute for Vaccine Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, USA
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33
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Mancini M, Vidal SM. Insights into the pathogenesis of herpes simplex encephalitis from mouse models. Mamm Genome 2018; 29:425-445. [PMID: 30167845 PMCID: PMC6132704 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-018-9772-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
A majority of the world population is infected with herpes simplex viruses (HSV; human herpesvirus types 1 and 2). These viruses, perhaps best known for their manifestation in the genital or oral mucosa, can also cause herpes simplex encephalitis, a severe and often fatal disease of the central nervous system. Antiviral therapies for HSV are only partially effective since the virus can establish latent infections in neurons, and severe pathological sequelae in the brain are common. A better understanding of disease pathogenesis is required to develop new strategies against herpes simplex encephalitis, including the precise viral and host genetic determinants that promote virus invasion into the central nervous system and its associated immunopathology. Here we review the current understanding of herpes simplex encephalitis from the host genome perspective, which has been illuminated by groundbreaking work on rare herpes simplex encephalitis patients together with mechanistic insight from single-gene mouse models of disease. A complex picture has emerged, whereby innate type I interferon-mediated antiviral signaling is a central pathway to control viral replication, and the regulation of immunopathology and the balance between apoptosis and autophagy are critical to disease severity in the central nervous system. The lessons learned from mouse studies inform us on fundamental defense mechanisms at the interface of host–pathogen interactions within the central nervous system, as well as possible rationales for intervention against infections from severe neuropathogenic viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Mancini
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,McGill Research Centre on Complex Traits, McGill University, 3649 Promenade Sir William Osler, Montreal, QC, H3G 0B1, Canada
| | - Silvia M Vidal
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada. .,McGill Research Centre on Complex Traits, McGill University, 3649 Promenade Sir William Osler, Montreal, QC, H3G 0B1, Canada.
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Gardner JK, Herbst-Kralovetz MM. IL-36γ induces a transient HSV-2 resistant environment that protects against genital disease and pathogenesis. Cytokine 2018; 111:63-71. [PMID: 30118914 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2018.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2) causes a persistent, lifelong infection that increases risk for sexually transmitted infection acquisition. Both the lack of a vaccine and the need for chronic suppressive therapies to control infection presents the need to further understand immune mechanisms in response to acute HSV-2 infection. The IL-36 cytokines are recently identified members of the IL-1 family and function as inflammatory mediators at epithelial sites. Here, we first used a well-characterized three-dimensional (3-D) human vaginal epithelial cell (VEC) model to understand the role of IL-36γ in the context of HSV-2 infection. In 3-D VEC, IL-36γ is induced by HSV-2 infection, and pretreatment with exogenous IL-36γ significantly reduced HSV-2 replication. To assess the impact of IL-36γ treatment on HSV-2 disease pathogenesis, we employed a lethal genital infection model. We showed that IL-36γ treatment in mice prior to lethal intravaginal challenge significantly limited vaginal viral replication, delayed disease onset, decreased disease severity, and significantly increased survival. We demonstrated that IL-36γ treatment transiently induced pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and antimicrobial peptides in murine lower female reproductive tract (FRT) tissue and vaginal lavages. Induction of the chemokines CCL20 and KC in IL-36γ treated mice also corresponded with increased polymorphonuclear (PMN) leukocyte infiltration observed in vaginal smears. Altogether, these studies demonstrate that IL-36γ drives the transient production of immune mediators and promotes PMN recruitment in the vaginal microenvironment that increases resistance to HSV-2 infection and disease. Our data indicate that IL-36γ may participate as a key player in host defense mechanisms against invading pathogens in the FRT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jameson K Gardner
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine-Phoenix, University of Arizona, Phoenix, AZ, USA; Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Melissa M Herbst-Kralovetz
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine-Phoenix, University of Arizona, Phoenix, AZ, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine-Phoenix, University of Arizona, Phoenix, AZ, USA.
