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Is serology a realistic approach for monitoring red deer tuberculosis in the field? Prev Vet Med 2022; 202:105612. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2022.105612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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2
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Reis AC, Ramos B, Pereira AC, Cunha MV. The hard numbers of tuberculosis epidemiology in wildlife: A meta-regression and systematic review. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 68:3257-3276. [PMID: 33296141 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is a widespread disease that crosses the human and animal health boundaries, with infection being reported in wildlife, from temperate and subtropical to arctic regions. Often, TB in wild species is closely associated with disease occurrence in livestock but the TB burden in wildlife remains poorly quantified on a global level. Through meta-regression and systematic review, this study aimed to summarize global information on TB prevalence in commonly infected wildlife species and to draw a global picture of the scientific knowledge accumulated in wildlife TB. For these purposes, a literature search was conducted through the Web of Science and Google Scholar. The 223 articles retrieved, concerning a 39-year period, were submitted to bibliometric analysis and 54 publications regarding three wildlife hosts fulfilled the criteria for meta-regression. Using a random-effects model, the worldwide pooled TB prevalence in wild boar is higher than for any other species and estimated as 21.98%, peaking in Spain (31.68%), Italy (23.84%) and Hungary (18.12%). The pooled prevalence of TB in red deer is estimated at 13.71%, with Austria (31.58%), Portugal (27.75%), New Zealand (19.26%) and Spain (12.08%) positioning on the top, while for European badger it was computed 11.75%, peaking in the UK (16.43%) and Ireland (22.87%). Despite these hard numbers, a declining trend in wildlife TB prevalence is apparent over the last decades. The overall heterogeneity calculated by multivariable regression ranged from 28.61% (wild boar) to 60.92% (red deer), indicating that other unexplored moderators could explain disease burden. The systematic review shows that the most prolific countries contributing to knowledge related with wildlife TB are settled in Europe and Mycobacterium bovis is the most reported pathogen (89.5%). This study provides insight into the global epidemiology of wildlife TB, ascertaining research gaps that need to be explored and informing how should surveillance be refined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana C Reis
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c), Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI), Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Beatriz Ramos
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c), Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI), Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - André C Pereira
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c), Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI), Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Mónica V Cunha
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c), Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI), Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
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3
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Webber QMR, Vander Wal E. Heterogeneity in social network connections is density-dependent: implications for disease dynamics in a gregarious ungulate. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-020-02860-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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4
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Salvador LCM, O'Brien DJ, Cosgrove MK, Stuber TP, Schooley AM, Crispell J, Church SV, Gröhn YT, Robbe-Austerman S, Kao RR. Disease management at the wildlife-livestock interface: Using whole-genome sequencing to study the role of elk in Mycobacterium bovis transmission in Michigan, USA. Mol Ecol 2019; 28:2192-2205. [PMID: 30807679 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2017] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The role of wildlife in the persistence and spread of livestock diseases is difficult to quantify and control. These difficulties are exacerbated when several wildlife species are potentially involved. Bovine tuberculosis (bTB), caused by Mycobacterium bovis, has experienced an ecological shift in Michigan, with spillover from cattle leading to an endemically infected white-tailed deer (deer) population. It has potentially substantial implications for the health and well-being of both wildlife and livestock and incurs a significant economic cost to industry and government. Deer are known to act as a reservoir of infection, with evidence of M. bovis transmission to sympatric elk and cattle populations. However, the role of elk in the circulation of M. bovis is uncertain; they are few in number, but range further than deer, so may enable long distance spread. Combining Whole Genome Sequences (WGS) for M. bovis isolates from exceptionally well-observed populations of elk, deer and cattle with spatiotemporal locations, we use spatial and Bayesian phylogenetic analyses to show strong spatiotemporal admixture of M. bovis isolates. Clustering of bTB in elk and cattle suggests either intraspecies transmission within the two populations, or exposure to a common source. However, there is no support for significant pathogen transfer amongst elk and cattle, and our data are in accordance with existing evidence that interspecies transmission in Michigan is likely only maintained by deer. This study demonstrates the value of whole genome population studies of M. bovis transmission at the wildlife-livestock interface, providing insights into bTB management in an endemic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana C M Salvador
- Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.,Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Department, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey.,Royal (Dick) Veterinary School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK.,Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Daniel J O'Brien
- Wildlife Disease Laboratory, Michigan Department of Natural Resources, Lansing, Michigan
| | - Melinda K Cosgrove
- Wildlife Disease Laboratory, Michigan Department of Natural Resources, Lansing, Michigan
| | - Tod P Stuber
- National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, Iowa
| | - Angie M Schooley
- Mycobacteriology Laboratory, Infectious Disease Division, Michigan Department of Health and Human Services, Lansing, Michigan
| | - Joseph Crispell
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Health and Agricultural Sciences, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Steven V Church
- Mycobacteriology Laboratory, Infectious Disease Division, Michigan Department of Health and Human Services, Lansing, Michigan
| | - Yrjö T Gröhn
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - Suelee Robbe-Austerman
- National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, Iowa
| | - Rowland R Kao
- Boyd Orr Centre for Population and Ecosystem Health, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.,Royal (Dick) Veterinary School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK
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5
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Hampton JO. Gunpowder-powered captive bolts for the euthanasia of kangaroo pouch young. AUSTRALIAN MAMMALOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1071/am18009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Euthanasia of macropod pouch young becomes necessary in situations when the mother has died as a result of situations such as: culling programs, vehicle collisions, bushfires, dog attacks, and entrapment in fences. Euthanasia methods currently recommended for older (furred) pouch young are contentious, hence the need to develop a more reliable method of euthanasia. To investigate animal welfare outcomes resulting from the use of a gunpowder-powered captive bolt, an independent veterinarian observed euthanasia of 28 furred kangaroo pouch young. Pouch removal duration was zero for all animals as the captive bolt was applied in situ in the pouch. Immediate insensibility was observed for 27 (96%) of the pouch young, exceeding the commonly used animal welfare standard of 95%. Results indicate that a gunpowder-powered captive bolt can produce favourable animal welfare outcomes for euthanasing kangaroo pouch young by delivering more than 40 times the kinetic energy delivered by previously studied captive bolt units applied to pouch young. When compared with other euthanasia methods for kangaroo pouch young, the use of a gunpowder-powered captive bolt delivers favourable animal welfare outcomes.
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Andrievskaia O, Turcotte C, Berlie-Surujballi G, Battaion H, Lloyd D. Genotypes of Mycobacterium bovis strains isolated from domestic animals and wildlife in Canada in 1985-2015. Vet Microbiol 2017; 214:44-50. [PMID: 29408031 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Two internationally recognised and standardised genotyping methods, mycobacterial interspersed repetitive unit and variable number tandem repeat analysis (MIRU-VNTR) and spoligotyping, were applied to characterise genetic variations among 137 Mycobacterium bovis isolates recovered from Canadian domestic and wild animals during 1985-2015. Spoligotyping generated seven types that were discriminated further into12 MIRU-VNTR types. The discriminatory power indexes were estimated as 0.71 and 0.77 for spoligotyping and MIRU-VNTR typing approaches, respectively. In total, 6 prominent clusters of isolates were observed by the genotyping schemes. Four genotype clusters were exclusively observed in farmed animals. Three of these four clusters were affiliated with localised tuberculosis outbreaks, and each cluster corresponded to a single specific spoligotype (SB0140, SB0673, and SB1069) and a MIRU-VNTR profile. The fourth genotype cluster, with spoligotype SB0265 which segregated into two MIRU-VNTR types, was associated with bovine tuberculosis outbreaks in several farms across Canada during 1990-2002. Two genotype clusters of M. bovis stains were associated with wildlife reservoirs: a spoligotype SB0130 with 3 unique MIRU-VNTR profiles were observed in wood bison in Wood Buffalo National Park, and unique spoligotypes SB1070 and 1071 represented by four MIRU-VNTR profiles were recovered from cervidae species in and around the Riding Mountain National Park of Manitoba. Genotyping data confirmed M. bovis transmission between wildlife and livestock in Manitoba in 1990-2008. Overall, notwithstanding the low level of genetic diversity of Canadian M. bovis strains, the spoligotyping and MIRU-VNTR typing were useful tools in monitoring transmission of endemic strains and defining new introductions to Canada. The majority of genotypes were most likely introduced into domestic animals through live animal trade, and subsequently eliminated as a result of bovine tuberculosis outbreak investigation and eradication activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Andrievskaia
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa Laboratory (Fallowfield), 3851 Fallowfield Rd., Ottawa, Ontario K2H 8P9, Canada.