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Skinner D, Marro BS, Lane TE. Chemokine CXCL10 and Coronavirus-Induced Neurologic Disease. Viral Immunol 2018; 32:25-37. [PMID: 30109979 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2018.0073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemokines (chemotactic cytokines) are involved in a wide variety of biological processes. Following microbial infection, there is often robust chemokine signaling elicited from infected cells, which contributes to both innate and adaptive immune responses that control growth of the invading pathogen. Infection of the central nervous system (CNS) by the neuroadapted John Howard Mueller (JHM) strain of mouse hepatitis virus (JHMV) provides an excellent example of how chemokines aid in host defense as well as contribute to disease. Intracranial inoculation of the CNS of susceptible mice with JHMV results in an acute encephalomyelitis characterized by widespread dissemination of virus throughout the parenchyma. Virus-specific T cells are recruited to the CNS, and control viral replication through release of antiviral cytokines and cytolytic activity. Sterile immunity is not acquired, and virus will persist primarily in white matter tracts leading to chronic neuroinflammation and demyelination. Chemokines are expressed and contribute to defense as well as chronic disease by attracting targeted populations of leukocytes to the CNS. The T cell chemoattractant chemokine CXCL10 (interferon-inducible protein 10 kDa, IP-10) is prominently expressed in both stages of disease, and serves to attract activated T and B lymphocytes expressing CXC chemokine receptor 3 (CXCR3), the receptor for CXCL10. Functional studies that have blocked expression of either CXCL10 or CXCR3 illuminate the important role of this signaling pathway in host defense and neurodegeneration in a model of viral-induced neurologic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic Skinner
- 1 Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Brett S Marro
- 2 Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California
| | - Thomas E Lane
- 1 Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah.,3 Immunology, Inflammation and Infectious Disease Initiative, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah.,4 Neuroscience Initiative, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah
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Chattopadhyay D, Mukhopadhyay A, Ojha D, Sadhukhan P, Dutta S. Immuno-metabolic changes in herpes virus infection. Cytokine 2018; 112:52-62. [PMID: 29960669 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2018.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Recent evidences indicate that change in cellular metabolic pathways can alter immune response and function of the host; emphasizing the role of metabolome in health and diseases. Human Herpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV-1) and type-2 (HSV-2) causes diseases from asymptomatic to highly prevalent oral and genital herpes, recurrent blisters or neurological complications. Immune responses against HSV are complex with delicate interplay between innate signaling pathways and adaptive immune responses. The innate response involves the induction of protective IFN-1; while Natural Killer (NK) cells and plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells (pDC) confer in vivo adaptive anti-HSV response along with humoral and cellular components in controlling infection and latency. Metabolic changes lead to up-/down-regulation of several cytokines and chemokines like IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-4, IL-10 and MIP1β in HSV infection and recurrences. Recently, the viral protein ICP0 has been identified as an attenuator of TLR signaling, that inhibit innate responses to HSV. This review will summarize the role of metabolome in innate and adaptive effectors in infection, pathogenesis and immune control of HSV, highlighting the delicate interplay between the metabolic changes and immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debprasad Chattopadhyay
- ICMR-National Institute of Traditional Medicine, Nehru Nagar, Belagavi 590010, India; ICMR-Virus Unit, Infectious Diseases and Beliaghata General Hospital, 57 Dr Suresh Chandra Banerjee Road, Beliaghata, Kolkata, West Bengal 700010, India.
| | - Aparna Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, 86/1, College Street, Kolkata 700073, India
| | - Durbadal Ojha
- ICMR-National Institute of Traditional Medicine, Nehru Nagar, Belagavi 590010, India
| | - Provash Sadhukhan
- ICMR-Virus Unit, Infectious Diseases and Beliaghata General Hospital, 57 Dr Suresh Chandra Banerjee Road, Beliaghata, Kolkata, West Bengal 700010, India
| | - Shanta Dutta
- ICMR-National Institute of Cholera & Enteric Diseases, P- C.I.T. Scheme XM, 33 CIT Road, Beliaghata, Kolkata, West Bengal 700010, India
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Rainy N, Zayoud M, Kloog Y, Rechavi O, Goldstein I. Viral oncomiR spreading between B and T cells is employed by Kaposi's sarcoma herpesvirus to induce non-cell-autonomous target gene regulation. Oncotarget 2018; 7:41870-41884. [PMID: 27248822 PMCID: PMC5173102 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The two human lymphotrophic γ-herpesviruses, Kaposi's sarcoma herpesvirus (KSHV) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), are a recognized cause of human cancer, encoding multiple miRs that are major players in carcinogenesis. Previously, we discovered that EBV-encoded miRs transfer between infected B and T lymphocytes. To further explore the biological significance of the spreading of γ-herpesvirus-encoded miRs on carcinogenesis, we focused on KSHV-miR-K12-11 (miR-K12-11) that is unique in having an identical seed sequence with the oncomiR hsa-miR-155, implicated in B cell lymphomas development. Here, we show for the first time that miR-K12-11 transfers in vitro from KSHV-infected BCBL-1 and BC-1 lymphoma lines to T cells. The transferred miR-K12-11 is active in the adopting T cells and binds its canonical target, the 3'-UTR of BACH1. Importantly, we show that the transfer of miR-K12-11 from BCBL-1 to Jurkat cells correlates with inhibition of the innate type-I interferons response to viral dsRNAs downstream of IKKε, a validated miR-K12-11 target. Finally, we show that miR-K12-11 spreading is not reduced by blocking the classical ceramide-dependent exosome secretion pathway. In summary, we report for the first time that intercellular viral oncomiR spreading is an additional mechanism employed by KSHV to inhibit host anti-viral immunity and consequently promote oncogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nir Rainy
- Sheba Cancer Research Center, Chaim Sheba Academic Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan 5262100, Israel.,Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6997801, Israel.,Department of Neurobiology, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences & Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Morad Zayoud
- Sheba Cancer Research Center, Chaim Sheba Academic Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan 5262100, Israel.,Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Yoel Kloog
- Department of Neurobiology, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences & Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Oded Rechavi
- Department of Neurobiology, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences & Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Itamar Goldstein
- Sheba Cancer Research Center, Chaim Sheba Academic Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan 5262100, Israel.,Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6997801, Israel
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Kothur K, Gill D, Wong M, Mohammad SS, Bandodkar S, Arbunckle S, Wienholt L, Dale RC. Cerebrospinal fluid cyto-/chemokine profile during acute herpes simplex virus induced anti-N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor encephalitis and in chronic neurological sequelae. Dev Med Child Neurol 2017; 59:806-814. [PMID: 28439892 DOI: 10.1111/dmcn.13431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
AIM To examine the cytokine/chemokine profile of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) during acute herpes simplex virus-induced N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) autoimmunity and in chronic/relapsing post-herpes simplex virus encephalitis (HSE) neurological syndromes. METHOD We measured longitudinal serial CSF cyto-/chemokines (n=34) and a glial marker (calcium-binding astroglial protein, S100B) in one patient during acute HSE and subsequent anti-NMDAR encephalitis, and compared the results with those from two patients with anti-NMDAR encephalitis without preceding HSE. We also compared cyto-/chemokines in cross-sectional CSF samples from three children with previous HSE who had ongoing chronic or relapsing neurological symptoms (2yr 9 mo-16y after HSE) with those in a group of children having non-inflammatory neurological conditions (n=20). RESULTS Acute HSE showed elevation of a broad range of all T-helper-subset-related cyto-/chemokines and S100B whereas the post-HSE anti-NMDAR encephalitis phase showed persistent elevation of two of five T-helper-1 (chemokine [C-X-C motif] ligand 9 [CXCL9], CXCL10), three of five predominantly B-cell (CXCL13, CCL19, a proliferation-inducing ligand [APRIL])-mediated cyto-/chemokines, and interferon-α. The post-HSE anti-NMDAR encephalitis inflammatory response was more pronounced than anti-NMDAR encephalitis. All three chronic post-HSE cases showed persistent elevation of CXCL9, CXCL10, and interferon-α, and there was histopathological evidence of chronic lymphocytic inflammation in one biopsied case 7 years after HSE. Two of three chronic cases showed a modest response to immune therapy. INTERPRETATION HSE-induced anti-NMDAR encephalitis is a complex and pronounced inflammatory syndrome. There is persistent CSF upregulation of cyto-/chemokines in chronic or relapsing post-HSE neurological symptoms, which may be modifiable with immune therapy. The elevated cyto-/chemokines may be targets of monoclonal therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavitha Kothur
- Neuroimmunology Group, Institute for Neuroscience and Muscle Research, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Deepak Gill
- The T.Y. Nelson Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Melanie Wong
- Department of Clinical Immunology, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Shekeeb S Mohammad
- Neuroimmunology Group, Institute for Neuroscience and Muscle Research, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Sushil Bandodkar
- Department of Biochemistry, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Susan Arbunckle
- Department of Pathology, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Louise Wienholt
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Russell C Dale
- Neuroimmunology Group, Institute for Neuroscience and Muscle Research, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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39