| | - Claude Turcotte
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa Laboratory (Fallowfield), 3851 Fallowfield Rd., Ottawa, Ontario K2H 8P9, Canada
| | - Gloria Berlie-Surujballi
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa Laboratory (Fallowfield), 3851 Fallowfield Rd., Ottawa, Ontario K2H 8P9, Canada
| | - Hannah Battaion
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa Laboratory (Fallowfield), 3851 Fallowfield Rd., Ottawa, Ontario K2H 8P9, Canada
| | - Dara Lloyd
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa Laboratory (Fallowfield), 3851 Fallowfield Rd., Ottawa, Ontario K2H 8P9, Canada
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Dibbern J, Eggers L, Schneider BE. Sex differences in the C57BL/6 model of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Sci Rep 2017; 7:10957. [PMID: 28887521 PMCID: PMC5591305 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-11438-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Globally, tuberculosis (Tb) notification data show a male-to-female ratio of 1.7 and higher, but the underlying reasons for the male bias remain elusive. Despite the well-known gender bias in human pulmonary Tb, a majority of experimental animal studies either do not separate and analyze data by sex or do not report the sex of their subjects at all. In the present study, we report increased male susceptibility in one of the most commonly used mouse models for Tb, C57BL/6 mice. Our study revealed that disease progression upon aerosol infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) was accelerated in males resulting in increased morbidity and mortality compared to females. Elevated Mtb loads in males were associated with an early exaggerated pulmonary inflammatory response which likely was detrimental to the host, as reflected by exacerbated pathology and increased mortality. Our data emphasis the urgent need to include and separately analyze both sexes in future animal studies of Tb in order to appreciate the differences in immune responses and disease pathogenesis between males and females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jannike Dibbern
- Division of Coinfection, Priority Area Infections, Research Center Borstel, 23845, Borstel, Germany
| | - Lars Eggers
- Division of Coinfection, Priority Area Infections, Research Center Borstel, 23845, Borstel, Germany
| | - Bianca E Schneider
- Division of Coinfection, Priority Area Infections, Research Center Borstel, 23845, Borstel, Germany.