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Shives KD, Tyler KL, Beckham JD. Molecular mechanisms of neuroinflammation and injury during acute viral encephalitis. J Neuroimmunol 2017; 308:102-111. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2017.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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CXCL10/CXCR3-Dependent Mobilization of Herpes Simplex Virus-Specific CD8 + T EM and CD8 + T RM Cells within Infected Tissues Allows Efficient Protection against Recurrent Herpesvirus Infection and Disease. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.00278-17. [PMID: 28468883 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00278-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) establishes latency within the sensory neurons of the trigeminal ganglia (TG). HSV-specific memory CD8+ T cells play a critical role in preventing HSV-1 reactivation from TG and subsequent virus shedding in tears that trigger recurrent corneal herpetic disease. The CXC chemokine ligand 10 (CXCL10)/CXC chemokine receptor 3 (CXCR3) chemokine pathway promotes T cell immunity to many viral pathogens, but its importance in CD8+ T cell immunity to recurrent herpes has been poorly elucidated. In this study, we determined how the CXCL10/CXCR3 pathway affects TG- and cornea-resident CD8+ T cell responses to recurrent ocular herpesvirus infection and disease using a well-established murine model in which HSV-1 reactivation was induced from latently infected TG by UV-B light. Following UV-B-induced HSV-1 reactivation, a significant increase in both the number and function of HSV-specific CXCR3+ CD8+ T cells was detected in TG and corneas of protected C57BL/6 (B6) mice, but not in TG and corneas of nonprotected CXCL10-/- or CXCR3-/- deficient mice. This increase was associated with a significant reduction in both virus shedding and recurrent corneal herpetic disease. Furthermore, delivery of exogenous CXCL10 chemokine in TG of CXCL10-/- mice, using the neurotropic adeno-associated virus type 8 (AAV8) vector, boosted the number and function of effector memory CD8+ T cells (TEM) and tissue-resident memory CD8+ T cells (TRM), but not of central memory CD8+ T cells (TCM), locally within TG, and improved protection against recurrent herpesvirus infection and disease in CXCL10-/- deficient mice. These findings demonstrate that the CXCL10/CXCR3 chemokine pathway is critical in shaping CD8+ T cell immunity, locally within latently infected tissues, which protects against recurrent herpesvirus infection and disease.IMPORTANCE We determined how the CXCL10/CXCR3 pathway affects CD8+ T cell responses to recurrent ocular herpesvirus infection and disease. Using a well-established murine model, in which HSV-1 reactivation in latently infected trigeminal ganglia was induced by UV-B light, we demonstrated that lack of either CXCL10 chemokine or its CXCR3 receptor compromised the mobilization of functional CD8+ TEM and CD8+ TRM cells within latently infected trigeminal ganglia following virus reactivation. This lack of T cell mobilization was associated with an increase in recurrent ocular herpesvirus infection and disease. Inversely, augmenting the amount of CXCL10 in trigeminal ganglia of latently infected CXCL10-deficient mice significantly restored the number of local antiviral CD8+ TEM and CD8+ TRM cells associated with protection against recurrent ocular herpes. Based on these findings, a novel "prime/pull" therapeutic ocular herpes vaccine strategy is proposed and discussed.
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Gao N, Liu X, Wu J, Li J, Dong C, Wu X, Xiao X, Yu FSX. CXCL10 suppression of hem- and lymph-angiogenesis in inflamed corneas through MMP13. Angiogenesis 2017. [PMID: 28623423 DOI: 10.1007/s10456-017-9561-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Though not present in the normal adult cornea, both hem- and lymph-angiogenesis can be induced in this tissue after an inflammatory, infectious, or traumatic insult. We previously showed that the chemokine CXCL10 plays a key role in eradicating invading Candida (C.) albicans in C57BL6 mouse corneas. However, even after the clearance of pathogens, infection-induced inflammation and angiogenesis continue to progress in the cornea. The aim of this study is define the role of CXCL10 as a major angiostatic factor in modulating cornea angiogenesis in B6 mouse corneas under pathogenic conditions. We showed that epithelial expression of CXCL10, driven by AAV9 vector, suppressed both infection- and inflammation-induced hem and lymph angiogenesis, whereas the neutralization of CXCL10 as well as its receptor CXCR3 greatly promoted these processes. The inhibitory effect of CXCL10 was unrelated to its antimicrobial activity, but through the suppression of the expression of many angiogenic factors, including VEGFa and c, and MMP-13 in vivo. Inhibition of MMP13 but not TIMPs, attenuated suture-induced neovascularization but had no effects on CXCL10 expression. Strikingly, topical application of CXCL10 post-C. albicans infection effectively blocked both hem- and lymph-angiogenesis and preserved the integrity of sensory nerves in the cornea. Taken together, CXCL10 has strong inhibitory effects on neovascularization, whereas MMP13 is required for neovascularization in C. albicans-infected corneas and the local application of CXCL10 or MMP13 inhibitors, alone or as adjuvant therapy, may target hem- and lymph-angiogenesis in the inflamed corneas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Gao
- Department of Ophthalmology/Kresge Eye Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 4717 St. Antoine Blvd, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA.,Department of Anatomy/Cell Biology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Xiaowei Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiayin Wu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Juan Li
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Chen Dong
- College of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, 450051, Henan, China
| | - Xinyi Wu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xiao Xiao
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Fu-Shin X Yu
- Department of Ophthalmology/Kresge Eye Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 4717 St. Antoine Blvd, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA. .,Department of Anatomy/Cell Biology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA.
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Shinde P, Liu W, Ménoret A, Luster AD, Vella AT. Optimal CD4 T cell priming after LPS-based adjuvanticity with CD134 costimulation relies on CXCL9 production. J Leukoc Biol 2017; 102:57-69. [PMID: 28432083 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1a0616-261rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Revised: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
LPS is a powerful adjuvant, and although LPS-mediated TLR4 signaling has been exquisitely delineated, the in vivo mechanism of how TLR4 responses impact T cell priming is far less clear. Besides costimulation, TNF and type 1 IFN are dominant cytokines released after TLR4 activation and can shape T cell responses, but other downstream factors have not been examined extensively. Depending on context, we show that IFNαR1 blockade resulted in minor to major effects on specific CD4 T cell clonal expansion. To help explain these differences, it was hypothesized that IFNαR1 blockade would inhibit specific T cell migration by reducing chemokine receptor signaling, but specific CD4 T cells from IFNαR1-blocked mice were readily able to migrate in response to specific chemokines. Next, we examined downstream factors and found that type 1 IFN signaling was necessary for chemokine production, even when mice were immunized with specific Ag with LPS and CD134 costimulation. IFNαR1 signaling promoted CXCL9 and CXCL10 synthesis, suggesting that these chemokines might be involved in the LPS and CD134 costimulation response. After immunization, we show that CXCL9 blockade inhibited CD4 T cell accumulation in the liver but also in LNs, even in the presence of elevated serum IFN-β levels. Thus, whereas type 1 IFN might have direct effects on primed CD4 T cells, the downstream chemokines that play a role during migration also impact accumulation. In sum, CXCL9 production is a key benchmark for productive CD4 T cell vaccination strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paurvi Shinde
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Wenhai Liu
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Antoine Ménoret
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, Connecticut, USA.,Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut, USA; and
| | - Andrew D Luster
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Anthony T Vella
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, Connecticut, USA;
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Menasria R, Canivet C, Piret J, Gosselin J, Boivin G. Protective role of CX3CR1 signalling in resident cells of the central nervous system during experimental herpes simplex virus encephalitis. J Gen Virol 2017; 98:447-460. [PMID: 27902351 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
CX3CR1 is an important chemokine receptor expressed on the surface of microglia and blood leukocytes, including monocytes. Signalling through this receptor influences the immune activity of microglia and monocyte trafficking into the central nervous system (CNS) in several neurological diseases. During experimental herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) encephalitis (HSE), CX3CR1 deficiency has been reported to exacerbate the outcome of the disease. However, the precise contribution of CX3CR1 expressed in resident cells of the CNS or peripheral monocytes in protection against HSE remains unclear. To dissect the role of CX3CR1 during HSE, we reconstituted irradiated C57BL/6 WT and CX3CR1-/- mice with CX3CR1-/- (CX3CR1-/-→WT) and WT (WT→CX3CR1-/-) bone marrow cells, respectively. Our results showed that following intranasal infection with 1.2×106 p.f.u. of HSV-1, mortality rates were significantly higher in CX3CR1-/- (61.7 %) and WT→CX3CR1-/- (66.2 %) compared to WT (16.6 %; P=0.012 and P=0.016, respectively) and CX3CR1-/-→WT animals (20 %; P=0.013 and P=0.011, respectively). Higher mortality rates in CX3CR1-/- and WT→CX3CR1-/- mice were associated with increased infectious viral titres and wider HSV dissemination in brains, as well as an overproduction of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines including IL-1β, IL-6, IFN-γ, C-C motif ligand 2 and C-C motif ligand 5. Furthermore, CX3CR1 deficiency in resident cells of the CNS resulted in excessive and sustained Ly6Chi inflammatory monocyte and neutrophil infiltration into the brain. These data suggest that CX3CR1 deficiency in resident cells of the CNS affects mouse survival, HSV-1 replication control and cerebral inflammatory response whereas its deficiency in the haematopoietic system does not appear to influence the outcome of HSE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafik Menasria
- Research Center in Infectious Diseases of the CHU of Quebec and Laval University, 2705 Boul Laurier, Quebec City, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Coraline Canivet
- Research Center in Infectious Diseases of the CHU of Quebec and Laval University, 2705 Boul Laurier, Quebec City, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Jocelyne Piret
- Research Center in Infectious Diseases of the CHU of Quebec and Laval University, 2705 Boul Laurier, Quebec City, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Jean Gosselin
- Laboratory of Innate Immunology of the CHU of Quebec and Laval University, 2705 Boul Laurier, Quebec City, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Guy Boivin
- Research Center in Infectious Diseases of the CHU of Quebec and Laval University, 2705 Boul Laurier, Quebec City, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