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TUBERCULOSIS AND BRUCELLOSIS IN WOOD BISON (BISON BISON ATHABASCAE) IN NORTHERN CANADA: A RENEWED NEED TO DEVELOP OPTIONS FOR FUTURE MANAGEMENT. J Wildl Dis 2015; 51:543-54. [DOI: 10.7589/2014-06-167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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9
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Gortázar C, Che Amat A, O'Brien DJ. Open questions and recent advances in the control of a multi-host infectious disease: animal tuberculosis. Mamm Rev 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/mam.12042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Gortázar
- Animal Health; SaBio IREC (CSIC - UCLM - JCCM); Ronda de Toledo s/n Ciudad Real 13071 Spain
| | - Azlan Che Amat
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Universiti Putra Malaysia; 43400 Serdang Selangor Malaysia
| | - Daniel J. O'Brien
- Wildlife Disease Laboratory; Michigan Department of Natural Resources; 4125 Beaumont Rd., Room 250 Lansing Michigan 48910-8106 USA
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10
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O'Brien DJ, Fierke JS, Cooley TM, Fitzgerald SD, Cosgrove MK, Schmitt SM. Performance of diagnostic tests for bovine tuberculosis in North American furbearers and implications for surveillance. Transbound Emerg Dis 2014; 60 Suppl 1:67-73. [PMID: 24171851 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Risks of bovine tuberculosis (bTB) transmission from free-ranging wildlife to livestock remain a concern in the United States, in both known endemic areas and where spillover from recently-infected livestock herds occurs. Federal agriculture officials in the United States (US) have recommended surveillance of non-cervid furbearers to determine whether free-ranging wildlife in the vicinity of cattle herd breakdowns are bTB infected, yet the efficacy of common diagnostic tests in these species is largely unknown. We calculated the sensitivity, specificity, predictive values and positive likelihood ratios for bTB infection in carcasses of sixteen species of furbearers tested via: (i) the presence of gross lesions compatible with bTB; (ii) histopathology consistent with bTB; and (iii) the presence of acid-fast bacilli (AFB) on histopathology. The gold standard comparison test was mycobacterial culture of cranial ± visceral lymph nodes pooled for each animal. Forty-two animals distributed across six species cultured bTB positive from among 1522 furbearers tested over thirteen years. The sensitivity of all three tests was poor (10%, 22% and 24% for gross lesions, AFB and histopathology, respectively), while specificities (all ≥ 99%) and negative predictive values (all ≥ 97%) were high. Positive predictive values varied widely (31-75%). Likelihood ratios for culture positivity given a positive test result showed AFB on histopathology to be the most reliable test, and gross lesions the least, though confidence intervals were wide and overlapping. While non-cervid furbearers may prove useful in North American bTB surveillance, wildlife managers should be aware of factors that may abate their utility and complicate interpretation of surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J O'Brien
- Michigan Department of Natural Resources, Wildlife Disease Laboratory, Lansing, MI, USA
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11
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Modeling and mitigating winter hay bale damage by elk in a low prevalence bovine tuberculosis endemic zone. Prev Vet Med 2014; 114:123-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2014.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Revised: 01/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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12
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Vander Wal E, Laforge MP, McLoughlin PD. Density dependence in social behaviour: home range overlap and density interacts to affect conspecific encounter rates in a gregarious ungulate. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-013-1652-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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13
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Field evaluation of three blood-based assays for elk (Cervus canadensis) naturally infected with Mycobacterium bovis. Prev Vet Med 2013; 115:109-21. [PMID: 24315383 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2013.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2013] [Revised: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 11/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Diagnosis of Mycobacterium bovis in wild populations is very challenging due to complications imposed by the use of traditional skin tests, poor sensitivity of gold standard tests which rely on culture of M. bovis from tissues and wide variations in severity of disease. Various combinations of a lymphocyte stimulation test (LST), fluorescence polarization assay (FPA) and the Cervid TB Stat-Pak were evaluated using two different validation approaches: a latent class analysis and classical statistical approach using culture as a gold standard. A validation subsample consisting of animals culled for population control and mortalities from capture provided an unbiased estimate of test performance for comparison. The sensitivity of the LST (0.83, 95% CI: [0.70-0.97] as a single test was similar to existing tuberculin skin tests, but the sensitivity of the FPA (0.40, 95% CI: [0.22-0.58]) and Cervid TB Stat-Pak (0.62, 95% CI: [0.41-0.83]) were lower in this population. Test performance of the LST and Cervid TB Stat-Pak in parallel was similar to the use of all three tests in parallel and inclusion of the FPA did not greatly enhance test performance. Prevalence of M. bovis in elk varied substantially between the high risk area of southern Manitoba (9.1%, 95% CI: [6.09-12.1%]) and lower risk areas outside this zone (0.76%, 95% CI: [0-2.26%]). Bayesian latent class analysis indicated lack of covariance between the two antibody tests (FPA and Cervid TB Stat-Pak) while the classical two-stage analysis indicated there was conditional dependence between the tests. All three tests when used in parallel resulted in 100% NPV using all three validation methods, indicating few elk were misclassified as false negative by post mortem culture. Similar to previous studies, this study found that combinations of blood tests that utilize cell mediated responses along with humoral antibody responses maximize the sensitivity of tests for diagnosis of M. bovis in wild cervid populations.