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Lucinda N, Figueiredo MM, Pessoa NL, Santos BSÁDS, Lima GK, Freitas AM, Machado AMV, Kroon EG, Antonelli LRDV, Campos MA. Dendritic cells, macrophages, NK and CD8 + T lymphocytes play pivotal roles in controlling HSV-1 in the trigeminal ganglia by producing IL1-beta, iNOS and granzyme B. Virol J 2017; 14:37. [PMID: 28222752 PMCID: PMC5320739 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-017-0692-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) cause not only mild symptoms but also blindness and encephalitis. It was previously shown that the immune response against HSV-1 occurs mainly in the trigeminal ganglia (TG) and that Toll-like receptors 2 and 9 (TLR2/9) are important in mediating this response. It was also demonstrated that iNOS (nitric oxide synthase) and interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β) play an essential role in the defense against HSV-1 infection. Importantly, the present work aimed to identify the primary cells responsible for iNOS and IL-1β production and search for other important molecules and cells that might or might not depend on TLR2/9 receptors to mediate the immune response against HSV-1. Methods C57BL/6 (wild type, WT) and TLR2/9−/− mice were infected by the intranasal route with HSV-1 (1 × 106 p.f.u.). Cells were obtained from the TG and spleen tissues and the profile of immune cells was determined by flow cytometry in infected and mock infected WT and knockout mice. The percentage of cells producing iNOS, IL-1β, granzyme B and perforin was also determined by flow cytometry. Chemokine monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP1) was measured by Cytometric Bead Array (CBA) in the TG, spleen and lung. Expression of type I interferons (IFNs), interleukins (IL) 5 and 10, IL-1β and granzyme B were quantified by real time PCR. Results The results indicate that dendritic cells (DCs) and monocytes/macrophages (Mo/Mϕ) were the main sources of IL-1β and iNOS, respectively, which, together with type I IFNs, were essential for the immune response against HSV-1. Additionally, we showed that granzyme B produced by CD8+ T and NK lymphocytes and MCP-1 were also important for this immune response. Moreover, our data indicate that the robust production of MCP-1 and granzyme B is either TLR-independent or down regulated by TLRs and occurs in the TG of TLR2/9−/− infected mice. Conclusion Taken together, our data provide strong evidence that the responses mediated by DCs, Mo/Mϕ, NK and CD8+ T lymphocytes through IL-1β, iNOS and granzyme B production, respectively, together with the production of type I IFN early in the infection, are crucial to host defense against HSV-1. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12985-017-0692-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natália Lucinda
- Imunologia de Doenças Virais, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Avenida Augusto de Lima 1715, Belo Horizonte, 30190-002, MG, Brazil
| | - Maria Marta Figueiredo
- Imunologia de Doenças Virais, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Avenida Augusto de Lima 1715, Belo Horizonte, 30190-002, MG, Brazil
| | - Natália Lima Pessoa
- Imunologia de Doenças Virais, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Avenida Augusto de Lima 1715, Belo Horizonte, 30190-002, MG, Brazil
| | - Beatriz Senra Álvares da Silva Santos
- Imunologia de Doenças Virais, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Avenida Augusto de Lima 1715, Belo Horizonte, 30190-002, MG, Brazil
| | - Graciela Kunrath Lima
- Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Antônio Carlos 6627, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901, MG, Brazil
| | - Arthur Molinari Freitas
- Imunologia de Doenças Virais, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Avenida Augusto de Lima 1715, Belo Horizonte, 30190-002, MG, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Magalhães Vieira Machado
- Imunologia de Doenças Virais, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Avenida Augusto de Lima 1715, Belo Horizonte, 30190-002, MG, Brazil
| | - Erna Geessien Kroon
- Laboratório de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Antônio Carlos 6627, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901, MG, Brazil
| | - Lis Ribeiro do Valle Antonelli
- Biologia e Imunologia Parasitária, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Avenida Augusto de Lima 1715, Belo Horizonte, 30190-002, MG, Brazil
| | - Marco Antônio Campos
- Imunologia de Doenças Virais, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Avenida Augusto de Lima 1715, Belo Horizonte, 30190-002, MG, Brazil.
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Zimmermann J, Hafezi W, Dockhorn A, Lorentzen EU, Krauthausen M, Getts DR, Müller M, Kühn JE, King NJC. Enhanced viral clearance and reduced leukocyte infiltration in experimental herpes encephalitis after intranasal infection of CXCR3-deficient mice. J Neurovirol 2017; 23:394-403. [PMID: 28116674 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-016-0508-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2015] [Revised: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) encephalitis (HSE) is the most common fatal sporadic encephalitis in developed countries. There is evidence from HSE animal models that not only direct virus-mediated damage caused but also the host's immune response contributes to the high mortality of the disease. Chemokines modulate and orchestrate this immune response. Previous experimental studies in HSE models identified the chemokine receptor CXCR3 and its ligands as molecules with a high impact on the course of HSE in mouse models. In this study, the role of the chemokine receptor CXCR3 was evaluated after intranasal infection with the encephalitogenic HSV-1 strain 17 syn+ using CXCR3-deficient mice (CXCR3-/-) and wild-type controls. We demonstrated a neurotropic viral spread into the CNS of after intranasal infection. Although viral load and histological distribution of infected neurons were independent from CXCR3 signaling early after infection, CXCR3-deficient mice cleared HSV-1 more efficiently 14 days after infection. Furthermore, CXCR3 deficiency led to a decreased weight loss in mice after HSV-1 infection. T cell infiltration and microglial activation was prominently reduced by inhibition of CXCR3 signaling. Quantitative PCR of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines confirmed the reduced neuroinflammatory response in CXCR3-deficient mice during HSE. Our results demonstrate that the recruitment of peripheral immune cells into the CNS, induction of neuroinflammation, and consecutive weight loss during herpes encephalitis is modulated by CXCR3 signaling. Interruption of the CXCR3 pathway ameliorates the detrimental host immune response and in turn, leads paradoxically to an enhanced viral clearance after intranasal infection. Our data gives further insight into the role of CXCR3 during HSE after intranasal infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Zimmermann
- Department of Neurology, Universitätsklinikum Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53105, Bonn, Germany
| | - W Hafezi
- University Hospital Münster, Institute of Medical Microbiology-Clinical Virology, Münster, Germany
| | - A Dockhorn
- Department of Neurology, Universitätsklinikum Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53105, Bonn, Germany
| | - Eva U Lorentzen