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Vander Wal E, Edye I, Paquet PC, Coltman DW, Bayne E, Brook RK, Andrés JA. Juxtaposition between host population structures: implications for disease transmission in a sympatric cervid community. Evol Appl 2013; 6:1001-11. [PMID: 24187583 PMCID: PMC3804234 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Accepted: 01/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Sympatric populations of phylogenetically related species are often vulnerable to similar communicable diseases. Although some host populations may exhibit spatial structure, other hosts within the community may have unstructured populations. Thus, individuals from unstructured host populations may act as interspecific vectors among discrete subpopulations of sympatric alternate hosts. We used a cervid-bovine tuberculosis (Mycobacterium bovis) system to investigate the landscape-scale potential for bovine tuberculosis transmission within a nonmigratory white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) and elk (Cervus canadensis) community. Using landscape population genetics, we tested for genetic and spatial structure in white-tailed deer. We then compared these findings with the sympatric elk population that is structured and which has structure that correlates spatially and genetically to physiognomic landscape features. Despite genetic structure that indicates the white-tailed deer population forms three sympatric clusters, the absence of spatial structure suggested that intraspecific pathogen transmission is not likely to be limited by physiognomic landscape features. The potential for intraspecific transmission among subpopulations of elk is low due to spatial population structure. Given that white-tailed deer are abundant, widely distributed, and exhibit a distinct lack of spatial population structure, white-tailed deer likely pose a greater threat as bovine tuberculosis vectors among elk subpopulations than elk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Vander Wal
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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15
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Dugal CJ, van Beest FM, Vander Wal E, Brook RK. Targeting hunter distribution based on host resource selection and kill sites to manage disease risk. Ecol Evol 2013; 3:4265-77. [PMID: 24324876 PMCID: PMC3853570 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Revised: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 08/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Endemic and emerging diseases are rarely uniform in their spatial distribution or prevalence among cohorts of wildlife. Spatial models that quantify risk-driven differences in resource selection and hunter mortality of animals at fine spatial scales can assist disease management by identifying high-risk areas and individuals. We used resource selection functions (RSFs) and selection ratios (SRs) to quantify sex- and age-specific resource selection patterns of collared (n = 67) and hunter-killed (n = 796) nonmigratory elk (Cervus canadensis manitobensis) during the hunting season between 2002 and 2012, in southwestern Manitoba, Canada. Distance to protected area was the most important covariate influencing resource selection and hunter-kill sites of elk (AICw = 1.00). Collared adult males (which are most likely to be infected with bovine tuberculosis (Mycobacterium bovis) and chronic wasting disease) rarely selected for sites outside of parks during the hunting season in contrast to adult females and juvenile males. The RSFs showed selection by adult females and juvenile males to be negatively associated with landscape-level forest cover, high road density, and water cover, whereas hunter-kill sites of these cohorts were positively associated with landscape-level forest cover and increasing distance to streams and negatively associated with high road density. Local-level forest was positively associated with collared animal locations and hunter-kill sites; however, selection was stronger for collared juvenile males and hunter-killed adult females. In instances where disease infects a metapopulation and eradication is infeasible, a principle goal of management is to limit the spread of disease among infected animals. We map high-risk areas that are regularly used by potentially infectious hosts but currently underrepresented in the distribution of kill sites. We present a novel application of widely available data to target hunter distribution based on host resource selection and kill sites as a promising tool for applying selective hunting to the management of transmissible diseases in a game species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cherie J Dugal
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, College of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E2, Canada
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16
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Vander Wal E, Paquet P, Messier F, McLoughlin P. Effects of phenology and sex on social proximity in a gregarious ungulate. CAN J ZOOL 2013. [DOI: 10.1139/cjz-2012-0237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Structure in sociality is known to relate to intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Less understood are the mechanics of sociality expressed as fine-scale behaviours that maintain hierarchies, mediate competition, or transmit pathogens. A recent novel approach to quantifying fine-scale social behaviour has been to use proximity-logging biotelemetry collars. This technology continuously records data whenever collars are within a predefined distance of each other, at times of day, and in habitats where traditional ethological approaches to focal-individual sampling of behaviours are unfeasible. We tested a series of expectations on fine-scale (≤1.4 m) interaction rates and durations consistent with competing hypotheses of seasonal and sexual segregation for elk (Cervus canadensis Erxleben, 1777). Female–female dyads interacted 4 times more frequently than male–male dyads (mean interaction rate per year: female–female = 62 vs. male–male = 14; P < 0.001), and male–male interactions were 1.5 times longer in duration than female–female interactions (mean interaction length: female–female = 30 s vs. male–male = 45 s; P < 0.001). We propose that fine-scale interactions among members of a population can be modeled as a trade-off between the frequency (quantity) and the duration (quality) of interactions. Our results have implications for understanding sex-based differences in sociality in gregarious herbivores and for disease transmission, which may follow from social intercourse.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Vander Wal
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, 112 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E2, Canada
| | - P.C. Paquet
- Raincoast Conservation Foundation, P.O. Box 86, Denny Island, BC V0T 1B0, Canada
| | - F. Messier
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, 112 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E2, Canada
| | - P.D. McLoughlin
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, 112 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E2, Canada
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Schurer J, Shury T, Leighton F, Jenkins E. Surveillance for Echinococcus canadensis genotypes in Canadian ungulates. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-PARASITES AND WILDLIFE 2013; 2:97-101. [PMID: 24533321 PMCID: PMC3862526 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2013.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Revised: 02/05/2013] [Accepted: 02/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The geographic and host distribution, prevalence and genotypes of Echinococcus canadensis in wild ungulates in Canada are described to better understand the significance for wildlife and public health. We observed E. canadensis in 10.5% (11/105) of wild elk (wapiti; Cervus canadensis) in Riding Mountain National Park, Manitoba, examined at necropsy, over two consecutive years (2010–2011). Molecular characterization of hydatid cyst material from these elk, as well as three other intermediate wildlife host species, was based on sequence of a 470 bp region of the NADH dehydrogenase subunit 1 (NAD1) mitochondrial gene. In moose [Alces alces], elk, and caribou [Rangifer tarandus] from northwestern Canada, the G10 genotype was the only one present, and the G8 genotype was detected in a muskox (Ovibos moschatus) from northeastern Canada. On a search of the national wildlife health database (1992–2010), cervids with hydatid cysts were reported in all provinces and territories except the Atlantic provinces, from which wolves [Canis lupis] are historically absent. Of the 93 cervids with records of hydatid cysts, 42% were elk, 37% were moose, 14% were caribou, and 6% were white-tailed and mule deer [Odocoileus virginianus and Odocoileus hemonius]. In these animals, 83% of cysts were detected in lungs alone, 8% in both lungs and liver, 3% in liver alone, and 6% in other organs. These observations can help target surveillance programs and contribute to a better understanding of ecology, genetic diversity, and genotype pathogenicity in the Echinococcus granulosus species complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janna Schurer
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada S7N 5B4
| | - Todd Shury
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada S7N 5B4
| | - Frederick Leighton
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada S7N 5B4
| | - Emily Jenkins
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada S7N 5B4
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18