- University Hospital Münster, Institute of Medical Microbiology-Clinical Virology, Münster, Germany
| | - M Krauthausen
- Department of Neurology, Universitätsklinikum Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53105, Bonn, Germany
| | - Daniel R Getts
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology and Interdepartmental Immunobiology Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.,Cour Pharmaceutical Development Company, Elmhurst, IL, USA.,The Discipline of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - M Müller
- Department of Neurology, Universitätsklinikum Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53105, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Joachim E Kühn
- University Hospital Münster, Institute of Medical Microbiology-Clinical Virology, Münster, Germany
| | - Nicholas J C King
- The Discipline of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
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Howard LM, Hoek KL, Goll JB, Samir P, Galassie A, Allos TM, Niu X, Gordy LE, Creech CB, Prasad N, Jensen TL, Hill H, Levy SE, Joyce S, Link AJ, Edwards KM. Cell-Based Systems Biology Analysis of Human AS03-Adjuvanted H5N1 Avian Influenza Vaccine Responses: A Phase I Randomized Controlled Trial. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0167488. [PMID: 28099485 PMCID: PMC5242433 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0167488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Vaccine development for influenza A/H5N1 is an important public health priority, but H5N1 vaccines are less immunogenic than seasonal influenza vaccines. Adjuvant System 03 (AS03) markedly enhances immune responses to H5N1 vaccine antigens, but the underlying molecular mechanisms are incompletely understood. Objective and Methods We compared the safety (primary endpoint), immunogenicity (secondary), gene expression (tertiary) and cytokine responses (exploratory) between AS03-adjuvanted and unadjuvanted inactivated split-virus H5N1 influenza vaccines. In a double-blinded clinical trial, we randomized twenty adults aged 18–49 to receive two doses of either AS03-adjuvanted (n = 10) or unadjuvanted (n = 10) H5N1 vaccine 28 days apart. We used a systems biology approach to characterize and correlate changes in serum cytokines, antibody titers, and gene expression levels in six immune cell types at 1, 3, 7, and 28 days after the first vaccination. Results Both vaccines were well-tolerated. Nine of 10 subjects in the adjuvanted group and 0/10 in the unadjuvanted group exhibited seroprotection (hemagglutination inhibition antibody titer > 1:40) at day 56. Within 24 hours of AS03-adjuvanted vaccination, increased serum levels of IL-6 and IP-10 were noted. Interferon signaling and antigen processing and presentation-related gene responses were induced in dendritic cells, monocytes, and neutrophils. Upregulation of MHC class II antigen presentation-related genes was seen in neutrophils. Three days after AS03-adjuvanted vaccine, upregulation of genes involved in cell cycle and division was detected in NK cells and correlated with serum levels of IP-10. Early upregulation of interferon signaling-related genes was also found to predict seroprotection 56 days after first vaccination. Conclusions Using this cell-based systems approach, novel mechanisms of action for AS03-adjuvanted pandemic influenza vaccination were observed. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01573312
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Affiliation(s)
- Leigh M. Howard
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Research Program, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States of America
| | - Kristen L. Hoek
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States of America
| | | | - Parimal Samir
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States of America
| | - Allison Galassie
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States of America
| | - Tara M. Allos
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States of America
| | - Xinnan Niu
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States of America
| | - Laura E. Gordy
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States of America
| | - C. Buddy Creech
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Research Program, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States of America
| | - Nripesh Prasad
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology; Huntsville, AL, United States of America
| | | | - Heather Hill
- The Emmes Corporation, Rockville, MD, United States of America
| | - Shawn E. Levy
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology; Huntsville, AL, United States of America
| | - Sebastian Joyce
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States of America
- Veterans Administration Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN, United States of America
| | - Andrew J. Link
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States of America
- * E-mail: (KME); (AJL)
| | - Kathryn M. Edwards
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Research Program, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States of America
- * E-mail: (KME); (AJL)
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Royer DJ, Conrady CD, Carr DJJ. Herpesvirus-Associated Lymphadenitis Distorts Fibroblastic Reticular Cell Microarchitecture and Attenuates CD8 T Cell Responses to Neurotropic Infection in Mice Lacking the STING-IFNα/β Defense Pathways. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:2338-52. [PMID: 27511736 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Type I IFN (IFN-α/β)-driven immune responses to acute viral infection are critical to counter replication and prevent dissemination. However, the mechanisms underlying host resistance to HSV type 1 (HSV-1) are incompletely understood. In this study, we show that mice with deficiencies in IFN-α/β signaling or stimulator of IFN genes (STING) exhibit exacerbated neurovirulence and atypical lymphotropic dissemination of HSV-1 following ocular infection. Synergy between IFN-α/β signaling and efficacy of early adaptive immune responses to HSV-1 were dissected using bone marrow chimeras and adoptive cell transfer approaches to profile clonal expansion, effector function, and recruitment of HSV-specific CD8(+) T cells. Lymphotropic viral dissemination was commensurate with abrogated CD8(+) T cell responses and pathological alterations of fibroblastic reticular cell networks in the draining lymph nodes. Our results show that resistance to HSV-1 in the trigeminal ganglia during acute infection is conferred in part by STING and IFN-α/β signaling in both bone marrow-derived and -resident cells, which coalesce to support a robust HSV-1-specific CD8(+) T cell response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek J Royer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104; and Department of Ophthalmology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104