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Schöning JM, Cerny N, Prohaska S, Wittenbrink MM, Smith NH, Bloemberg G, Pewsner M, Schiller I, Origgi FC, Ryser-Degiorgis MP. Surveillance of bovine tuberculosis and risk estimation of a future reservoir formation in wildlife in Switzerland and Liechtenstein. PLoS One 2013; 8:e54253. [PMID: 23349839 PMCID: PMC3549981 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0054253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2012] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) caused by Mycobacterium bovis or M. caprae has recently (re-) emerged in livestock and wildlife in all countries bordering Switzerland (CH) and the Principality of Liechtenstein (FL). Comprehensive data for Swiss and Liechtenstein wildlife are not available so far, although two native species, wild boar (Sus scrofa) and red deer (Cervus elaphus elaphus), act as bTB reservoirs elsewhere in continental Europe. Our aims were (1) to assess the occurrence of bTB in these wild ungulates in CH/FL and to reinforce scanning surveillance in all wild mammals; (2) to evaluate the risk of a future bTB reservoir formation in wild boar and red deer in CH/FL. Tissue samples collected from 2009 to 2011 from 434 hunted red deer and wild boar and from eight diseased ungulates with tuberculosis-like lesions were tested by direct real-time PCR and culture to detect mycobacteria of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC). Identification of suspicious colonies was attempted by real-time PCR, genotyping and spoligotyping. Information on risk factors for bTB maintenance within wildlife populations was retrieved from the literature and the situation regarding identified factors was assessed for our study areas. Mycobacteria of the MTBC were detected in six out of 165 wild boar (3.6%; 95% CI: 1.4-7.8) but none of the 269 red deer (0%; 0-1.4). M. microti was identified in two MTBC-positive wild boar, while species identification remained unsuccessful in four cases. Main risk factors for bTB maintenance worldwide, including different causes of aggregation often resulting from intensive wildlife management, are largely absent in CH and FL. In conclusion, M. bovis and M. caprae were not detected but we report for the first time MTBC mycobacteria in Swiss wild boar. Present conditions seem unfavorable for a reservoir emergence, nevertheless increasing population numbers of wild ungulates and offal consumption may represent a risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janne Marie Schöning
- Centre for Fish and Wildlife Health (FIWI), Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Nadine Cerny
- Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology (IVB), Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sarah Prohaska
- Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology (IVB), Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Max M. Wittenbrink
- Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology (IVB), Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Noel H. Smith
- Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency (AHVLA), Weybridge, New Haw, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Guido Bloemberg
- Institute of Medical Microbiology (IMM), Medical Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mirjam Pewsner
- Centre for Fish and Wildlife Health (FIWI), Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Irene Schiller
- Federal Veterinary Office, Animal Health Division, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Francesco C. Origgi
- Centre for Fish and Wildlife Health (FIWI), Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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19
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Fitzgerald SD, Kaneene JB. Wildlife reservoirs of bovine tuberculosis worldwide: hosts, pathology, surveillance, and control. Vet Pathol 2012; 50:488-99. [PMID: 23169912 DOI: 10.1177/0300985812467472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Bovine tuberculosis due to Mycobacterium bovis is a zoonotic disease classically carried by cattle and spilling over into humans primarily by the ingestion of milk. However, in recent decades, there have been many endemic geographic localities where M. bovis has been detected infecting wildlife reservoirs, limiting the progress toward eradication of this disease from cattle. These include cervids in North America, badgers in Great Britain, feral pigs in Europe, brushtailed possums in New Zealand, and buffalo in South Africa. An overview of these wildlife hosts will provide insight into how these reservoirs maintain and spread the disease. In addition, the authors summarize the pathology, current ongoing methods for surveillance, and control. In many instances, it has proven to be more difficult to control or eradicate bovine tuberculosis in wild free-ranging species than in domesticated cattle. Furthermore, human influences have often contributed to the introduction and/or maintenance of the disease in wildlife species. Finally, some emerging themes regarding bovine tuberculosis establishment in wildlife hosts, as well as conclusions regarding management practices to assist in bovine tuberculosis control and eradication in wildlife, are offered.
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Affiliation(s)
- S D Fitzgerald
- Diagnostic Center for Population and Animal Health, Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, 4125 Beaumont Road, Lansing, MI 48910, USA.