| | - Christopher D Conrady
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104; and
| | - Daniel J J Carr
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104; and Department of Ophthalmology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104
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Neuroinvasion and Inflammation in Viral Central Nervous System Infections. Mediators Inflamm 2016; 2016:8562805. [PMID: 27313404 PMCID: PMC4897715 DOI: 10.1155/2016/8562805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Revised: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurotropic viruses can cause devastating central nervous system (CNS) infections, especially in young children and the elderly. The blood-brain barrier (BBB) and the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCSFB) have been described as relevant sites of entry for specific viruses as well as for leukocytes, which are recruited during the proinflammatory response in the course of CNS infection. In this review, we illustrate examples of established brain barrier models, in which the specific reaction patterns of different viral families can be analyzed. Furthermore, we highlight the pathogen specific array of cytokines and chemokines involved in immunological responses in viral CNS infections. We discuss in detail the link between specific cytokines and chemokines and leukocyte migration profiles. The thorough understanding of the complex and interrelated inflammatory mechanisms as well as identifying universal mediators promoting CNS inflammation is essential for the development of new diagnostic and treatment strategies.
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Intranasal Vaccination Affords Localization and Persistence of Antigen-Specific CD8⁺ T Lymphocytes in the Female Reproductive Tract. Vaccines (Basel) 2016; 4:vaccines4010007. [PMID: 26999228 PMCID: PMC4810059 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines4010007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Revised: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunization strategies generating large numbers of antigen-specific T cells in the female reproductive tract (FRT) can provide barrier protection against sexually-transmitted pathogens, such as the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and human papillomaviruses (HPV). The kinetics and mechanisms of regulation of vaccine-induced adaptive T cell-mediated immune responses in FRT are less well defined. We present here evidence for intranasal delivery of the model antigen ovalbumin (OVA) along with alpha-galactosylceramide adjuvant as a protein vaccine to induce significantly higher levels of antigen-specific effector and memory CD8⁺ T cells in the FRT, relative to other systemic and mucosal tissues. Antibody blocking of the CXCR3 receptor significantly reduced antigen-specific CD8⁺ T cells subsequent to intranasal delivery of the protein vaccine suggesting an important role for the CXCR3 chemokine-receptor signaling for T cell trafficking. Further, intranasal vaccination with an adenoviral vector expressing OVA or HIV-1 envelope was as effective as intramuscular vaccination for generating OVA- or ENV-specific immunity in the FRT. These results support the application of the needle-free intranasal route as a practical approach to delivering protein as well as DNA/virus vector-based vaccines for efficient induction of effector and memory T cell immunity in the FRT.
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Levin D, Forrest S, Banerjee S, Clay C, Cannon J, Moses M, Koster F. A spatial model of the efficiency of T cell search in the influenza-infected lung. J Theor Biol 2016; 398:52-63. [PMID: 26920246 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2016.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Revised: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Emerging strains of influenza, such as avian H5N1 and 2009 pandemic H1N1, are more virulent than seasonal H1N1 influenza, yet the underlying mechanisms for these differences are not well understood. Subtle differences in how a given strain interacts with the immune system are likely a key factor in determining virulence. One aspect of the interaction is the ability of T cells to locate the foci of the infection in time to prevent uncontrolled expansion. Here, we develop an agent based spatial model to focus on T cell migration from lymph nodes through the vascular system to sites of infection. We use our model to investigate whether different strains of influenza modulate this process. We calibrate the model using viral and chemokine secretion rates we measure in vitro together with values taken from literature. The spatial nature of the model reveals unique challenges for T cell recruitment that are not apparent in standard differential equation models. In this model comparing three influenza viruses, plaque expansion is governed primarily by the replication rate of the virus strain, and the efficiency of the T cell search-and-kill is limited by the density of infected epithelial cells in each plaque. Thus for each virus there is a different threshold of T cell search time above which recruited T cells are unable to control further expansion. Future models could use this relationship to more accurately predict control of the infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drew Levin
- Department of Computer Science, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA.
| | - Stephanie Forrest
- Department of Computer Science, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Soumya Banerjee
- Department of Computer Science, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Candice Clay
- Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Judy Cannon
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Melanie Moses
- Department of Computer Science, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Frederick Koster
- Department of Computer Science, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA; Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM, USA
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