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20
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Brook RK, Wal EV, van Beest FM, McLachlan SM. Evaluating use of cattle winter feeding areas by elk and white-tailed deer: implications for managing bovine tuberculosis transmission risk from the ground up. Prev Vet Med 2012; 108:137-47. [PMID: 22940061 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2012.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2012] [Revised: 07/18/2012] [Accepted: 07/29/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Transmission of bovine tuberculosis (Mycobacterium bovis) among wildlife and livestock has created important risks for conservation and agriculture. Management strategies aimed at controlling TB have typically been top-down, regionally focused, and government-led programs that were at best only partially successful. The purpose of this study was to quantify co-mingling of elk and white-tailed deer (WTD) with cattle at multiple spatial scales (i.e., the regional farm scale and winter cattle feeding area patch) in southwestern Manitoba, Canada, to assess the potential for bovine tuberculosis transmission and identify alternative management strategies. For each spatial scale we quantified use of cattle farms by elk and white-tailed deer. We mailed questionnaires to rural households and then conducted personal interviews with 86 cattle farmers to map the spatial distribution of their cattle winter feeding areas at a fine scale. We deployed Global Positioning System (GPS) collars on 48 wild elk and 16 wild white-tailed deer from 2003 to 2011. Elk were observed on farms by 66% of cattle producers, including 5% and 20% who observed direct and indirect contact, respectively, between elk and cattle. Cattle producers consistently (≈100%) observed white-tailed deer on their farms, including 11% and 47% whom observed direct and indirect contact, respectively, between white-tailed deer and cattle. A higher probability of white-tailed deer-cattle contact at the regional scale occurs on farms that (1) left crop residues specifically for wildlife, (2) had larger cattle herds, (3) used round bale feeders, and (4) were farther away from protected areas. None of the GPS-collared elk locations overlapped with cattle winter feeding areas. In contrast, 21% of GPS-collared white-tailed deer locations overlapped with winter cattle winter feeding areas (22% of these were from male WTD and 78% were from female WTD). White-tailed deer selected cattle winter feeding areas with higher (1) forage crop, (2) grassland/rangeland, and (3) forest cover around the cattle feeding area. Farmers overall expressed strongly negative attitudes toward eradicating the elk population or fencing the park to eradicate TB, but were generally supportive of less invasive and farm-based approaches. Our results suggested that management efforts to prevent TB transmission at the wildlife-agriculture interface can be effectively implemented using a 'bottom-up' approach that focuses on practical, farm-based mitigation strategies. This approach can be implemented by individual farm operators, is relatively low cost, and is generally well supported by farmers relative to other more extreme and controversial measures like wildlife eradication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan K Brook
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science & Indigenous Land Management Institute, College of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.
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21
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Vander Wal E, Paquet PC, Andrés JA. Influence of landscape and social interactions on transmission of disease in a social cervid. Mol Ecol 2012; 21:1271-82. [PMID: 22289112 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2011.05431.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms of pathogen transmission are often social behaviours. These occur at local scales and are affected by landscape-scale population structure. Host populations frequently exist in patchy and isolated environments that create a continuum of genetic and social familiarity. Such variability has an important multispatial effect on pathogen spread. We assessed elk dispersal (i.e. likelihood of interdeme pathogen transmission) through spatially explicit genetic analyses. At a landscape scale, the elk population was composed of one cluster within a southeast-to-northwest cline spanning three spatially discrete subpopulations of elk across two protected areas in Manitoba (Canada). Genetic data are consistent with spatial variability in apparent prevalence of bovine tuberculosis (TB) in elk. Given the existing population structure, between-subpopulation spread of disease because of elk dispersal is unlikely. Furthermore, to better understand the risk of spread and distribution of the TB, we used a combination of close-contact logging biotelemetry and genetic data, which highlights how social intercourse may affect pathogen transmission. Our results indicate that close-contact interaction rate and duration did not covary with genetic relatedness. Thus, direct elk-to-elk transmission of disease is unlikely to be constrained to related individuals. That social intercourse in elk is not limited to familial groups provides some evidence pathogen transmission may be density-dependent. We show that the combination of landscape-scale genetics, relatedness and local-scale social behaviours is a promising approach to understand and predict landscape-level pathogen transmission within our system and within all social ungulate systems affected by transmissible diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Vander Wal
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan112 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.
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